Whati

stechni
calwr
it
ing?

I
ti s a cat egor y oft echni calcommuni cati
on thati ncludes document ing,shar ing,
i
nter preting and publ ishing speci alized medi cal, scienti
fic, bi ol
ogical,t echnol ogical
,
organizat ional,andpr ofessionalinformat i
on.Itmeanst hatanyi nformationt hatisrelatedt oa
particularf i
eld,asment ionedabov e,al ongitstechnicali
ti
esi nwr itt
enf ormi scalledt echnical
writi
ng.A t echni calwr i
ti
ngshar esi nfor mati
onofanypar ti
cularf i
eld,li
ke:sci ence,medi cal
,
technol ogy ,professi onet c.iti
scal ledt echnicalwrit
ingbecauset echni caltermsr el
atedt othese
fi
eldsar eusedi nt hisf orm ofwr i
ting.Forexampl e,peoplerelatedt omedi calfi
eldwi l
ldefini
tely
usemedi calr el
at edt ermsi nt heircommuni cat
ionwi thpeoplef r
om t hesamef i
eld,simi l
arly
,
peopl ef rom comput erf i
eldwi l
luset er msr el
atedt ocomput erwhent heycommuni catewi th
theircolleagueset c.

Wi kipediadefinesitas:anywri
tt
enf orm of
 t
echni
cal communicat
ion 
usedinav ar
iet
yof
techni calandoccupat i
onalf
iel
ds,suchascomput er
har dwar e 
and soft
ware, 
engi
neeri
ng, chemi
stry
, 
aeronauti
cs,
 
roboti
cs,
 f
inance,
 
consumer
electronics,andbiotechnol
ogy.
The SocietyforTechnicalCommuni cat i
on defines t
echnicalcommunicati
on asanyf orm
of communi cat i
on that exhi bits one or mor e of t he foll
owing charact
erist
ics: “(1)
communi cati
ngaboutt echnicalorspeci alizedt opi
cs,suchascomput erappl
icat
ions,medi cal
procedures,orenv ir
onment alregulations;(2)communi catingthroughtechnol
ogy,suchasweb
pages, helpfi
les,orsocialmediasi tes;or( 3)pr ovi
dingi nst
ruct
ionsabouthowt odosomet hing,
[
1]
regardl
essoft hetask'stechni calnat ure” . Therefore,technicalwrit
ingisanywr i
tingt hat
exhibit
sanyoft hesecharacteri
stics.
Technicalwr iti
ngisper for
medbya  techni calwrit
er 
andi stheprocessofwr iti
ngand
[2]
shari
ngi nfor mationi napr of
essionalsetting.  At echni
calwr i
ter
’smaint askist oconv ey
[2]
i
nf or
mat i
ont oanot herpersonorpar tyinthemostcl earandeffecti
vemannerpossi ble.  The
i
nf or
mat i
ont hatt echnicalwrit
ersconveyi sof tencompl ex,anditisoneoftheirmaint askst o
[
3]
analyzethei nformat i
onandpr esentitinaf ormatt hatiseasytoreadandunder st
and.  Agood
technicalwr i
terneedsst rongwr i
tingandcommuni cati
onskill
sandmustbepr of
icientwi th
comput ers,ast echnicalwrit
ersdonotj ustconv eyi nformati
onthroughtext
.
 
Feat
ures/
char
act
eri
sti
csoft
echni
cal
wri
ti
ng:

Therearesomefeatur
eswhi
chdi
sti
ngui
sht
echni
calwr
it
ingf
rom ot
herf
ormsofwr
it
ing.Some
them ar
ethefol
l
owing.

 Simplelanguagei
sused.At
ypeofl
anguaget
hatwoul
dbeeasi
l
yunder
stoodbyt
he
reader
s.

 Special
i
zedvocabul aryi
sused.Insuchwr i
ti
ngspecialvocabul
aryandter
nsareused
rel
atedtot
hef i
eld.Likemedicalt
erms,namesofdiseases,medici
ne,andf
ormul
asare
usedbymedicalrelatedpeopl
e.

 Di
rectl
anguagei
sused.I
tmeanst
hati
diomat
icorpr
over
bialexpr
essi
onsar
enotused

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 i
nt hi
stypeofwr
it
ingbecauseusi
ngi
diomsmaymaket
hemeani
ngambi
guousor
di
ff
icul
t.

 Headi
ngsar
eal
sousedi
ntechni
cal
wri
ti
ng.

 Pr
operpunct
uat
ionar
euse,becausemi
suseofpunct
uat
ionmaychangeordi
stur
bthe
meani
ng.

Busi
nesswr
it
ing:

Busi
nesswr
it
ingisagenreofwrit
ingdesignedtopresentt
hemostsal
i
entpoi
ntsofagi
ven
topi
cint
hemostconci
seandpossi
bleeasymethod.

I
tisal sodefinedasthef orm ofcommuni cati
onthattakesplaceinwr i
ttenformf orbusiness
purposes.Itincl
udesmemor andum writi
ng,let
terwri
ti
ng,let
terwrit
ing,proposalwriti
ng,report
wri
ting,etc.
itmeanst hatthi
sist hety
peofcommuni cati
ont hatiscarri
edinwr itt
enf or
mf or
businesspurposeswi t
hinanor gani
zati
onorbet weenorganizati
on.Anor ganizat
ionmaywr ite
toit
sempl oyees,orcustomers,oranorganizat
ionmaywr i
tetoanotherorganizati
on.

Feat
uresofbusi
nesswr
it
ing:

 I
tshouldbeconciseandt ot
hepoint.Ext
raandi
rr
elevantdet
ailshoul
dnotbegiven
becausebusi
nesspeopledonothavesparet
imet
or eadunnecessarydet
ail
.Onl
ythe
requi
redmessageshoul
dbeconvey
ed.

 Paral
lel
ism shouldbether
e.Itmeansthatthemessageshoul
dbewri
tt
eni
napr
oper
sequencesot hatr
eader
’sexpect
ati
onorpr
edict
ionsar
enotbr
oken.

 For
mal
languagei
sused.I
nbusi
nesswr
it
ingf
ormal
andsophi
sti
cat
edl
anguagei
sused.

 I
diomat
icexpr
essi
onsar
enotusedi
nbusi
nesswr
it
ing.

 Abbr
evi
ati
onsar
enotusedi
nbusi
nesswr
it
ing.

Par
agr
aphwr
it
ing:

Ashor
tpartofat
ext
,consi
sti
ngofatleastonesent
enceandbegi
nni
ngonanewl
i
ne.I
t
usual
l
ydealswit
hasingl
eevent
,descr
ipt
ion,
idea,et
c.

Apar
agr
aphi
sagr
oupofsent
encest
hatdeal
swi
thasi
ngl
etopi
corpoi
nt.

Par
tsofpar
agr
aph:

Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
cpar
tsofapar
agr
aph.

 Topicsent ence:Asent encet hatint

roducest hetopi
coft heparagraph.Iti
sasentence
thatpredictsthepoi
ntthatisgoi ngtobedi scussedinthatparagraph.I
tisusual
l
yplaced
i
nt hest art/
beginni
ngofpar agraph,though,itmaybepl acedinthemi ddl
ebutthatis
usuall
ypl acedbyprofessional wri
ter
s.Usuallythefi
rstsentencei
nt r
oducesthet
opi
c.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  Support
ing sent
ences:t hesearesent encesorasent encewhichexpl
ainthet opi
c
sent
ence.Thesear esomesent enceswhi chgi
vefur
therinf
ormati
onandexplanati
on
aboutt
hetopicsentence.Inasense,itel
aborat
esthet
opicofaparagr
apht
hroughfacts,
evi
dences,examplesandexplanati
ons.

 Concl
uding sent
ence:itisusual
lythe f
inalorendi
ng sent
ence t
hatconcl
udesor
summarizesapar agr
aph.Moreoften,i
tisthetopi
csentencethatisr
epeat
edina
modif
iedwayorindiff
erentwor
ds.

Checkl
istofpar
agr
aph’
sfeat
ures:

 I
ndentt
hef
ir
stsent
encef
ivespaces.

 Beginwit
hat opi
csent
ence,fory
ourintr
oduct
ion,t
ocapt
ureaudi
ence’
sat
tent
ion,st
ate
yourtopi
candshowyouratt
it
udetowardsit
.

 Dev
elopandsuppor
tyourt
opi
cthr
oughsev
eral
det
ail
s,f
act
s,exampl
es,
etc.

 Endyourpar
agraphwit
haconcl udingstat
ementtosummar i
zet
hedetai
l,r
est
atet
he
maini
deaandencour
ageyouraudiencetothi
nkaboutwhaty
ouhavewr
it
ten.

 Pr
esentonl
yonemai
nideaperpar
agr
aph.

 Appr
opr
iat
etobecov
eredi
nonepar
agr
aph.

 Thel
anguageshoul
dbeappr
opr
iat
efort
hei
ntendedaudi
ence.

 Aparagraphmustclari
fy,backup,expl
ainordemonst
rat
eyourmai
nideabypr
ovi
ding
speci
fi
cfacts,
det
ail
s,orexamples.

PRI
NCI
PALSOFPARAGRAPHSTRUCTURE:

 Uni
ty:

 Coher
ence/
order

 Lengt
h

 Var
iet
y

Unit
y:eachsent
encewit
hinapar agraphshouldrel
atetothet opi
canddevel
opthecontrol
li
ng
i
deaormai ni
dea.I
fanysentencedoesnotr el
atetoorsupportthemaini
deaiti
sir
rel
evantand
shoul
d be omit
ted f
rom the paragraph.Everysentence i
n a paragr
aph mustbe closel
y
connect
edwithmaint
opicoftheparagraph.

Coherence/order
:coherencemeansal ogi
calorderorsequenceandconnect
ionbetweeni
deas
orthoughts.Coherentparagraphcont
ainssentenceswhichar elogi
cal
l
yarrangedandfol
low
smoothly.I
trefer
stotheor derofy
oursentencesandideas.Event
smustberelatedi
ntheor
der
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
ofthei
roccur
renceandallideasshoul
dbeconnect
edwi
tht
hel
eadi
ngi
deaandar
ranged
accor
dingt
othei
rimpor
tanceororder
.

Lengt
h:apar agraphneitherbetoolongnort ooshor
t.Abal ancemustbemai nt
ainedaccordi
ng
tothenatureoft hetopic.Ashortpar agr
aphmaynotf ul
lyexplai
nt heideaandal engthyone
mayei t
herdistr
actfrom t hemaini deaormaygi veaf eeli
ngofl engthyandheav yreading.
Normall
yapar agraphconsi st
sofsev entotenli
nes,butitmaybel engthierorshort
erdepends
uponthetopic.Aparagraphcanev enbeasi ngl
esentence.

Vari
ety:aforthpri
nci
pleofparagr
aphconstructi
onisv ar
iet
y:whi
chmeansav oidmonot ony
.A
par
agraphinacomposi ti
onshouldbeofdiff
erentlength,
dif
fer
entstructur
edsentencesshould
beuse,li
kecompl ex,si
mple,orcompound.I tmaynoti ncl
udeonlysi mplesentencesoronly
complexratheri
twouldbeacombi nat
ionofdiff
erentty
pesofsentences.

TYPESOFPARAGRAPH:

Ther
earesometypesofpar
agraphthatdependupont
hef
unct
ionandpuposeofwr
it
ing.
Basi
cty
pesofaparagr
aphar
ethefol
l
owi ng:

 Narrati
veParagraph:Apar agr
aphthatt
ell
sast ory.Thistypeofparagraphtell
sa
storyorrel
aysanev enti
nthesequenceitoccur
red.Thistypeofparagraphinv
olves
asi ngl
eexperi
enceorpr esenti
ngaseriesofev ent
st hattel
lastory.Manyshor t
stori
es,novel
s,fil
ms,etc.ar ewri
tteni
nt hefor m ofnarrati
on.A new narrat
ive
paragraphbegi
nswher et
her ei
sachangeinti
me, pl
ace,acti
vit
yorspeaker.

SampleNar r
at i
vePar agraph:lasttimeIsawar ainbowoccur r
edwhenIwasonv acati
on.
Ithadbeenv eryhotal ldayandi nt helat
eaf ter
noonasev er
est or
m hitourarea.Aft
era
steadyst
ream ofr ainpour edoutt hesky ,thesuncameout .Thenextt hi
ngIsawi nt he
skywasabeaut i
fulrainbow.Itremi ndedmehowmar velousnature’
sbeautyreall
yisand
mademet hi
nkoff air
y t
alesIrememberasachi ld.Iwonderi fanyonehasev erfounda
potofgoldatt heendofar ainbow.Rai nbowsar etrulyastounding,butfi
ndinggol d
wouldbeglorious!

Commentsonnar r
ation:
 Normal lychronol ogical(t
houghsomet i
mesusesf l
ashbacks)
 Asequent ialpr esentati
onofev entsthataddupt oast ory.
 Anar rati
vediffersf r
om amer elist
ingofev ents.Nar r
ationusuallycontai
nscharacters,a
setti
ng, aconflict,andar esol
ut i
on.Timeandpl aceandper sonarenormal l
yest
abl i
shed.
Inthispar agraph,t he" stor
y"component sar e:apr ot agoni
st(Hanson),asetting( the
park),agoal( tocamp) ,anobst acle(nature),acl imax( hispanic),andar esolution
(l
eaving).
 Specificdetail
sal way shelpast ory,butsodoesi nt
er preti
velanguage.Youdon'tjustlay
thewor dsont hepage; youpoi ntthem inthedi r
ectionofast ory.

 Per
suasi
vepar
agr
aphs:per
suasi
vepar
agr
aphsar
eusedt
oshar
eanopi
nionabouta
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 par
ticularsubject
.Wri
tersofpersuasivepar
agr
aphst
ryt
oconvi
ncereader
stoagree
wit
ht heopi ni
onsi nt
hepar agraphsand,someti
mes,t
otakeact
ion.Apersuasi
ve
par
agr aphoftenusesorderofimportance.

Sampl
eofPer
suasi
vepar
agr
aph:

Teenager sshouldearnthei
rownspendi ngmoney .I
fteenswor kf ortheirownmoney ,
rathert
hanhav eitgiv
ent othem bypar ents,
theymaybemor eresponsiblei nspending
i
t.Theywi lll
earntheval
ueoft i
me, t
heyv al
ueofeachdol lar,andt hev al
ueoft heitems
theypurchase.Teenswi l
lbelesslikel
yt omakerashdeci sionsbecauseul timatel
y,they
willhav
et odealwiththefi
nancialconsequencesoft hei
rchoi ces.Eacht eenagershoul d
earnhis/herownmoneybecausei nt heend,itteachesthet eenpur chasingskil
lsand
responsibil
it
y.

 TheExpositoryParagr
aph:Thistypeofpar agraphexplai
nssomet hi
ngorprovides
i
nst r
ucti
on.Itcouldalsodescri
beapr ocessandmov et hereaderstepbyst ep
throughamet hod.Thi
st y
peofpar agr
aphof t
enr equi
resresear
ch,butit'
spossibl
e
thatthewri
teri
sabletorelyonhi
sorherownknowl edgeandexperti
se.

Sampl eofExposi toryParagraph:

Rainbow comesoutonl yi nt herainorr i
ghtafteritrainsbecauser ai
ndropsar e
responsibleforproducingt hecolours.Asyouknow,sunl ightiscomposedofal lthe
coloursoft herainbowandadr opofwat eractsasapr i
sm andbr eaksupsunl i
ght
streaming throughi tinto aspect rum ofmanycol ours.Rainbow’sdev el
opment
beginswhensunl ightentersthefrontofar ai
ndrop,getsbent,andisseparatedinto
manycol ours.Thecol oursbounceof fthebackoft hedr opandar ebentagai n,
existi
ngt hroughthef ront.Sooutofwhi t
el i
ghtcomescol our.Thecolourcreated
dependsonwhatangl ethel i
ghtexi
tsthedrop.

