Iso-Tr 7240-9

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 7240-9
First edition
2022-04
Fire detection and alarm systems —

Part 9:
Test fires for fire detectors
Systèmes de détection et d'alarme d'incendie —
Partie 9: Essais sur foyers pour détecteurs d'incendie
Reference number
ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
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ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ vi
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................vii
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................... 1
3.1 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Characteristics of test fires....................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5 Test laboratory....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
5.2 Fire test room (for all detectors except aspirating smoke detectors)................................................... 3
5.3 Fire test room and ventilation system (for aspirating smoke detectors)........................................... 4
5.3.1 Fire test room.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.3.2 Ventilation system............................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.4 Ambient test condition..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.5 Instruments............................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.5.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.5.2 Obscuration meter............................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.5.3 Measuring ionization chamber (MIC).............................................................................................................. 9
5.5.4 CO measuring instrument........................................................................................................................................ 11
5.5.5 Spark generator................................................................................................................................................................. 12
6 Test method description............................................................................................................................................................................ 13
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Arrangement.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Measurement parameters.......................................................................................................................................................... 13
6.4 End-of-test parameters................................................................................................................................................................. 13
7 Test fires.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
7.1 General......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
7.2 Test fire TF1 — Open cellulosic (wood) fire.............................................................................................................. 14
7.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
7.2.3 Conditioning........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.4 Preparation............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
7.2.5 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2.6 Ignition starter.................................................................................................................................................................... 15
7.2.7 Test validity criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 15
7.2.8 End-of-test conditions.................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3 Test fire TF2 — Smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire........................................................................................... 16
7.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.3.3 Hotplate..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3.4 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3.5 Heating rate........................................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3.6 End-of-test condition.................................................................................................................................................... 16
7.4 Test fire TF2A and TF2B — Reduced smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire...................................... 19
7.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.4.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
7.4.3 Hotplate..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.4.4 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 19
7.4.5 Heating rate........................................................................................................................................................................... 20
7.4.6 End-of-test condition...................................................................................................................................................... 20
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)

7.5 Test fire TF3 — Glowing smouldering cotton fire................................................................................................ 21
7.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.5.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
7.5.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.5.4 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
7.6 Test fire TF3A and TF3B — Reduced glowing smouldering cotton fire............................................ 24
7.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.6.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
7.6.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 24
7.6.4 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.7 Test fire TF4 — Flaming plastics (polyurethane) fire...................................................................................... 26
7.7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.7.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.7.3 Conditioning........................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.7.4 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.7.5 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.7.6 Method of ignition............................................................................................................................................................. 27
7.8 Test fire TF5 — Flaming liquid (n-heptane) fire..................................................................................................... 29
7.8.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.8.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
7.8.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.8.4 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.9 Test fire TF5A and TF5B — Reduced flaming liquid (n-heptane) fire................................................. 32
7.9.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
7.9.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
7.9.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
7.9.4 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.10 Test fire TF6 — Liquid (methylated spirit) fire....................................................................................................... 34
7.10.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
7.10.2 TF6 used for detectors with heat sensor.................................................................................................... 34
7.10.3 TF6 used for Point-type flame detectors.................................................................................................... 35
7.11 Test fire TF7 — Slow smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire.............................................................................. 36
7.11.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.11.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
7.11.3 Conditioning........................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.11.4 Preparation............................................................................................................................................................................ 36
7.11.5 Hotplate..................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.11.6 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.11.7 Heating rate........................................................................................................................................................................... 36
7.11.9 Variables................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.12 Test fire TF8 — Low-temperature black-smoke liquid (decalin) fire.................................................. 38
7.12.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.12.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
7.12.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.12.4 Volume........................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
7.12.5 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.13 Test fire TF9 — Deep-seated smouldering cotton fire..................................................................................... 40
7.13.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
7.13.2 Fuel................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
7.13.3 Arrangement......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
7.13.4 Ignition....................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Annex A (informative) Information concerning the construction of the measuring
ionization chamber......................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Annex B (informative) m value for different light beam lengths......................................................................................... 45
Annex C (informative) y value...................................................................................................................................................................................49
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 53
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire
fighting, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire detection and alarm systems.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 7240-9:2012), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— The content has been reworded to include reproductions of clauses from other Parts of the ISO 7240
series so that this document can be considered a catalogue of information.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7240 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Introduction
This document provides a summary of the standard test fires defined in other Parts of the ISO 7240
series and where they are used. It has been published to provide a convenient catalogue of test fires. The
formal definition and description of each test fire remains within the individual Parts of the ISO 7240
series. All text which has been reproduced from other Parts of the ISO 7240 series is written in italic
font.
The combustibles selected represent a spectrum of large (m) and small ( y) combustion particles for
both grey and black smoke. These include burning liquids, plastics and cellulosic (wood) materials, and
glowing and smouldering fabrics.
Figure 1 shows the limits of m vs y where they are defined for the relevant test fires. This figure
illustrates how the test fires are designed to represent a reasonable cross–section of fire types and
thus ensure that the response characteristics of the detectors being assessed are broadly capable of
detecting the majority of common fires that can occur in practice.
Key
X measuring ionization chamber (MIC) reading, y (dimensionless)
NOTE y is the known function of the concentration of particulates in the smoke or aerosol.
Y absorbance index, m (dB/m)
TF1 to TF5, types of test fire which are explained in this document and which have been selected to illustrate a
TF7 and TF8 spectrum of large and small combustion particles.
Figure 1 — Composite of ISO test fires TF1 to TF5, TF7 and TF8 profile curves:
m versus y
The test fires described in this document are intended to be applicable for the evaluation of all
automatic fire detectors (smoke, heat, flame, etc.). TF7 has completed its original purpose, but has been
maintained for reference now and in the future. The test fires described are or have been employed on
a selective basis for use in concert with a specified International Standard covering the particular type
of detector. For example, test fire TF6, methylated spirits, has been used to evaluate the response of
point-type heat detectors. Test fires TF1 through TF5 have been selected to evaluate the response of
system-connected smoke detectors. Test fire TF7 has been selected in lieu of test fire TF2 to evaluate
the response of smoke alarms intended primarily for installation in residential-type occupancies. Test
fires TF2, TF3 and TF9 are suitable for testing the response of a detector to carbon monoxide. Carbon
monoxide output curves are also shown for TF4, TF5 and TF8.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved vii

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Table 1 shows the test fires that are employed in product standards (indicated with a tick).
Note that the test fires are adjusted to meet the characteristics of each detector. Therefore, even if
they have the same name, their end-of-test conditions and test validity criteria can differ depending
on the applicable product standards. When test fires are applied, they use the conditions and criteria
described in the latest relevant product standard.
Based on original test fires (TF1 to TF9), modified test fires have been developed to evaluate new
principles of fire detectors such as TF2A and TF2B, etc. The new modified test fires are expected to be
added to the series of test fires within a few years.
Table 1 — Test fires employed in product standards

Product
TF1 TF2 TF2A TF2B TF3 TF3A TF3B TF4 TF5 TF5A TF5B TF6 TF7 TF8 TF9
standards
ISO 7240-

5:2018
ISO 7240-6:
  
2011
ISO 7240-7:
   
2018
ISO 7240-8:
   
2014
ISO 7240-10:
 
2012
ISO 7240-12:
   
2014
ISO 7240-15:
     
2014
ISO 7240-20:
         
2010
ISO 7240-22:
 
2017
ISO 7240-
    
27:2018
ISO 12239:
   
2010
viii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Fire detection and alarm systems —

Part 9:
Test fires for fire detectors
1 Scope
This document provides a catalogue of test fires and is intended to enhance comprehensive
understanding of fire detection test methods. It describes a series of test fires to which fire detectors,
such as smoke, heat and flame detectors, are subjected, as specified in other Parts of the ISO 7240
series.
This document does not specify normative requirements regarding the test methods for the test fires.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7240-1, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 1: General and definitions
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7240-1 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://w ww.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://w ww.electropedia.org/
3.1.1
sensitivity
relative degree of response of a smoke detector
Note 1 to entry: A high sensitivity denotes response to a lower concentration of smoke particles than a low
sensitivity under identical smoke build-up conditions.
3.2 Abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
a.s.d. aspirating smoke detector
MIC measuring ionization chamber
TF test fire
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
4 Characteristics of test fires

