A Learning Report On Lightning Protection System

TITLE SHEET
LIGHTNING
PROTECTION
SYSTEM
Karthikeyan SK
Karthikeyan SK https://www.linkedin.com/in/simplykarthik/
Title LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
Author Karthikeyan SK
Date 2022-06-04 Page 1 of 19
LIST OF CONTENTS
TITLE SHEET ........................................................................................................................................................................ 0
LIST OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 1
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................. 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................... 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATION ................................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF STANDARDS .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1. LIGHTNING PROTECTION ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2. DIRECT STROKE LIGHTNING PROTECTION ..................................................................................................... 7
3. BASIC LIGHTNING TERMINOLOGIES .................................................................................................................. 9
4. IEEE 998 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 FIXED ANGLE METHOD ...................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD.............................................................................................................................. 15
5. IEC 62305....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
6. RAZEVIG EQUATION ............................................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19
LIST OF CONTENTS
Date 2022-06-04 Page 2 of 19
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES 1 - SECTIONAL VIEW OF A SUBSTATION LAYOUT. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 6
LIST OF FIGURES 2 - GROUNDING OF ARRESTER TERMINALS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
LIST OF FIGURES 3 - VARIOUS METHOD OF CALCULATION – DSLP ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7
LIST OF FIGURES 4 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION - IEC 62305---------------------------------------------------- 7
LIST OF FIGURES 5 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION – IEEE 998 ---------------------------------------------------- 8
LIST OF FIGURES 6 – LEADER & STREAMER ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
LIST OF FIGURES 7 – LEADER & STREAMER ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
LIST OF FIGURES 8 – STREAMER & LEADER -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
LIST OF FIGURES 9 – ISOKERAUNIC LEVEL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
LIST OF FIGURES 10 – LIGHTNING MAST ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
LIST OF FIGURES 11 – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SHIELDING ANGLE ------------------------------------------------------------- 11
LIST OF FIGURES 12 – SHIELDING ANGLE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
LIST OF FIGURES 13 – SHIELD WIRE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
LIST OF FIGURES 14 – STRIKING DISTANCE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
LIST OF FIGURES 15 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
LIST OF FIGURES 16 – IEEE 998 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
LIST OF FIGURES 17 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
LIST OF FIGURES 18 – RAZEVIG EQUATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17
LIST OF FIGURES 19 – COMBINED PROTECTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
LIST OF FIGURES 20 – RADIUS OF PROTECTED BOUNDARY ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
LIST OF FIGURES 21 – COEFFICIENT OF RADIUS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
LIST OF FIGURES 22 – MIDWAY BOUNDARY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Date 2022-06-04 Page 3 of 19
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLE 1 – FIXED ANGLE METHOD ..................................................................................................................... 14
LIST OF TABLE 2 – RISK ASSESSMENT.............................................................................................................................. 17
Date 2022-06-04 Page 4 of 19
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
DSLP Direct Stroke Lightning Protection
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
kJ kiloJoules
kV kilovolt
EGM Electro Geometric Model
LM Lightning Mast
BIL Basic Insulation Level
Date 2022-06-04 Page 5 of 19
LIST OF STANDARDS
IEC 62305-1:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 1: General principles
IEC 62305-2:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 2: Risk management
IEC 62305-3:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 3: Physical damage to
structures and life hazard
IEC 62305-4:2010 Protection against lightning - Part 4: Electrical and
electronic systems within structures
IEEE 998-2012 IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of
Substations
Date 2022-06-04 Page 6 of 19
1. LIGHTNING PROTECTION
Lightning Arrester protects the equipment from the travelling surge due to a lightning. Usually Lightning arrester
diverts surge to ground. These lightning arresters has metal oxide disc and usually rated in kJ/kV in order to define the disc
withstand capability during surge energy reaches it because of lightning.
Usually the Lightning arrester are placed at the line terminal end i.e., start of the submission. These Lightning
Arrester protects the substation from the travelling surge in the transmission line due to the lightning. However, for a direct
stroke of lightning, these lightning arresters are not capable enough to protect it.
LIST OF FIGURES 1 - SECTIONAL VIEW OF A SUBSTATION LAYOUT.
LIST OF FIGURES 2 - GROUNDING OF ARRESTER TERMINALS.
Date 2022-06-04 Page 7 of 19
2. DIRECT STROKE LIGHTNING PROTECTION