 Def i
niti
onPar agraph:thisisapar agrapht hatdefinesanobj ect,
int
roducesaper son
or,placeoranev entetc.
Sampl eofDef i
niti
onpar agraph
"Park"isdi f
ficul
tt odef i
nei nFlori
da,becauset her ear esomanyki ndsofpar ks.
Basicall
y,apar ki sapl acet ogoforout doorr ecreation-t
oswim,picnic,hike,camp,
wal kthedog,pl aytenni s,paddl
ey ourcanoe,and,i nsomepl acest aker i
desin
miniaturet r
ainsorswi shdownawat ersli
de.Fl ori
dahasar i
chv arietyofpar ks,
rangingf r
om acr esofRVsr i
ngedar oundr ecreati
onhal ls,t
oimpenetrablemangr ove
wilderness.Tomaket hingsmor ecompl icated,notal lofthem ar
ecalled" parks,
"and
event heonescal l
ed"parks"comei nsev eralvari
eties.

 Thedescript
ivepar
agraph:Thi
stypeofparagr
aphdescri
bessomethingandshows
thereaderwhatathingorapersonlookli
ke.Thewordschosenint hedescr
ipt
ion
oft
enappealt othefiv
esensesoftouch,smell
,si
ght,sound,andtaste.I
tusuall
y
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 descr
ibest
heappear
anceofanobj
ect
,pl
aceoraper
son.

Sampl eofDescr ipti

veParagr aph:
O'Lenoi sagoodexampl eofast atepar kinFlori
da.Surroundedbyt het al
l,shaded
woodsofabeaut if
ulhardwoodf orest,theSantaFeRi v erdi sappearsi nal arge,
slowl yswirl
ing,tree-
li
nedpool .Afterappear i
ngintermit
tent l
yinscat teredsinkholes,
ther iverr
isest hreemi l
esdownst ream i nabi gboil,t
hencont inuesont omeett he
Suwanneeandt hesea.Near by,standsofcy pressmi rrort hemsel vesi nthest i
ll
wat ers,wall
sofdenser iv
erswampr isebeforey ou;suddensi nkholesopeni nthe
woodl ands-ri
chwi thcoolf ernsandmosses.Far therfrom t her i
ver,expansesof
l
ongl eafpinelandsst ret
chacr ossr olli
nghi l
l
s.Inthemi dstoft hislovelysetti
ng,you
fi
nd65campsi tes,18r usticcabi ns,andapav i
li
onf orgr oupmeet i
ngs.A di vi
ng
platform mar ksagoodpl acet oswi mi nthesof t
,coolwat ersoft heSant aFe,and
canoei ngupt hisdarkr i
veri sl i
ket ravel
ingbackwar dsi nt i
mei nt hedi r
ecti
onof
originalFl
orida.

 ProcessPar agraph:A paragraph thatt el

l
saboutast ep bystep processofa
machine,af actor
y,atask,apr ocedure,et
c.t hi
st ypeofparagr
apht al
ksabouta
sequenti
alprocess.Wemayt akeexampl eofdi ff
erentpl
ant
s,ormachines;thathow
thoseplant
swor kstepbystepi napr operprocess.

Sampl eProcessPar agr aph:

Alltoil
etf l
ushtankswor kaboutt hesame.Whent het oil
etisflushed,
thet ri
phandle
l
iftsthet ankbal l
,openi ngt heout letandl ett
ingwat erf l
owi ntothebowl .Whent he
tankisnear l
yempt y,thebal lf
all
sbacki nplaceov ert heout l
et.Thefloatfall
swi t
h
thewat erl
evel,
openingt hewat er-supplyinletvalvejustast heout l
eti
sbei ngclosed,
andt het ankisrefi
ll
edt hr oughthef i
l
lertube.Wat eralsof l
owst hroughthebowlr efi
ll
tubei ntotheov erf
lowpi pet oreplenisht r
ap-seali
ngwat er.Ast hewaterlevelinthe
tanknear sthetopoft heov er
fl
ow pi pe,thef loatclosest heinletval
ve,compl eti
ng
thecy cle.

Whati
sLet
ter
?

Col
li
nsEngl
i
shdict
ionar
ydefinesl
ett
eras,“
Iti
sawrit
tenorpri
ntedcommuni
cat
ionaddr
essed
toaper
sonorcompany,et
c.usual
l
ysentbyposti
nanenvel
ope.
”

AdvancelearnerEngli
shdi
cti
onar
ydefi
nesitas,
“awr
it
tenmessagef
rom oneper
sont
oanot
her
,
usual
lyputinanenv el
opeandsentbypost
.

Ty
pesofLet
ter
:

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Ther
ear
etwomai
nty
pesofl
ett
er:
For
mal
andi
nfor
mal
.

 I
nfor
malorPer
sonalLet
ter

Informalorpersonall etter:itisat ypeoflet

terthatiswri
tt
entoaper sonwhom weknow on
personalbases,like:br other .Sist
er,parent
s,fri
ends,andcousins,et
c.i tiscalledi nf
ormal
becauseofi t
sstruct ure,li
kenof ormalformatisfoll
owedinthi
stypeofletter
,andbecauseof
i
t slanguage,asinf ormall anguagei susedint histypeoflet
ter.I
tiscal l
edper sonalletter
becausei ti
susual l
yaddr essedt oaper sonwhom wewoul dhav egotpersonalrelat
ionship.It
expressesourpersonal i
ssuesandpr obl
emsthatisalsoar
easonofcall
ingitpersonallett
er.

Feat
uresofI
nfor
malLet
ter
:

Ther
ear
esomechar
act
eri
sti
cswhi
chdi
sti
ngui
shi
nfor
mal
let
terf
rom t
hatoff
ormal
let
ter
.Li
ke:

 Nost
ri
ctr
ules,
regar
dingt
hef
ormatandst
ruct
ure,
aref
oll
owedi
ninf
ormal
let
ter
.

 I
tusual
l
ytal
ksaboutper
sonal
issuesormat
ter
s.

 I
tisacor
respondenceb/
wpeopl
ewhof
eel
freeandsaf
ewi
theachot
her
.

 I
tiswr
it
teni
ninf
ormal
toneandst
yle.

 Col
l
oqui
alorconv
ersat
ional
languagei
susedi
ninf
ormal
let
ter
.

 Shortphrasesandsi
mpl
esent
encesar
eused,l
i
ke:cheer
s,hi
,regar
ds,l
otsofl
ove,hi
buddy,et
c.

 I
diomat
icexpr
essi
onsori
diomsar
eused.

 Cont
ract
ionandabbr
evi
ati
onsar
eused,
li
keI
’
ve,
I’
m,ai
n’
t,
etc.

 Per
sonal
pronounsar
eof
tenomi
tt
ed/
ski
ppedout
.

Par
tsofi
nfor
mal
let
ter
:ther
ear
efi
vebasi
cpar
tsofani
nfor
mall
ett
er.

 Headi ng:Headi ngissender ’

saddressfoll
owedbydatethatiswritt
enusual
lytothe
upperr i
ghtcor nerofthepage.Senderdoesnotment ionhis/hernameinheading.It
startsfrom smal lcomponentofaddr esstothebigger,l
ikehome,t hentownor
vi
llage,city
,distri
ct,etc.fol
lowedbyt hedatei
nasepar ateli
ne.Dateisnotwr i
tt
en
l
ike,02/ 08/2014,ratheritiswrit
tenAugo2,2014byAmer i
canand02Aug2014by
Briti
sh.

 Salut
ati
on:sal utati
onisaninformalphr
asefoll
owedbyacommabyBr i
tishanda
col
onbyAmer ican.Iti
swritt
enal i
nebelow t
heheadingtothelef
tmar ginofthe
page.Phrasesl i
ke:Dearbr
other,
Dearmother,
Dearfr
iend,
DearAli
,hi
,hel
l
o, Hibuddy
,
Hilovel
y,etc.areusedinfor
mal l
ett
ers.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Dearbr
other
,=Br
it
ish

Dearbr
other
:=Amer
ican

 BodyofLet
ter:I
tisthemessaget hati
sconveyedthrought
helet
ter
.Itmaybewri
tt
enin
oneormoreparagraphs,dependsuponthecontentsofmessage.Thefi
rstl
i
neofeach
par
agraphi
sindentedfi
vespacesininf
ormallet
ter
s.

 ComplementaryClose:iti
saphr aset
hatexpressesagoodby etothereceiver.Thi
sis
usual
lyashor tphrase(i
nformalusuall
y)fol
lowedbyacommat hatcanei t
herbeput
eit
hertotheleftmargi
noft hepageoft otherightofthecent
erofpageonel inebelow
thebodyofletter
.Phraseslike:Bestwi
shes,youl ov
ingson,yourl
ovi
ngbr o,yourlove,
yourbuddy,
etc.

 TheSi gnatur e:Signat

urei
st hepartofthelet
terwherey ousignyourname.Youmay
signwi t
hy ourf i
rstnameonly
, i
ftheper
sonrecei
vingthelett
erwoul
drecogni
zeyoufr
om
j
usty ourf i
rstname.Ot her
wise,useyourful
lname.Signy ournamebeneathhecl
osi
ng;
thef i
rstletterofy ournameshoul dli
neupwi t
ht hefir
stlett
erofthecomplement
ary
close.

Heading/
sender
’saddr
ess
Date
Sal
utati
on,
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
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-
-
--
--
--
BodyofLet t
er--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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-
-
--
--
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---
--
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---
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-
-
--
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---
--
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-.
ComplementaryClose,

Si
gnat
ure/
Nameofsender

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Ty
pesofPer
sonal
Let
ter
:

Ther
ear
ecert
aint
ypesofper
sonalori
nformall
ett
erwhi
chdependsupont
hef
unct
ionorai
m of
wri
ti
ngt
hem.Somebasi
ctypesareasfol
lows:

 Lett
erofCondol
ence:al
ett
ert
hati
swr
it
tent
osy
mpat
hizewi
thsomeone.I
texpr
esses
one’
ssympathi
es.

Sampl
eofLet
terofCondol
ence:

RR4,Si
te23,Box19
Chi
pman,NBE7N3T6
Jul
y25,2014
DearJack,
Iheardonlyyest
erdayaboutPat t
y ’
saccident.Iwanttoexpress
mydeepsy mpathytoyouandy ourf amil
yonherdeath.Thereis
nowayt hatIcansayinwor dshow If eel
,butIhopey ouknow
howshockedandsadIwaswhenIhear dthenews.Pattywasa
ver
ygoodf ri
end,andIwil
lneverf orgether.Shewasagenerous
womanwhowasal waysther
ef orme.
Iwil
lmissherverymuch,aswillallofusher ewhoknewher.

Sincer
ely
,
Lucy

 Lett
erofCongr at
ulat
ion:A l
ett
erthati
s wr
it
ten t
o congr
atul
ate someone f
oran
achi
evementoranyotherev
entet
c.

 Let
terofThanks:Al
ett
ert
hati
swr
it
tent
othanksomeonef
orhel
pingy
ou,orgi
vi
ngany

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 f
avouret
c.i
tcanei
therbef
ormal
ori
nfor
mal
,dependsupont
heper
sonaddr
essed.

 Lett
erofRegr et
/Apol
ogy:A let
terthatexpr
essesone’sregr
etorrepent
ancefora
mistake,
gui
l
t,oranyotheri
nconv
enienceonewouldhav
ecausedtosomeoneel
se.

LETTERSOFAPOLOGY
-Al et terofapol ogycanbeei t
herf ormalori nformal.Itcanbewr ittenwhensomeonehasmade
ami stake, hasf ail
edt oper f
orm adut yorisnotablet of ulfillapr omi se.
-Themai nbodycont ainsr easonsf ort heinconveniencecaused.
-Int hef i
nalpar agraphy oucanexpr essy ourhopet oi mpr ovet hesi tuat i
onorpr omi set omake
upf oranypr oblemst hathav ebeencaused.
Introduct i
on
Par agr aph1-r easonf orwr i
ti
ng Sampl eofLet terofApol ogy :
Mai nBody
Par agr aphs2- 3-r easonst oexpl ai
nt heinconv eni
encecaused
Concl usion 25Al bi
onRoad
Final Par agraph-expr essunder standing/regretorpromi se Mo ncton, NBE2C3Y9
26thApr il2003
t omakeupf ort hesituat i
on
Closi ngr emar ks
Full name DearSy lvi
a,
Usef ulLanguagef orLet tersofApol ogy Thanky ousomuchf ort hinkingofusand
Openi ngRemar ks: i
nviti
ngu stob ep arto fMa r
ka ndE mma ’
sspeci al
day.Unf ortunately,wewi l
lnotbeabl eto come
Infor mal becauseourdaught er,Moi r
a,i sgr aduat i
ng from
-Ihopey ouwi llunder standwhenIsayt hat.
.. MountAl l
isonUni versityinSackv i
ll
et hatweekend.
-WhatcanIsay ,exceptI 'm sorr
yt hat... Youcan’ tbel i
evehow di sappointedwear et hatwe
-I'
m sor ryfor..
. wil
l mis st hef unw i
tha l
lo uro l
df r
ie nds.Wed o,
howev er,wantt o be par toft he donat ion y ou
-Iowey ouanapol ogy...
ment i
oned,
-I'
m sosor ryifIupsety oui nanyway ... soIhav eencl osedachequef ory out oaddt ot he
-Ican' tdescr i
behowsor ryIam andhowgui lt
yIfeel.
.p.
ot.Thanksagai nf orincludingus.Pl easetellMar k
Closi ngRemar ks: andEmmat hatwewi l
ldef ini
telymaket i
met ovisit
Infor mal them l
a terinth esumme r.
Love,
-Ihopey oubel ievemewhenIsayhowsor r
yIam. .
.AnnaandFr ank
-Ican' tt el
lyouhowsor ryIam. .
.
-Ibegy out ofor gi
vemef or..
.
-Ther eisnoexcusef or. ..andIhopey ou'
llfor
giveme. ..

 Lett
erofInvi
tat
ion:itcanbeinfor
malori
nfor
malform.Iti
sinf
ormalwhenoneinvi
tes
fr
iends,
cousi
ns, oranyotherf
amil
ymember
.Itcanbefor
malwhenateacher
,anoff
icer
,
oranauthor
it
yisi nvi
ted.

 LETTERSOFI NVITATI ON
-Let t
er sofinv i
tati
oncanbef ormalorinformaldependi
ngont hesituati
onandwhowear e
wr i
ti
ng t o.They usual ly contain some addit
ionalinf
ormati
on,forexampl e:lat
estnews,
descriptionoft heevent( part
y,wedding,etc.
)pl
ace(hotel
,house,et
c.)and/ordir
ecti
onst
ot he
place.
Intr
oduct ion
25Albi
onRoad
Paragr aph1-r eason(s)forwriti
ng(toinvi
te) Moncton,NBE2C3Y9
Mai nBody 26thApri
l2003
Paragr aphs2-3-detail
s,direct
ions,
DearAnnaandFr
ank,
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect u
Nrer
exinE
tmonn
t
hgl
i
os
nhC
MaS
y2/I
T
6 IBMSA
,Mom andgr
Di
c
adua
l
tu
er
r e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
cel
ebr
ati
ng t
h.
ei
r 50t
h w eddi
ng anni
ver
sar
y. We’
ve
plannedahomecomingweekendandi nv
itedfamil
yand
fri
ends.We’dli
ke you t
o be partoft he cel
ebr
ati
on
becauseweknow how closeyouweret othem duri
ng
thetimet
hatyoul
iv
edinThamesv i
l
le.
informat
ionofevent,etc.
Conclusi
on
FinalPar
agraph-closingremar
ks
Fullname

UsefulLanguageforLet
ter
sofI
nvi
tat
ion
OpeningRemar ks:

Inf
ormal
-I'
m wri
ti
ngtoinvi
tey
outo.
..
-I'
dlovei
tify
oucouldcometo.
..
-We'reor
ganizi
nga..
.andwoul
dlov
eiti
fyou
couldcome

ClosingRemar ks:
Informal
-Ihopey ou'l
lbeabletomakei t.
..
-Hopey oucancome
-Lookingf orwardtoseeingy outhen
-Pleasel etmeknowassoonaspossi bl
e
Directi
onmaybegi v
enint hefol
lowingways:
-Incasey oudon'tknowtheway .
..
-I'
llgi
vey ousomedi r
ecti
ons...
-Ihav eincludedsomedi recti
ons..
.
 Fr iendlyLett
er:Al et
terthatiswrit
tenbet
weenf
ri
endswher
etheyshar
ether
emat
ter
s
withoneanot her
.