Clause 7 describes fifteen test fires which are designated TF1 through TF9. With the exception of TF7,
all of these test fires are reproduced from product standards which can be found in other Parts of the
ISO 7240 series. Their characteristic features are shown in Table 2.
The test fires are carried out in accordance with the descriptions of Clause 7. It is acceptable for
the quantities of fuel used to be slightly varied, if necessary, to produce the required values of fire
parameters.
Table 2 — Characteristics of test fires

Designation Develop-
Aerosol Visible Carbon
TF = Test Type of fire ment Up-current Smoke
spectrum portion monoxide
fire of heat
TF1 Open cellulosic Strong Strong Yes Predomi- Dark Very weak
(wood) nantly
invisible
TF2 Rapid smouldering Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Light, high Yes
pyrolysis (wood) nantly scattering
visible
TF2A Slow smouldering Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Light, high Yes
visible
TF2B Smouldering Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Light, high Yes
visible
TF3 Glowing (fast Weak Very weak Yes Partially Light, high Strong
smouldering) visible scattering
cotton
TF3A Glowing (slow Weak Very weak Yes Partially Light, high Strong
smouldering) visible scattering
cotton
TF3B Glowing Weak Very weak Yes Partially Light, high Strong
(smouldering) visible scattering
cotton
TF4 Open plastics Strong Strong Yes Partially Very dark Weak
(polyurethane) invisible
TF5 Liquid (n-heptane) Strong Strong Yes Predomi- Very dark Weak
nantly
invisible
TF5A Liquid (n-heptane) Strong Strong Yes Predomi- Very dark Weak
small nantly
invisible
TF5B Liquid (n-heptane) Strong Strong Yes Predomi- Very dark Weak
medium nantly
invisible
TF6 Liquid (methylated Strong Strong No None None Very weak
spirit)
TF7 Slow smouldering Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Light, high Very weak
(pyrolysis) wood nantly scattering
visible
TF8 Low temperature Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Dark Very weak
black smoke nantly
(decalin) liquid visible
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Designation Develop-
Aerosol Visible Carbon
TF = Test Type of fire ment Up-current Smoke
spectrum portion monoxide
fire of heat
TF9 Deep seated Weak Weak Yes Predomi- Light, high Yes
smouldering cotton nantly scattering
visible
5 Test laboratory
5.1 General
The test fires are carried out in a standard fire test room.
The dimensions of the fire test room, locations of specimens being tested and measuring instruments
are described in ISO 7240-7:2018, Annex F. For cataloguing purposes, these are reproduced in
subclause 5.2 of this document.
For aspirating smoke detectors, the relevant dimensions and locations are described in
ISO 7240-20:2010, Annex I. For cataloguing purposes, these are reproduced in subclause 5.3 of this
document.
In addition to the details described in 5.2 and 5.3, the following points are also widely accepted as being
required by manufacturers and test authorities for fire test rooms:
— The ceiling and walls are flat with no obstructions between the fire source and the detectors and
instrumentation.
— The fire source is positioned as centrally as possible with respect to the four walls in order to
minimize reflection of smoke and/or heat.
— It is permitted to employ fire curtains in order to reduce the room size within specified limits, if
necessary.
5.2 Fire test room (for all detectors except aspirating smoke detectors)
NOTE The following text is reproduced for informational purposes from ISO 7240-7:2018, Annex F. The
figure numbers have been adapted to ensure continuity of numbering within this document.
The fire sensitivity tests shall be conducted in a rectangular room with a flat horizontal ceiling, and the
following dimensions:
Length: 9 m to 11 m;
Width: 6 m to 8 m;
Height: 3,8 m to 4,2 m.

The fire test room shall be equipped with the following measuring instruments:
— Measuring ionization chamber (MIC);
— Obscuration meter;
— Temperature probe.
The specimens to be tested, the measuring ionization chamber (MIC), the temperature probe and the
measuring part of the obscuration meter shall all be located as shown in Figures 2 and 3.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The specimens, the MIC and the mechanical parts of the obscuration meter shall be at least 100 mm apart,
measured to the nearest edges. The centre line of the beam of the obscuration meter shall be at least 35 mm
below the ceiling.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 specimens and measuring instruments (see Figure 3)
2 position of test fire
Figure 2 — Plan view of fire test room and position of specimens and monitoring instruments
Key
1 ceiling
Figure 3 — Mounting position for instruments and specimens
5.3 Fire test room and ventilation system (for aspirating smoke detectors)
NOTE The following text is reproduced for informational purposes from ISO 7240-20:2010, Annex I. The
figure numbers and cross references have been adapted to ensure continuity of numbering and cross-referencing
within this document.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
5.3.1 Fire test room
The sampling point, the MIC, the temperature probe and the measuring part of the obscuration meter shall
all be located within the volume shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The sampling point shall be located on the 3 m arc (see Figure 4, key item 1). The optimum position is
marked as key item 2.
The ventilation system shall be located in the position marked as key item 3 in Figure 4. The direction of the
airflow produced by this system shall be toward the test fire (located at the position marked as key item 4 in
Figure 4). The description of the ventilation system is given in 5.3.2.
The sampling point, the MIC and the mechanical parts of the obscuration meter shall be at least 100 mm
apart, measured to the nearest edges. The centre line of the beam of the obscuration meter shall be at least
35 mm below the ceiling.
Dimensions in metres, unless otherwise indicated
Key
1 sampling point and measuring instruments (see Figure 5) 3 ventilation system (see Figure 6)
2 optimum position of the sampling point 4 position of test fire
Figure 4 — Plan view of the fire test room

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Dimensions in metres, unless otherwise indicated
Key
1 ceiling
Figure 5 — Mounting position for instruments and specimens
5.3.2 Ventilation system
As a consequence of the low quantity of aerosols generated by reduced fire tests, it is necessary, for the
reduced fire tests TF2A, TF2B, TF3A, TF3B, TF5A and TF5B, to introduce in the fire test room a ventilation
system to increase the homogeneity of the atmosphere close to the sampling points. The following specifies
those characteristics of the ventilation system which are of primary importance.
The ventilation system consists of a square duct opened in both extremities (see Figure 6).
A fan is located in the duct as described in Figure 6. The diameter of the fan shall be as close as possible to
the dimensions of the sides of the square section of the duct. At the location of the fan, the section of the duct
not occupied by the fan shall be closed. The axis of the fan shall be the same as the axis of the square duct.
The ventilation system shall create an airflow at (1,0 ± 0,2) m/s at the output of the duct (the airflow
direction is given in Figure 6). Conformity with this requirement shall be regularly verified during the fire
tests by measurements at the centre of the duct output section (see key item 5 in Figure 6).

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
1 fan
2 square duct
3 ground
4 stand
5 location of the flow velocity measurement
L length of the duct
h height of the fire test room (as described in ISO 7240-7:2018, 5.19.2.1)
a Air flow.
Figure 6 — Ventilation system
5.4 Ambient test condition

The following ambient conditions are specified in the other Parts of the ISO 7240 series as indicated
and applied prior to conducting each test fire:
a) temperature: (23 ± 5) °C except ISO 7240-20, to which 23 ( +5

