Mr.

Traoré Medical English Med 1- 21-22

LESSON PLAN FIVE

Teacher: Toumaniba Traoré Date: 08/06/2022
School: FMOS Grade: 1st Year Medicine
Subject: Medical English Duration: 02 hours
Topic: Human Body
Lesson: SKELETAL SYSTEM
Main objective:
 Identify the main parts and functions of the skeletal system in English.
Specific objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
 describe what human Skeleton, the skeletal system and human skeletal system are;
 identify the major bones of the human body in English language;
 explain the purpose of the major bones in the human body in English language;
 identify the different types of joints and give some bones related to each type in English
language;
 Give the anatomical names of the bones in English language.
Conduct of the lesson
I. Definitions:
A. Skeletal system: It is a supportive and protective system of organisms.
B. Human Skeleton: The skeleton is the framework of bones and cartilage that supports
and protects the soft tissues and the internal organs of the body.
B. Human skeletal system: The skeletal system is your body’s central framework. It
consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It’s
also called the musculoskeletal system.

II. Functions of the human skeletal system:

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 Support. The skeleton supports the body against the pull of gravity, meaning you don’t
fall over when you stand up. The large bones of the lower limbs support the rest of the
body when standing.
 Protection. The skeleton supports and protects the soft organs of the body. For example,
the skull surrounds the brain to protect it from injury. The bones of the rib cage help
protect the heart and lungs.
 Movement. Bones work together with muscles to move the body.
 Making blood cells. Blood cells are mostly made inside certain types of bones.
 Storage. Bones store calcium. They contain more calcium than any other organ.
Calcium is released by the bones when blood levels of calcium drop too low. The
mineral, phosphorus is also stored in bones.

III. Bone
Outer cover of bones known as periosteum
Periosteum provides growth in diameter and repair of bones
There are 2 types of bone tissue:
1. Compact: very dense and strong
2. Spongy: porous and soft
Space between bones is filled with bone marrow.
Red bone marrow: fills space between spongy bones and produces blood cells.
Yellow bone marrow: fills hollow interior space of bones.
A. Formation of bone:
 For bone formation and normal growth minerals such as Ca, P and vitamins A,
C and D needed.
 Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets A growth rate decreases, C causes weakness and
disease scurvy.
 Ca level in blood is regulated by hormones parathormone, released by parathyroid
gland, and calcitonin, released by thyroid gland.
 Parathormone: is secreted when Ca level is decreased in blood.
 Calcitonin: is secreted when Ca level is increased from blood.
B. Types of bones
1. Long bones:
Examples: bones of legs, arms…

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2. Flat bones:
Examples: bones of skull, rib, patella …

3. Short bones:
Examples: bones of vertebrae, hand, fingers, foot …

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IV. Parts of human skeletal system

Adult human contains 206 bones, in babies, it is approximately 300.

1. Skull:
Skull includes 22 bones (8 of them cranial, 14 are facial bones).
Cranial bones are fused to each other and immovable.

2. Trunk:
Trunk:
Trunk includes vertebral column, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle (vertebral
column):
 Vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae.
 Between each vertebrae there is cartilaginous disc, and vertebral column is slightly
movable.
 Vertebral column protects spinal cord.
 Upper end connected to skull, lower end to sacrum.

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Chest:
 It protects heart and lungs and has 12 pairs of ribs and a sternum.
 All ribs are connected to vertebrae on the back side.
 Ribs are connected to sternum in the abdomen. But 11th and 12th ribs are free floating
ribs.
Pectoral Girdle:
It includes 2 paired bones that hold up arms: clavicle and scapula.
Pelvic Girdle:
 It is connected to the lower end of vertebral column (sacrum).
 It holds legs and reproductive organs including (Ilium, Ischium and Pubis).
Vertebral column is divided into 5 parts:
1. Cervical or neck: (7 vertebrae)
2. Thoracic: (12 vertebrae)
3. Lumber: (5 vertebrae), they are the largest.
4. Sacral: (5 fused vertebrae)
5. Coccyx or tailbone: (3 to 5 fused vertebrae)

3. Extremities
Extremities in other words include upper extremities and lower extremities.
a. Upper extremities: 2 arms and include 30 bones each.
 Humerus (1*2) = 2
 Ulna (1*2) = 2
 Radius (1*2) = 2
 Carpals (8*2) = 16
 Metacarpals (5*2) = 10

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 Phalanges (14*2) = 28

b. Lower extremities: 2 legs including 30 bones each.

 Femur (1*2) = 2
 Patella (1*2) = 2
 Tibia (1*2) = 2
 Fibula (1*2) = 2
 Tarsals (7*2) = 14
 Metatarsals (5*2) = 10
 Phalanges ( 14*2) = 28

V. Joints:
They form the junction between two or more bones.
There are three types of joints.
1. Immovable joints

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2. Slightly movable joints

3. Movable joints
1. Immovable joints/ Fixed joints:
 Jointed bones which cannot move.
 All cranial and facial bones except mandible and sacrum are immovable.
 There is no synovial fluid between bones.

2. Slightly movable joints/ Partly movable joints:

 They are connected by cartilage or connective tissue.
 Vertebrae are connected by cartilage and ribs to sternum also connected by cartilage.

3. Movable joints:
 The bones in movable joints are connected to each other by ligaments (very strong
connective tissue fibers).
 There is a synovial fluid and cartilage in movable joints which reduce friction.
Examples: movable joints include the ball-and-socket joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, and
gliding joint.

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Some common English names of bones

English name Anatomical name

Skull Cranium
Jawbone Mandible
Spine Vertebral column
Breastbone Sternum
Rib Costa
Collarbone Clavicle
Shoulder blade Scapula
Thigh bone Femur
Kneecap Patella
Shinbone Tibia

* Vocabulary:

• Joint: a point at which two or more bones meet; they can be fixed, partly movable, or movable.

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• Ball-and-socket joint: Joint where the ball-shaped surface of one bone fits into the cup-like
shape of another;

Examples include the hip and shoulder.

• Fixed joints: Joint that does not allow movement.

• gliding joint: Joint that allows only gliding movement.

• Hinge joint: Joint that only allows motion in two directions, forward and backward; examples
include the knees and elbows.

• Joint: Point at which two bones meet.

• Movable joints: Joint that allows the most movement.

• Partly movable joints: Joint that allows only very limited movement.

• Pivot joint: Joint permitting only rotating movement.