1.

Reliability in Series

R1 R2 R3

.99 .98 .90 Rs

Rs= R1 × R2 × R3 … × Rn

Rs= 0.99 × 0.98 × 0.90 = 0.873 or 87.3%

2. Determining Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)

Operating Time= 60,000 hours Non-Operating Time= 80,000 hours

Number of Failures= 4 Failures Number of Units= 10 units

A. Percent of failure

4 failures
FR%= 10units ×100%

=0.4 × 100%

= 40%

Total time= 60,000 hours × 10 unit

=600,000 hours-unit

Non-Op time= 50,000hrs (1) +35,000hrs (2) +15,000hrs (2)

=80,000 hours-unit

B. Number of failures per unit

 number of failures
FR (N) =
number of unit−hrs of Optime

4 failures
FR (N) = = 0.000008 failures
600,000−100,000 hours

600,000 hours
MBTF = = 75,000 hrs.
0.000008 failures

3. Reliability in Parallel

Product A
R1 R2 R3 R4
0.99 0.95 0.998 0.995

RS = 0.99 × 0.95 × 0.998 × 0.995

= 0.934
Product B
R1 R2 R3 R4
0.99 0.95 0.985 0.99

0.95 0.99

= 0.99 × 0.95 × [0.985 + (1-0.985)0.95] × [0.99+0.99(1-0.99)]

= 0.99 × 0.95 × [0.985 + (0.015×0.95)] × [0.99+(0.99×0.01)]
= 0.99 × 0.95 × (0.985 + 0.014) × (0.99+0.009)
= 0.99 × 0.95 × 0.999 ×0.999
=0.939

Note: The product design A has a reliability of 0.934 and the product design B has a reliability
of 0.939.

4. Reliability with Parallel Redundancy

R1
0.95
R2 R3 R5
0.95 0.95 0.95
 R4
0.95

* Reliability for Middle path (RM)

RM = R 2 × R 3 × R 5

RM = 0.95 × 0.95 × 0.95

= 0.857

* Probability of all three failure (RF)

RF = (1-0.95) × (1-0.857) × (1-0.95)

= 0.05 × 0.143 × 0.05

= 0.00036

*Reliability of new design is 1 minus the probability of failures (R S)

Rs = 1 - 0.00036

= 0.99964

Note: The parallel design increase in 0.999

5. Maintenance
Case: Orlando Utilities exhibited data over the past 20 years.
 Number of breakdowns Number of years in which

breakdown occurred
0 2
= 0.1
20
1 2
= 0.1
20
2 5
= 0.25
20
3 4
= 0.2
20
4 5
= 0.25
20
5 2
= 0.1
20
6 0
= 0
20

*Expected number of yearly breakdowns

= [(0 × 0.1) +(1 × 0.1) +(2 × 0.25) +(3 ×
0.2) +(4×0.25) +(5×0.1) +(6×0)]
=0 + 0.1 + 0.5 + 0.6 + 1 + 0.5 + 0
= 2.7 breakdowns/year

6. Preventive Maintenance

Case: The manufacturer will guarantee repairs o all failures as part of service contract over 18 years.
Number of Failures Number of years in which

breakdown occurred
0 4
= 0.22
18
1 3
= 0.16
18
2 1
= 0.05
18
3 5
= 0.27
18
4 5
= 0.27
18
5 0
= 0
18

- Compute for the expected number of failures.

 = [(0 × 0.22) + (1 × 0.16) + (2 × 0.05) + (3 × 0.27) + (4 × 0.27) + (5×0)]

= 0 + 0.16 + 0.1 + 0.8 + 1.08 + 0

= 2.15 failures/year

- Compute the expected failure cost per year with preventive maintenance contract.
Expected failure cost =(expected number of failure)×(cost per failure)
= 2.15 × $2,000

= $4,300/year

- Compute the preventive maintenance

Preventive maintenance cost

= (cost of each failure) + (cost of service per year)

= $ 2,000 + $5,000

= $ 7,000/year

- Compare the two options and select the one that will cost less Because it is less expensive to
have the current maintenance service ($4300) than to guarantee a service repair for all failures
($7,000),The fire department should choose the current maintenance policy.

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