Non-Edible Oil Seeds

based Livelihood
Non-Edible Oil Seeds based Livelihood
NON- EDIBLE OILSEEDS OF INDIA
Biomass: As renewable feedstock for Chemical
Industry
Chemicals from Petroleum and Biomass Feedstock
Petroleum as a Source of Fuels and Chemicals

Fuels

Resins

Fine chemicals

Fibers

Plastics

Synthesis of chemicals
Petroleum Refinery
 Scenario of fossil resources
Increase in
CO2 Level

Petroleum
depletion Air Pollution
Sceneries
Associated
Economical with Fossil
issue Global
Resources warning

Green House Climate

gases Change
 NON- EDIBLE OILSEEDS
Non-Edible Oilseeds (Karanja, Neem, Jatropha, Mahua, etc)
Play major role for producing renewable raw materials for
chemical Industries and biofuels.
The chemical industry is associated with all basic needs of
society- food, fuel, clothing, shelter & health. This 900-billion-
dollar worldwide Industry, representing 16.4% of the total
Industry, depends mainly on seven basic chemicals Methane,
Ethylene, Propylene, Benzene Toluene, Xylenes & C-4
unsaturated. These basic chemicals are derived from petroleum,
natural gas, or coal.
Chemical Industry produced organic chemicals, plastics,
paints, Synthetic fiber Fertilizer, Agrochemicals, dyes stuff, Fuel,
Lubricant, Oleo chemicals, and Detergents are dependent on
petrochemical feedstock directly
Non-edible oilseeds and oil of India
 Biofuels from Nonedible oilseeds

➢Transport sector: biggest sources of carbon emission.

➢India’s current fuel consumption of 19 million tones

per annum in the transport sector is expected to double
by 2030.

➢Rapid environmental degradation: A problem

➢One of the solution : Renewable, Eco-friendly

Alternative Fuels
➢Biofuels: Solve problems of Energy crisis , Poverty and
Environmental pollution
Indian’s Diesel Consumption in different Sector
 Bio fuels
• Alternate fuels produced from Biomass resources

• Biomass is the oldest source of energy, currently

account for 10% of primary energy consumption

• Biomass is a sustainable and environment friendly

feedstock that contributes significantly to a diverse
energy portfolio

12
 Type of Biofuel
First-generation biofuel: conventional biofuels are made
from food crops grown on arable land. With this biofuel
production generation, food crops are thus explicitly grown
for bio fuels production and not anything else. The sugar,
starch, or vegetable oil obtained from the crops is converted
into biodiesel or ethanol, using transesterification, or yeast
fermentation

Second generation biofuel: The feedstock used to

generate second-generation biofuels thus either grows
on arable lands, but are just byproducts of the actual
harvest (main crop) or they are grown on lands which
cannot be used to effectively grow food crops. Non-human
food 2nd generation feedstock sources include grasses,
Jatropha and other seed crops, waste vegetable oil,
municipal solid waste and so fort
Comparison of first and second generation biofuel with petroleum
fuels

1st generation fuel:

Petroleum refinery:
Technology: Economical
Feedstock:
Crude petroleum
Feedstocks:
vegetable oils & corn sugar etc.
Products:
CNG, LPG, Diesel, Petrol, Kerosene, and Jet fuel
Products:
FAME or biodiesel, corn ethanol, sugar alcohol
Problems:
Problems:
• Depletion/declining of petroleum reserve.
• Limited feedstock (food Vs fuel)
• Environmental pollution.
• Blended partly with conventional fuel
• Economics and ecological problems
Benefits:
Environmentally friendly, economic & social security
nd
2 generation biofuel

Feedstocks: Non food, cheap, and abundant plant waste biomass

(Agricultural & forest residue, grass, aquatic biomass, and water hyacinth etc.)

Products:
Hydrotreating oil, bio-oil, FT oil, lignocellulosic ethanol, butanol, mixed alcohols.

