EARTH MATERIALS

Minerals, Rocks, Energy Sources, Soil and Water

 Earth
materials refer to substances or objects
extensively used in geological and biological
processes on the surface of the planet.
 Materialsfrom Earth’s crust and sources of
energy for human societies.

EARTH MATERIALS
 Mineralsa solid homogenous, naturally
occurring, inorganic substance with the
following characteristics:
 It has a definable chemical composition
 Ithas an internal structure that shows lattice
formation

MINERALS
MINERALS
MINERALS
 Solidification
of a melt, a
substance which is liquid or
semi-liquid turns into solid
 Examples, ice crystals, silicate
materials

FORMATION OF MINERALS
 Precipitationfrom a solution,
minerals are formed when water
evaporates from a solution
containing dissolved substances

FORMATION OF MINERALS
 Biomineralization,
minerals
produced by organisms to
strengthen their body tissues.
 Theseminerals compose shells,
bone structures, etc.
 Biomineralizationis not a
geological process. It is a
biological process.

FORMATION OF MINERALS
 Fumarolic mineralization, minerals are formed
from particulate matter that are suspended in
volcanic gases. When temperature decrease,
the gases condense around these particulates
and fall to the ground as minerals.

FORMATION OF MINERALS
FORMATION OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
 Calcite

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
 Pyrite FeS2
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
MINING OF MINERALS
Process of Mining, Methods of Mineral
Extraction
 Mining,
the process of extracting valuable
resources from Earth.

MINING OF MINERALS
MINING OF MINERALS
MINING OF MINERALS
METHODS TO EXTRACT MINERALS
 Surfacemining, removing minerals from the
surface of Earth where they are located.
 And also extracting minerals below the
surface where surface cover is thin.

METHODS TO EXTRACT MINERALS

METHODS TO EXTRACT MINERALS
METHODS TO EXTRACT MINERALS
SURFACE MINING
 Subsurface mining (deep-underground
mining), mining that requires constructing
tunnels to reach mineral deposits deep below
Earth’s surface.

SUBSURFACE MINING
SUBSURFACE MINING
MITIGATION MEASURES
ROCKS
Formation of Rocks, Types of Rocks
 Twosets of processes behind formation of
rocks: endogenic and exogenic processes
 Endogenic processes take place in the
Earth’s interior, below the planet’s surface
 Exogenic processes take on the surface of
Earth

FORMATION OF ROCKS
 Rocks are solid aggregate of mineral grains.
 It
is a collection of compacted minerals of
many types and sizes.

FORMATION OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
 Igneousrock, root word ignis which
means fire
 Theresulting type of rock that is
produced when molten rock cools
down and turns into solid.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Extrusive
rocks, rocks
formed when magma
erupts at the Earth’s
surface and comes into
contact with the
atmosphere or ocean.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Extrusive
rocks, are also
known as volcanic rocks.
 Volcanic rocks contain few
crystals.
 Because of rapid cooling,
their volatile components
turn into gas leaving behind
many pot marks or bubbles.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Pumice or panghilod is a
volcanic rock

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Intrusive
rocks, also
plutonic rocks, are formed
when magma turns to solid
below Earth’s surface.
 Sometimes soil erosion
removes the soil covering
and exposes intrusive rocks
to the atmosphere

TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
 Sedimentary rocks, rocks formed by sediments.
 Rocks shed off sediments which are carried by
water, air, or movement of ice into sedimentary
basins.
 Insedimentary basins, they accumulate and
form layers of compacted sediments.

TYPES OF ROCKS
  Pressure from bodies of
water on top, compress this
layers turning them into
sedimentary rocks.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Sedimentary rocks cover 78% of Earth’s land
surface.
 Butit compose only 8% of the entire volume of
Earth’s crust.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Sedimentary rocks are
deposited in layers called
strata.
 The entire collection of layers
of sedimentary rocks is called
its bedding.

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Sedimentary rocks are sources
of natural resources, such as
coal, fossil fuels, water, minerals.
 Theyare also useful sources of
construction materials.

TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
 Metamorphic rocks, rocks that are formed
from igneous or sedimentary rocks due to the
combined effects of pressure and
temperature

TYPES OF ROCKS
 Metamorphic rocks, together with igneous
rocks, compose 92 % of Earth’s crust.
 Theycompose only 12 % of Earth’s land
surface.

TYPES OF ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS