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SUBJECT: SCIENCE GRADE LEVEL: TEN

QUARTER: ONE WEEK: ONE

I. OBJECTIVES. After going through this module, you are expected to;

a. define plate tectonics;

b. analyze and explain the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and
major mountain belts; and
c. plan a precautionary measure when volcanic eruption or earthquake occurs?

II. PRE-ASSESSMENT

Arrange the jumbled letters to get the correct word.

1. kequatearh ________________
2. lauft ________________
3. colvano ________________
4. minaust ________________
5. deutingam ________________

Activity 1. “Match and Connect”

Match the words found at the left of the box to its meaning on the right. Draw a line to
connect them.

Word Meaning
It is the measure of the
amplitude of the seismic
waves an earthquake’s
Earthquake 1 a
source produces as
recorded by seismographs
A vent or fissure in the
planet’s crust through
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 which lava, ash, rock and
Epicenter 2 b gases erupt.
The point on the earth’s
surface vertically above
the focus, point in the
Fault 3 c
crust where a
seismic
rupture begins.

Are giant waves caused by

Magnitude 4 d earthquakes or volcanic
eruptions under the sea

Usually generated by
Seismic waves 5 e movements of the earth’s
tectonic plates or explosion
of volcanoes.
Narrow zones where rock
Tsunami 6 f masses move in relation to
one another

Any shaking of the ground

Volcano 7 g caused by the passage of
seismic waves.

III. DISCUSSION

Our country is blessed with so many land features such as mountains and volcanoes.
Have you seen any of these features in our region? These features can be sources of
minerals or can be used for agricultural purposes.
Have you ever wondered why our country is endowed with these kinds of geologic
features? In this module, we will study thoroughly the framework that will enable us
to understand how and why these several features of the Earth continuously change.
This can be explained by theory “Plate Tectonics”.

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What Is Plate Tectonics?

Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the mantle. This
part of the module will focus only on the outermost layer of the Earth, the crust, which
has two kinds: the thicker but less dense continental crust, and the thinner but denser
than the continental crust, the oceanic crust.

The crust is made of variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. It
has an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 Km. The crust is
thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the
ocean floor.

According to the plate tectonic model below, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is
broken into numerous segments called the plates.

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Plate Tectonics is a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that
interact with various ways, thus producing earthquakes, mountains, volcanoes and other
geologic features. Plates are rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit.

Primary or P-Waves- the fastest kind of waves, thus arrive at the seismic stations first.
Secondary or S-Waves- slower than the P-waves.
Both P and S waves travel into the Earth’s interior.
Epicenter- the part of the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
Focus- also called the hypocenter; it is where the earthquake waves start.
Triangulation method- the method used to locate the earthquake epicenter using
distance information from three seismic stations.
Since P and S waves have different velocities, they do not arrive at seismic stations at
the same time. The farther the recording instrument is from the focus, the greater is the
difference in the arrival times of P and S waves. The difference in the arrival time will tell
us the distance of the earthquake’s focus from the seismic recording station. However, it
does not tell in which direction it came from.

Map of Earthquake Distribution (Dark dots represent Earthquake Epicenters)

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Guide Questions
1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
2. Where are they located?
3. Why is it important for us to identify areas which are prone
to earthquake?
4. Do the same on the map of active volcanoes with the use of blue
marking pen.

Map of active volcanoes (dark areas represent presence of volcanoes)

1. How are volcanoes distributed on the map?

2. Where are they located?

3. Place the earthquake plastic sheet over the volcano plastic sheet.

4. Compare the location of majority of earthquake epicenters with the

location of volcanoes around the world.

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GUIDE CONCEPTS

A mountain range (mountain chain, mountain belt) is a geographic area with many
mountains.

Mountain ranges are long chains or groups of mountains. Ranges are usually 1,000 or
more miles long.
Individual mountains of a range were often formed by the same geological processes. In
some cases, however, an individual mountain may have been formed by a different
process. A volcanic mountain can be formed by a rising pocket of magma, while a nearby
mountain may have been created earlier by the stress of colliding tectonic plates, folding
the land upward to form mountains.

Major Ranges
1. Himalayas are one of the highest mountain ranges in the world, located in South
Asia.

2. The Andes is the longest mountain range in the world and boasts some of the
highest peaks.

3. Alps, a small segment of a discontinuous mountain chain that stretches from the Atlas
Mountains of North Africa across southern Europe and Asia to beyond the Himalayas.

4. Rocky Mountains, byname the Rockies, mountain range forming the cordilleran
backbone of the great upland system that dominates the western North American
continent.

5. Ural Mountains, also called the Urals, Russian Uralskie Gory or Ural, mountain
range forming a rugged spine in west-central Russia and the major part of the
traditional physiographic boundary between Europe and Asia.

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 Map of Major Mountain Belts

1. What mountain range is the longest?

2. What mountain range is the highest?
3. Does the longest and highest mountain range lie on the same location?

Mountain Ranges of the World (dark portion)

Activity 2.

FOLDABLES: Study Organizer

Make a foldable. Compare and contrast volcanoes, mountain ranges and

earthquake epicenters.
Procedure:
1. Draw a mark at the midpoint of a vertical sheet of long bond paper.

2. Turn the paper horizontally and fold the outside edges in to touch the mid-point
mark.

MOUNTAIN RANGES (Back) BOTH( front)

VOLCANOES EARTHQUAKES
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3. Draw a volcano on one flap (left) and label the flap Volcanoes then write what you
know about it on the back flap. Do the same on the other flap (right), but this time, on
earthquakes and at the back, for mountain ranges. The inside portion should be labeled
Both and include characteristics that both events share.

Note: After checking, please keep your foldable for the future use. As discussions about
volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain ranges continue, add more information by writing
it on the corresponding label on the back flap.

IV. Evaluation

Essay Writing. Explain the question concisely.

1. What do you think is the basis of the scientist that lithosphere divides into several plates?

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V. ASSIGNMENT

Plan a precautionary measure when volcanic eruption or earthquake occurs. Write in a sheet
of paper and discuss it with your family so everybody will know it.