Advantages:
• Not competing with food.
• Technology still under development to reduce the cost of conversion.
• Environmentally friendly.
Non-Edible Oil Seeds for Biodiesel Production
 Indian Biofuels programme

• India, a fast-growing economy facing the challenge of meeting a

rapidly increasing demand for energy.

• Sixth in the world in terms of energy demand.

•The country's energy demand is expected to grow at an annual rate

of 4.8 percent over the next couple of decades.

• Imports approx. 72% of its petroleum requirement.($22billion)

•Biofuels will play an extremely important role in meeting India’s

energy needs.
Cycle process of Carbon dioxide Reduction by plantation of NEO
 Status of petroleum and biofuels
World oil use is expected to grow from about 80 million barrels per day
(mbpd) in 2003 to 118 mbpd in 2030 as per Energy Information
Administration (EIA), International Energy Outlook (IEO) 2006.
India and China will be the major consumer in the world
Currently, produces 37.71 million tonnes of crude oil and imports about
70-80% of the domestic consumption.
The consumption increase rate is 2.6 %

Production of alternate fuels to petrol diesel and gasoline is urgently

needed

Nonedible oil seeds species suitable to grow in wastelands is of prime

interest
CO2 emission from transport fuel combustion: India, China and US

Source. http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/08/Giant-traffic-jam.jpg
http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/images/co2agenda.gif
 IITD
Contribution of different GHG from transport sector in India

Source: http://snfabr.brinkster.net/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/08_07_07_carbon_emissions1.jpg
Production of Biofuel from Vegetable Oil
Green Jet Fuel
 Green Diesel
Bio-oil/
Green Diesel
 VEGETABLE OILS AS DIESEL FUEL
(BIO DIESEL)

• Rudolf Diesel (1895) First developed engine

and demonstrated the engine using peanut oil
as fuel
• Diesel (1912) said “ The use of vegetable oils
for engine fuels may seem insignificant today.
But such oils may in course of time as
important as petroleum and the coal tar
products of the present time”.
• Energy crises have resulted in high lightened
interest towards non-petroleum, domestic,
renewable sources of fuel.
 BIO DIESEL

• Produced from renewable raw material

like vegetable oil/ nonedible oil
• Bio diesel refers to lower alkyl esters of
the long chain fatty acids (C14 - C18)
• Synthesized by trans esterification
vegetable/ NEO with lower Alcohol (Ethyl/
methyl alcohol)
• In developed countries Bio diesel is used
in vehicles operated in environmentally
sensitive area
 Trans-esterification of Non-edible oil:

H H
| |
H-C - OOR H - C - OH ROOCH3
| Catalyst | +
H-C - OOR' + 3 CH3OH H - C - OH + R'OOCH3
| | +
H-C - OOR" H - C - OH R"OOCH3
| |
H H
Non-edible oil Methanol Glycerol Fatty acid methyl
esters

(biodiesel)
 VEGETABLE OIL DIESEL FUEL

Triglyceride ester of fatty Saturated Hydrocarbon (C12-C18)

acid (Mwt 700-1000) Mwt~200
10% less heating value Major hydrogen and carbon (SOx,
than diesel because it NOx, PAH)
contains Oxygen
Kinematic viscosity is Kinematic viscosity is lower
higher
35-45 CST at 40oC 4-5 CST at 40oC
Less volatility High volatility
 Fuel Charestics of Vegetable Oils and their
Methyl Esters

OIL/ESTERS FLASH DENSITY, HEATING VISCOSITY, CETENE

POINT, VALUE, mm2/s NO.
0C
MJ/L
V. Oil 267 0.918 35.0 39.6 42-52

Methyl ester 164 0.85 33.3 5.7 62

(Palm oil)

Methyl ester 182 0.87 33.5 4.6 49

(sunflower)