DSLP (Direct Stroke Lightning Protection) has been defined for the system to protect it from a direct lightning
strike. Shield wire and a Lightning Mast were employed to provide this protection. There are a few calculating methods that
can be used to define the equipment's protected border. They're depicted in the image below.
DSLP
Method of
Calculation
Prof. Razevig
IEC 62305 IEEE 998
Equation
LIST OF FIGURES 3 - VARIOUS METHOD OF CALCULATION – DSLP
DSLP
Method of
Calculation
IEC 62305
Class I Class II Class III

Class IV
Maximum Minimum Strike Distance
Probability
lightning current lightning current Value
LIST OF FIGURES 4 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION - IEC 62305
Date 2022-06-04 Page 8 of 19
Fixed Angle Method
Emperical Design
Method
Emperical Curve
Method
Whitehead’s EGM
Mousa’s EGM
Electro Geometric
Model
DSLP
IEEE 998 Rolling sphere method
Method of Calculation
Eriksson’s EGM
Leader Inception
Theory (LIT)
Leader Progression
Model (LPM)
Interception Model
Collection Volume
Method (CVM)
Self-consistent Leader
Inception and
Propagation Model
(SLIM)
LIST OF FIGURES 5 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION – IEEE 998
Date 2022-06-04 Page 9 of 19
3. BASIC LIGHTNING TERMINOLOGIES

3.1 Types of Lightning
LIST OF FIGURES 6 – LEADER & STREAMER

3.2 Leader:
A bidirectional channel of ionized air, called a "leader", is initiated between oppositely-charged regions in a
thundercloud. Leaders are electrically conductive channels of ionized gas that propagate through, or are
otherwise attracted to, regions with a charge opposite of that of the leader tip.
3.3 Streamer:
When clouds become charged, their undersides usually get negatively charged, to the point that electricity
starts to stream off them, towards the ground. This highly negatively charged area in cloud attracts positive
charges in the other body, usually the Ground or the top side of other nearby clouds. Due to this high
concentration of voltage charge in both the negative cloud and the positive ground, the fingers or streamers
starting to leak conduct electricity. Lightning “streamers” are positive-polarity discharges, often springing
upward from ground-based objects to meet descending negative leaders just before a lightning strike. These
streamers also have a purplish color and appear to be more prominent on sharp edges.
LIST OF FIGURES 7 – LEADER & STREAMER
Date 2022-06-04 Page 10 of 19
3.4 Stepped Leader:

It is the first stage of lightning where Static discharge that propagates from a cloud into the air. When a
negatively charged cloud discharges in air, the ionization process begins and plasma forms, a path is not
created instantaneously. In fact, there are usually many separate paths of ionized air stemming from the cloud.
These paths are typically referred to as stepped leaders. They form branches because the air may not ionize
equally in all directions. Dust or impurities in the air may cause the particles to stream more easily in one
direction, giving a better chance that the stepped leader will reach the earth faster in that direction.
3.5 Dart Leader:
It is also called as a continuous leader. It is the leader which after the first stroke, typically initiates each
succeeding stroke of a multiple-stroke flash lightning whereas the first stroke is being initiated by the stepped
leader.
LIST OF FIGURES 8 – STREAMER & LEADER

3.6 Keraunic level:
The average annual number of thunderstorm days or hours for a given locality
LIST OF FIGURES 9 – ISOKERAUNIC LEVEL
3.7 Lightning mast:

A column or narrow-base structure containing a vertical conductor from its tip to earth, or that is itself a
Date 2022-06-04 Page 11 of 19
suitable conductor to earth. Its purpose is to intercept lightning strokes so that they do not terminate on objects
located within its zone of protection.
LIST OF FIGURES 10 – LIGHTNING MAST

3.8 Negative shielding angle:
The shielding angle formed when the shield wire is located beyond the area occupied by the outermost
conductors.
3.9 Positive shielding angle:
The shielding angle formed when the shield wire is located above and inside of the area occupied by the
outermost conductors.
LIST OF FIGURES 11 – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SHIELDING ANGLE
3.10 shielding angle:

(A) (of shield wires with respect to conductors):
The angle formed by the intersection of a vertical line drawn through a shield wire and a line drawn from the
shield wire to a protected conductor. The angle is chosen to provide a zone of protection for the conductor so
that most lightning strokes will terminate on the shield wire rather than on the conductor.
(B) (of a lightning mast):
The angle formed by the intersection of a vertical line drawn through the tip of the mast and another line drawn
Date 2022-06-04 Page 12 of 19
through the tip of the mast to earth at some selected angle with the vertical. Rotation of this angle around the
structure forms a cone-shaped zone of protection for objects located within the cone. The angle is chosen so
that lightning strokes will terminate on the mast rather than on an object contained within the protective zone
so formed.
Beta is the negative shielding age and Alpha is positive shielding angle
LIST OF FIGURES 12 – SHIELDING ANGLE
3.11 Shield wire (overhead power line or substation):

A wire suspended above the phase conductors positioned with the intention of having lightning strike it instead
of the phase conductor(s). Syn: overhead ground wire (OHGW); static wire; sky wire.
LIST OF FIGURES 13 – SHIELD WIRE
3.12 Striking distance:

The length of the final jump between the downward stepped leader and the grounded structure, as the electric
field in this gap exceeds the electrical breakdown strength.
Date 2022-06-04 Page 13 of 19
LIST OF FIGURES 14 – STRIKING DISTANCE
3.13 Thunder:
The sound that follows a flash of lightning and is caused by the sudden expansion of the air in the path of
electrical discharge.
3.14 Striking distance:

The length of the final jump between the downward stepped leader and the grounded structure, as the electric
field in this gap exceeds the electrical breakdown strength.
3.15 Thunderstorm day:

A day on which thunder can be heard, and hence when lightning occurs.
Date 2022-06-04 Page 14 of 19
4. IEEE 998
4.1 FIXED ANGLE METHOD
The fixed-angle design method uses vertical angles to determine the
1. Number of shield wires or masts
2. Position of shielding wires or masts
3. Height of shielding wires or masts.
LIST OF FIGURES 15 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD
The value of the angle alpha that is commonly used is 45 degrees. Both 30 degrees and 45 degrees are widely
used for angle beta. Horvath using the electrogeometric model (EGM), calculated shielding failures as a
function of the height of the conductor above ground and the protective angle for transmission lines. The
protective angle is decreased as the protective wire height is increased.
S.No Height of the Structure Protective Angle Alpha Value
1 Upto 15m 40-45o
2 15 – 25m 30o
3 To 50m 20o
LIST OF TABLE 1 – FIXED ANGLE METHOD
Date 2022-06-04 Page 15 of 19
4.2 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD

• Use an imaginary sphere of radius S over the surface of a substation.
• The sphere rolls up and over (and is supported by) lightning masts, shield wires, substation fences, and other
grounded metallic objects that can provide lightning shielding.
• A piece of equipment is said to be protected from a direct stroke if it remains below the curved surface of the
sphere will make a breaker tend to trip after a delay.
LIST OF FIGURES 16 – IEEE 998 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD

• Rolling Sphere require
o Surge Impedance (Zs)
o Allowable Stroke current (Is)
o Striking distance (S)
o BIL level
• Corona Radius (Rc)
Corona Radius – Single Conductor:
Date 2022-06-04 Page 16 of 19
Corona Radius – Bundle Conductor:
• Surge Impedance under corona
• Critical Stroke Current (Is) = (BIL * 2.2 ) / Zs

• Striking Distance or sphere radius (S) = 26.25 * k * Is0.65 where k =1 for shield wires / ground and k=1.2 for mast
and for combined k=1
• The area covers under the rolling sphere are considered as protected.
5. IEC 62305
LIST OF FIGURES 17 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD
Date 2022-06-04 Page 17 of 19
• INPUT REQUIRED FOR LPS ASSESMENT:

• Name of the Structure
• Thunderstorm days per annum (Td)
• Lightning Density = 0.1 * Td
• Collection Area of Lightning (As per IEC 62305-2 clause A.2)
• Evaluation the requirement of lightning protection
Source of Damage / Type of Damage & Type of Loss (As per IEC 62305-2 Table-1)
• Assessment of Risk components (As per IEC 62305-2 Table-5)
Comparison of Calculated Risk with tolerable risk value
Calculated Risk > Tolerable Risk LPS is not required