Sampl
eofFr
iendl
yLet
ter
:

21PriceStreet
Pert
h,Alberta
T1J3X8
June10, 2014

DearJi l
l
,
Iwasv er
yhappyt ohearf rom y ousosoon.
Thepi cturest haty ouincl
udedfrom Fl oridamademe
j
ealous!Her e,ithasbeenl ikewi nterallthemont hof
May .Asy oumayhav enot i
cedf rom myaddr ess,I
havebi gnewsf ory ou!OnMay28t h,Ij oi
nedt he
Welder '
sUni onandwi thi
nt hr
eeday st heyassi gned
met oapr ojecti
nPer t
h,Albert
a.Theaddr essabov e
i
swher eInow l i
v e.Thingscertainlychangef ast!So
far
,Il i
ket hej ob.Ihav ehear drumour st hatwemay
besentt ot heYukont owor koncont ract.Whi leIam
nott hri
lledaboutt heclimatet here,Iwoul dmake
muchmor emoney .

Or
gani
ze
Tdann
heodC
l
yoo
tmpo
hers
i
te
edb
m oyRe
fn a
wshi
dk
slath
elan
yi ,
stL
he
ac
tt
ureri
mys nE
stn
ergl
, i
shCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Li
nda,i
sgetti
ng marri
edUthi
s
nis
vumme
ersit r
.Y ou w
yPeshawari
llb
. e
recei
vi
ngaweddi
ngi
nvi
tat
ion.Shehasn'
tev
enmade
hermindup.

Yourf
ri
end,
  Let terofAdv i
ce:ASKI NGFOR/ GIVINGADVI CE
Let tersaski ngf ororgi v
ingadv icecanbef ormal ,infor malorsemi -formaldependi ngont he
situation.Al ett
eraski ngf oradv icecanbesentt oaf ri
end, aconsul tantoranadv icecol umni na
magazi ne.Det ailsoft hepr obl
em shoul dbement i
oned.Al ett
ergi vingadv i
ceshoul dcont ain
suggest ionsi ntroducedwi thappr opri
atelanguage.
Aski ngf orAdv ice
Introduct i
on Sampl eLet t
erofAdv ice:
Par agr aph1-r eason( s)forwr i
ti
ng
Mai nBody House#03
Par agr aphs2- 3-descr iptionofpr oblem(s) Street#20
Concl usi on Phase07
FinalPar agr aph-cl osingr emar ks Hay atabad
Full name Peshawar .
Dearbr o,
Usef ulLanguagef orLet tersAski ngforAdv i
ce I‘
m qui t
e happy t haty ou hav e got
Openi ngRemar ks: admi ssi onatAgr icul tur alUni versityPeshawar .
It
’s been a wel lr eput ed i nstitution in our
Infor mal prov i
nce.You’ dhav egr eatt imet her e.
-I'
m wr itingtoaskf ory ouradv i
ce Asy ouknowI ’
v ebeengr aduat edf r
om
-Cany ougi vemey ouradv i
ce ther eI ’
v eseen somest udent shav ing been
-I'
v egotapr oblem andIneedy ouradvice away f r om t heir homes f orget t heirr eal
pur pose ofcomi ng i nto uni ver si
ty and get
Closi ngRemar ks: distracted.Usual ly,t heyt akepar ti npolit
ical
Infor mal foundat ion,orot hergangs et c.t heywast e
-Whatdoy outhinkIshoul ddo? theirt i
me i n usel ess act i
v i
ti
es i nstead of
-Pl easel etmeknowwhaty out hinkIshoulddo st udy ing.Ther efore,mybr oy ou’v et obev ery
-Pl easet ellmewhatt odo caref uli nt hisr egar d.Tr yt o st ick toy our
pur pose.Thi nkofy ourf utureandst ayaway
from suchact iv
ities.Ihopey ou’ l
lunder stand
me.

Yourbhai
j
an,
Ali
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  For
mal
orBusi
nessLet
ter
:

I
tisaf ormal
wayofcommuni cati
onthroughwri
ttenform betweentwoormorepart
ies.I
tis
usedwhenwr it
ingtocompanies,inst
it
uti
onsandpeopl eyoudonotknow.Makeagood
i
mpr essi
onandst i
cktotherul
es.Therearemanydi f
ferentusesandbusi
nesslet
ter
s.Business
l
etterscanbeinfor
mational
,persuasi
ve,moti
vat
ional,orprof
essional
.

 Itcall
ed f ormall et
terbecauseofi tsformatand l anguage.Itiswr i
tt
en in pr
oper
acceptableformat( blockorsemiblockfor
mat )andt helanguageusedinsuchlett
eris
highl
ysophi sti
catedandf ormal.
 Itiscalledbusi nessl ett
erbecauseofi t
sf uncti
on.I tisusuall
yusedf orbusiness
purposeswi thi
nanor gani
zati
on,bet
weenorganizat
ions,orbetweenorgani
zat
ionandits
customer s.

 I
mpor
tanceofBusi
nessl
ett
er:

 Iti
saf or
mal andsophisticatedwayofcommuni cation.
 Letter
sprovi
deaper manent , wr
it
tenr
ecor d.
 Letter
sareli
kewr i
tt
enpr omi sesandcl
ear l
yindicatewhoi sr
esponsibl
e.
 Letter
sall
owbusypeopl etosendandr eceiveinformationwheniti
sconvenientf
orthem.
 Letter
sallow ti
met ot hinkaboutandr esearchat opicorsi
tuati
onbeforewr i
ti
ngor
respondi
ng.
 Letter
sall
owt hereadert hechancetor ereadandr evi
ewcomplicat
edmat eri
alasoften
asnecessary.
 Letter
sconstit
uteoff
ici
al recordofanorganization.

 Feat
uresofFor
mal
orBusi
nessLet
ter
:

 I
tshoul
dbeshort
,conci
se,andtothepoi
nt.
 I
tshoul
dbeperf
ectinspel
l
ing,gr
ammar ,
str
uct
ure,
for
mat
,andi
ntheuseofwor
ds.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  Substancest r
aighttothepoint,nowaf fl
ing.
 Itshouldbeclearandcour t
eous.
 Formal styl
easasi gnofrespect .
 Neut ralandformallanguageisused.
 Carefulchoiceofvocabulary
.
 Useofabbr evi
ati
onandcont ractionshoul dbeav oi
ded.Ful lformsareused(‘
cannot
’or
‘
doesnot ’
).
 Passivev oi
cestructur
esaref r
equent l
yused.
 Itisusuallywrit
teninthreeparagr aphs,fir
stparagraphment ionst
hereasonofwrit
ing,
secondpar agraphexplai
nsthesubj ectmat terofthelet
ter,andt het
hir
dparagr
aphsums
uporconcl udesthesubjectmat terordemandort heactiony ouwantinapoli
temanner.

FormatsofFormalorBusinessLetter:
Therearet
hreecommonf ormatsusedf orwri
ti
ngformall
ett
ers.
 FullBlockFormat:itist het ypeoff ormatwheretheheading,dat
e,insi
deaddr
ess,
complement
aryclose,thesi gnatureandnameoft hesenderarewr i
ttentot
heleft
margi
nofthepage.Itisverycommont hesedays.

Headi
n
g
Dat
e

Insi
de
addres

__
__S
_a
_l
u
_
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_
_t
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o
___
____
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___
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_ _
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dy of l
ett
er __
_ ___
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_.

Compl
ement
arycl
ose,
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Si
gnat
ureofsender

NameofSender

 SemiBl ock f
ormat/ Block Format
:Itisthe f
ormatwherethe headi
ng ,dat
e,
complementar
yclose,si
gnat
ureandnameoft
hesenderar
eputt
other
ightoft
hecent
er.
Itwasacommonf or
matfewy ear
sback.

__
____
_ _
____
_____
___
____
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__
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_ _
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bod
y of l
ett
er _
__ ____
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Or zedan_
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Univer
sit
yPeshawar .
Modif
iedBlockFormat:Iti
sthesameassemibl ockfor
matexceptt
hefi
rstl
i
neofparagr
aph.
Thefi
rstl
ineofeachparagr
aphisindent
edf
ivespacesinmodi
fi
edblockf
ormatandt
herestof
st
ruct
uresfol
lowsthesemiblockf
orma

Par
tsofFormalorBusi nessLett
er:
 Addr essofSender /Heading
 Dat el i
ne
 Insideaddr ess/Recei v
er’
saddr
ess
 Subj ectLine( opti
onal)
 Salut ati
on
 Textoft heletter(body
)
 Compl ement aryclose
 Signat ure
 Encl osure(s)line

 Headi
ng/Sender
’saddr
ess:Abusi
nessl
etermusthav
t eaheadi
ng.Ont
hef
ir
stl
i
ne,
writ
ey ourapartmentnumber ,postalbox,ruralr
outenumber ,andy ourst reetaddr ess1
(whatev erappli
estoy ouraddr ess).Thesecondl i
negi v
esy ourcit
y,town, orvill
age, and
thepr ovincename,andpost alcode2.Ont het hi
rdli
ne,wr i
tethemont h,thedayandt he
yeary ouar ewri
ti
ngt helet
ter.Nev erwri
tey ournameaspar toftheheadingofal etter.
Note:Headi ngi
sonl ywrit
tenwhent helet
teriswrit
tenonabl ankpage,ifitiswr i
ttenon
off
icialpadofanor gani
zationhav ingalett
erheadt henheading/sender’saddr essisnot
writ
tenbecauset helet
terheadal readycontainscontactinf
ormationofthator ganization.

 Date:datei
swrit
tenleavi
ngal i
nebel
owt
heheadi
ng.
April25,
2014=Amer icanStyl
e
25thApri
l2014+Bri
ti
shSt yl
e

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  InsideAddress/Recei
ver’
saddress:
Theaddr essoftheper
sony ouarewrit
ingtoalongwi
ththenameoftherecipi
ent,t
heir
tit
leandcompanyname, i
fyouarenotsurewhot hel
ett
ershoul
dbeaddressedt oei
ther
l
eav eitbl
ank,buttr
ytoputinati
tle,
i.
e."Di
rect
orofHumanResources".
Skipaline
betweent hedateandtheinsi
deaddress.

 Subj
ectLine( opt
ional
):i
tcanbeasent enceoraphrasethatexpressesthesubj
ect
matt
eroft helett
er.Subj
ectli
nemakesiteasi
erfort
herecipi
entt
of indoutwhatthe
l
ett
erisabout.Ski
pal i
nebetweent
hesubj
ectli
neandsal
utat
ion.

 BodyofLet t
er:Thebodyoft helett
eri
s,ofcourse,whatthelet
teri
sallabout.Itbegins
twospacesbel owt hesalutati
on.Youshouldsinglespacewithi
nparagraphsanddoubl e
spacebet weent hem.Thebodyofmanybusi nesslett
erscontai
nst hreeparagr
aphs
(al
thought heydon’tallhavet ohav efi
vesentences).Thefi
rstpar
agraphshoul dstate
theproblem orsituati
onclear l
y.Thesecondpar agr
aphshouldexplai
ni nspeci
ficdetai
l
thereasonf orwrit
ing.Thet hir
dandf i
nalpar
agr aphshouldmakeaspeci fi
crequestfor
acti
onandcl osewi thcourt
esy .

 Compl ementaryClose:
Let'
sthereaderknowt hatyouarefi
nishedwithyourlet
ter
;usual
l
yendswi
thSi
ncer
ely
,
Sincer
elyyours,Thanky ou,andsoon.Not ethatt
hereisacommaaf t
ert
heendofthe
cl
osingandonl ythefi
rstwordinthecl
osingiscapit
ali
zed.

 Pri
ntedName/ NameofSeneder:
Theprint
edv er
sionofyourname,andifdesi
redyoucanputyourti
tl
eorposi
ti
onont he
l
ineunderneathit
.Ski
p3-4li
nesbetweentheclosi
ngandthepri
ntedname,sothatt
here
i
sroom forthesignat
ure.

 Signatur
eofSender :t
hesender’
ssignat
ureisputbet
weenthecomplementar
ycl ose
andt hepri
ntedname.i
tisusual
l
ysignedi
nblueorbl
ackinkwi
thapenaft
erthelet
teris
print
ed.

 Encl
osure:
I
flett
ercontai
nsotherdocumentothert
hant helet
teri
tselfyourlett
erwilli
ncludet
he
word"Encl
osure.
"Ift
hereismorethanoney ouwoul dtype,"
Enclosures(
#)"withthe#
bei
ngthenumberofotherdocument
senclosedthatdoesn'ti
ncludethelet
teri
tself
.

TypesofBusi nessorFor malLett

er:
Therear edi
fferenttypesoffor
malorbusi nessletterwhichdependont hei
rpurposeof
writ
ing.Theydifferfr
om eachotheronlyintheuseofl anguage,
becausethelanguageof
eacht ypedi
ffersfrom other
swithrespecttotheirpurposeofwrit
ing.Someusualtypes
aregivenhere:

 Or
derLet
ter
:
Manybusi nesslet
tersarewri
ttent
oordergoodsfrom asuppl
ier
.Thepur poseiscl
ear
.
Thewr i
terwant stobuyspecifi
cit
ems.Theaudiencerequi
resclearinf
ormati
onabout
thespecif
icproduct,themethodofpayment,andhow andwheret heyshouldbesent
,
andanydeadl inesthatappl
y.Inanybusi
nesslett
ers,i
tiseff
ectiv
eandaccept abl
eto

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 presentsomeoftheinfor
mat i
oninanumber edli
st.Thi
sall
owsthereci
pienttousethe
l
etterasachecklisttomakesur ethathe/
shehasf i
ll
edyouror
dercorr
ectlyplanni
ng
yourorderlet
teri
si mportantsothatyouhav ealltheinf
ormat
ionyouneedathand
beforeyoubegint
owr i
te.

51Pembr okeDr
ive
Sussex,
NBE4G1A9
March3,1999

Charlot
teHolt
PurchasingDepartment
Thi
ngsandSt uffInc.
1629Nor thBernardStr
eet
MountFor est
,Ontari
o
E0G2A0

DearMs.Hol
t,

Irecentl
yreceivedacopyofy ourNewMi ll
ennium catalogue.Iam inter
est
edin
purchasingthef ol
l
owingitems:
1setof4cof f
eemugs( "
Lefti
esOnl y"
),i
tem B013 $10. 00
1t -
shir
t,XL,bl
ue, (
"Lef
tisRight")
,it
em A123 $15. 00
Tax $3. 75
Postageandhandl i
ng $4. 00
TOTAL $32.75
Iam enclosi
ngamoneyor derfor$32.75.Ineedthesei temswi thi
nsixweeks.
Ifyouareunablet odeli
verthem beforeApril15,
1999, pl easecontactmeat
(506)548-9988.