−3 ) °C is applied.
It is recommended to ensure less than 2 °C difference between ceiling and floor temperatures for
smouldering tests TF2, TF3, TF3A, TF3B and TF7;
b) relative humidity: (25 to 75) %;
c) air pressure: (86 to 106) kPa;
d) air movement: negligible or stable where the re-circulation fan is operational;
e) MIC reading: y ≤ 0,05 except ISO 7240-12, in which y < 0,05 is applied;
f) optical beam reading: m ≤ 0,02 dB/m except ISO 7240-12, in which m < 0,02 dB/m is applied;
g) CO concentration: S ≤ 5 µl/l except ISO 7240-27, to which S ≤ 1,5 µl/l is applied.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
NOTE For improved consistency of test fires, the temperature can be controlled to (28 to 25) °C and the
relative humidity can be controlled to (45 to 55) %.
5.5 Instruments
5.5.1 General
The measuring instruments or their specification employed during the test fires are described in
the corresponding documents shown to the right of each instrument in the following list. These are
reproduced in subclauses 5.5.2 to 5.5.4 of this document, with the exception of "spark generator", which
is specified in subclause 5.5.5.
— Obscuration meter; ISO 7240-7:2018, C.1
— Measuring ionization chamber (MIC); ISO 7240-7:2018, C.2
— CO measuring instrument; EN 54-26:2015, B.2[10]
— Spark generator No reference document
5.5.2 Obscuration meter
5.5.2.1 The response threshold of alarms using scattered light or transmitted light is characterized
by the absorbance index (extinction module) of the test aerosol, measured in the proximity of the alarm,
at the moment that it generates an alarm signal.
5.5.2.2 The absorbance index is designated m and expressed in decibels per metre (dB/m). The
absorbance index, m, is given by the following formula:
10 P 
m= log  0 
d  P 
where
d is the distance, expressed in metres, travelled by the light in the test aerosol or smoke, from the
light source to the light receiver;
P0 is the radiated power received without test aerosol or smoke;
P is the radiated power received with test aerosol or smoke.
5.5.2.3 For all aerosol or smoke concentrations corresponding to an attenuation of up to 2 dB/m, the
measuring error of the obscuration meter is required not exceed 0,02 dB/m + 5 % of the measured
attenuation of the aerosol or smoke concentration.
5.5.2.4 The optical system is required to be arranged so that any light scattered more than 3° by the
test aerosol or smoke is disregarded by the light detector.
The effective radiated power of the light beam is required to be:

— at least 50 % within a wavelength range from 800 nm to 950 nm;
— not more than 1 % in the wavelength range below 800 nm;
— not more than 10 % in the wavelength range above 1 050 nm.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
NOTE The effective radiated power in each wavelength range is the product of the power emitted by the
light source, the transmission level of the optical measuring path in clean air and the sensitivity of the receiver
within this wavelength range.
Tables B.1 and B.2 show the conversion from m value (dB/m) to transmission rate (%) and obscuration
rate (%) in several beam lengths.
5.5.3 Measuring ionization chamber (MIC)
5.5.3.1 General
The response threshold of alarms using ionization is characterized by a non-dimensional quantity, y,

which is derived from the relative change of the current flowing in a measuring ionization chamber,
and which is related to the particle concentration of the test aerosol, measured in the proximity of the
alarm, at the moment that it generates an alarm condition.
5.5.3.2 Operating method and basic construction
5.5.3.2.1 The mechanical construction of the measuring ionization chamber is given in Annex A.
5.5.3.2.2 The measuring device consists of a measuring chamber, an electronic amplifier and a
method of continuously sucking in a sample of the aerosol or smoke to be measured.
5.5.3.2.3 The principle of operation of the measuring ionization chamber is shown in Figure 7. The
measuring chamber contains a measuring volume and a suitable means by which the sampled air is
sucked in and passes the measuring volume in such a way that the aerosol/smoke particles diffuse into
this volume. This diffusion is such that the flow of ions within the measuring volume is not disturbed by
air movements.
5.5.3.2.4 The air within the measuring volume is ionized by alpha radiation from an americium
radioactive source, such that there is a bipolar flow of ions when an electrical voltage is applied between
the electrodes. This flow of ions is affected in a known manner by the aerosol or smoke particles. The
ratio of the current in the aerosol-free chamber to that in the presence of an aerosol is a known function
of the aerosol or smoke concentration. Thus, the non-dimensional quantity y, which is approximately
proportional to the particle concentration for a particular type of aerosol or smoke, is used as a measure
of the response threshold value for smoke detector using ionization.
5.5.3.2.5 The measuring chamber is dimensioned and operated such that the following relationships
apply:
Z × d =η × y
and
I   I 
y = 0 − I 
 I   0
where
I0 is the chamber current in air without test aerosol or smoke;
I is the chamber current in air with test aerosol or smoke;
η is the chamber constant;
Z is the particle concentration in particles per cubic metre;

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
d is the average particle diameter.
Key
1 suction nozzle 8 measuring volume
2 assembly plate 9 measuring electrode
3 insulating ring 10 guard ring
4 outer grid 11 insulating material
5 inner grid 12 windshield
6 α rays 13 electronics
7 α source a Air/smoke entry.
Figure 7 — Measuring ionization chamber — Method of operation
5.5.3.3 Technical data
a) Radiation source

Isotope: americium 241Am
Activity: (130 ± 6,5) kBq
Average energy: (4,5 ± 0,225) MeV
Mechanical construction: Americium oxide embedded in gold between two layers of gold, covered with
a hard gold alloy. The source is in the form of a circular disc with a diameter
of 27 mm, which is mounted in a holder such that no cut edges are accessible.

b) Ionization chamber

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The chamber impedance (i.e. the reciprocal of the slope of the current versus voltage characteristic
of the chamber in its linear region where the chamber current ≤ 100 pA) is required to be
(1,9 ± 0,095) × 1011 Ω, when measured in aerosol- and smoke-free air at the following conditions:
Pressure: (101,3 ± 1) kPa
Temperature: (25 ± 2) °C
Relative humidity: (55 ± 20) %

with the potential of the guard ring within ±0,1 V of the voltage of the measuring electrode.
c) Current measuring amplifier
The chamber is operated in the circuit shown in Figure 8, with the supply voltage such that the chamber
current between the measuring electrodes is 100 pA in aerosol- or smoke-free air. The input impedance
of the current measuring device is required to be < 109 Ω.
d) Suction system
The suction system shall draw air through the device at a continuous steady flow of (30 ± 3) l/min at
atmospheric pressure.
Key
1 measuring electrode
2 guard ring
3 current measuring amplifier
4 input impedance, Zin < 109 Ω
a Supply voltage.
b Output voltage proportional to chamber current.
Figure 8 — Measuring ionization chamber — Operating circuit
Table C.1 shows the conversion from y value (dimensionless) to ionization current changing rate (x
value) (dimensionless) and ionization current (pA).
5.5.4 CO measuring instrument
5.5.4.1 The response time of the instrument is required to be such that it does not cause a
measurement error at the highest rate of increase used for measurements greater than 5 μl/l.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
5.5.4.2 It is necessary to ensure that the CO measuring instrument used in the fire test room does not
respond to fire products other than CO in such a way as to affect the accuracy of the CO measurements.
5.5.5 Spark generator
5.5.5.1 General
The spark generator is to consist of the following or equivalent components. See Figure 9 for an example
of one type of equipment presently employed.
5.5.5.2 Igniter probes
The metal probes, approximately 6 mm diameter and tapered at the ends to form a point and maintained
approximately 13 mm apart, are connected to the output leads of a high-voltage transformer. Adjustment
and support for the probes is provided by metal clamps affixed to a vertical steel bar integral with
assembly.
5.5.5.3 Igniter source
The igniter source consists of a mains voltage primary, 10 000 V, 23 mA secondary oil burner ignition
or equivalent transformer, the output of which is to be connected to the igniter probes. The arc used
for ignition is to be obtained by the closure of a remote, low-voltage, momentary contact switch, which
energizes a relay, whose contacts control the transformer primary.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 mains supply
2 fuse
3 power-on indicator
4 step-up transformer
5 relay (normally open contacts)
6 momentary switch (normally open contacts)
7 extra-low voltage source
a 10 kV to 15 kV.
Figure 9 — Spark generator schematic

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
6 Test method description
6.1 General
Subclauses 6.2 to 6.4 in this document are used by manufacturers and test authorities and are widely
accepted.
6.2 Arrangement
For those tests that require ignition inside the test room, the personnel entrusted with the performance
of the test are required to leave the test room immediately after igniting the fuel, taking care to prevent
air movement, which can affect the development of the test. All doors, windows or other openings are
kept closed during the test.
6.3 Measurement parameters

During each test, it is necessary to record the relevant test fire parameters listed in Table 3.
Table 3 — Test fire parameters

Parameter Symbol Unit
Temperature T °C
Temperature change Δ T °C
Time t seconds (s) or minutes (min) as required
Smoke density (optical) m dB/m
Smoke density (ionization) y dimensionless
Carbon monoxide concentra- S µl/l
tion
See Annexes B and C for tables of m values and y values.
6.4 End-of-test parameters