Diesel 72 - 74 0.82-0.85 37-40 2-6 42

Potential Feedstock for Production of Non-edible oils /Biodiesel in India
Oil seed Seed/kernl Oil yield Oil potential
(00MT) (%) (00MT)
Sal 5504.0 12.5 688.0
Mohwa 490.0 35.0 171.0
Neem 418.0 20.0 83.6

IIT Delhi
Mangokernel 600.0 8.0 48.0

August
Karanja 18, 2004 111.0 27.0 30.0
Kusum 90.0 33.0 29.7
Khakan 46.0 33.0 15.2
Pinnai/Undi 18.6 60.0 11.2
Pisa 12.0 48.0 5.8
Rubberseed 30.0 18.5 5.6
Dhupa 30.0 17.0 5.1
Kokum 12.5 40.0 5.0
Maroti/Kavathi 12.0 33.0 4.0

Nahor 5.7 40.0 2.3

Total 73798 - 1105.0
 Advantages of Bio-diesel
• It can reduce our dependence on foreign petroleum
• It can leverage limited supplies of fossil fuel

• It can help reduce air pollution and related public health risks.

• These include particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO),

hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and air
toxics.
• Petroleum imports constitute a major foreign exchange outgo India

• It can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions

• It can benefit our domestic economy

 Advantages of Biodiesel in India

• Utilization of local resources for local uses

• Reduce import of petroleum products
• Saving foreign exchange
• Create employment in rural sector
• By-product( Seed cake) can be a good
fertilizer, pesticide and raw material for
alcohol production
• Reduce environmental pollution
• utilization of wastelands for production of
non-edible oil seeds
Potential oil Seeds to produce Biodiesel in
India
• Non-traditional oil seeds like: Sal , Mohwa,
Kusum, Karanja, Ratanjyoth, Niger seed, and
Neem etc.
• Argo processing waste: Rice bran, oil seed
cake
• promising Cultivativated oil seed species in
wastelands
• Karanja(4-7yr), Ratanjyoth (3-4yr)*,
Simarouba(5-6 yr), Mohwa (8-10 yr), and
Neem (8-10 yr)

*Gestation period.
POTENTIAL MINOR OIL SEEDS IN INDIA

Oil seed Seed/kernl Oil yield Oil potential

(00MT) (%) (00MT)
Sal 5504.0 12.5 688.0
Mohwa 490.0 35.0 171.0
Neem 418.0 20.0 83.6
Mangokernel 600.0 8.0 48.0
Karanja 111.0 27.0 30.0
Kusum 90.0 33.0 29.7
Khakan 46.0 33.0 15.2
Pinnai/Undi 18.6 60.0 11.2
Pisa 12.0 48.0 5.8
Rubber seed 30.0 18.5 5.6
Dhupa 30.0 17.0 5.1
Kokum 12.5 40.0 5.0
Maroti/Kavathi 12.0 33.0 4.0
Nahor 5.7 40.0 2.3
Total 73798 - 1105.0
 RATANJYOTH(Jatropha)
Properties of the Oil
Colour Pale yellow -
yellowish brown
Specific gravity at 0.18-0.923
15oC
Refractive index 1.462-1.465
at 40oC
Titler oC 31
Iodine value 93-107
Saponification 188-196
value
Hydroxyl value 4-20
Unsaponifiable 0.4-1.1%
matter
Fatty acids Percentage
Myristic 0.5-1.4
Palmitic acid 12-17
Stearic acid 5-9.7
Arachidic acid 0-0.3
Oleic acid 37-63
Linoleic acid 19-41
Properties of the oil
KARANJA
Colour Dark brown
Odour Repulsive
Refractive index at 40oC 1.4734 -1.4790
Specific gravity at 30oC 0.925 -0.940
Iodine value 80 - 96
Saponification value 117 -195
Unsaponifiable matter 0.9 -4.2 %
Fatty acids Percentage
Palmitic acid 3.7-7.9
Stearic acid 2.4-8.9
Arachidic acid 2.2-4.7
Oleic acid 44.5-71.3
Linoleic acid 10.8-18.3
Lignoceric 1.1 - 3.5
Eicosenoic 9.5-12.4
Behenic 4.2-5.3
Karanja (Pongamia pinnata)