Your
str
uly
,
JamesSander
son
JamesSander
son

 LETTEROFAPPLI
CATI
ON
I
ti spossiblet oavoidwr i
ti
ngf ri
endlylet
ters.Telephoningafriendisalwaysanat tracti
ve
option.Howev er,somet y
pesofbusi nesslett
erscannotbeav oi
ded.Onesuchbusi nesslett
eris
the l et
terofappl i
cati
on.A l ett
ero appl icati
on may be wr i
tt
en when we appl yf ora
permanent /tempor aryjoboreducat ionalcourse. Ify ourespondt oanadv ert
isementi nthe
classifi
edsectionofanewspaper ,thereoftenisnotel ephonenumbergiv enorappli
cat
ionf or
m
tofillout.Youar eexpectedt orespondi nwrit
ing.Evenwi thanapplicat
ionform andar esumé,
enclosingacov erlett
erisrecommended.Manyempl oyersbasepartoft hei
rhi
ri
ngdecisionon
thequal i
tyofthel ett
erstheyrecei
ve.

Inal ett
erofappl i
cati
on,youar erealypr
l omotingyour
selfandsell
ingyourskil
l
s.Youwant
tointer
estt heaudience(thereader)i
ny ourquali
fi
cati
onssothathe/shewillt
hinkyouareri
ght
forthejob.Ther ealpurposeofal ett
erofapplicati
onistogetaj obi
nterv
iew.Onlyifyouhave
anintervi
ew, wil
lyouhav ethechancet omeetf acetofacewiththepersonwhodoest hehiri
ng
andconv i
ncehim/ herthatyouar ethebestcandi dat
e.Wri
ti
ngagoodl ett
erofappl i
cat
ionis,

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
ther
efor
e,oneofthemostimport
antlett
ersyouwi
lleverwr
ite.Useamodi f
iedblockf
ormi
f
handwri
ti
ngthel
ett
erandf
ullbl
ockorblockfor
mati
ftypi
ngorkeyboar
dingt
hel et
ter
.

 I
nt hefi
rstparagraph,saycl
earl
ywhichjoby ouareappl
yingforandhowyoufoundout
thatt
hej obwasav ai
labl
e.I
fyouareincludi
ngar esume,sayso.Menti
onnameoft he
post,
sour ceofadvert
isement
,dayanddat eofadv
erti
sement.

 Inthesecondpar agr
aph,t
ell
thereaderaboutspecif
icskill
sandwor kexperi
encet hat
rel
atedirectl
ytotheposi
ti
onthecompanyi str
yingt
of i
ll
.Mentionyourpersonal
quali
ti
eswhi chmakey ousui
tabl
ef orthejoborcour
se.Youmi ghtment i
ont hatyouare
aself-
starterwhoworkswellasateam memberort haty ouhavesuccessdeal i
ngwi t
h
thepubli
c.Focusont heski
ll
sandabi l
iti
esyoucanof f
erthecompany .Neversayy ou
wantthej obbecauseyouneedthemoney .Theemployerwantssomeonewhowi llgi
ve
somethingi mpor
tanttohi
sbusiness,notsomeonewhoj ustt
akesacheque.

 I nthet hirdandl astpar agr aph, statet hepur poseofy ourlet t

erandaskf orani nter
view.
Besur et ot hankt her eaderf orlookingaty ourletterandr esume.Somet imes,ar esume
may notbe necessar y .I nt his case,ment i
on y oureducat ion,wor k experi
ence,
school /
communi t
yi nv olvementappr opr i
at etot hej obandt henamesoft woort hree
references.Donotgoi nt ogr eatdetai lint hel ett
er.Al i
st,orbr i
efpar agraph,outli
ning
yourbackgr oundi ssuf ficient .Remember ,endt heletterbyaski ngf orani nterv
iewatt he
empl oy er '
sconv enienceandbesur et opr ov i
deat elephonenumberwher ey oucanbe
reached.
Thesampl elet terofappl icat i
onont henextpager eads,DearSi rorMadame,youshoul duse
thisonl yasal astr esort.Fi ndoutt henameandt i
tl
eoft her ecipi
ent,ev enifitmeansal ong
distancecal l.Woul dy ouhi resomeonewhodi dn’thav etheener gyori niti
ati
vet of i
ndoutwho
woul dr eadhi s/ herl et
terofappl icat i
on?
Usef ulLanguage:
 Openi ngRemar ks:
-Iam wr iti
ngt oappl yfort hepost /job/ posit
ionof /whi chIsawadv ert
isedin..
.
-Iam wr iti
ngwi thr egardt oy ouradv ert
isement ..
.
Iam wr i
t i
ngi nr esponset oy ouradv erti
sement .
..
 Ref erencet oexper ience:
-Fort hel ast/pasty earIhav ebeenwor kingas. ..since/ f
or
-Ihav ehadexper ienceof ...
-Twoy ear sagoIwasempl oyedas. ..
-Iwor kedas. .
.bef ore...
-Iam hol dingamast ersdegr eeandt woy ear sexper iencei nthef i
eldwhi chbestsui tal
l
theessent i
alsoft hepostandmakesmeanappr opriatecandi dateforthepost .
 Cl osingRemar ks:
-Iwoul dappr eciatear epl yaty ourear li
estconv enience. .
.
-Pleasecont actmer egar dinganyquer iesyoumayhav e..
.
-Iencl osemyCVandIwoul dbegl adt oattendani ntervi
ewatanyt imeconv enientt oyou..
.
-Ifyouwi shmet oat t
endani nter view, Iam av ai l
able
-Itisrequest edt oconsi dermyappl icati
onandr ecommendmef orintervi
ew….

Sampl
eLet
terofAppl
icat
ion:
45LawsonSt reet
Sai
ntJohn,NBE2K5E5
Or
gani
zeda
Sepn
tdCo
embmp
er2o
,s
1e9db
99yRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Box314
TheSaintJohnCr i
er
1512KingBlvd.
LETTERTOTHEEDI
TOR
Alettertot heeditorist hetypeofl etterthatiswr itt
entotheeditorofanewspapert o
expressone’ sopinionsorv iewaboutani ssue,orev ent,etcanddrawpeopl e’
sat t
enti
ont othe
subjectmat terthrought hear ti
clesoft hatnewspaper .Al ett
er-
to-
the-
edi
torusuallyexpresses
anopi nionaboutacur renti ssue,anewsev ent,somet hingy oureadint henewspaperor
magazi ne,orheardont her adioort elevi
sion.Of t
en,itisintendedtoinfl
uencet heopini
onsof
ther eaders,li
steners,orv i
ewer s.Somet i
mes,such al etterisameansofsi mplysay ing
somet hingyoufeel needst obesai d.Itmayal sobei ntendedt ochangethepolicyoftheradioor
tel
evisionstati
on,ort hemagazi neornewspapercompany .

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Let t
ers –t o-t he-edi torar e
Vil
lageABC, real
lyap e r
sua si
vee xpos i
torye ssa y
Post&Tehsi lABC, w r
itt
eni nal et
terf or
ma t. Bec aus e
Distri
ctABC. youar et ryi
ngt ochangeat ti
tudes,
thi
ski ndofl etterr equiresal otof
th thought, pl anning, and i n some
25 August2014
cases r esearch t of ind conv incing
TheEdi tor
, facts.St artwi th a st atementt hat
DailyDawn, tel
lsw h at issuet h eletterisa b out,
Peshawar . foll
ow ed by a cle ars tat
e me nto f
youropi nion.Thenpr ovideanumber
Respect edEdit
or, of body par agr aphs t hat gi v e
background informat i
on and
I
ti st o draw t he attention of t ned conv
he concer i
ncingsuppor tsfory ouropi nion.
depar t
mentt oaseriousi ssue,themisuseofsocial End t
h e letterw i
th a summa ry ,a
medi a,thr
oughthearti
clesofy ournewspaper. hopet hatsomet hingcanbedone, or
asuggest i
onf orchange.
Inrecenter ai thasbeenobser vedthatoury outhi s
usi
ngsoci almedi af ori
llmeansandpur poseswhi ch Thispar t
icularki ndofl et t
er
notonl ywast et heirtime butalso give bir
tht o needst o bep lanne d c aref
ull
ya nd
cert
ainsoci alpr oblems,li
ke;vulgari
ty,kidnapping, writ
tencorrectl
y.I twi llber eadby
fl
ir
t,cheating, andmanymor esocialprobl
ems, hundreds, if no t tho usands, of
people who wi l
lf or m an opi nion
Thereforet heconcer ned departmentisr equested about you and ma y judge your
thr
ought hechannelofy ournewspapert ogi vethe opini
onsa ccordi
n gly. Anys t
ati
s ti
cs
i
ssuekeenat tenti
onandbr ngaboutsomecheck orquot
i esyouusemustbeaccur ate,
andbal ancet ocont rolt
heissue.Iwil
lbet hankfulfor andy oumu stgivec redi
t for t
h em.
youconsi derat i
onandcooper ati
on. Alt
hough lett
erst ot heedi tort ake
ti
me and har d wor k,i fy ou hav e
Your’ssincer ely, somethingimportantt osay ,t
heyar e
worthwhil
e because t heygi vey ou
RashidKhan the opportuni
tyt o i nfluence t he
att
it
udes and opi nions ofa l arge
Rashidkhan segmentofy ourcommuni t
y

Readthesampl elett
ert ot
he
edit
or.Onceagain,insteadofDear
SirorMadam,youshoul dfindthe
edit
or’
sname.Itisusual lyl
istedon
the newspaper’
s masthead4,
somewhere nearthe f rontoft he
paper.

LETTERSOFCOMPLAI
NT
Oneoft
hemostusef
ulki
ndsofbusi
nessl
ett
ersi
sthel
ett
erofcompl
aint
.Thebest

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
compl ai
ntlett
ersdonotsoundcompl aini
ngorangr y.Eventhoughy oumaybeupsetand
frust
ratedbytheti
mey oudecideyouneedt owrit
ealetter,
abuseandinsult
swill
cer
tai
nlymean
thatyourproblem wi
llgotothebottom ofthepil
eandmayev enbeignoredalt
oget
her.Agood
compl ai
ntlet
terstat
esyourproblem calmlyandifpossibl
esuggestsar easonwhyitisi
nthe
company ’sbesti
nter
esttodealposi
tiv
elywithyoursi
tuati
on.

Yourlett
ershoul d befir
m and wel lthoughtout .I
nadditi
on,itshoul
d contai
nallthe
i
nformati
onneededt osuppor
ty ourcaseeffect
ivel
y.Youshouldassumethatthecompanywil
l
dotherightthing.Mostimportantl
y,youneedt ost at
eclear
lywhatyouexpecttobedonet o
remedythesituati
on.Al
thougheachl et
terwil
lvar
y ,
thefol
l
owingisagoodpattern.

 I
dent i
fythefaulti
tem,incl
udingmodelnumber ,partnames,dates,si
zes,
etc.Of
teniti
s
goodt oencloseaphot ocopyofthebil
l
.
 Explai
nl ogi
call
yandclearlywhattheproblem i
s.Donotexpressanopi ni
onaboutwhy
theproblem occurred,
ifyouhavenowayofknowi ng.
 Stat
especi f
icall
ywhaty ouexpecttobedonet ocor r
ectt
hepr obl
em toyoursat
isf
acti
on.
I
ncludecont actphonenumberanddeadl ines,i
fappropri
ate.
 Usesof tandstronglanguage,noabusivelanguageisused.

 Fir
stparagraph:fir
stpar
agraphstat
esthecomplaintort
heissue/
probl
em.You
havetoment ionti
me,dat
e,locat
ion,
nameofpr oduct,
nameofpersonondut yand
thefaul
t,allt
herel
evanti
nformati
onaboutei
therthefaul
typr
oductorserv
iceofan
organi
zation.

 SecondParagr
aph:secondparagr
aphstat
eswhatact
iony
ouwantt
obet
akenby
thecompanytoresol
vetheprobl
em ori
ssue.

 Thi rdPar agraph:l

astpar agrapht hankst her eaderf ortimeandconsi derati
on.You
shoul dal soincl
udey ourcont actinformat ionsot hatt heycancont acty ouforfur
ther
detail etc.keepacopyoft helet t
erforf uturejusti
ficationaswel l.
 Usefullanguagef orLet t
ersofCompl ai
nt
Openi
ngRemar ks:
 -Iam wr itingtocompl ainabout /r
egar ding/onaccountof/ ont hesubjectof...
 -Iam wr itingtodrawy ourattentiont o..
.
 -Iam wr itingtoexpressmyst rongdi ssatisfactionwith...
 -Iam afr aidtosayIhav enumber sofcompl aintsabout .
..
 -Iam sor ryt osaythatIwasv erydisappoi ntedwi th.
..
 -IfeelImustpr otest/
compl ainabout ...
 Thef i
rstpr oblem was...Anotherpr oblem was. ..Themostv i
sibleproblem...

Cl
osi
ngRemar
ks:
 Iwouldli
ketoheary ourexplanationfortheabovepr obl
ems.
..
 Iam notsati
sfi
edwi t
h...
 Ihope/assumey ouwillr
eplace...
 Itr
ustthesit
uati
onwi ll
impr ove..
.
 Ihopethemat t
erwillberesolved...
 Ihopewecansor tt
hismat teroutami cably
 IhopethatIwil
lnotbef orcedt otakefurtheract
ion
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  Il
ookf
orwar
dtohear
ingy
ourear
lyr
epl
y

Sampl
eLet
terofCompl
aint
:

23Riversi
deDr i
ve
Fai
rmontHot spri
ngs,
NBE3B1Y9
January4,1999

TheDirect
or
DawlanceCompany
Guj
ranwala.

Respect
edDi
rect
or,

Irecent
lyboughtandpai
dforaColdpoi
ntr
efri
gerat
orfrom your
1999Spr i
ngandSummerCat al
ogue.Theitem numberis209
453223RB,andi ti
sshownonpage273.Itwasshi ppedfrom
Reginaanddeli
ver
edtomeonSeptember13,1999.

Twot hi
ngsneedat tenti
on.Fir
st ,thebott
om gl assshelfwas
crackedwhent herefriger
atorar
r i
ved.Thedeli
verydri
verassur
ed
met hatsomeonef rom yourst orewouldcallwi t
hinaweekt o
arrangeforar eplacement .Sofar,Ihavenotheardf r
om anyone.
Second,t hereissomepr obl
em wi ththedefrostsystem.Every
ti
me,t her ef
ri
geratordef r
ostsit
sel f
,apuddleofwat erfor
mson
thef l
oorinf r
ontofi t.Thisisbot hanuisanceandadangeras
someonemaysl i
pandf al
l.

Ihaveshoppedsuccessful
lyatyourstoreforovert
enyears,and
Iam sur ethatyouwi l
lbeasconcer nedasIam aboutt hese
problems.Pleasecontactmedur i
ngt hedayat667- 0099t o
arrangeat i
mewhenaser vi
cemancanf ixthedefrostsyst
em
andr epl
acethedamagedshelf.
Thankyouf oryourhel
pinstr
aight
eningoutthi
smat t
er.

Fai
thf
ull
yyour
’s,

Rashi
dkhan

Rashi
dkhan

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Howt ousePunct uati
onMar ksinaLetter
:
Punctuationmar ksreferstotheuseofpunctuati
onmar ks,suchasacomma,f ul
lst
op,
colon,etc.intheheadi ng,i
nsi
deaddress,sal
tat
ion,andcompl ementar
ycloseoflet
ter
.
therearet hr
eeway sofusi ngpunct
uati
onmar ksinal et
ter
.Allofthesethr
eetypesare
acceptable.

 OpenPunctuat
ion:i
nthistypeofpunct
uati
onnopunct
uat
ionmarksar
eusedi
nheading,
i
nsideaddr
ess,sal
utat
ion,
andcompl ement
arycl
oseofal
ett
er.Asampl
eisgi
venbel
ow.

 Mi
xedPunct
uat
ion:i
nthi
sty
peofuseofpunctuat
ion:
 AcommabyBr i
ti
shandaColonbyAmer i
canisusedaf
tersal
utat
ion.
 Acommai susedaftercompl
emetarycl
osed.
Thist
ypeiscommonthesedays.