The values of the fire parameters at the end of the test (T E, mE, yE, t E, SE) together with the profile
curves are used as the control of the validity and reproducibility of the test fires. The test is considered
finished when the specific limits for each test specified in Clause 7 are reached. If a detector responds
after the specified end of test fire parameters have been reached, the detector is considered as having
failed the test.
7 Test fires
7.1 General
This clause contains a description of the 15 test fires, including type and amount of combustible material
required, illustration of 7 test setups, method of ignition, pre-conditioning of combustible material (if
needed) and end-of-test parameters.
To permit more flexibility in conducting the tests and interpreting the results, the following guidelines
(which are used by manufacturers and test authorities and are widely accepted) can be followed. This
ought to also result in a higher success rate for a valid test.
a) Due to variation in smoke build-up that frequently occurs, the build-up curve can occasionally drift
out of the limits for a short interval or near the end of the test. The test is to be considered valid

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
if the detectors being evaluated respond during the time interval when the build-up is within the
limits.
1) The following exceptions would apply to the guidelines in a): If the build-up curve drifted to the
left of the m vs y limit, the test could be considered valid if ionization-type detectors actuated
during that interval since they respond worse to large particles.
b) The fuels specified are the preferred test materials. Alternate fuels are permitted to be used as
substitutes because of the availability of national natural resources. The alternate fuel source is
required to exhibit the same characteristics as the preferred fuels, i.e. colour of smoke and particle
size distribution (within the profile).
c) Where the detector under test does not contain a carbon monoxide sensor, the profile curves for CO
concentration need not apply to the test fire.
7.2 Test fire TF1 — Open cellulosic (wood) fire
7.2.1 General
TF1 is described in ISO 7240-15:2014, Annex G and is reproduced in subclauses 7.2.2 to 7.2.8 of this
document. The figure numbers have been adapted to ensure continuity of numbering within this
document.
7.2.2 Fuel
Approximately 70 dried beechwood sticks, each stick having dimensions of 10 mm × 20 mm × 250 mm.
7.2.3 Conditioning
Dry the sticks in a heating oven so the moisture content is less than 3 %.
7.2.4 Preparation
If necessary, transport the sticks from the oven in a closed plastic bag, and open the bag just prior to laying
out the stick in the test arrangement.
7.2.5 Arrangement
Superimpose seven layers on a base surface measuring approximately 50 cm wide × 50 cm long × 8 cm high
(see Figure 10).

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Dimensions in centimetres
Key
1 container for methylated spirits
Figure 10 — Wood arrangement for test fire TF1
7.2.6 Ignition starter
Methylated spirits, 5 cm3 in a bowl 5 cm in diameter, located in the centre of the base surface, ignited by
flame or spark.
7.2.7 Test validity criteria
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against y, and m against time, t, fall within the
hatched areas shown in Figures 11 and 12. That is, 0,45 dB/m ≤ m ≤ 0,75 dB/m and 270 s ≤ t ≤ 370 s at the
end-of-test condition yE = 6.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key Key
m m(dB/m) m m(dB/m)
y y-value t t(s)
Figure 11 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF1 Figure 12 — Limits for m against time, t, Fire TF1
7.2.8 End-of-test conditions
The end-of-test condition yE shall be when y = 6, or when all of the specimens have generated an alarm
signal, whichever is the earlier.
7.3 Test fire TF2 — Smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire
7.3.1 General
TF2 is described in ISO 7240-27:2018, Annex F and is reproduced in subclauses 7.3.2 to 7.3.7 of this
document.
7.3.2 Fuel
Approximately 10 dried beechwood sticks (moisture content approximately 5 %), each stick having
dimensions of 75 mm × 25 mm × 20 mm.
7.3.3 Hotplate
The hotplate shall have a 220 mm diameter grooved surface with eight concentric grooves with a distance
of 3 mm between grooves. Each groove shall be 2 mm deep and 5 mm wide, with the outer groove 4 mm
from the edge. The hotplate shall have a rating of approximately 2 kW.
The temperature of the hot plate shall be measured by a sensor attached to the fifth groove, counted from
the edge of the hotplate, and secured to provide a good thermal contact.
7.3.4 Arrangement
The sticks shall be arranged radially on the grooved hotplate surface, with the 20-mm side in contact
with the surface such that the temperature probe lies between the sticks and is not covered, as shown in
Figure 13.
7.3.5 Heating rate
The hotplate shall be powered such that its temperature rises from ambient to 600 °C in approximately
11 min.
7.3.6 End-of-test condition
The end-of-test condition shall be when:

— mE = 2 dB/m;
— t > 840 s;
— S > 100 µl/l; or
— all of the specimens have generated an alarm signal, whichever is the earlier.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
No flaming shall occur before the end-of-test condition has been reached. The development of the fire shall
be such that the curves of m against y, and m against time, t, and S against time, t, fall within the limits
shown in Figures 14, 15 and 16, respectively. That is, 1,23 ≤ y ≤ 2,05 and 570 ≤ t ≤ 840 at the end-of-test
condition mE = 2 dB/m.
If the end of test condition, mE = 2 dB/m is reached before all the specimen have responded, then the test is
only considered valid if S > 45 µl/l.
Key
1 grooved hotplate
2 temperature sensor
3 wooden sticks
Figure 13 — Arrangement of sticks on hotplate

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 14 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF2
Key
X time, t (s)
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 15 — Limits for m against time, t, Fire TF2

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y S-value (μI/I)
Figure 16 — Limits for S against time, t, Fire TF2
7.4 Test fire TF2A and TF2B — Reduced smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire
7.4.1 General
TF2A and TF2B are described in ISO 7240-20:2010, Annex C and are reproduced in subclauses 7.4.2
to 7.4.7 of this document. The figure numbers have been adapted to ensure continuity of numbering
7.4.2 Fuel
The fuel consists of three or more dried beech wood sticks (moisture content ~ 5 %), each stick having
dimensions of approximately 75 mm × 25 mm × 20 mm.
7.4.3 Hotplate
The temperature of the hotplate shall be measured by a sensor attached to the fifth groove, counted from
the edge of the hotplate, and secured to provide a good thermal contact.
7.4.4 Arrangement
Arrange the sticks radially on the grooved hotplate surface, with the 20 mm side in contact with the surface
such that the temperature probe lies between the sticks and is not covered, as shown in Figure 17.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
1 grooved hotplate
2 temperature sensor
3 3 (or more) wooden sticks
Figure 17 — Arrangement of the sticks on the hotplate
7.4.5 Heating rate
The hotplate shall be powered such that its temperature rises from ambient to 500 °C in approximately
11 min.
For the TF2 test (used for class C1) a.s.d.), the target temperature is 600 °C.
The end-of-test condition, mE,, for class A2) using TF2A shall be when m = 0,05 dB/m.
The end-of-test condition, mE , for class B3) using TF2B shall be when m = 0,15 dB/m.
No flaming shall occur before the end-of-test condition. The development of the fire shall be such that the
curves of m against time for TF2A and TF2B fall within the limits shown in Figures 18 and 19, respectively,
up to the time when m equals the end-of-test condition or the specimen has generated an alarm signal,
whichever is the earlier.
1) Classification for aspirating smoke detector providing normal sensitivity.

2) Classification for aspirating smoke detector providing very high sensitivity.
3) Classification for aspirating smoke detector providing enhanced sensitivity.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t, expressed in seconds
Y m-value, expressed in decibels per metre
Figure 18 — Limits for m against time, t, fire TF2A
Key
Figure 19 — Limits for m against time, t, fire TF2B
7.5 Test fire TF3 — Glowing smouldering cotton fire
7.5.1 General
TF3 is described in ISO 7240-27:2018, Annex G and is reproduced in subclauses 7.5.2 to 7.5.6 of this
document.
7.5.2 Fuel
Approximately 90 pieces of braided cotton wick, each of length approximately 80 cm and weighing
approximately 3 g. The wicks shall be free from any protective coating and shall be washed and dried if
necessary.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
7.5.3 Arrangement
The wicks shall be fastened to a ring approximately 10 cm in diameter and suspended approximately 1 m
above a non-combustible plate as shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20 — Arrangement of cotton wicks
7.5.4 Ignition
The lower end of each wick shall be ignited so that the wicks continue to glow. Any flaming shall be blown
out immediately. The test time shall start when all wicks are glowing.

