Chapter 2:

Covid-19 Pandemic
and Global
Demography
Handout
Mary Claudine N Pineda, RPm
Table of Contents
01
Learning Outcomes

02
Chapter Description

03
Discussion

04
Activities and Notes
“There is no such thing
as destiny. We shape
our own lives.”

- Giacomo Casanova
 01
Learning
outcomes
 Learning outcomes
This lesson intends to prepare students
to:
1. Articulate personal definition of
global demography and demographic
transition model;
2. Analyze if Covid-19 Pandemic has
direct impact on demographic
transition;
3. Explain the theory of demographic
transition as it affects global
population;
4. Use current technology to facilitate
learning; and
5. Contribute personally and
meaningfully to the country’s
development.
 Chapter description
This topic discusses importance of
population census, population
study and global population in
achieving inclusive economic
growth. It provides clean-cut
connection how family-size,
education, working age and
increase in population affects
socio-economic status of people.
 Global demography

For much of human history,

demographic patterns were reasonably
stable; human populations grew slowly,
and the age structures, birth rates, and
death rates of populations changed only
gradually. Epidemics and pandemics had
huge effects on populations, but these
effects were short-lived and had little
bearing on long term trends.
- David E Bloom
 Two main points to remember

Demography
Demography is the science of
population. Demographers work to
understand population dynamics
by investigating the three main
demographic processes which are:
birth, migration and aging
(including death)

Population
Population in simple term is the number
of people in a city or town, region,
country or world. Population is usually
determined by a process called census. It
is a process of collecting, analyzing,
compiling and publishing data.
 Global demography
Global demography is the study of
population globally based on factors
such as: age, race, sex, and a study how
birth rates and death rates change.

The word global demography was coined

by John Graunt.

It also means the statistical and

mathematical study of size compositional
and spatial distribution of human
populations and the changes over time in
these aspects through the operation of the
five (5) processes.
 Nine (9) Important Terms to
Remember
1. Dependency ratio- the number of people who are
too young or too old to enter the workforce. Often
dependent on the working forces.
2. Mortality decline-countries suffer a small growth
rate, caused by cleanliness, hygienic surroundings,
population control, balanced food and health
consciousness.
3. Population explosion-the result of improved
nutrition, public health infrastructure and medical
care.
4. Working age- if these people are huge numbers in
a country, savings per capita will be bigger.
5. Life expectancy- the average period that a person
may expect to live.
6. Birth rate- the total number of live births per 1000
of population in a year.
7. Death rate- the total number of deaths per 1000 of
population in a year.
8. Fertility rate- the number of offspring both per
mating pair, individual, or population.
9. Morbidity- condition of being diseased. Amount of
disease within a population.
 The demogrhaphic
transition model

Warren Thompson
 The Demographic
Transition Model
The Demographic Transition Model
(DTM) is based on historical population
trends of two demographic characteristics
– birth rate and death rate – to suggest
that a country’s total population growth
rate cycles through stages as that country
develops economically.

Within the model, a country will

progress over time from one stage to the
next as certain social and economic
forces act upon the birth and death rates.
Every country can be placed within the
DTM, but not every stage of the model
has a country that meets its specific
definition.
For example, there are currently no
countries in Stage 1, nor are there any
countries in Stage 5, but the potential is
there for movement in the future.
Five stages of
demographic
transition
model
 Stage 1: High Stationary

Pre-industrial society, death rates

and birth rates are high and roughly in
balance, and population growth is
typically very slow and constrained by
the available food supply.
The majority of people are
concentrated in rural regions, primarily
focusing on agriculture. This agricultural
focus means that having more children
is an economic benefit as well as a
status symbol, further contributing to
high birth rates and efforts to have
larger families.
 Stage 2: Early Expanding

The death rates drop rapidly due to

improvements in food supply and
sanitation, which increase life spans and
reduce disease.
The improvements specific to food
supply typically include selective breeding
and crop rotation and farming techniques.
Other improvements generally
include access to technology, basic health
care and education.
Many of the least developed countries
today are in Stage 2
 Stage 3: Late Expanding

Birth rates fall due to access to

contraception, increase in wages,
urbanization, increase in status, education of
women and increase investment in education.
Population growth begins to level off.
It is important to note that birth rate
decline is caused also by a transition in values
not just because of contraceptives.
Most developing countries are in Stage 3
 Stage 4: Low Stationary

● Birth rates and death rates are both

low. The large group born during
two stages, it creates an economic
burden on the shrinking population.
● Little growth in population.
● The population age structure has
become older. People born during
stage 2 are now beginning to age.
● Birth rates are low as the society is
advanced and therefore, women
choose for careers and smaller
families to ensure that they have a
better quality of life.
● Most developed countries are in
Stage 4
 Stage 5: Declining

● Fertility rates transition to either

below replacement or above
replacement.
● Some believed that the world
population will be forced to
stabilized. Perhaps the world will run
out of resources or food shortage
due to population growth.
● Decline birth rate may result
because of rising individualism, one
child policy, many decide not to have
children at all by being sterilized.
index
 Reproductive health law
The Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012, known
as the RH Law, is a groundbreaking law
that guarantees universal and free access
to nearly all modern contraceptives for
all citizens, including impoverished
communities, at government health
centers.

The law also mandates reproductive

health education in government schools
and recognizes a woman’s right to
post-abortion care as part of the right to
reproductive healthcare.
Activities
and notes
 CHAPTER 3
What I have learned

What I should investigate further

Difficulties
 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
pinedamaryclaudine@gmail.com
0945-415-1119