Openpunct
uat
ionSampl
e Mi
xedPunct
uat
ionSampl
e

Vi
ll
ageABC Vi
ll
ageABC
Post&Tehsil
ABC Post&Tehsil
ABC
Detr
ictABC Detr
ictABC
Malakand Malakand

TheDi r
ector TheDi r
ector
I
BMSDepar t
ment I
BMSDepar t
ment
Agricul
tur
euniver
sit
y Agricul
tur
euniver
sit
y
Peshawar Peshawar
30thAugust2014 30thAugust2014

RespectedDirector RespectedDirector
,
-
--
--
---
--
--
---
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--
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---
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-- -
--
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-- -
--
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--
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--
-
--
--
---
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---
--
--
--
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--
--
--
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--
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--
--
--
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--
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-- -
--
--
---
--
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---
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
--
--
--
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--
-
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-- -
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
- -
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-

Your
’ssi
ncer
ely Your
’ssi
ncer
ely
,

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  ClosedPunctuati
on:itistheuseofpunct uat
ionmar ksthatiswasqui
tecommona
decadebef
ore.Inthi
sformat :
 Acommai susedaf tereachcomponentofheadingandi
nsi
deaddr
ess.
 Af ull
stopafterthelastcomponentofheadi
ngandinsi
deaddr
ess.
 Acomma/ colonaftersalut
ati
on.
 Acommaaf t
erthecompl emetar
yclose.
Asampleisgivenherethatobservestheformat.

Sampl
eofCl
osedPunct
uat
ion

Vi
ll
ageABC,
Post&Tehsil
ABC,
Detr
ictABC,
Malakand.

TheDi r
ector
,
I
BMSDepar t
ment,
Agricul
tur
euniver
sit
y,
Peshawar.
30thAugust2014

RespectedDirector
,
-
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
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--
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--
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--
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--
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--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
--
--
---
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
--
-

Your
’ssi
ncer
ely
,

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Compr
ehensi
onWr
it
ing:

Acompr ehensi
ontestisbasedonashor tpassageorar ti
cle.Astudentwhohas
to answerthe comprehension quest
ions has t o understand and grasp the
meaningoft hepassageorar ticl
e.Theunder standingpowerandl eveloft he
studenti
sev al
uat
edinacompr ehensiont est
.Hencei tisimpor t
antforstudents
toreadthecompr ehensi
oncar eful
lyfi
rstandt henonl yanswert hequest i
ons.
Thepassageorar t
icl
ehast obeunder stoodperfectl
ywel lbeforequesti
onsar e
answered.

•Instr
uctionsToBeReadWi t
hExt r
aCar e
Whi l
er eadi
ngi nstr
ucti
ons,alway stakeextr
acare.Atti
mes,thequestionsar e
tr
ickyleadingt hestudenttomi sunderst
andormi ssoutimpor
tantpoi
nts.Considerthe
contextoft heanswerf i
rst.Al
lquestionswhichyouknowshouldbeansweredfirst.You
caneliminat equest
ionsy ouarenottoosur eabout.

•CheckMar ksAll
ott
edToEachQuest i
on
Therei
snopoi nti
ndedicat
ingtoomuchtimeonaquest
iont
hati
swor t
hv er
y
few marks.Makesur ethatquest
ionswit
hmor emar
ksar
eansweredfi
rstandthen
qui
cklyfini
shofft
heoneswi t
hthel
eastmarks.

•All
ocateAppropr
iat
eTime
Youwi l
lhavetonotedowntheti
mer equi
redforanswer
ingever
yquest
ionand
accor
dingl
ysti
cktothatt
ime,sot
hatal
lthequest
ionscanbeatt
emptedinduet
ime.

Fi
rstReadt
hePassage:
Fi
rstreadthepassagequickl
ytogetageneral
ideaoft
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hepassage.
I
syoudon’thaveenoughtimethenskipt
hisphase.

•ReadTheQuestionsCar eful
ly
Makeitahabittogot hr
oughthequest
ionsf ir
st.Thi
swillhel
py outolookfor
rel
evantanswerswhi l
er eading t
hepassage.Pr ocessoff et
ching answerscanbe
hastenedbydoi
ngthis.Ifthepassageisreadf
irstandt hent
hequestions,t
hechances
oflosi
ngtimear
emor easy ouwil
lbereadi
ngeverythi
ngagain.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
•RereadthePassageCarefull
yandHi ghli
ghtKeywordsorRel evantpoint
s
Onceyouhavereadt hequest i
onsandhav estart
edr eadingthepassage,make
sureyouhighl
ightanyheadings,phrases,key
wordset cthatcanhel pinansweri
ngthe
questi
ons.Thi
smet hodwil
lhelpy ousav ealotofti
me,sear chi
ngt hr
oughthepassage
again.

•Av
oidCopyi
ngTextDir
ectl
y
Whi
l
ewr i
ti
ngdowntheanswer
syoushoul
dnotcopychunksoft
extdi
rect
ly.

•ReviewWhatYouHav eWr i
tt
en
Tocheckforavoidabl
emistakesy
oumustr eviewthepaperagai
natleasttwice
oncey ouaredonewi t
hanswer i
ngthequest
ions.Ifsent
enceshavetobereframedor
corr
ected,
thenthiscanbedone.Incaseofansweringmulti
plechoi
cequest
ions,andin
caseofdoubt,i
mpor t
ancetorevi
ewingmustbegiven.

•UseQuot ati
onMar ksWhereverNecessar
y
Quotati
on markswillhaveto be used i
fatallyou wi
l
lbe maki
ng use of
quotati
onsf r
om thepassage.Thi
salsocarri
esmarks,somakesur
eyoudon’
tforget
them quotati
onmarks.

•Av oidUsi ngAnyKnowl edgeFr om Out si

deThePassage
Make suret he compr ehension isr ead atleastt wice.Whi l
e answer i
ng the
quest i
ons,t heanswershav etobef rom whati sgi v
eni nt hepassagei tselfasout
outsideknowl edgeisnotent ert
ainedinacompr ehension.Avoidanyanswert hatisnot
suppor t
edbyr el
evantinformati
onf rom thepassageorar ti
cleort heywillber endered
asincor r
ect .
Ift
hesef ew importantpointsandt echniquesar ekeptinmi ndt heny ouwi llsurel
ybe
abl
et oat tempttheexami nati
onandcompr ehensi
onwel landinthepr ocessscor egood
mar ks.

Provi
dingaTi t
le
Sometimesy
ouar easkedtoreadthepassageandprov
ideasuitabl
eanswertoit
.
Atit
lemaybeawor dorashor tphr
asethatexpr
essesthemainthemeorsubjectoft
he
passage.Areaderwhenr eadstheti
tl
ecomest oknowaboutthesubjetcmatteroft
he
passage.Trytochoosey ourtit
lecar
eful
lybecauseithastocoverthemainmeaage
conveyedinthemessage.

FewExamplesar
egi
venbel
ow.
Passage1

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Mar
ti
nwasbor
nonJanuar
y15,1929.Hi
sfami
l
yli
vedont
heout
ski
rt
sofAt
lant
a.The
f
actt
hathecoul
dnotpl
aywi
thWhi
techi
l
dren,ort
hathehadt
oof
feraseati
nthebust
oa
Whi
te,
dist
urbedhi
m.Whenhewasei
ghty
ear
sol
d,hi
sfat
heraBapt
istpast
or,
tol
dthef
ami
l
ya
sadst
ory
:Bessi
eSmi
th,agr
eatsi
nger
,metwi
thanacci
dent
.Anambul
ancer
ushedhert
othe
near
esthospi
tal
,butshewasnotadmi
tt
edbecauseshewasaBl
ack.Theambul
ancet
ookher
f
rom onehospi
talt
oanot
her
,butshecoul
dnotf
indapl
acef
orher
sel
fbecauset
hesehospi
tal
s
wer
eonl
yfort
heWhi
tes.Shedi
edf
orwantofbl
ood.Fr
om t
hatday
,Mar
ti
nLut
herKi
ngdr
eamt
ofbecomi
ngal
i
ber
atoroft
heBl
acks.
 

Ki
ngcompl
etedhi
sst
udi
esatMor
eHouseCol
l
ege,
andt
henear
nedadoct
or'
sdegr
eei
n
t
heol
ogyatBost
onUni
ver
sit
y.I
n1955,Ki
ngmar
ri
edAl
abamaSopr
anoCor
ett
aScot
t.Thatv
ery
y
earhebecameapast
orandpr
eachedhi
sfi
rstser
moni
ntheBapt
istChur
chofAt
lant
a.Asa
y
oungman,hewasgr
eat
lyi
mpr
essedbyMahat
maGandhi
'
ssuccessi
nthepol
i
ticalf
iel
dand
t
hepowerofahi
msa.Ki
ngdeci
dedt
ofol
l
owt
hepat
hofnon-
viol
enceandgetmi
l
li
onsofBl
acks
t
hei
rdue.Hef
eltt
hatt
heBl
ackshadi
mmensel
ycont
ri
but
edt
owar
dst
hebui
l
dingofAmer
ica,
andt
her
ewasnor
easonwhyt
heyshoul
dnotbet
reat
edwi
thr
espect
.Ki
ngdr
ew nat
ional
at
tent
ioni
n1956.Si
ncet
heBl
ackswer
enotper
mit
tedt
osi
tint
hesamebusesast
heWhi
tes,
hel
edaboy
cot
tofpubl
i
cbusesi
nMont
gomer
y.Ay
earl
ater
,af
termanyar
rest
sandt
hreat
s,t
he
USSupr
emeCour
tgav
ear
uli
ngt
hatr
aci
alsegr
egat
ionofpubl
i
ctr
anspor
twasunl
awf
ul.Thi
s
v
ict
oryt
aughtt
heBl
ackst
hepowerofnon-
viol
ence.Af
ter1957,Ki
ngbeganv
isi
ti
ngv
ari
ous
pl
acest
odel
i
verl
ect
ures.Soonhebecameapower
fulor
ator
,dr
awi
ngt
heat
tent
ionofpeopl
e
t
hewor
ldov
er.
 
Ki
ngcont
inuedt
hef
ight
,apeacef
ulf
ight
,demandi
ngt
her
ight
soft
heBl
acks.I
n1964,
he
wasawar
dedt
heNobelPeacePr
ize.I
n1967,Ki
ngl
edmanypeacef
uldemonst
rat
ionsagai
nst
t
heVi
etnam Warandi
n1968hedecl
aredaPoorPeopl
esCampai
gnonApr
il4oft
hatv
eryy
ear
,
whi
l
epl
anni
ngademonst
rat
ionofst
ri
ki
ngsani
tat
ionwor
ker
s,hewasshotdeadbyanassassi
n.
(
421wor
ds)
 

a)Gi
vet
hemeani
ngof
: 
1.segr
egat
ion 
2.campai
gn 
b)Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngbr
ief
ly:
 
1.WhowasMar
ti
nLut
herKi
ng?
 
2.Whati
nspi
redKi
ngt
odr
eam ofbecomi
ngt
hel
i
ber
atorofAmer
icanBl
acks?
 
3.Whatt
aughtt
heBl
ackst
hepowerofnon-
viol
ence?
 
4.Howdi
dKi
ngdi
e? 
c)Gi
veasui
tabl
eti
tl
etot
hepassage.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Passage 2
Readt hefollowingpassageandanswert hequest iongi venatt heend:
Alifeofact i
onanddangermoder atesthedr eadofdeat h.Itnotonl ygi v
esus
fort
itudet obearpai n,butteachesusatev erystept hepr ecarioust enureonwhi chwe
holdourpr esentbei ng.Sedent ar
yandst udiousmenar et hemostappr ehensiveont hi
s
score.Dr .Johnsonwasani nstancei npoi nt.Af ew y ear sseemedt ohim soonov er,
compar edwi tht hosesweepi ngcont empl ationsont imeandi nfi
nit
ywi thwhi chhehad
beenusedt oposehi msel
f .Inthest illli
feofamanofl et
tersther ewasnoobv i
ous
reasonf orachange.Hemi ghtsitinanar m chairandpouroutcupsoft eat oalleter
nit
y
woul di thadbeenpossi bl
ef orhi mt odoso.Themostr ati
onalcur eafterallforthe
i
nor dinatefearofdeat histosetaj ustv al
ueonl i
fe.Ifwemer ewisht ocont i
nueont he
scenet oindul geourhead- stronghumourandt orment ingpassi ons,wehadbet terbe
goneatonce, ;andifweonl ycher i
shaf ondnessf orexistenceaccor dingt othegoodwe
desiref r
om it, t
hepangwef eelatpartingwhi chitwi l
lnotbev eryserv er.
Quest ions:
1. Suggestasuitablet i
tl
ef orthepassage.
2. Whatt
ypeofpeopl
ear
eaf
rai
dofdeat
handwhy
?
3. Howcanwegetr
idoft
hef
earofdeat
h?
4. Whati
deadoy
ouf
orm aboutDr
.Johnsonf
rom t
hispassage?
5. Expl
aint
hemeani
ngsoft
hewor
dswr
it
teni
nbol
dty
pes.
6. Makeapr
éci
soft
hepassage.
SOLUTI ON
i
)  SuitableTitl
e:Thef eari
fdeat h.
i
i)  
 Peopl ewhospendmucht i
mesi t
tingandst udy
ingarethemostaf rai
dofdeat h.
Becauset heyl
eadapeacef ull
if
eandwantnochange.
i
ii) Themostsensi blewayofget tingr i
dofthefearifdeathi
stov aluel
i
feproper
ly.We
shoul dknowt hatourholduponl if
ei sveryri
skyandthatwemaydi eanymoment .
i
v ) From thispassagewel earnt hatDr .Johnsonwasaf r
aidofdeath.Heledapeaceful
l
ifeandwant ednochange.Hewasf ondoftea.
v) Expl anati
onoft hemeani ngsofwor ds;
Pr ecar i
ousTenur e —Uncer tai
nper iod,lif
e
Inor dinatefear 
—Unr easonablef ear ,f
earofdeath.

PRECI
SWRI
TING:

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Thewor dpr éci
si sder
ivedfrom Fr enchthatmeanssummar yandpréciswr i
ti
ngmeans
theartofsummar i
zing.Préci
swr i
ti
ngi soneoft hemostusef ulskil
lsyoucanacqui r
ef oryour
workbot hasast udentandasapr ofessional.Préciswri
ti
nginvolvessummarizingadocument
toextractthemaxi mum amountofi nf
or mation,thenconvey
ingt hisinf
ormat
iont oar eaderin
minimum wor ds.
Defi
nition: 
Apr écisisacl ear,compactl ogicalsummar yofapassage.I tpreservesonlyt he
essentialorimportantideasoftheoriginal.

ACCORDINGTOOXFORDDI CTIONARY)
 
“I
tisashor
tver
sionofaspeechorapi
eceofwr
it
ingt
hatgi
vest
hemai
npoi
ntsofi
deas.
”

ACCORDI
NGTOCAMBRI
DGEDI
CTI
ONARY

 
“Pr
icesi
sashor
tfor
m oft
het
extwhi
chbr
ief
lygi
vesonl
ythei
mpor
tantpar
ts.
”

Apr eciseisl i
keami ni
aturepor traitofthepassage,i tretainst heabsol uteessentialpoints
accompani edwi tht hemoodandt oneoft heauthoroft hepassage.Theoneaspectonehast o
becar efulaboutist hatoneshoul dnotaddone’ ssubj ect
ivei nterpretati
onorcomment stot he
précisandshoul dt rytoret
aintheor iginalauthor’
sv oiceandopi nions.Asf arasthewr i
tingsty l
e
i
sconcer ned,onemustensur et hatonewr i
teclearandef f
ect ivesent ences( nor ambling)and
one’sdict i
onisf lawless.Ulti
mat ely,itthecoher enceoft hev iewst haty oupresentedi nt he
précisthatmat ter
, andthiscanbeachi evedbymaki ngsuret hatonei spr eciseandt othepoi nt
i
none’ sappr oach.Unnecessar i
lylongsent encesorr amblingt hought sar enotr equir
edi nprécis
writ
ing,andoneshoul dmakesur et hatonesi f
tsfrom onepoi ntt oanot heri nasmoot hmat t
er .
Attheendoft heday ,
thepréci
sshoul dmakesenseandbel ogi cal i
nitspr esentati
on.