Full grown Karanja tree near main gate, IIT Delhi

Karanja pods Karanja kernel
Fatty acid composition of Karanja oil
Properties of the oil
KUSUM
Colour Yellowish brown
Odour Characristic
Consistency Semi solid or
liquid
Refractive index at 1.459 - 1.462
40oC
Iodine value 48 -58
Saponification 220-234
value
Unsaponifiable 1.5-3.0%
matter
Fatty acids Percentage
Myristic 1.0
Palmitic acid 5.3- 8.7
Stearic acid 1.7 - 6.3
Arachidic acid 20 - 31
Lingoceric 1.5 - 3.5
Oleic acid 40 - 67
Linoleic acid 2.5 - 5.2
 MAHUA
Properties of the
fat
Colour Pale yellow
Consistency Plastic
Refractive index at 40oC 1.452-1.462
Specific gravity at 15oC 0.856-0.870
Iodine value 58-70
Saponification value 187-196
Unsaponifiable matter 1-3%
Fatty acids Percentage
Palmitic acid 16.0-28.2
Stearic acid 20.0-25.1
Arachidic acid 0-3.3
Oleic acid 41-51
Linoleic acid 8.9-13.7
 Neem (Azadirachta indica)

Neem Tree Neem leaves and fruit

 NEEM
Properties of the oil
Colour Greenish Brown
Odour Garlic, repulsive
Refractive index 1.4617- 1.4627
at 40oC
Specific gravity 0.9087 -0.9189
at 30oC
Titer oC 35 -36
Iodine value 68 -75.8
Saponification 193 - 204
value
I.N.S. No 128
Unsaponifiable 0.8 - 2.4%
matter
Fatty acids Percentage
Myristic 0.2-2.6
Palmitic acid 13.6-16.2
Stearic acid 14.4-24.1
Arachidic acid 0.8-3.4
Oleic acid 49.1-61.9
Linoleic acid 2.3-15.8
Tung (Aleurites fordii)
Fatty acid composition of tung oil
 Uses of Tung oil
• Paint and varnish
• Clearing and polishing compounds
• Used in coatings of containers for food,
medicines, beverages.
• In insulating wires, metallic surfaces as
in radio, radar, telephone etc.
• Potential feed stock for biodiesel
production
 Simarouba glauca (paradise tree)

✓ Gestation period: 4-5 yr and yields up to 50-60 yr

✓ Evergreen tree with height 10-15 m and adaptable to temperature up to 450C,
altitude up to 1000 m
✓ Oil content of the seed kernels is 55-65 %
✓ Each tree produces 2.5-5 kg oil/ha/yr equivalent to 1000-2000 kg/ha/yr for
500 trees/ha
✓ The oil is edible and marketed in Central America as ‘Nieve’
✓ Plantation is done in Odisha, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Maharashtra
 Simarouba processing practices in rural areas

Collection of Sun drying Decortication

fruit

Screw plate Wooden wedge press

Crushing Steam cooking press press
Employment potential in collection of Tree Born Oil
(TBO) Seeds in India
Oil seed Collection period Production potential Employment potential
(Lakh tonnes) (Man years)
Mohwa April -June 4.9 16300

Neem May -July 4.2 70000

Karanja June - October 1.1 37000

Kusum June-July 0.9 30000

Sal April- June 5.5 1123000

TOTAL 16.6 1276300

Cultivation of TBO seeds will create enormous employment in

India
Jatropha: 500 man days/ ha( ~ 2000 plant/ha;3 years gestation
period)
Karanja : 515 man days/ ha ( ~800 plants/ha; 5 years gestation
period)
Non edible oil seed processing for biodiesel
production
Lab Scale set up for Biodiesel Production
 Samples of Biodiesel and B20

The colour difference of four vessels is an indication of

decreasing viscosity from Karanja oil to diesel
Contd
 The Potential in India for Biofuels
Strengths
▪ Alternate fuel source
▪ Energy security of the country
Less GHG emissions, environment friendly
▪ Higher Cetane number and better lubricating
effect for biodiesel
Opportunities
▪ National Biodiesel policy
▪ Keen interest of private players
▪ R&D across the sector
▪ Less dependency on depleting fossil fuels
Weaknesses
▪ Wasteland requirements
▪ Need for engine modifications in higher blends
▪ Market still in nascent stage
▪ Still in field trial stage in India
Threats
▪ The discovery of huge gas reserves in India may
push biofuels on the backfoot
▪ Food vs. fuel debate
▪ Cost effectiveness of Biofuels
▪ Raw material
53
 National Biofuel Policy
• Goal
– To ensure that a minimum level of
biofuels become available to meet the
demand.

• Target
– 20% blending of biofuels by 2017
 Biofuels Policies :Initiatives by Govt. of India

❖ Planning Commission submitted a report on development of Biofuel in

June 2003 and Proposed launch of “National Mission on Biodiesel” to
address socio-economic and environmental concerns

❖ 2007-12, Phase 1-Demonstration project

– Commercial viability of 5% biodiesel blend in diesel
– Plantation of Jatropha curcas in 2.19 Mha land to meet 2.62 MTPA
requirement of Biodiesel

❖ By 2012-17, Phase 2-Self sustaining expansion

– Proposed a biodiesel blend of 20% in diesel
– Plantation of Jatropha curcas in 11.19 Mha land to meet 13.38 MTPA
requirement of Biodiesel
 Estimated Employment Generation in
Biodiesel Production

Year No.of jobs in In Operation of

plantations maintenance Biodiesel units
(million) (million) (million)

2011- 2.5 0.75 0.10

2012

2012-17 13.0 3.9 0.30

❖ Biodiesel Purchase policy issued-1st Jan, 2006 and National Biofuels policy is
finalized.

❖ Draft biofuels policy envisages the following

– Utilization of wide range of bio-crops for production
• Ethanol-Sugar cane, sweet sorghum, cassava, maize
• Biodiesel-Jatropha and Pongamia pinnata (karanja)
– Setting up of “National Biofuels Development Board” to develop roadmap
for use of biofuels
– Revised indicative target for 5% and 20% biodiesel blending in diesel by
2012 and 2017 respectively
❖ It is envisaged that 10% ethanol blending in motor gasoline will be started
soon subject to availability of ethanol (1.12 M Kl required)
 National Programme

• The scheme ‘Integrated Development of Tree Borne Oilseeds’

(TBOs) has been initiated during the 10th plan (2002-07)

• The existing TBOs available are Jatropha, Karanja, Jojoba,

Mahua, Neem , Wild apricot, Cheura, Kokum Simarouba, and
Tung etc.

• R&D activities on TBOs:

I) National Network on Jatropha and Karanja and
II) National Network on Apricot,Tung and Cheura

Were constituted by involving States Agricultural

Universities,Institutions like CSIR, ICFRE,ICAR,CFTRI and
IITs.
 Current biofuels situation in India
Bioethanol and Biodiesel

•The Indian Govt. regards Biofuel as a feasible option for

augmenting future fuel supply
•Govt. has already successfully implemented an Ethanol
blending (5%) program for Gasoline in nine states (Andhra
Pradesh, Gujrat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh and Goa).
•Planning Commission document mentions Jatropha curcas and
Karanja as a potential crop for production of Biodiesel
•According to this document, cultivation of 10 million ha of this
crop could generate 7.5 million metric tons of fuel annually,
while generating year-round employment for 5 million people.
Biofuels in India
 Projected Requirement of Biodiesel
(11th Five Years Plan)

% Blend Biodiesel Requirement Area of Plantation

(Million Tonnes) (Million Hectare)

5 3.35 2.79

10 6.69 5.58

20 13.38 11.19

The existing TBOs available For Biodiesel are Jatropha, Karanja, Jojoba, Mahua,
Neem, Karanja, Wild apricot, Cheura, Kokum Simarouba, and Tung etc
Plantation of Non-Edible Oil Seeds for Biodiesel
Production

Extraction and
Processing of Oil Marketing End Use
Plantation on
for Production of and Trade
Waste lands
Biodiesel
Plantation of Biofuel Crops
(Jatropha)
Jatropha Plantation for oil production
Jatropha curcas (Ratanjot) non-edible semi-evergreen shrub
or small tree
Field and Poly-bag Preparation for Nursery raising
Nursery raising activity
Nursery raised from seeds and cuttings with
various treatments
Jatropha Plantation on Wastelands
Weeding in Jatropha Field in Initial
Establishment Phase
Agro forestry Model Initiatiative
Jatropha plants in IIT Delhi
Intercropping with Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Intercropping of Aloe vera and Ocimum sanctum with Jatropha

curcas
 Compatibility with agro-ecosystem

Jatropha curcas in an Agroforestry model with wheat crop.

Fruiting branch (bottom left). J. curcas as live fence (top right)
Intercropping with Karanja
 Annual returns from one ha of 10-year-old plantation

Oil 1-2 t Edible oil, Biodiesel, surfactants, detergents, soaps, shampoos,

cosmetics, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, grease,
émulsifier, paints, varnishes, candles, etc.

Oil cake 1-2 t Contains N (7.7-8.1%), P (1.07%) and K (1.24%) and can be
used as manure

Shell 4.5-9 t can be used in particleboard industry, activated charcoal

industry, the manufacture of briquettes to use as fuel.

Fruit pulp 8-10 t Contains 11% sugar and can be used for beverages, bioethanol
production

Leaf liter 10-15 t Compost and vermicomposting

Timber 5-10 cft The wood is useful in light furniture, toys, packing material, pulp
(for paper industry) and matches. Waste wood is good fuel
POST-HARVEST PROCESSING
 MANUAL
DECORTICATION OF
JATROPHA FRUITS
 Seed Collection

Manual Decortications of
Karanja fruits
 Dehulling of Fruit

A. Hand Operated Dehuller for Jatropha Fruits

S. No. Parameter Result

1 Capacity, kg/hr 40

2 Seed Recovery, % 62
3 Husk, % 38
4 Machine Efficiency, 90
%
 Manual Decorticator for Jatropha Seeds

• The capacity of the decorticator

is 25 kg/day has been
fabricated in IIT Delhi. The
efficiency of this decorticator is
about 90 – 95%.
• Advantages:
• It is very easy to manufacture,
easy to operate, no
maintenance cost.
• Low cost machine (~Rs 800/-)
• Above 90 % efficiency.
 Mechanized Decorticator for Jatropha /Neem Seeds

To overcome these problems IIT Delhi is taking trials using a

motor-operated decorticator of capacity nearly 150 Kg/hr
which was previously used for neem decortications
Karanja Decorticator Developed by IIT Delhi
Hopper

Striking wall

Patented:
Indian Patent No.: 1592/DEL/2007

Controller

Outlet
Motor

Capacity 40 kg/h
Motor 0.5hp
 Manual Vs Mechanical Decorticator for Karanja Fruits

Parameter Manual New Designed

Decortications Decorticator
Capacity, 2.3 40
(kg/hr)
Time Required 43.5 2.5
for 100kg (hr)
Energy Required 12 3.35
for 100kg (MJ)*

* 1 Man = 0.1hp
1 hp = 0.746 kw
1 Man 1 day (8hr) work = 2 MJ
Tung seed Decorticator
Karanja Oil Expelling
Women SHG involved in oil extraction
 Efficient Oil Expeller Unit for Jatropha
Seeds Developed by IIT Delhi

Extraction efficiency 80 %
 The storage aspect of non-edible-oilseed & oil

Non-edible oil
Stock

Non-edible seed
stock
Biodiesel Production
 Quality of bio diesel from different feed -stocks
Properties IS 15607- Palm oil methyl Karanja oil Jatropha oil
2005 esters methyl esters methyl esters
Density @15oC, kg/m3 860-900 873 880 879a
Kinematic Viscosity at 40oC, cSt 2.5-6.0 4.2 4.7 4.0
Flash point, oC, min 120 144 174 191a
Sulfur, ppm, max 50 <1 15 n.d.
Carbon Residue, % by mass, max 0.05
Sulfated Ash, % by mass t, max 0.02 0.009 0.001 0.014a
Water content, ppm, max 500 270 300 310
Total contamination, ppm, max 24 08 17 n.d.
Copper corrosion, 3h at 50oC, max 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1
Cetane number, min 51 64 56 51a
Acid Value, mhKOH/g, max 0.5 0.36 0.50 0.24
Methanol, % by mass, max 0.2 0.024 0.018 0.021
Ester content, % by mass, min 96.5 97.5 98.0 99.6a
Free Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.02 0.017 0.010 0.012
Total Glycerol, % by mass, max 0.25 0.20 0.19 0.18
Phosphorus, ppm, max 10 5.2 n.d. n.d.
Sodium and Potassium, ppm, max To report n.d. n.d. n.d.
Calcium and Magnesium, ppm, max To report n.d. n.d. n.d.
Iodine Value, gI2/100g, max To report 52.5 86.5 97.1
Oxidation Stability at 110oC, h, min 6 30.5 2.24 0.56
 Different biodiesel properties measured in lab

Type of Cloud Pt. Pour Pt. Viscosity Flash Pt.

Blends (In 0C) (In 0C) (In Cst) (In 0C)

B20 11.5 -5.2 3.006 80

B40 12.0 -6.5 3.507 88

B60 13.0 6.2 3.841 95

B80 15.0 8.0 4.425 149

B100 22.0 15.0 5.177 170

ASTM as - - 1.9-6.0 130

per D 6751
ENGINE APPLICATION
Engine performance and emission studies on
Biodiesel fuel
 Emissions comparison of different fuels
at 100% load

Emissions CO NOX CO2 HC Smoke

Fuels % vol vol ppm % vol ppm %

B100 0.04 740 5 16 8.5

B20 0.02 778 4.8 9 8.2

Diesel 0.03 1774 8.4 17 17.4

ESCORT Tractor powered by Karanja biodiesel
Performance Test of Tavera on Chassis Dynamometer at IOC
(R&D) Centre, Faridabad

Wire from Chassis

main chamber from
where the input (road load values)
is given and all data gets recorded
MNRE sponsored TATA Indica car fueled with KOME (B20)
Covered >50,000 km
Byproduct Utilization of Biodiesel Processing
 Utilization of De-oiled Cake

Biofertilizer, Biopesticide, Biogas generation, Pharmaceuticals

from bio-actives, Alcohol production via supercritical processing
Phorbol ester content of Oil, Cake Biodiesel and
Glycerol of J. curcas

Samples Phorbol ester

content (mg/g)
Solvent extracted oil 3.17 ± 0.04
Expeller oil 2.14 ± 0.06
Cake after solvent 1.59 ± 0.01
extraction (Dehulled)
Expeller cake 0.823± 0.007
Biodiesel Not detected
Glycerol Not detected
Test of Phorbol ester extract on Termite (Odontotermes
obesus)

Experimental set up

Starvation Solvent control

Chemical control
control
 Utilization of Jatropha Cake as a
Organic fertilizer

Parameters Jatropha Cow Jatropha : Cow

(%) Cake Dung Dung Ratio
N 5.7 – 6.48 2 280:320
P2O5 2.6 – 3.1 1.5 170:200
K2O 0.9 – 1.0 2 43:45
CaO 0.6 – 0.7 4 15:16
MgO 1.26 – 1.3 1 126:134