Calculated Risk < Tolerable Risk LPS is required
LIST OF TABLE 2 – RISK ASSESSMENT.
Loss of Human life/Service/Cultural Heritage/Economic Value.
• METHOD OF LPS DESIGN

• Lightning Density
• Selection of Lightning Protection Level
• Selecting Positioning
• Perimeter of Structure
• Selection of Down Typical Distance
• Number of Down conductors
• Selection of Mesh
6. RAZEVIG EQUATION
• Terminology of Razevig calculation
LIST OF FIGURES 18 – RAZEVIG EQUATIONS
Date 2022-06-04 Page 18 of 19
• Distance between two lightning Mast for a combined protection should not be greater than 7haP.
LIST OF FIGURES 19 – COMBINED PROTECTION

• Method of Calculation
▪ Tallest Equipment in the Substation – hx
▪ Height of LM – h
▪ Active Height or Projected Height - ha – h - hx
▪ Radius of Protected boundary rx
LIST OF FIGURES 20 – RADIUS OF PROTECTED BOUNDARY
▪ For LM > 30m ( coefficient need to be multiplied with the radius )
LIST OF FIGURES 21 – COEFFICIENT OF RADIUS
▪ Calculate the combined protection ( if applicable )

Midway combined protection ho = h – a/7P
a- distance between the LM
Ensure midway is protected or not ( (2/3)* ho > hx )
▪ Protected boundary of Midway
LIST OF FIGURES 22 – MIDWAY BOUNDARY

▪ Diameter of circle for the combined protection (Da > 8haP)
Date 2022-06-04 Page 19 of 19
REFERENCES:
1. Substation Design – Lightning Protection system by Raghav Tripathi of IETP
2. https://standards.ieee.org/
3. https://iec.ch/homepage

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TITLE SHEET

LIST OF FIGURES 1 - SECTIONAL VIEW OF A SUBSTATION LAYOUT.

LIST OF FIGURES 2 - GROUNDING OF ARRESTER TERMINALS.

2. DIRECT STROKE LIGHTNING PROTECTION

LIST OF FIGURES 3 - VARIOUS METHOD OF CALCULATION – DSLP

Class I Class II Class III

LIST OF FIGURES 4 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION - IEC 62305

Fixed Angle Method

LIST OF FIGURES 5 - VARIOUS METHOD OF DSLP CALCULATION – IEEE 998

3. BASIC LIGHTNING TERMINOLOGIES

LIST OF FIGURES 6 – LEADER & STREAMER

LIST OF FIGURES 7 – LEADER & STREAMER

3.4 Stepped Leader:

LIST OF FIGURES 8 – STREAMER & LEADER

LIST OF FIGURES 9 – ISOKERAUNIC LEVEL

3.7 Lightning mast:

LIST OF FIGURES 10 – LIGHTNING MAST

LIST OF FIGURES 11 – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SHIELDING ANGLE

3.10 shielding angle:

LIST OF FIGURES 12 – SHIELDING ANGLE

3.11 Shield wire (overhead power line or substation):

LIST OF FIGURES 13 – SHIELD WIRE

3.12 Striking distance:

LIST OF FIGURES 14 – STRIKING DISTANCE

3.14 Striking distance:

3.15 Thunderstorm day:

LIST OF FIGURES 15 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD

4.2 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD

LIST OF FIGURES 16 – IEEE 998 ROLLING SPHERE METHOD

Corona Radius – Single Conductor:

Corona Radius – Bundle Conductor:

• Surge Impedance under corona

• Critical Stroke Current (Is) = (BIL * 2.2 ) / Zs

LIST OF FIGURES 17 – IEEE 998 FIXED ANGLE METHOD

• INPUT REQUIRED FOR LPS ASSESMENT:

Calculated Risk > Tolerable Risk LPS is not required

Loss of Human life/Service/Cultural Heritage/Economic Value.

• METHOD OF LPS DESIGN

LIST OF FIGURES 18 – RAZEVIG EQUATIONS

LIST OF FIGURES 19 – COMBINED PROTECTION

LIST OF FIGURES 20 – RADIUS OF PROTECTED BOUNDARY

▪ For LM > 30m ( coefficient need to be multiplied with the radius )

LIST OF FIGURES 21 – COEFFICIENT OF RADIUS

▪ Calculate the combined protection ( if applicable )

LIST OF FIGURES 22 – MIDWAY BOUNDARY

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