 Thusapr
eci
sisnot
:
 si
mplyasummar yofapassage.
 si
mplyanabstractofapassage.
 
 anoutl
ineofapassage.
 amereselect
ionofaf ewimport
antsent
encesfr
om apassage.
 acol
lecti
onofdisconnect
edfact
sandstatement
s.

 I
mpor
tanceofPr
eci
sWr
it
ing:

 Itenhancesourcompr ehensionl
evel
,aswer eadthepassagecar eful
l
ywhenwewr i
te
i
t sprecis.
 Itimpr ov esourr
eadingski l
lsaswer eadthyepassager epeat
idlybeforewri
ti
ngits
precis.
 Itimprov esourwr
iti
ngskillsaswehavetowrit
ethepreci
sinourownwor ds.
 Italsohel psusi
nourev ery
dayli
fetopresentthi
ngs,descri
besi t
uati
on,andnarr
ate
aboutev entsi
napreci
seway .

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  I
tal
sopr
epar
esusi
ngi
veuspr
act
icef
orcompet
it
iveexams,
li
keCSS,
PMSet
c.

 Feat
ures/
Qual
it
iesofaGoodPr
eci
s:

 I
tismar
kedbycl
ari
ty,
brev
ityandpr
eci
si
on.
 
 I
tmustcov
eral
lthei
mpor
tantpoi
ntsoft
hepassage.
 I
tmustgi
veacompl
etepi
ctur
eoft
heor
igi
nal
passage.
 I
tmusthav
econt
inui
tyi
nit
sst
ruct
ure.
 I
tisnotj ustli
fti
ngoft hesentencesf rom t heorigi
nal
.Itshouldbewrit
teninthepr eci
s
wri
ter'
sownwor ds. 
 I
tisami niatur
ev ersionoft heori
ginalpassage
 I
tmusthav ealogical orderandbewel l-knitandwellconnected.
 I
tmusthav ecoher ence;mustusel i
nkingdev icessuchasso,t her
efore,and,because
f
urtheretc.andmustf ollowthe 
orderofi deasoft heori
ginal
.
 I
tmusthav eat i
tl
e.
 I
tiswr i
tt
eni nreportedspeech.  
 I
tmustnotcont ai
nanydet ail
snotf oundi ntheorigi
nal.
 

 Do'
sinapr
eci
s: 

 Startyourpr éci
sbyhi ghl i
ghti
ngt hemai nideaoft hepassageandy oushouldcreate
contextual envir
onmentwher eyoucanpl acethenecessar ypoints.Oncethemaini
deai s
establ
ishedi nthepréci s,youcanpr esentthemet hods,points,fact
setc.usedbyt he
authoroft hepassage.  
 Compr essandcl ari
fyal engthypassage,ar ti
cle,orbook,whi leretai
ningi
mportant
concept s,
keywor ds,andi mportant 
 data. 
 Remov ewhati ssuper f
luousandr etainthecor eessenceoft hewor k. 
 Alwaysr emembert hatment i
onsabouthi story/wr
iti
ngabouthi storyshouldbeadv
isably
doneint hepastt ense. 

 Don'
tsi
napr
éci
s:

 Donotexpr essy ourownopinion,wi

sh,remarkorcri
ti
cism.
 Donotinser tanyquest i
oninyourpréci
s.It
ssigni
fi
cance,i
fessent
ial
,maybeexpr
essed
byastatement .
 Donotuseabbr eviati
onsorcontr
acti
ons.
 Donotbej erky.Thissuggeststhatmostprobabl
y,youhavenotunder
stoodt
hesenseof
thepassagepr oper l
y.

 SomeTi
psandGui
ldl
inesf
orPr
eci
sWr
it
ing:

 Cl
osel
yreadt
hepassage,
andi
dent
if
ythecent
ral
ideaoft
hepassage.I
tisv
ital
to
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 i
dent i
fyt hegener al i
deaoft hepassageandi ncor por atei tinone’spréci s.
  
Look- outf ort het ot al numberofwor ds.I ft henumberi snotpr ovided, quicklycalculate
thenumberusi ng  appr oximat i
ons.  
 Inordert ounder standt hepassagecl ear l
y , makesur et haty oureadt hepassagecl osel
y,
andgi vei tacoupl eofr eads  bef orey oust artwr iti
ngt hepr écis.
 
 Highlightt hemosti mpor tantpoi ntsi nthepassage, andmakenot es.Leav eoutal lnon-
essent i
al inf ormat ionf rom t hepr écis. 
 Not emaki ngi sanessent ial t
askf orwr i
tingpr écis.Youshoul dtrytoar ranget hepoi nts
i
nmostl ogi cal or der ,and  ensur et heor deroft houghti st hesameast heor iginal
. 
 Thet hreegr ammat i
cal rulesy ouneedt of ollowwhi l
ewr i
tingapr écisar e:wr i
teitinthir
d
person, i
ndi rectf or m andappr opriatepastt ense.
 Wr i
tear oughdr af toft hehi ghlightedpoi nt s,ititexceedst hedesiredl engt hofy our
precis,del et ethel essi mppor tantpoi nts.
 Makesur ey our ev iewy ourr oughdr af t
,remov et hechi nksandensur et haty ouhav e
madenol anguager elateder rors. 
  
Bef orewr itingy ourpr éci s,makesur eyouhav eagl anceov ertheor i
ginal tomakesur e
youhav enotmi ssedany t
hing.  
 Nowwr i
teaf i
nal neatv ersionofy ourpr eci s.
 Finall
y ,
awi sepol icywoul dbeacountt hewor dsofy ourpr eci
sandputt hem downi na
bracketatt heend.
 Prov i
deanaptheadi ngt oy ourpr écis

Ther
eisanenemybeneat
hourf
eet-anenemymor
edeadl
yforhi
scompl
etei
mpar
ti
ali
ty.
Her
ecogni
zesno nat
ionalboundar
ies,no pol
i
ticalpar
ti
es.Ev
ery
onei
nthewor
ldi
s
t
hreat
enedbyhi
m.Theenemyi
stheear
thi
tsel
f.Whenanear
thquakest
ri
kes,t
hewor
ld
t
rembl
es.Thepowerofaquakei
sgr
eat
ert
hanany
thi
ngmanhi
msel
fcanpr
oduce.But
t
odaysci
ent
ist
sar
edi
rect
ing agr
eatdealoft
hei
ref
for
tint
ofi
ndi
ng somewayof
combat
ingear
thquakes,andi
tispossi
blet
hatatsomet
imei
nthenearf
utur
emanki
nd
wi
l
lhav
edi
scov
eredameansofpr
otect
ingi
tsel
ffr
om ear
thquakes.
Anear
thquakest
ri
kes
wi
thoutwar
ning.Wheni
tdoes,i
tspoweri
simmense.I
fitst
ri
kesamoder
nci
ty,t
he
damagei
tcausesi
sasgr
eatasi
fithasst
ruckapr
imi
ti
vev
il
lage.Gasmai
nsbur
st,
expl
osi
onsar
ecausedandf
ir
esar
est
art
ed.Under
groundr
ail
way
sar
ewr
ecked.Bui
l
dings
col
l
apse,br
idgesf
all
,damsbur
st,gapi
ngcr
evi
cesappeari
nbusyst
reet
s.I
fthequake
st
ri
kesatsea,
huget
idalwav
essweepi
nland.I
fitst
ri
kesi
nmount
ainr
egi
ons,
aval
anches
r
oardowni
ntot
hev
all
ey.Consi
dert
het
err
if
yingst
ati
sti
csf
rom t
hepast1755:Li
sbon,
capi
talofPor
tugal-t
heci
tydest
roy
edent
ir
elyand450ki
l
led.1970:Per
u:50,
000ki
l
led.
In
1968anear
thquakest
ruckAl
aska.Ast
hisi
sar
elat
ivel
yunpopul
atedpar
t,onl
yaf
ew
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 peopl
ewer
eki
l
led.Buti
tisl
i
kel
ythatt
hiswasoneoft
hemostpower
fulquakesev
ert
o
hav
ehi
tthewor
ld.Geol
ogi
stsest
imat
ethatdur
ingt
het
remor
s,t
hewhol
eoft
hest
ate
mov
edov
er80f
eetf
art
herwesti
ntot
hePaci
fi
cOcean.I
magi
net
hepowerofsomet
hing
t
hatcanmov
eanent
ir
esubcont
inent
!Thi
sist
hepr
obl
em t
hatt
hesci
ent
ist
sface.They
ar
edeal
i
ngwi
thf
orcessoi
mmenset
hatmancannothopet
oresi
stt
hem.Al
lthatcanbe
donei
stot
ryt
opi
npoi
ntj
ustwher
etheear
thquakewi
l
lst
ri
keandwor
kfr
om t
her
e.At
l
eastsomepr
ecaut
ionar
ymeasur
escant
henbet
akent
osav
eli
vesandsomeoft
he
pr
oper
ty.(
330Wor
ds)
'

Basedont heabov epar agr aph,we- arri

veatt hef oll
owi ngt hemesent encesf orthef our
paragr aphs: 
 
   
  
  
  
       Ear thquake-t hedeadl yenemyofmanki nd.
 
   
  
  
  
       Damagecausedbyanear t
hquakei ngener al.
 
   
  
  
  
       Damagecausedbyanear t
hquake-inpar ticul ar
,
 
   
  
  
  
       Whatcant hesci entistsdo?
 
   
  
  
  
    Theabov efourt hemesent encescanbedev elopedi ntothefoll
owingout l
ine: 
 
   
  
  
  
       Ear thquake-t hedeadl yenemyofmanki nd.  
Ear thquakest ri
kesal lwithoutadi sti
nctionofnat ional boundaryorpolit
icalaffil
iati
on.
Thepowerofaquakei sgr eat
ert hant hatofaman- madeweaponofdest ruction.
Scient ist
sar etryi
ngt ofindoutmeanst ocombatear thquakes;theywillfi
ndsomewayt o
protect 
 
  themsel v
esf rom ear thquakes.
 
   
  
  
  
       Damagecausedbyanear t
hquakei ngener al:
St r
ikeswi thoutwar ni ng.
Moder ncitywhenst ruckr educedt oapr imit
ivev i
llage.  
 
   
  
  
  
       Damagecausedbyanear t
hquakei npar ticul ar
. 
Quakest r
ikespl ains, seasandmount ainscausi ngal l rounddestructi
on.
In1755, Lisbondest r
oy ed, 450ki l
led. 
In1970, Per ust r
uck, 50, 000ki l
led.
 
   
  
  
  
       Whatcant hesci entistsdo?
In1968, Alaskahi t, subcont i
nentmov ed80f eetintot hePaci fi
cOcean.
Scient ist
scannotr esistt hepower fulearthquake.
Theycanpr edictthepl aceofor iginoft hequakesot hatprecautioncanbet akent osaveman
&pr oper ty.

 
   Basedont heabov eout
li
ne,wecanmaket
hef
oll
owi
ngr
oughdr
aft
: 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
Ear
thquake-TheGreatDest
roy
er

Ear
thquake i
sthe deadl
y enemy ofmanki
nd.Ear
thquake st
ri
kes al
lwi
thouta
di
sti
nct
ionofnat
ional
i
tyorpol
i
ticalaf
fi
li
ati
on.Thepowerofaquakei
sgr
eat
ert
han
t
hatofanymanmadeweaponofdest
ruct
ion.Anear
thquakest
ri
kesmanki
ndwi
thout
awar
ning.Amoder
nci
tywhenst
rucki
sreducedt
oar
ubbl
e.Aquakest
ri
kespl
ains,
seasandmount
ainscausi
ngal
lrounddest
ruct
ion.Thequakest
ruckLi
sboni
n1755
ki
l
li
ng450;
Per
uin1970ki
l
li
ng50,
000;
Alaskai
n1968mov
ingi
t80f
eeti
ntot
hePaci
fi
c

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Ocean.Sci
ent
ist
sar
etr
yingt
ofi
ndoutmeanst
ocombatear
thquakesandt
heyar
e
abl
etopr
edi
ctatl
eastwher
etheear
thquakewi
l
lhi
tsot
hatpr
ecaut
ioncanbet
akent
o
sav
emanandpr
oper
tyf
rom dest
ruct
ion.
 
Ast
henumberofwor
dsi
nther
oughdr
afti
smor
ethanr
equi
redweshal
lhav
eto
r
educei
tfur
therwi
thoutr
educi
ngt
hei
deas.Thef
inaldr
aftwoul
dlookasf
oll
ows:

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
    
Ear
thquake-TheGr
eatDest
roy
er

Ear
thquakei
sthemanki
nd'
sdeadl
yenemy
.Ear
thquakest
ri
kesal
lwi
thoutadi
sti
nct
ion
ofnat
ional
i
tyorpol
i
ticalaf
fi
li
ati
on.Thepowerofaquakei
sgr
eat
ert
hant
hatofany
manmadeweaponofdest
ruct
ion.Anear
thquakest
ri
kesmanki
ndwi
thoutawar
ning.
Amoder
nci
tywhenst
rucki
sreduced-
toani
bbl
e.Aquakest
ri
kespl
ains,seasand
mount
ainscausi
ngal
lrounddest
ruct
ion.Thequakest
ruckLi
sboni
n1755ki
l
li
ng450;
Per
uin1970ki
l
li
ng50,
000;Al
askai
n1968mov
ingi
t80f
eeti
ntot
hePaci
fi
cOcean.
Sci
ent
ist
sar
etr
yingt
ofi
ndoutmeanst
ocombatear
thquakes,t
opr
edi
ctt
heor
igi
nof
t
he quake so t
hatpr
ecaut
ion can be t
aken t
o sav
e man and pr
oper
tyf
rom
dest
ruct
ion.
(115wor
ds)

ESSAYWRI
TING
I
NTRODUCTI
ON:

Thewordessaymeans“t
oattempt”
.Essayisanatt
emptt
ocomposet
her
elev
anti
deasi
na
cor
rect
,conci
se,
compr
ehensi
veandconcr
eteway.

I
tisal
i
ter
arycomposi
ti
onofanygi
vent
opi
c.

Ashor
tli
ter
arycomposi
ti
ondeal
i
ngwi
thasubj
ect
.

Ashor
tli
ter
arycomposi
ti
ononapar
ti
cul
art
hemeorsubj
ect
,usual
l
yinpr
oseandgener
all
y
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
anal
yti
c,specul
ati
ve,
ori
nter
pret
ati
ve.

PARTSOFESSAY:

Usual
l
yanessayi
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreepar
ts:

i
) I
ntr
oduct
ion

i
i) Body

i
ii
) Concl
usi
on

I
NTRODUCTION:thei
ntroduct
ionisoft
enthefir
stparagr
aph(usual
l
yapar agr
aph,
rarel
ytwoor
mor
e)thatgui
desthereadersint
oy ourpaperbygrabbi
ngtheirat
tent
ionandint
roduci
ngthe
t
opi
coftheessay
.

I
tpr
edi
ctswhatt
her
eader
sar
egoi
ngt
oreadi
nthebody
.

I
tint
roducest
hegener
alai
m oft
heessay
.

I
tisconci
seandbr
ief
.Itcanbeoneort
wopar
agr
aphs.

I
tshoul
dbest
ri
ki
ngt
ogr
abr
eader
s’at
tent
ion.

I
tshoul
dleady
ourr
eader
stot
hesubj
ectofessaywi
thoutanyunnecessar
ydel
ay.

HOW TOOPEN/
STARTANESSAY:

I
) Youcangi
vesomebackgr
oundi
nfor
mat
ionandt
henmov
edi
rect
lyt
oyourt
hesi
s.

I
I) Youcani nt
roduceanessaywit
hadefini
ti
onofarel
evantt
erm orconcept
.Don’
tsay
“accor
dingto……..”i
tisanov
erusedt
echnique.