— mE = 2 dB/m;
— t > 750 s;
— S > 150 µl/l; or

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against y, and m against time, t, fall within
limits shown in Figures 21, 22 and 23, respectively. That is, at the end-of-test condition mE = 2 dB/m,
3,2 ≤ y ≤ 5,33 and 280 ≤ t ≤ 750.
If the end of test condition, yE = 6 is reached before all the specimens have responded, then the test is only
considered valid if S > 150 µl/l.
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y m-value (dB/m)

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t (S)
Y S-value (μI/I)
7.6 Test fire TF3A and TF3B — Reduced glowing smouldering cotton fire
7.6.1 General
TF3A and TF3B are described in ISO 7240-20:2010, Annex E and are reproduced in subclauses 7.6.2
7.6.2 Fuel
The fuel consists of approximately 30 or 40 pieces of braided cotton wick, each of length approximately
80 cm and weighing approximately 3 g. The wicks shall be free from any protective coating and shall be
washed and dried, if necessary.
7.6.3 Arrangement
Fasten the wicks to a ring approximately 10 cm in diameter and suspended approximately 1 m above a non-
combustible plate. Position the wicks adjacent to one another and complete the open part of the arc using a
curved sheet of non-combustible material to achieve a complete “chimney”, as shown in Figure 24.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
1 curved sheet of non-combustible material
2 cotton wicks
Figure 24 — Arrangement of the cotton wicks
7.6.4 Ignition
Ignite the lower end of each wick so that the wicks continue to glow. Blow out any flaming immediately.
Start the test time when all wicks are glowing.
The end-of-test condition, mE, for class A4) using TF3A shall be when m = 0,05 dB/m.
The end-of-test condition, mE, for class B5) using TF3B shall be when m = 0,15 dB/m.
No flaming shall occur before the end-of-test condition. The development of the fire shall be such that the
curves of m against time for TF3A and TF3B fall within the limits shown in Figures 25 and 26, respectively,
up to the time when m equals the end-of-test condition or the specimen has generated an alarm signal,
whichever is the earliest.


ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
Key
7.7 Test fire TF4 — Flaming plastics (polyurethane) fire
7.7.1 General
TF4 is described in ISO 7240-27:2018, Annex H and is reproduced in subclauses 7.7.2 to 7.7.8 of this
document.
7.7.2 Fuel
Three mats, approximately 50 cm × 50 cm × 2 cm, of soft polyurethane foam, without flame-retardant
additives and having a density of approximately 20 kg/m3, are usually found sufficient. However, the exact
quantity of fuel may be adjusted to obtain valid tests.
7.7.3 Conditioning
The mats shall be maintained in a humidity not exceeding 50 % at least 48 h prior to test.
7.7.4 Arrangement
The mats shall be placed one on top of another on a base formed from aluminium foil with the edges folded
up to provide a tray.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
7.7.5 Ignition
The mats shall normally be ignited at a corner of the lower mat, however the exact position of ignition may
be adjusted to obtain a valid test. A small quantity of a clean burning material (e.g. 5 cm3 of methylated
spirit) may be used to assist the ignition.
7.7.6 Method of ignition
Ignition shall be by match or spark.

— yE = 6,0 for ionization detectors and detectors using scattered or transmitted light with a declared
response threshold value band of 0,05 < m < 0,3, or
— yE = 6,5 for detectors using scattered or transmitted light, with a declared response threshold value
band of 0,2 < m < 0,6, or
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against y, and m against time, t, and S-value
against time, t, fall within the hatched areas shown in Figures 27 or 28, as appropriate for the type of
detector tested and Figures 29 and 30, respectively. That is, at the end-of-test condition:
— yE = 6,0 and 1,27 ≤ m ≤ 1,73 for ionization detectors and detectors using scattered or transmitted light
with a declared response threshold value band of 0,05 < m < 0,3, and 140 ≤ t ≤ 180, or
— yE = 6,5 and 1,38 ≤ m ≤ 1,86 for detectors using scattered or transmitted light, with a declared response
threshold value band of 0,2 < m < 0,6, and 150 ≤ t ≤ 193.
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 27 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF4 — Ionization detectors and detectors using scattered
or transmitted light with 0,05 < m < 0,3 declared response threshold value band

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 28 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF4 — Detectors using scattered or transmitted light with
0,2 < m < 0,6 declared response threshold value band
Key
X t-value (s)
Y m-value (dB/m)

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y S-value (μI/I)
7.8 Test fire TF5 — Flaming liquid (n-heptane) fire
7.8.1 General
TF5 is described in ISO 7240-27:2018, Annex I and is reproduced in subclauses 7.8.2 to 7.8.6 of this
document.
7.8.2 Fuel
Approximately 650 g of a mixture of n‑heptane (purity ≥ 99 %) with approximately 3 % of toluene

(purity ≥ 99 %), by volume. The precise quantities may be varied to obtain valid tests.
7.8.3 Arrangement
The heptane/toluene mixture shall be burnt in a square steel tray with dimensions of approximately
33 cm × 33 cm × 5 cm.
7.8.4 Ignition
Ignition shall be by flame or spark.

— yE = 6,0 for ionization detectors and detectors using scattered or transmitted light with a declared
response threshold value band of 0,05 < m < 0,3, or
— yE = 7,5 for detectors using scattered or transmitted light, with a declared response threshold value
band of 0,2 < m < 0,6 , or
— S > 16 µl/l, or

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against y, m against time, t, and S-value
against time, t, fall within the hatched areas shown in Figures 31 or 32, as appropriate for the type of
detector tested, and Figures 33 and 34, respectively. That is, at the end-of-test condition:
— yE = 6,0 and 0,92 ≤ m ≤ 1,24 for ionization detectors and detectors using scattered or transmitted light
with a declared response threshold value band of 0,05 < m < 0,3 , except for the special case above for
which m ≤ 1,1, and 120 ≤ t ≤ 240, or
— yE = 7,5 and 1,15 ≤ m ≤ 1,55 for detectors using scattered or transmitted light, with a declared response
threshold value band of 0,2 < m < 0,6, except for the special case above for which m ≤ 1,1 and 150 ≤ t ≤ 300 .
— If the end of test condition, yE = 6 is reached before all the specimens have responded, then the test is only
considered valid if S > 16 µl/l.
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 31 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF5 — Ionization detectors and detectors using scattered
or transmitted light with 0,05 < m < 0,3 declared response threshold value band

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)
Figure 32 — Limits for m against y, Fire TF5 — Detectors using scattered or transmitted light with
0,2 < m < 0,6 declared response threshold value band
Key
X t-value (s)
Y m-value (dB/m)

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y S-value (μI/I)
Figure 34 — Limits for S-value against time, t, Fire TF5
7.9 Test fire TF5A and TF5B — Reduced flaming liquid (n-heptane) fire
7.9.1 General
TF5A and TF5B are described in ISO 7240-20:2010, Annex H and are reproduced in subclauses 7.9.2
7.9.2 Fuel
The fuel consists of approximately 200 ml (TF5A) or 300 ml (TF5B) of n-heptane (purity ≥ 99 %), by volume.
The precise quantities may be varied to obtain valid tests.
NOTE The use of toluene in the n-heptane is not accepted, since the presence of toluene in the fuel
significantly modifies the behaviour of the fire, giving an initial peak burn, which is not suitable for reduced test
fires.
7.9.3 Arrangement
For TF5A, the n-heptane shall be burnt in a square, 2 mm thick, steel tray with dimensions of approximately
100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm placed on a 2 mm thick sheet metal base with dimensions of approximately
350 mm × 350 mm, as illustrated in Figure 35.
For TF5B, the n-heptane shall be burnt in a square, 2 mm thick, steel tray with dimensions of approximately
175 mm × 175 mm × 100 mm placed on a 2 mm thick sheet metal base with dimensions of approximately
350 mm × 350 mm, as illustrated in Figure 35.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
1 tray
2 base plate
Figure 35 — Arrangement of the tray for test fires TF5A and TF5B
The base plate may be the tray used in TF5 and is needed to act as a heat sink to avoid boiling of the small
quantities of fuel used in the reduced test fires.
7.9.4 Ignition
Ignition shall be by flame or spark, etc.
The end-of-test condition, mE, for class A6) using TF5A shall be when m = 0,1 dB/m.
The end-of-test condition, mE, for class B7) using TF5B shall be when m = 0,3 dB/m.
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against time, t, for TF5A and TF5B fall within
the limits shown in Figures 36 and 37, respectively, up to the time when m equals the end-of-test condition or
the specimen has generated an alarm signal, whichever is the earlier.
Key


ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
7.10 Test fire TF6 — Liquid (methylated spirit) fire
7.10.1 General
TF6 was originally developed to evaluate detectors which have heat sensors. However, at the time of
publication, TF6 is used only for point-type flame detectors.
For the purpose of recording the history and future use, subclauses 7.10.2.1 to 7.10.2.5 reproduce
the original TF6, which includes test validity criteria and is described in ISO/TS 7240-9:2012, 7.13.
Subclauses 7.10.3.1 to 7.10.3.5 reproduce the adjusted TF6, which is described in ISO 7240-10:2012,
Annex C. The figure numbers have been adapted to ensure continuity of numbering within this
document.
7.10.2 TF6 used for detectors with heat sensor
7.10.2.1 Fuel
Methylated spirits, at least 90 % ethanol C2H5OH to which has been added 10 % of denaturant impurity
(methanol).
7.10.2.2 Arrangement
Burn the methylated spirit in a container made from 2 mm thick sheet steel, base surface, 1 900 cm2 area,
dimensions approximately 43,5 cm × 43,5 cm × 5 cm high.
7.10.2.3 Volume
Use approximately 1,5 l of methylated spirit.
7.10.2.4 Ignition
Ignite by flame or spark.
7.10.2.5 Test validity criteria
The development of the fire shall be such that the curve of temperature, T, against time, t, falls within the
hatched areas shown in Figure 38. That is, at the end-of-test condition 80 °C < ΔT < 100 °C and t < 450 s.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
t time (s)
T temperature (°C)
Figure 38 — Limits for T against t, Fire TF6
7.10.2.6 End-of-test condition
The end-of-test condition shall be when

— ΔT = 60 °C;
— tE > 450 s; or
7.10.3 TF6 used for Point-type flame detectors
7.10.3.1 Fuel
Methylated spirit, at least 90 % ethanol C2H5OH, to which has been added 10 % of a denaturant impurity
(methanol).
7.10.3.2 Arrangement
The methylated spirit shall be burnt in a container made from 2 mm thick sheet steel, with a base surface
area of 1 900 cm2, with dimensions of approximately 43,5 cm × 43,5 cm × 5 cm high.
7.10.3.3 Volume
Approximately 1,5 l of methylated spirit shall be used.
7.10.3.4 Ignition
Ignition shall be by flame or spark.
7.10.3.5 End-of-test condition
30 s after exposure of detectors to the fire.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
7.11 Test fire TF7 — Slow smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire
7.11.1 General
TF7 was originally developed to evaluate smoke alarms but is not in use in ISO 12239 at the time of
publication.
For the purpose of recording the history and future use, subclauses 7.11.2 to 7.11.10 reproduce the
description of TF7 which was provided in ISO/TS 7240-9:2012, 7.11. The figure numbers have been
adapted to ensure continuity of numbering within this document.
7.11.2 Fuel
Approximately ten dried beechwood sticks, each stick having dimensions of 75 mm × 25 mm × 20 mm.
7.11.3 Conditioning
Dry the sticks in a heating oven so the moisture content is less than 3 %.
7.11.4 Preparation
If necessary, transport the sticks from the oven in a closed plastic bag and open the bag just prior to laying
out the sticks in the test arrangement.
7.11.5 Hotplate
Measure the temperature of the hotplate by attaching a sensor to the fifth groove, counted from the edge of
the hotplate, and securing the sensor to provide a good thermal contact.
7.11.6 Arrangement
Arrange the sticks radially on the grooved hotplate surface, with the 20 mm side in contact with the surface
such that the temperature probe lies between the sticks and is not covered, as shown in Figure 13.
The ceiling height of the test laboratory shall be 3 m.
7.11.7 Heating rate
Power the hotplate such that its temperature rises in accordance with Figure 39.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
t time (min)
T temperature (°C)
Figure 39 — Slow smouldering (pyrolysis) wood fire hotplate temperature vs. time
No flaming shall occur before the end-of-test condition has been reached. The development of the fire
shall be such that the curves of m against y, and m against time, t, fall within the hatched areas shown in
Figures 40 and 41, respectively. That is, 1,35 < y < 2,00 and 50 min < t < 75 min at the end-of-test condition
mE = 1,15 dB/m.
Key
m m-value(dB/m)
y y-value

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
t time (min)
m m-value (dB/m)
7.11.9 Variables
The number of sticks, the rate of temperature increase of the hotplate and the degree of conditioning of the
wood may be varied in order for the test fire to remain within the profile curve limits.
The end-of-test condition shall be when

— mE = 1,15 dB/m;
— tE > 75 min; or
— all the specimens have generated an alarm signal.
7.12 Test fire TF8 — Low-temperature black-smoke liquid (decalin) fire
7.12.1 General
TF8 is described in ISO 7240-27:2018, Annex J and is reproduced in subclauses 7.12.2 to 7.12.7 of this

document.
7.12.2 Fuel
Decalin (decahydronaphtaline for synthesis; a mixture of cis and trans isomers — C10H18 − M = 138,25 g/
mol – 1 l = 0,88 kg).
7.12.3 Arrangement
Burn the decalin in a square steel tray with dimensions approximately 120 mm × 120 mm and 20 mm depth.
7.12.4 Volume
Use approximately 170 ml of decalin (C10H18).
7.12.5 Ignition
Ignite by flame or spark. A small quantity of a clean burning material (5 g of ethanol C2H5OH) may be used
to assist ignition.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The end of test condition shall be when:

— mE = 1,5 dB m−1;
— t > 445 s;
— S > 8 µl/l; or
The development of the fire shall be such that the curves of m against y, m against time, t, and S against
time, t, fall within the hatched areas shown in Figures 42, 43 and 44, respectively. That is, at the end-of-test
condition mE = 1,7 dB/m, 4,5 < y < 9,0, 4 µl/l < S < 8 µl/l and 550 s < t < 1 000 s.
During the test, the rise in temperature, ΔT, shall not exceed 6 K.
NOTE The test condition can be changed to get the specified profile of test fire if it was not produced. For
example, the height of room or the position of fire can be altered to ensure the smoke reaches the ceiling and the
tray can be kept cool (e.g. by using heavier grade steel or by placing the tray in an outer bath of cooling water) to
ensure T does not rise above 6 K.
Key
X y-value
Y m-value (dB/m)

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y m-value (dB/m)
Key
X time, t (s)
Y S-value (μI/I)
7.13 Test fire TF9 — Deep-seated smouldering cotton fire
7.13.1 General
TF 9 is described in ISO 7240-6:2011, Annex F and is reproduced in subclauses 7.13.2 to 7.13.6 of this

document.
7.13.2 Fuel
Unused white towel, made from 100 % cotton, having dimensions 50 cm × 100 cm, and a density of 540 g m-2.
The fuel shall be dried in an oven at 40 °C for a period of at least 12 h.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
7.13.3 Arrangement
The towel shall be folded three times to give a rectangle 30 cm × 25 cm, the first fold being on the long
dimension. The towel shall be placed on a base formed from aluminium foil with the edges folded up to form
a tray.
Approximately 2 m of resistance wire, having a specific resistance of approximately 4 Ω/m, formed as shown
in Figure 45, shall be placed on the surface of the towel before it is folded such that, after folding, five layers
of the towel cover the resistance wire.
Nichrome wire is a suitable resistance wire for this test.
Key
1 first fold
2 second fold
3 third fold
4 resistance wire
5 towel, 1 000 mm × 500 mm
Figure 45 — Arrangement of the cotton towel and ignition source
7.13.4 Ignition
The resistance wire of the ignition source shall be connected to a power supply capable of being adjusted
between 18 V and 22 V and capable of delivering at least 2,5 A.
It can be necessary to adjust the voltage applied to the resistance wire in order to obtain a generation
of CO within the defined profile curve (see Figure 47).
The start of the test corresponds with the instant of switching on the supply.
Power shall be supplied to the ignition source throughout the test.
The end-of-test conditions, SE and tE, are when S = 100 µl/l and t > 30 min, or all of the specimens have
generated an alarm signal, whichever is the earlier.

