Spatio-temporal Distribution and Chemical Characterization of Groundwater Quality of a

Wastewater Irrigated System: A Case Study

Mahesh Jampani1, 2 *, Stephan Huelsmann1, Rudolf Liedl2, Sahebrao Sonkamble3, Shakeel

Ahmed3, Priyanie Amerasinghe4

1
United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Resources and Material

Fluxes (UNU-FLORES), Ammonstraße 74, 01067 Dresden, Germany

2
Technische Universität Dresden, Institute for Groundwater Management, 01069 Dresden,

Germany

3
CSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad – 500 007,

Telangana, India

4
International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatte,

Battaramulla, Colombo, Sri Lanka

*
Corresponding author: Mahesh Jampani, Phone: +49 351 89219370,

Email: jampani@unu.edu

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Supplementary Material

Table S1 Factor loadings explained with percent variance for the months from May to April

Component 1 Component 2 Component 3

Month
Dominant % of Dominant % of Dominant % of
parameters variance parameters variance parameters variance
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
May 37.4 pH, Ca 20.2 DO 13.8
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
June 40.3 HCO3, NO3, K 21.0 pH, F, Ca, DO 20.0
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
July 40.8 NO3, K, PO4, 23.6 HCO3 13.9
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
August 46.2 pH, HCO3, NO3, K 21.2 F, PO4, DO 19.2
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
September 42.5 F, PO4, DO 19.6 pH, K, Ca 15.4
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
October 40.6 pH, Ca 20.0 F, DO 16.1
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
November 36.7 HCO3, Na, K, NO3 27.6 pH, F, DO 15.3
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, Ca,
December HCO3, F, NO3, Na 27.5 26.9 pH, DO 16.0
Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
January 39.5 pH, PO4, DO 17.6 K, Ca 17.5
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
February 38.3 F, DO 19.7 HCO3, K, PO4 18.7
Na, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4,
March 39.3 F, DO 17.2 HCO3, NO3, PO4 16.8
Na, Ca, Mg
EC, TDS, Cl, SO4, pH, HCO3, F, NO3,
April 38.4 29.7 K, PO4 16.6
Na, Mg Ca, DO
Extraction method – Principal Component Analysis; Rotation method – Varimax with Kaiser Normalization

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Table S2 Chemical variable clustering groups from HCA and SOM

Cluster group Hierarchical cluster analysis Self-organizing maps

Cluster I EC, TDS EC, TDS, Cl
Cluster II F, PO4, pH, DO, K, NO3, Mg NO3, PO4, K
Cluster III SO4, Na, Ca SO4, Na, Ca
Cluster IV HCO3 HCO3
Cluster V Cl F, Mg
Cluster VI - pH, DO

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Figure S1 Normal probability map of the groundwater quality data in the PARAFAC model

4
May June

July August

5
September October

November December

6
 January February

March April

Figure S2 Three major dominant factor scores of the groundwater quality data in the corresponding months obtained by Anderson-Rubin method

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Figure S3 U-matrix - SOM neighbour weight distances. Red lines depict the connections between the neurons. The darker colours represent
larger distances and the lighter colours represent smaller distances between the neurons.