LYCEUM OF ST DOMINIC INC.

SOFACOFA Building Purok 7, Brgy. Sta. Elena (Poblacion), Sta. Elena, Camarines Norte
Smart (09496923641-09208509808) Globe (09975211803)
Email: lyceumlsdi@gmail.com
SCHOOL ID NO.: 410267

MODULE 1
(WEEK 1)

RESEARCH 2
(QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH)

FIRST SEMESTER
FIRST QUARTER
SY 2021-2022

Subject Teacher: Margilyn P. Ordiz Page 1

 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
(Quantitative)
I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:
a. Demonstrate understanding of the characteristics, strengths,
weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research, the importance of
quantitative research across fields and the nature of variables;
b. Decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of interest;
c. Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of
quantitative research (CS_RS12-la-1);
d. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields
(CS_RS12-la-2); and
e. Differentiate kinds of variable and their uses (CS_RS12-la-3).
II. PRE TEST
Dierections: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. This kind of research also allows the researcher to identify cause and
effects relationship between variables.
a. Experimental Research Designc.
b. Pre-experimental Research Design
c. Descriptive Research Design
d. Non-Experimental Design
2. A research design used when the researcher intends to provide a
quantitative or numerical description of trends, attitudes or opinions of
a population by studing a sample of that population.
a. Survey c. Methodological
b. Comparative design d. Evaluative Research
3. They are invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or
predictor variables.
a. Independent variables c. Control variables
b. Dependent variables d. Confounding variables
4. Variables that are not actually measured but they exist.
a. Independent variables c. Control variables
b. Dependent variables d. Confounding variables
5. Variables that are measured in a study because they potentially
influence the dependent variable, using statistical procedures like
analysis of covariance to control these variables.
a. Independent variables c. Control variables

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 b. Dependent variables d. Confounding variables
III. REVIEW
Quantitative research is more often associated with hard data. This
research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating
mathematical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics.
It quantifies attitudes, opinions, behaviours and other defined variables
and generalizes results from a large sample of populations. It discusses
quantitative relation between the participant/s and the researcher.
IV. DISCUSSION
The Process of Quantitative Research
 What is the issue?
 What are the specific problems?
 What design to have? (Scope of the study)
 What tool will I use to seek data about the issue?
 To whom I shall administer the tool?
 How many selections?
 What sampling design shall be used?
 How to analyze the data?
 How to validate findings?
 How to present findings?
 What did I learned?
 What can I recommend?
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
 Data gathering instruments contain items that solicit measurable
characteristics of the population.
 Standardized, pre-tested instrument guide data collection thus
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of the data.
 For more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve
is preffered over a non-normal distribution; this requires alarge
population, the numbers of which depend on how the characteristics
of the population vary. This requires adherence to the principle of
random sampling to avoid researcher’s bias in interpreting the results
that defeat the purpose of research.
 The data obtained using quanitative methods are vorganized using
tables, graphs, or figures that consolidate large number of data to
show trends, relationships or differences among variables. This
fosters understanding to the readers or clients of the research
investigation.
 Researchers can repeat the quantitative method to verify or confirm
the findings in another setting. This reinforces the validity of

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 groundbreaking discoveries or findings thus eliminating the possibility
of spurious or erroneous conclusions.
 Advanced digital or electronic instruments are used to measure or
gather data from the field.
Just like qualitative research, quantitative research has its own set of
strengths, as well as weaknesses.
Strengths of Qualitative Research
 Provides estimates of population at large.
 Indicates rhe extensiveness of attitudes held by people.
 Provides results which can be condensed to statistic.
 Allows for statistical comparison between various groups.
 Has precision, is definitive and standardized.
 Measures level of occurencee, actions, trends, etc.
 Can answer such question as “How many?” and “How often?”
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
 It may be time consuming considering a large sample.
 Exact answer may naot be properly represented because they are
quantitatively expressed.
 Statistical calculations are complex for some people.
 Too much methodology may dismay researcherts, especially in
randomization in the selection of sample.
 Not all quantitative data are extensively discussed and interpreted.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
1. Experimental Research Design – allow the researchers to control
the situation and allow them to answer the question. This kind of
research also allows the researcher to identify cause and effects
relationship between variables.
Two classes of experimental design can provide better internal validity
than pre-experimental designs: quasi-experimental and true
experimental (Dooly, 1999).
 Quasi-experimental design – the researcher can collect more
data either by scheduling more observation or finding more
existing measure.
 True experimental design – controls for both time-related and
group-related threats. This design employs both treated and
control group to deal with timer-related rival explanations. This
also offers the highest internal validity of all design.