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
The development of the fire is such that the curves of S against m and S against time, t, fall within the
hatched areas shown in Figures 46 and 47, respectively. That is, the end-of-test condition SE = 100 µl/l
carbon monoxide, 0,15 ≤ m ≤ 0,3 and 20 min ≤ t ≤ 30 min.
Key
m m value(dB/m)
S S/(μI/I)
Figure 46 — Limits for S against m, Fire TF9
Key
t time (s)
S S/(μI/I)

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Information concerning the construction of the measuring

ionization chamber
The mechanical construction of the measuring ionization chamber is shown in Figure A.1. The
functionally important dimensions are marked with their tolerances. Further details of the various
parts of the device are given in Table A.1.
NOTE The measuring ionization chamber is fully described in Reference [11].
Table A.1 — List of parts of the measuring ionization chamber

Reference Number
Item Dimensions, special features Material
No. provided
1 Insulating ring 1 Polyamide
2 Multipole socket 1 10-pole
3 Measuring electrode terminal 1 To chamber supply
4 Measuring electrode terminal 1 To amplifier or current meas-
uring device
5 Suction nozzle 1
6 Guide socket 4 Polyamide
7 Housing 1 Aluminium
8 Insulating plate 1 Polycarbonate
9 Guard ring 1 Stainless steel
10 Measuring electrode 1 Stainless steel
11 Assembly plate 1 Aluminium
12 Fixing screw with milled nut 3 M3 Nickel plated brass
13 Cover 1 Six openings Stainless steel
14 Outer grid 1 Wire, 0,2 mm in diameter; Stainless steel
internal mesh width, 0,8 mm
15 Inner grid 1 Wire, 0,4 mm in diameter; Stainless steel
internal mesh width, 1,6 mm
16 Windshield 1 Stainless steel
17 Intermediate ring 1 With 72 equispaced holes each
2 mm in diameter
18 Threaded ring 1 Nickel plated brass
19 Source holder 1 Nickel plated brass
20 241 Am source 1 27 mm-diameter See 5.5.3.3
21 Openings on the periphery 6

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
NOTE 1 See Table A.1 for the list of parts.
NOTE 2 Dimensions without a tolerance marked are recommended dimensions.
Figure A.1 — Mechanical construction of measuring ionization chamber

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Annex B
(informative)
m value for different light beam lengths
The absorbance index, m, is given by the following formula (see 5.5.2.2):
10 P 
m= log  0 
d  P 
where
d is the distance, expressed in metres, travelled by the light in the test aerosol or smoke, from the
light source to the light receiver;
P0 is the radiated power received without test aerosol or smoke;
P is the radiated power received with test aerosol or smoke.

Tables B.1 and B.2 show conversion from the m value (dB/m) to the transmission rate (%) and
obscuration rate (%) in several beam lengths.
Table B.1
m values Beam length d = 0,38 m Beam length d = 0,5 m

Transmission rate Obscuration rate Transmission rate Obscuration rate
dB/m % % % %
0,00 100,00 0,0 100,00 0,0
0,05 99,6 0,4 99,4 0,6
0,10 99,1 0,9 98,9 1,1
0,15 98,7 1,3 98,3 1,7
0,20 98,3 1,7 97,7 2,3
0,25 97,8 2,2 97,2 2,8
0,30 97,4 2,6 96,6 3,4
0,35 97,0 3,0 96,1 3,9
0,40 96,6 3,4 95,5 4,5
0,45 96,1 3,9 95,0 5,0
0,50 95,7 4,3 94,4 5,6
0,60 94,9 5,1 93,3 6,7
0,70 94,1 5,9 92,3 7,7
0,80 93,2 6,8 91,2 8,8
0,90 92,4 7,6 90,2 9,8
1,00 91,6 8,4 89,1 10,9
1,10 90,8 9,2 88,1 11,9
1,15 90,4 9,6 87,6 12,4
1,20 90,0 10,0 87,1 12,9
1,30 89,2 10,8 86,1 13,9
1,40 88,5 11,5 85,1 14,9

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Table B.1 (continued)

dB/m % % % %
1,50 87,7 12,3 84,1 15,9
1,60 86,9 13,1 83,2 16,8
1,70 86,2 13,8 82,2 17,8
1,80 85,4 14,6 81,3 18,7
1,90 84,7 15,3 80,4 19,6
2,00 83,9 16,1 79,4 20,6
2,10 83,2 16,8 78,5 21,5
2,20 82,5 17,5 77,6 22,4
2,30 81,8 18,9 76,7 23,3
2,40 81,1 18,9 75,9 24,1
2,50 80,4 19,6 75,0 25,0
2,60 79,7 20,3 74,1 25,9
2,70 79,0 21,0 73,3 26,7
2,80 78,3 21,7 72,4 27,6
2,90 77,6 22,4 71,6 28,4
3,00 76,9 23,1 70,8 29,2
3,10 76,2 23,8 70,0 30,0
3,20 75,6 24,4 69,2 30,8
3,30 74,9 25,1 68,4 31,6
3,40 74,3 25,7 67,6 32,4
3,50 73,6 26,4 66,8 33,2
3,60 73,0 27,0 66,1 33,9
3,70 72,3 27,7 65,3 34,7
3,80 71,7 28,3 64,6 35,4
3,90 71,1 28,9 63,8 36,2
4,00 70,5 29,5 63,1 36,9
4,10 69,9 30,1 62,4 37,6
4,20 69,2 30,8 61,7 38,3
4,30 68,6 31,4 61,0 39,0
4,40 68,0 32,0 60,3 39,7
4,50 67,5 32,5 59,6 40,4
4,60 66,9 33,1 58,9 41,1
4,70 66,3 33,7 58,2 41,8
4,80 65,7 34,3 57,5 42,5
4,90 65,1 34,9 56,9 43,1
5,00 65,6 35,4 56,2 43,8
Table B.2

dB/m % % % %
0,00 100,0 0,0 100,0 0,0

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)

dB/m % % % %
0,05 98,9 1,1 97,7 2,3
0,10 97,7 2,3 95,5 4,5
0,15 96,6 3,4 93,3 6,7
0,20 95,5 4,5 91,2 8,8
0,25 94,4 5,6 89,1 10,9
0,30 93,3 6,7 87,1 12,9
0,35 92,3 7,7 85,1 14,9
0,40 91,2 8,8 83,2 16,8
0,45 90,2 9,8 81,3 18,7
0,50 89,1 10,9 79,4 20,6
0,60 87,1 12,9 75,9 24,1
0,70 85,1 14,9 72,4 27,6
0,80 83,2 16,8 69,2 30,8
0,90 81,3 18,7 66,1 33,9
1,00 79,4 20,6 63,1 36,9
1,10 77,6 22,4 60,3 39,7
1,15 76,7 23,3 58,9 41,1
1,20 75,9 24,1 57,5 42,5
1,30 74,1 25,9 55,0 45,0
1,40 72,4 27,6 52,5 47,5
1,50 70,8 29,2 50,1 49,9
1,60 69,2 30,8 47,9 52,1
1,70 67,6 32,4 45,7 54,3
1,80 66,1 33,9 43,7 56,3
1,90 64,6 35,4 41,7 58,3
2,00 63,1 36,9 39,8 60,2
2,10 61,7 38,3 38,0 62,0
2,20 60,3 39,7 36,3 63,7
2,30 58,9 41,1 34,7 65,3
2,40 57,5 42,5 33,1 66,9
2,50 56,2 43,8 31,6 68,4
2,60 55,0 45,0 30,2 69,8
2,70 53,7 46,3 28,8 71,2
2,80 52,5 47,5 27,5 72,5
2,90 51,3 48,7 26,3 73,7
3,00 50,1 49,9 25,1 74,9
3,10 49,0 51,0 24,0 76,0
3,20 47,9 52,1 22,9 77,1
3,30 46,8 53,2 21,9 78,1
3,40 45,7 54,3 20,9 79,1
3,50 44,7 55,3 20,0 80,0
3,60 43,7 56,3 19,1 80,9