I
II
) Youcanbegi
nyouressaywi
thast
oryt
hatl
eadst
oyourt
hesi
s.

I
V) Youcanbegi
nwi
thaquest
ion.

V) Youcanal
sobegi
nwi
thaquot
ati
on,
ver
se,
orwi
sesay
ing.

BODYOFESSAY
Body:bodyofessayist hemiddl
esectionandacombi
nat
ionofpar
agr
aphst
hatsuppor
ts,
expandsandgi
vesfur
therexpl
anat
ionanddet
ail
oft
hemai
nsubject
.

 Itgiv
esfact
s,descr
ipt
ion,i
l
lust
rat
ionandr
efl
ect
ionaboutt
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
he
essay.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  I
telaborat
esthetopi
cbygi
vi
ngf
act
s,opi
nions,ar
gument
s,exampl
es,nar
rat
ions,and
r
elevanti
nfor
mati
on.

QUALI
TIESOFBODYPARAGRAPHS:

 Di
vi
dey
ouri
deasi
ntopar
agr
aphs.Eachpar
agr
aphshoul
dexpr
esssi
ngl
eidea.

 Pl
acet
hest
rongesti
deai
nthef
ir
stbodypar
agr
aph.

 Don’
tuseheadi
ngsi
nyouressay
.

 Don’
tusepr
onounsl
i
ke,
I,we,
you,
they
.

 Giveasinglepointineachpar
agraphandt henprovei
tbygivi
ngexampl
es,comment
s,
ref
erences,
narrati
ons,ar
guments,
il
lust
rat
ion,anal
ogi
es,et
c.

ALLTHEPARAGRAPHSSHOULDBEUNI
FIED,
COHERENTANDWELLDEVELOPED:

Unity:ever
ysent
enceshoul
dleadtot hemaini
deaoftheparagr
aph.Itmeanst hatal
lthe
sentencesofapar agr
aphshoul
d suppor
tthemainpointt
hatisbeing di
scussed i
nthat
paragraph.
.

Coherence:aparagr
aphiscoher
enti
fiti
scomposedofsent
enceswhi
char
esmoot
hlyand
l
ogical
lyconnect
edtooneanot
her
.

Coher
encecanbeachi
evedbyusi
ngt
hreedev
ices:

i
) Byr
epeat
ingkeywor
dst
ocar
ryconcept
sfr
om onesent
encei
ntoanot
her
.

i
i
) Byusi
ngpr
onounst
oref
erbackt
opr
evi
ousl
yment
ionedkeypr
onouns.

i
i
i) Byusingt ransit
ionalwordsandexpressionstoshow chronol
ogicalsequence,l
ike:
then,next,afterthat,asar esul
tof,theref
ore,f
ir
st,second,furt
her,fur
thermore,
simil
arl
y,howev er,but
,st
il
l,
nevert
hel
ess,etc.

BodyparagraphsshouldbeWelldeveloped:aparagr
aphiswelldev
elopedi
fitcontainsthe
exampl
es,facts,
argument
s,anddi
scussionwhi
chreadersneedt
ounderst
andt
hemai nidea.

I
ncl
usi
onofi
nfor
mat
ionanddet
ail
dependony
ourpur
poseofwr
it
ing,
audi
ence,
andy
ourt
hesi
s.

NOTE:NEVERUSEHEADI
NGSINYOURESSAYRATHERDI
VIDEI
TINTOPARAGRAPHS;
EACHPARAGRAPHDISCUSSESONESI
NGLEPOI
NTORIDEA.

CONCLUSI
ON
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
CONCLUSION:concl
usi
onisoft
ent
hel
astpar
agr
apht
hatbr
ingst
oget
heral
lthemai
npoi
ntsof
anessaydi
scussedi
nthebody
.

I
tref
ersbackandr
est
atet
hemai
ntopi
c.

Readersrememberbestwhatt
heyreadlast
,soyourconcl
usi
onisi mpor
tant
.Yourconcl
usion
shouldleav
ethereader
swithafi
nalthoughtandsenseofsati
sfacti
onbyresol
vi
nganyi dea
broughtupint
heessay.

 Al
way
sendy
ouressayi
nawayt
hatr
einf
orcesy
ourt
hesi
sandy
ourpur
pose.

 Li
key
ouri
ntr
oduct
iony
ourconcl
usi
onshoul
dbebr
ief
.

 I
nshor
tessayi
tcanbeasbr
iefasonesent
ence.

 I
tcanbenol
ongert
hanonepar
agr
aphi
nal
ongessay
.

 Itshouldnoti
ntr
oduceanynew i
dea,poi
nt,ormat
eri
alt
haty
ouhav
enotdi
scussed
earl
ier
.

 Aconcl
usi
onwi
l
lendanessaybyr
est
ati
ngt
het
hesi
s.

 Don’
tsay“
inconcl
usi
on”

SOMEWAYSOFCONCLUDI
NGANESSAY:

i
) Bysi
mpl
yrev
iewi
ngy
ourmai
npoi
ntsandr
est
ati
ngy
ourt
hesi
s.

i
i) Byr
ecommendi
ngacauseofact
ion.

i
ii
) You can concludey
ouressaywit
h a pr
edict
ion,butyourpr
edi
cti
on shoul
d be
support
edbyt hemat
eri
alpr
ovi
dedi
nthebodyparagr
aphs.

i
v) Youcanal
soendsy
ouressaywi
thaquot
ati
on,
ver
se,
orsay
ing.

STAGESOFWRI
TINGESSAY
STAGES OFWRI TING ESSAY:therear
ecertai
nst agesofwr i
ti
nganessay .Theymaybe
fol
lowedift
hewr i
terhasenought i
me,buteveni fastudentissit
ti
nginexami nat
ionhal
l
att
empti
ngthepapereventhenhe/
shecanf
oll
owt hesest
agestowrit
eaproperessay.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 St
age#1:I
nvent
ion/
pre-
wri
ti
ng
St
ageonei scall
edi nv
entionorpr ewri
ti
ngstage.Pre-meansbefore:t
heref
orepre-wr
it
ing
meansbeforeonestart
swr it
inganessay .Thi
sistheini
ti
albutanimport
antstageinessay
wri
ti
ng.I
tisanumbrel
lastaget hati
ncl
udesthefol
l
owingheadi
ngs:

 Under
standi
ngt
heassi
gnment
/topi
c

 Set
ti
ngLi
mit
s

Lengt
h

Pur
pose

Audi
ence

Occasi
on

YourownKnowl
edge

 Under st
andi
ngt heassignment /t
opic:t
hev er
yfi
rststepoffi
rstst
agepr e-wr
iti
ngwhere
awr i
terhast ounderstandwhati sbeingaskedordemandedi nt hetopic.Mostofthe
ti
messt udentsfai
ltounder st
andt hetopi
candt heywrit
eir
rel
evantl
y.Therefor
e,bef
ore
start
ingwrit
ingonat opicthewr i
termustfull
yunderst
andthemaint opi
corassignment
thatwhatisbeingaskedi nthetopic.

 Set
ti
ngLi mit
s:sett
ingli
mi t
sisthesecondstepoffi
rststagethati
sadiver
seone.Thi
s
st
epincludescert
ainsub-
headings.Let
’shav
eabr i
eflookofthem.Set
ti
nglimi
tsmeans
di
ff
erentli
mitsrel
atedtothetopi
c.

 Length:thefi
rstt
hingwehav
et odoist
osetthelengthofouressaybecausethe
onthebasi soflengthwewilli
ncl
udemater
ial
.Whent helengt
hisdetermined
then wewoul d beableto sel
ectthemostr elev
antmat eri
aland skipless
i
mpor tantones.

 Purpose:nextstepi
nset
tinglimit
sistoknowt hepurpose.Wi
thoutknowingthe
purposeonemaygoast r
ay .Iti
sani mport
antstepindetermi
ningwhattowr i
te
about.I
fawr it
erknowsthepur poseofwrit
ingeventhenhe/shewillbeableto
wri
teincl
udethemostrel
ev antmateri
ali
ntheessay.

 Audience:determini
ngtheaudi
encemeanst oknow whoi sgoingt
or eadyour
essay.Whetheryouar ewr
iti
ngi
nexaminat
ion,youar
ewrit
ingforanewspaperor
someoneel se,eventhenyouwil
lbeablet
oi ncl
udedat
aaccordingtot
heirl
evel

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 ofment al
i
ty.Forexampleifonei
swr it
inganessayforat enthclassstudent
he/shewil
lhavetoincl
udedat
aaccor
dingtothel
evelandinterestofthatl
evelof
student
.Soknowingtheaudi
encei
salsoanimpor
tantstepinwr it
ingessay.

 Occasion:Knowingt heoccasionofwr it
inganessayi sofgr eati
mportanceas
well
.li
ke,veryoft
eny ouwouldhav eheardfrom aMol vi
that,
“moqekemunasi bat
semey eHadith/Aay
atzikarkartahn”itmeanst hataccordi
ngtotheoccasionin
whichonei swrit
ingonehastoi ncl
udemat eri
ali
nt heessay.

 Yourownknowl edge:thel astbutnott heleastst

epistodeterminey ourown
knowledgeaboutt hetopic.Measurey ouownknowl edgebeforewrit
ingabouta
topi
c.Howmuchdoy ouknowandwhatar eascany oucoveraboutat opi
c.So
yourcompetence/knowledgeal sodetermineyouli
mitofessay;
ifknowmor eyou
writ
emor ei
fyouknowl esseryouwr i
telesser.

 Narrowingthet
opic:narr
owi ngthet
opicmeanst odeli
mitav asttopici ntoa
manageableandli
mitedtopic.I
fthet
opicistoogeneralitwouldbediff i
cultfor
thewr i
tert
omanagei tandi ncl
udeallt
her equi
redinformati
on.Forexampl e,
Terror
ism i
sat opi
c,butiti stoogeneraltobemanagedbecauset err
orism
i
ncludesmanypoint
s,ther
eforeyoumaynarrowiti
nto“terr
ori
sm inPakistan”etc.

STAGE#2:COLLECTI
NGI
NFORMATI
ON.
Inthi
sstagethewr i
tethinks,searchandcollectr
elevantinf
ormati
onaboutt
het
opi
c.The
f
oll
owingaredi
ff
erenttechniquesusedtocol
lectmoreinformati
on:

 Freewri
ting:fr
eewr i
ti
ngisthestagethatletyouwr i
tewhatcomestoyourmindrel
at ed
tothetopic.Freewrit
ingletyouwr i
tewhat soevercomestoy ourmi
ndirr
espect
iveof
spell
i
ng,grammarorpunct uat
ion.Thewriterfeel
sf r
eetowri
tewhatcomestohismi nd.
Wheny oust artwri
ti
ngideaswi l
lemergeaut omati
cal
lyi
ntoy ourmi
ndandwheny ou
stopwri
ti
ngl ookfori
deaswhichy oucanincludeinyouessay.

 Quest
ionsforpr
obing:questi
onsforprobi
ngmeansaski ngquest ionfr
om yourownself
.
Thewrit
easkhimselfcertai
nquestionrel
atedtot hetopic,l
ikefornarrat
iveessayone
mayask:whathappened?How di dithappen?Who wasi nvolv
ed?Whatwer ethe
damages?Howcani tberesolv
ed?Fordescript
iveessay:Howdoessomet hingl
ookli
ke?
Whatisit
?Whereisit?Whatistheshape?Whati sthecolour?Etc.

 Br
ainst
ormi
ng:br
ainst
orm meanst
othi
nk.I
tist
het
echni
queswhent
hewr
it
erst
art

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 thi
nkingaboutthetopicandcollectinfor
mation.Ideaswoul
dcomet oyourmindi
nspi
red
byclassnotes,di
scussionswithf r
iends,books,newspaper
s,et
c.jott
hem downinwhat
ordertheycomet oy ourmindallowingyourmi ndtowanderfr
eely
.Yourli
stmayincl
ude
words,phrases,
statements,questi
onset c.

STAGE#3
MAKI
NGANI
NFORMALOUTLI
NE
Thenextstepinwrit
inganessayi stoorgani
zetheroughdatacoll
ectedi
ntheprevi
ous
stage.Int
hisstagetheideas,col
lect
edf r
om br
ainstor
ming,probi
ngquesti
ons,orf
ree
writ
ing,ar
egroupedintodiff
erentsecti
onsunderfew broaderheadi
ngs.I
tbecomesa
l
istofyourmajorpoi
ntsorideas.

STAGE#4ARRANGI
NGYOURI
DEAS
Thisisthemosti mpor t
antst ageinessaywr i
ti
ngbecauseher ecomest hequali
tyof
coherencethatmeanst oputy ouri
deasintoalogi
calor der
.Itisv eryimport
anttoput
theideasinsuchanor derthatbestsuityourmaintopi
c.Her ey ouhav etodecidewhat
toputi nintroduct
ion,bodypar agr
aphsandi nconclusion.Yougot hroughthedata
coll
ectedinst age#2andpl aceeachpoi ntori
deaint hesuitablepar tofyouressay
.
Usuall
y,int hisstagewemakeal istofmai nheadings,sub- headingsandputt he
rel
evantideasundereachi nar oughform.

Forexampl
e:

(
UNEMPLOYMENTI
NPAKI
STAN)
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Whati
sunempl
oyment
?

Whati
sther
ateofunempl
oymenti
nPaki
stan

 CAUSES:
Lackofeducati
on
Lackoftechni
caleducat
ion
Lackofindust
ri
es
Populati
on
Terr
orism
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  EFFECTS:
Soci
alinst
abi
li
ty
Cri
mes
I
ll
ici
tacti
vi
ti
es
 RECOMMENDATI
ON&CONCLUSI
ON
Toi
ncr
easel
i
ter
acyr
ate

I
nst
all
indust
ri
es

Rest
orepeace

 CONCLUSI
ON

STAGE#5MAKI
NGFORMALOUTLI
NE
I
tist
hestagewherey
oucomet
oaf
ormal
draf
t.Thi
sst
agei
ncl
udescer
tai
nst
epswhi
ch
ar
ethef
ollowi
ng:

NG:
DRAFTI af
tery
ouunder
stoodt
het
hesi
sinst
age#1,col
l
ect
eddat
ainst
age#2,
organizedthem i
nar oughorinf
ormalforminst
age#3&4anddecidedonapr
oper
arrangementforyourideas,y
ournextstepi
stofor
mal
l
ydr
aftt
hem andmakeafinal
composi t
ion.

REVI
SINGYOURESSAY:r
e-exami
ningandr
e-t
hinki
ng:i
tmeanst
ore-
exami
ney
our
essayf orl
ogicorder,cl
ari
tyofideas,t heiref
fectandexpression.I
tincludesaddi
ti
on,
delet
ion,substi
tut
ionandr eorderi
ngofsent encesandpar agr
aphs.Eitheryoudelete
l
essimpor t
antorirrel
evanti
deas,ory ouaddmor ei
mportantinf
ormationtoaparagr
aph,
youmaybr i
ngasent enceorpar agraphi ntoamor esuit
ablepositi
onandsoon.Thi s
wayy ouressaybecomesmor eaccur ate,logi
cal,
rel
evantandeffecti
ve.

I
nrevisi
onofy ouessayonemayalsocheckt
het
hesi
swhet
heri
tisaccur
ate,speci
fi
c
andconsist
entwit
hthebodyornot
.

Bodyparagr
aphs are checked whethertheyneed st
rengt
heni
ng,ar
etheyuni
fi
ed,
coher
ent
,welldev
eloped?Dot heysuppor
tyourmai
ntopi
cornot.

