HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING

urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic
functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of different activities within
it. Because urban planning draws upon engineering, architectural, and social and political concerns, it is
variously a technical profession, an endeavour involving political will and public participation, and an
academic discipline. Urban planning concerns itself with both the development of open land
(“greenfields sites”) and the revitalization of existing parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data
collection and analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation. Increasingly, the
technology of geographic information systems (GIS) has been used to map the existing urban system and
to project the consequences of changes.

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN PLANNING

Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works programme commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect
of Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of medieval neighbourhoods that were deemed
overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs
surrounding Paris; and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work was met with fierce opposition, and he
was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the
centre of Paris today are largely the result of Haussmann's renovation.

RECONSTRUCTION OF PARIS
The origins of urban planning in India can be traced to the planned towns of Mohenjodaro and Harappa
belonging to the Indus Valley Civilisation as early as 2500 BC(Ramachandran 1989). Cities and towns werealso
built around forts and centres of trade and commerceat various periods in the history of India. More broadly, over
the longer historical span, scholars argue that India witnessed very little in situ urbanisation. Historically, urban
centres have grown up due to concerted investment in certain areas by state governments or through
administrative mechanisms such as transplanting district and sub-district (tehsil) headquarters and municipal
apparatus (Bhagat2005).Pre-colonial rulers built up prominent towns and cities mainly for political and strategic
reasons. One can find many such cities that were built during medieval times. FatehpurSikri andSikandra, in Uttar
Pradesh, Murshidabad in West Bengal, Sindhudurg in Maharashtra, Chittorgarh, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer,
Mewar and Udaipur in Rajasthan,Ahmedabad in Gujrat, Hyderabad in Andhra Pradeshand Gwalior in Madhya
Pradesh are some of the prominent towns and cities developed during medieval times under various rulers and
dynasties

Town planning in ancient& medievalIndia

Indus valley civilization Indus civilization, also called Indus valley
civilization or Harappan civilization, the
earliest known urban culture of the Indian
subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization
appear to be about 2500–1700 BCE, though the
southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd
millennium BCE.
Mesopotamian civilizations Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and
Kuwait. Early civilizations began to form around the time
of the Neolithic Revolution—12000 BCE.
greek roman
Both Greece and Rome are Mediterranean countries,
similar enough latitudinally for both to grow wine and

civilization olives. However, their terrains were quite different.

The ancient Greek city-states were separated from
each other by hilly countryside and all were near the
water. Rome was inland, on one side of the Tiber
River, but the Italic tribes (in the boot-shaped
peninsula that is now Italy) did not have the natural
hilly borders to keep them out of Rome.
Middle ages
In a sense, the humanists invented the Middle Ages
in order to distinguish themselves from it. They were
making a gesture of their sense of freedom, and yet,
at the same time, they were implicitly accepting the
medieval conception of history as a series of
well-defined ages within a limited framework of
time. They did not speak of Augustine’s Six Ages of
the World or believe in the chronology of Joachimite
prophecy, but they nevertheless inherited a
philosophy of history that began with the Garden of
Eden and would end with the Second Coming of
Christ. In such a scheme, the thousand years from
the 5th to the 15th century might well be regarded as
a distinct respectable period of history, which would
stand out clearly in the providential pattern.
Throughout European history, however, there has
never been a complete breach with medieval
institutions or modes of thought.
renaissance Renaissance, (French: “Rebirth”) period in
European civilization immediately following the
Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been
characterized by a surge of interest in Classical
scholarship and values. The Renaissance also
witnessed the discovery and exploration of new
continents, the substitution of the Copernican for
the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of
the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and
the invention or application of such potentially
powerful innovations as paper, printing, the
mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars
and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a
time of the revival of Classical learning and wisdom
after a long period of cultural decline and
stagnation.
Modernism Modernism, in the fine arts, a break with the past and the
concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism
fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late
19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following
World War I.

In an era characterized by industrialization, the nearly global

adoption of capitalism, rapid social change, and advances in
science and the social sciences (e.g., Freudian theory),
Modernists felt a growing alienation incompatible with Victorian
morality, optimism, and convention. New ideas in psychology,
philosophy, and political theory kindled a search for new modes
of expression.
Post modernism Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the
intellectual assumptions and values of the modern
period in the history of Western philosophy
(roughly, the 17th through the 19th century). Indeed,
many of the doctrines characteristically associated
with postmodernism can fairly be described as the
straightforward denial of general philosophical
viewpoints that were taken for granted during the
18th-century Enlightenment, though they were not
unique to that period.
Shahjahanabad was a walled city, and some of its
gates and parts of the wall are still standing. The
romantic nature of the Delhi bazaars can be
experienced at its best in and around Chandni
Chowk and in the vicinity. Shahjahanabad was
secured and enclosed by walls stretching for about
ten kilometres. Ten gates connected the city with the
surrounding region. The Lahore Gate was the main
entrance for the Red Port, aside from the Delhi
Gate. The Kashmere Gate, the Calcutta Gate, the
Mori Gate, the Kabul Gate, the Faresh Khana Gate,
the Ajmere Gate, and the Turkman Gate were all
major links that used to connect the city with the
highways.
OLD CITY OF JAIPUR
Raman called it the Island of Glory. It is located 268 km
(167 miles) from the national capital New Delhi. Jaipur was
founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler Jai Singh
II, the ruler of Amer, after whom the city is named.