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)

dB/m % % % %
3,70 42,7 57,3 18,2 81,8
3,80 41,7 58,3 17,4 82,6
3,90 40,7 59,3 16,6 83,4
4,00 39,8 60,2 15,8 84,2
4,10 38,9 61,1 15,1 84,9
4,20 38,0 62,0 14,5 85,5
4,30 37,2 62,8 13,8 86,2
4,40 36,3 63,7 13,2 86,8
4,50 35,5 64,5 12,6 87,4
4,60 34,7 65,3 12,0 88,0
4,70 33,9 66,1 11,5 88,5
4,80 33,1 66,9 11,0 89,0
4,90 32,4 67,6 10,5 89,5
5,00 31,6 68,4 10,0 90,0

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Annex C
(informative)
y value
The non-dimensional quantity y, which is approximately proportional to the particle concentration for
a particular type of aerosol or smoke is given by the following formula (see 5.5.3.2.5):
I   I 
y = 0 − 
 I   I0 
where
I0 is the chamber current in air without test aerosol or smoke;
I is the chamber current in air with test aerosol or smoke;

Table C.1 shows conversion from the y value (dimensionless) to the ionization current changing rate (x
value; dimensionless) and ionization current (pA).
Table C.1
y value x value Ionization current
(Io–I)/Io pA
0,00 0,000 100,0
0,05 0,025 97,5
0,10 0,049 95,1
0,15 0,072 92,8
0,20 0,095 90,5
0,25 0,117 88,3
0,30 0,139 86,1
0,35 0,160 84,0
0,40 0,180 82,0
0,45 0,200 80,0
0,5 0,219 78,1
0,6 0,256 74,4
0,7 0,291 70,9
0,8 0,323 67,7
0,9 0,353 64,7
1,0 0,382 61,8
1,1 0,409 59,1
1,2 0,434 56,6
1,3 0,457 54,3
1,4 0,479 52,1
1,5 0,500 50,0
1,6 0,519 48,1
1,7 0,538 46,2
1,8 0,555 44,5

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Table C.1 (continued)

(Io–I)/Io pA
1,9 0,571 42,9
2,0 0,586 41,4
2,1 0,600 40,0
2,2 0,613 38,7
2,3 0,626 37,4
2,4 0,638 36,2
2,5 0,649 35,1
2,6 0,660 34,0
2,7 0,670 33,0
2,8 0,680 32,0
2,9 0,689 31,1
3,0 0,697 30,3
3,1 0,705 29,5
3,2 0,713 28,7
3,3 0,721 27,9
3,4 0,728 27,2
3,5 0,734 26,6
3,6 0,741 25,9
3,7 0,747 25,3
3,8 0,753 24,7
3,9 0,759 24,1
4,0 0,764 23,6
4,1 0,769 23,1
4,2 0,774 22,6
4,3 0,779 22,1
4,4 0,783 21,7
4,5 0,788 21,2
4,6 0,792 20,8
4,7 0,796 20,4
4,8 0,800 20,0
4,9 0,804 19,6
5,0 0,807 19,3
5,1 0,811 18,9
5,2 0,814 18,6
5,3 0,818 18,2
5,4 0,821 17,9
5,5 0,824 17,6
5,6 0,827 17,3
5,7 0,830 17,0
5,8 0,832 16,8
5,9 0,835 16,5
6,0 0,838 16,2
6,1 0,840 16,0

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)

(Io–I)/Io pA
6,2 0,843 15,7
6,3 0,845 15,5
6,4 0,847 15,3
6,5 0,850 15,0
6,6 0,852 14,8
6,7 0,854 14,6
6,8 0,856 14,4
6,9 0,858 14,2
7,0 0,860 14,0
7,1 0,862 13,8
7,2 0,864 13,6
7,3 0,865 13,5
7,4 0,867 13,3
7,5 0,869 13,1
7,6 0,871 12,9
7,7 0,872 12,8
7,8 0,874 12,6
7,9 0,875 12,5
8,0 0,877 12,3
8,1 0,878 12,2
8,2 0,880 12,0
8,3 0,881 11,9
8,4 0,883 11,7
8,5 0,884 11,6
8,6 0,885 11,5
8,7 0,887 11,3
8,8 0,888 11,2
8,9 0,889 11,1
9,0 0,890 11,0
9,1 0,891 10,9
9,2 0,893 10,7
9,3 0,894 10,6
9,4 0,895 10,5
9,5 0,896 10,4
9,6 0,897 10,3
9,7 0,898 10,2
9,8 0,899 10,1
9,9 0,900 10,0
10,0 0,901 9,9
11,0 0,910 9,0
12,0 0,917 8,3
13,0 0,924 7,6
14,0 0,929 7,1

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)

(Io–I)/Io pA
15,0 0,934 6,6

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 7240-6:2011, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 6: Carbon monoxide fire detectors using
electro-chemical cells
[2] ISO 7240-7:2018, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 7: Point-type smoke detectors using
scattered light, transmitted light or ionization
[3] ISO/TS 7240-9:20128), Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 9: Test fires for fire detectors
[4] ISO 7240-10:2012, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 10: Point-type flame detectors
[5] ISO 7240-12, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 12: Line type smoke detectors using a
transmitted optical beam
[6] ISO 7240-15:2014, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 15: Point-type fire detectors using
smoke and heat sensors
[7] ISO 7240-20:2010, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 20: Aspirating smoke detectors
[8] ISO 7240-27:2018, Fire detection and alarm systems — Part 27: Point type fire detectors using
a smoke sensor in combination with a carbon monoxide sensor and, optionally, one or more heat
sensors
[9] ISO 12239, Smoke alarms using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization
[10] EN 54-26:2015, Fire detection and fire alarm systems — Part 26: Carbon monoxide detectors —
Point detectors
[11] Investigation of ionization chamber for reference measurements of smoke density, by M. Avlund,
published by DELTA Electronics, Venlighedsvej 4 DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
8) Withdrawn. Replaced by this document (ISO/TR 7240-9:2022).

ISO/TR 7240-9:2022(E)
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Fire detection and alarm systems —

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7.4.7 Test validity criteria........................................................................................................................................................ 20

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Table 1 — Test fires employed in product standards

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Fire detection and alarm systems —

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms

3.1 Terms and definitions

3.2 Abbreviated terms

a.s.d. aspirating smoke detector

MIC measuring ionization chamber

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4 Characteristics of test fires

Table 2 — Characteristics of test fires

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Length: 9 m to 11 m;

Width: 6 m to 8 m;

Height: 3,8 m to 4,2 m.

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Figure 3 — Mounting position for instruments and specimens

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5.3.1 Fire test room

Figure 4 — Plan view of the fire test room

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Dimensions in metres, unless otherwise indicated

Figure 5 — Mounting position for instruments and specimens

5.3.2 Ventilation system

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Figure 6 — Ventilation system

5.4 Ambient test condition

a) temperature: (23 ± 5) °C except ISO 7240-20, to which 23 ( +5

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— Obscuration meter; ISO 7240-7:2018, C.1

— Measuring ionization chamber (MIC); ISO 7240-7:2018, C.2

— CO measuring instrument; EN 54-26:2015, B.2[10]

— Spark generator No reference document

5.5.2 Obscuration meter

P0 is the radiated power received without test aerosol or smoke;

P is the radiated power received with test aerosol or smoke.

The effective radiated power of the light beam is required to be:

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5.5.3 Measuring ionization chamber (MIC)

The response threshold of alarms using ionization is characterized by a non-dimensional quantity, y,

5.5.3.2 Operating method and basic construction

I0 is the chamber current in air without test aerosol or smoke;

I is the chamber current in air with test aerosol or smoke;

η is the chamber constant;

Z is the particle concentration in particles per cubic metre;

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved ﻿ 9

d is the average particle diameter.

Figure 7 — Measuring ionization chamber — Method of operation

5.5.3.3 Technical data

Isotope: americium 241Am

Average energy: (4,5 ± 0,225) MeV

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Relative humidity: (55 ± 20) %

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