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 2. Pre-experimental Research Design – are scheme in which a subject
or a group is observed after a treatment has been applied, in order to
test whether the treatment has the potential to cause change.
3. Non-Experimental Design – the researcher observes the
phenomena as they occur naturally and no external variables are
introduced. The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the
setting controlled. Researchers collect data without making changes
or introducing treatments.
 Ex-Post Facto Research Design - non-experimental design that
are use to investigate casual relationships. They examine whether
on or more pre-existing conditions could possibly have caused
subsequent differences in groups of subjects.
4. Descriptive Research Design – the main purpose of this is to
observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally
occurs and sometimes to serve as starting point for hypothesis
generation or theory development.
Types of Descriptive research Design
1. Survey – a research design used when the researcher intends to
provide a quantitative or numerical description of trends, attitudes
or opinions of a population by studing a sample of that population.
2. Correlational – measures a relationship between two variables
without the researcher controlling either of them. It aims to find out
whether there is either positive correlation (both variables change
in the same direction), zero correlation (there is no relationship
between the variables) or negative correlation (the variable
change in opposite direction).
3. Comparative Design – involves comparing and contrasting two or
more samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at
a single point of time. Specifically. This design is used to compare
two distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes such as
knowledge level, perceptions, attitudes and physical or
psychological symptoms.
4. Evaluative Research – seek to assess or judge in some way
providing information about something other than might be
gleaned in mere observation or investigation of relationships.
5. Methodological – in this approach, the implementation of a variety
of methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of
developing a scale-matched approach, where data from different
discipline can be intergrated.

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 Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields
 Quantitative Research in communication
Researchers are often interested in how understanding of a particular
communication phenomenon might be generalized to a larger
population.
 Quantitative Research in Sport Medicine
It is used to analyze how sport may be used as an alternative way of
medicating illness.
 Quantitative Research and Medical Education
Quantitative research in medical education tends to be predominantly
observational research based on surveys or correlational studies.
Either a comparison or controlled group learners may allow
researchers to overcome validity concerns and infer potential cause
and effect genaralizations. Researchers are using to cope with the
emerging trends in recent times.
 Quantitative Research and the Behavioral Sciences
This research also helps people change their behaviours, understand
treatments, and learn how to stick with them. Relationship question
tend to explore how one behavior exhibited by people is related to
other types of behaviour.
 Quantitative Research in Education and Psychology
Mertens (2005) says that the dominant paradigms that guided early
education and psychological research were positivism and its
successor, post positivism. Positivism is based on the rationalistic,
empiricist philosophy that originated with Aristotle, Francis, Bacon,
John Locke, August Comte and Immanuel Kant. The underlying
assumptions of positivism include the belief that the social world can
be studied in the same way as the natural world, that there is a
methosd for studying the social world that is value-free, and that
explanations of a ccausal nature can be provided.
 Quantitative Research and the Social Sciences
Quantitative approaches are typically associated positivist
perspectives in social research. The logic of this research is: to collect
data using standardized approaches on a range of variables; search
for patterns of casual relationships between these variables; and test
given theory by confirming or denying précised hypothesis. The
method employed in this type of research is most typically the sample
survey and the experiment.

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 Kinds of Variables and their Uses
A variable is a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an
organization that can be measured or observed and that varies among
the people or organization being studied (Creswell, 2002).

Kinds of Variable
1. Independent variables – They are invariably called treatment,
manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
2. Dependent variables – those that show the effects or results or
outcomes of the influence of the independent variables.
3. Intervening or mediating variables – those that are in-between the
independent and dependent variables, that is, showing the effects of
the independent variable on the dependent variable.
4. Control variables – those that are measured in a study because they
potentially influence the dependent variable, using statistical
procedures like analysis of covariance to control these variables.
5. Comfounding variables – those that are not actually measured but
they exist. Researchers comment on the influence of confounding
variables, after the study has been completed because those
variables may have operated to explain the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables.
V. ACTIVITY
Direction: Answer the following and write it on a sheet of paper. (The
teacher will also ask you about your lernings from this module
as your recitation in this subject using online communication.)
A. Describes the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses and kinds of
quantitative research.
B. Illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields.
C. Differentiate kinds of variable and their uses.
VI. WRAP UP
Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating generalization
about a given problem or inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that
hardly uses statistical treatment in stating generalizations. These
numbers are the result of objective scales of measurements of the units
of analysis called variables. Research findings are subjected to statistical
treatment to determine significant relationships or differences between
variables, the results of which are the bases of generalization about
phenomena.

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 VII. VALUING
Quantitative researchs are very important in many fields because it can
provide important descriptive statistics about a population or location
allowing us to grasp key characteristics of the object of the study.
VIII. POST-TEST
Direction: On your answer sheet, write survey or experiment, indicating
the kind of quantitative research you will use given the following
problem inquiries, you as a researcher intend to investigate.
1. How many students use the school library between 7AM and 8AM?
2. How many hours’ adolescents do facebook in a day?
3. The most frequently used student service in your school.
4. The impact of blended learning on students enrolled in English.
5. The number of students who read the broadsheets (newspaper) daily.
6. The food preference of basketball players of your university or
institution.
7. The number of times students go to guidance counsellor for help
every month.
8. The kind of shampoo women prefer.
9. The most sealable items in three foodchains.
10. The effects of coaching on the academic performance of Grade-11
students in the subject Mathematics.
11. The result of a prescribed daily diet on the sugar count of diabetic
patients.
12. The popularity of two top dishwashing liquid brands among
housewives.
13. The impact of cooperative stores on a selected barangays.
14. The correlation of admission test results of highschool graduates
under the Alternative Learning System (ALS) and those under the
regular Dep-Ed system of schooling.
15. The top 3 academic tracks chosen by SHS students in your school.

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