Youalsorev
isey ourconclusion.Whetheritisappr
opriateforthemat
erialy
ouincl
uded,
fortheaudience,doesi tf ulfi
l
lyourpur pose?Doesi treinfor
ceyourthesi
s?Your
concl
usionmustagr eewi t
hy oumat eri
al,audi
ence,purposeandoccasionother
wiseit
wil
lhavenoeffectony ourreader.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
TYPESOFESSAY:

Essaymaybedi v
idedint
odif
fer
entt
ypesonthebasesofthei
rfunct
ion.Ther
ear
e
cer
tai
nty
pesofessaybutt
hecommononesar
ethef
oll
owing:

 Nar
rat
iveEssay

 Descr
ipt
iveEssay

 Ar
gument
ati
veEssay

 Def
ini
ti
onEssay

 CauseandEf
fectessay

 Pr
ocessEssay

NarrativeEssay :A narrat
iveessayt el
l
sast orybypr esenti
ngev ent
si nanor derl
y,
l
ogical sequence.Nar rat
ivecanbet hedomi nantpatterninmanyt ypesofwr i
ti
ngformal,
suchashi story,bi
ography,autobi
ographyandj ournal
ism, aswellasi nlessformal
,such
asper sonall et
tersandentriesindiari
esandj ournal
s.Nar rat
ionisalsoanessent i
alpart
ofcasual conv ersat
ionandi tunderl
iestall
tales,
speechesandnewsandf eatur
estori
es
presentedont elevi
sionorr adio.Anar rat
ivealwayspr esentsev entsintime,insome
sortofchr onologi
calorder.Inshor t
,anyt i
mey ou“ tel
lwhathappened, ”youareusing
narrat
ion.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Descriptive Essay :Descr i
pti
on t el
ls whatsomet hing orsomeone l ooks l ike.We
describewhatweobser ve.Anar rati
veessaypr esentsaser iesofev ents:i
tt ell
sast ory.
A descr ipti
ve essayon t he otherhand,t ells whatsomet hi
ng looks l i
ke orwhat
somet hingf eel
slike,smellsli
ke,tasteslike,etc.adescr i
ptionpresent sthingsi nspat i
al
ratherthant emporalorder.Ther earet wobasi cappr oachest odescr ipti
on:obj ective
andsubj ective.Inanobject i
vedescr i
ption,youf ocusont heobjectr atherthanony our
personalr eactiontoit.I
nt hiscasey ourpur posei stoconv eyal i
teralpictureofy our
subject.Yourgoali stoconst ructasaccur atepi ct
ureaspossi blef oryouraudi ence.
Whi l
ei n cont r
astt o objecti
ve descr i
ption in subjecti
ve description discloses y our
personalv i
sionory ouremot i
onalr esponset owhaty ouseeandt ri
est ogety our
readerst osharet hem.

Descri
pti
veessaymaydescri
beaper
son,anobj
ect
,anev
ent
/i
dea,orpl
ace.Eachmay
i
ncludethef
oll
owingheadi
ngs:

Descri
pti
onofObj
ect
s Descript
ionofPlace
Defi
nit
ion whereabout
Ki
nds l
itt
lehist
ory
Goodpoints products
Badpoints special
tyini
tssurroundi
ngs/
signi
fi
cance
Concl
usion conclusi
on

Descri
bi ngaPer son Describi
nganI dea
Family i
ntroducti
on
Chil
dhood/ bir
th/phy
sique ki
nds/ t
ypes
Education i
ny oursociety
Servi
cest othesociety/
count
ry i
not hersociet
ies
Death/conclusion conclusi
on

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Def initionEssay :adef init
iont ellswhatat erm meansandhowi tisdi f
ferentf r
om ot her
termsi ni tscl ass.Her ewedef i
neanobj ect.Weexpl ainitsmeani nganddi ffer
ent i
ateit
from ot hert hingsi ni tscl ass.Indef ini
t i
onweal sot alkabouti tst y
pes/ kinds,f uncti
on,
qual iti
eset c.ther ear etwot ypesofdef initi
ons:
Dict i
onar ydef inition; wherewegi veal i
teraldefinitionofsomet hinggi veni nadi cti
onar y
.
Ext endeddef inition; adef init
iont hati ncludesmor edetailsaboutsomet hing.Itmayal so
i
ncl udeouropi ni onorobser vationaboutsomet hi
ng.Def init
ionessayi sact uallyan
ext endeddef i
ni tionofanobj ect.Anext endeddef init
ionincludest het hreebasi cpar t
sof
af ormaldef inition-t het er m,i t
scl assandi t
sdi sti
nguishingchar acteristi
cs.Bey ond
theseessent i
al s, anext endeddef init
iondoesnotf oll
owasetpat ter
n.I nstead,itadapt s
what ev ertechni quesbestsui tthet erm beingdef i
nedandt hewr i
ti
ngsi tuation.
Adef initi
onessayi ncludest hef ollowingf i
vepat ternsofdev el
opment :
Exempl if
ication: toexpl ainwi thex ampl es.
Descr iption:toexpl ainsomet hingbydescr i
bingi t
.
Compar i
sonandcont rast:tocompar eorcont rastsomet hingwi thanot hert hingofi ts
kind.
Pr ocess:i tmayexpl ainsomet hingbygi vi
ngt hepr ocessofi t.
Classi ficat i
on:put t
ingi ngr oupswi t
hsi mi l
arfeatur es,ortot al
kofsomet hing’skinds.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Argument ati
veEssay :anar gument
ativeessayisar easoned,logicalwayofconv i
ncing
anaudi enceoft hesoundnessofaposi t
ion,bel
ief
,orconclusion.Ar gument ationtakes
ast and-suppor t
edbyev idenceandur gespeopl etoshar ethewr it
er’sperspect i
veand
i
nsi ght
s.Ar gumentist heappealt oreason.I nanargumentawr i
terconnect saser iesof
statement sinanor der l
ywayt hattheyleadt oaconcl usi
on.Itspr i
mar ypur posei sto
demonst r
atet oanaudi encet hatcertai
ni deasarev ali
dandt hatot her
sar enot .An
argumentmakespoi nts,suppl i
esevidence,establi
shesal ogicalchai nofr easoning,
refutesopposi ngargument sandaccommodat esthev i
ewsofanaudi ence.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 TOPI
CSFORESSAYWRI
TING

 Nat
ural
Resour
cesofPaki
stanandi
tsMi
smanagement
.

 Theissueofunempl
oyment
,it
scausesandsol
uti
onsi
n
Paki
stan.

 Democr
acyi
nPaki
stan.

 Energycri
sisi
nPaki
stanandhow canweov
er-
comet
he
problem.

 The i
ssue ofpol
lut
ion,it
s causes and suggest
ions f
or
sol
vat
ioni
nourcountry.

 Thecurseofcor
rupt
ioni
nourcount
ry,andhow cani
tbe
cont
rol
led?

 Pr
icehi
king/
inf
lat
ioni
nPaki
stan,
causesandsol
uti
on.

 Educat
ionandi
tspur
poses.

 Ter
ror
ism i
nPaki
stan.

 Descr
ibey
ouruni
ver
sit
y.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 FOURSKI
LLSOFALANGUAGE
Ther
earef
ourbasi
cskil
l
sofalanguage:
 Li st
ening
 Speaki ng
 Readi ng
 Wr i
ti
ng
Theyar
edi
videdi
ntot
wopair
sont hebasisoft
hei
rfunct
ion.

Recept
ive/
inputski
ll
s:Li
steni
ng Readi
ng

Product
ive/out
putski
ll
s:Speaki
ng Writ
ing
Thisrel
ati
onmayal sobeunderst
oodf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ngtable:
Oral Wri
tt
en
Recept
ive/
input Li
steni
ng Readi
ng

Pr
oduct
ive/
out
put Speaki
ng wr
it
ing

List
eningandr eadingarer ecepti
veskillinwhi chwerecei
vesomet hi
ng.Eit
herwel ist
en
to otherpeopl eorwer ead certaint hi
ngsbuti n both caseswedo notpr oduce
somet hi
ngr atherwecol lecti nf
ormat i
on,li
st entosoundsofal anguage,etc.l
isteni
ng
provi
desi nputf orspeaki
ngwhi l
ereadingpr ov i
desi
nputforwrit
ing.Themor ey oulist
en
thebetteryouspeakandt hemor ey oureadt hebett
eryouwr i
te.

LI
STENI
NG:
Youprobablyspendmor et
imeusi
ngy
ourl
ist
eni
ngski
ll
sthananyot
herki
ndofski
ll
.Li
keot
herski
ll
s,
l
ist
eni
ngt akespract
ice.
Whatdoesi
tmeant
oreal
lyl
ist
en?
Reall
ist
eni
ngi
sanact
ivepr
ocesst
hathast
hreebasi
cst
eps.
 Hear
ing.Hearingj
ustmeanslist
eningenoughtocatchwhatthespeakeri
ssayi
ng.Forexample,
sayy ouwereli
steni
ngt oarepor
tonzebras,andthespeakerment
ionedthatnotwoar
ealike.I
fyoucan
repeatthef
act,t
heny ouhaveheardwhathasbeensaid.
 Under
standi
ng.Thenextpar
toflist
eninghappenswheny outakewhatyouhavehear
dand
under
standi
tinyourownway
.Let'
sgobacktothatr
eportonzebr
as.Whenyouheart
hatnot
woareal
i
ke,

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 thi
nkaboutwhatthatmightmean.Youmi
ghtt
hink,"
May
bet
hismeanst
hatt
hepat
ter
nofst
ri
pesi
s
dif
fer
entf
oreachzebr
a."
 Judging.Af
teryouaresur
ey ouunderst
andwhatthespeakerhassaid,thi
nkaboutwhetheri
t
makessense.Doy oubeli
evewhaty ouhaveheard?Youmightthink,"
How couldt hestr
ipestobe
di
ff
erentforever
yzebra?Butt
henagain,
thef
ingerpr
int
sar
edif
fer
entforever
yperson.Ithi
nkthi
sseems
bel
iev
able."

Listeningi st hefirstbasicski l
lofanyl anguage.Achi ldintheear lychi ldhoodcannot
produceev enasi ngl esoundofhi slanguagebuthel i
stenst ot hesur r
oundi ngs,par ents,
sibli
ngsandal lt hepeopl essur roundi nghi m andaf termanymont hsachi ldst art
produci ngsi nglesoundsoft hel anguagehehasbeenl isteni
ngf orthewhol etime.That
i
swhyachi l
dhav ingbeeni naj ointf ami l
yl earnslanguagemor equi cklythant heone
hav i
ngl esspeopl et oint
er actt ohi m.Anot herj ust
ificationfort hisclaimi sthatagi rl
nameI sabel lwasl ostinherchi ldhoodi naj ungleandshewasr estoredaf termany
yearsbutshedi dnothav ei nteractionwi t
hanyhumant hatiswhyshewasunabl eto
produceanyhumanl anguagebecauseshehadnoi nputt opr oduceal anguage.Thati s
whyl isteningpr ov idesinputf orspeaki ngandt husiti st hemosti mpor tantskillofany
l
anguage.
Ther ear etwoki ndsofl i
steni ngsi tuationinwhi chwef indour selves:
 I nteractive
 Non- interactive
Interactive: i nt
eract i
vel isteni ng si tuation i ncludes f ace t o face or t elephonic
conv ersationi nwhi chwedi rectlyl i
stenandspeakt ot heper sonandwher ewehav ea
chancet oi nterr
upt ,askforcl ari
fication,repet i
tion,askf orsl
owi nget c.itmeanswear e
directl
yi nvolveint heconv er sation.

Non-i
nter
act
ive:Anon-i
nteract
ivesi
tuati
onincl
udesli
steni
ngtoradi
o,TV,
fil
m,l
ect
ures,
etc.wher
ewecanonl yl i
stenbutcannotr espondtot hespeaker
,norwehavean
opport
uni
tyf
orclar
if
icat
ion,questi
oning,
repeti
ti
onet
c.

Micro-skil
ls:t hese ar e cert
aint echniques or skill
s whi ch enableal i
stener i
n
understandi ngwhatsomeonesay s.Richards( 1983)proposest hefol
lowi
ngmi cro-
ski
ll
s
i
nvolvedint heunderstandingwhatsomeonesay stous, (
cit
edi nOmaggio,1986,p126).
 Ret ainchunksofl anguagei ntheshor tterm memor y.
 Di scr i
minateamongt hedistincti
vesoundsi nthenewl anguage.
 Recogni zestressandr hythm pattern,tonepattern,i
ntonati
on.
 Recogni zereducedf orm ofwor dint helanguage.
 Di stinguishwor dboundaries.
 Recogni zetypicalwordor derpattern.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  Recognizevocabular yit
ems.
 Detectkeywor ds,suchast hosei dent
ifyi
ngtopic,
andmainideas.
 Guessmeani ngf r
om cont extorsituati
on.
 Recognizegrammat icalwordsclasses.
 Recognizebasicsy ntacti
cstructure.
 Recognize and det ectsent ence consti
tut
ions,such assubject
,ver
b,obj
ect
,
preposi
tionetc.

Ti
psf
orbei
ngagoodl i
stener
 Gi
veyourf
ullat
tenti
onont
heper
sonwhoi
sspeaki
ng.Don'
tlookoutt
hewi
ndoworatwhatel
se
i
sgoi
ngonint
heroom.
 Makesureyourmi
ndisfocused, t
oo.I
tcanbeeasyt oletyourmindwanderi
fyout
hinkyouknow
whattheper
sonisgoi
ngtosaynext,butyoumightbewr ong!I
fyouf eel
yourmi
ndwanderi
ng,changet
he
posi
ti
onofyourbodyandt
rytoconcentrateonthespeaker'
swords.
 Letthespeakerfini
shbef
oreyoubegi
ntotalk.Speaker
sappr
eci
atehavi
ngt hechancetosay
everyt
hingtheywouldliketosaywit
houtbei
ngint
err
upted.Whenyouint
err
upt,i
tlooksli
key ouar
en'
t
l
isteni
ng,evenify
oureallyar
e.
 Letyour
sel
ff i
nishl
i
steni
ngbefor
eyoubegi
ntospeak!Youcan'
treal
l
yli
steni
fyouar
ebusy
t
hinki
ngaboutwhatyouwantsaynext
.
 Li
stenformai
nideas.Themainideasarethemostimpor t
antpoi
ntsthespeakerwant
stoget
across.Theymaybementionedatt
hestartorendofat
alk,
andr epeat
edanumberoftimes.Payspeci
al
att
entiontostat
ement
sthatbegi
nwithphr
asessuchas"Mypointis.
..
"or"
Thethingt
orememberis.
..
"
 Askquest i
ons.Ify
ouarenotsurey
ouunderstandwhatthespeakerhassaid,j
ustask.Itisagood
i
deat or epeatinyourownwor dswhatthespeakersaidsothatyoucanbesur ey ourunderstandingis
correct
.Forexampl e,youmightsay,"
Whenyousaidthatnotwozebrasar eal
ike,di
dy oumeant hatthe
str
ipesar edif
fer
entoneachone? "
 Gi
vef eedback.Si
tupstr
aightandlookdirect
lyatthespeaker.Nowandt hen,nodt
oshowthat
youunder
stand.Atappropr
iat
epoint
syoumayal sosmi l
e,f
rown,laugh,orbesi
l
ent.Thesear
eal
lway
st o
l
etthespeakerknow thatyouar
er eal
lyl
isteni
ng.Remember ,y
oul ist
enwithyourfaceaswel
lasyour
ear
s!
Thinki
ngf ast
 Remember:timeisony ourside!Thought
smov eaboutf
ourti
mesasf astasspeech.Wit
h
practi
ce,whileyou areli
steni
ng you wil
lalso beabl
etot hi
nkaboutwhaty
ou areheari
ng,real
l
y
understandit
,andgi
vefeedbacktothespeaker.

Readi
ngSki
ll
s:
Readingisther ecepti
veskil
linwr it
tenmode.Itcanbedev el
opedindependentl
yofli
steni
ngand
speakingskil
ls,butof t
endev elopedalongwiththem.Inr eadi
ngskil
lswer ecei
vei
nformati
on,
vocabular
y,anddiffer
entexpressionsofwri
ti
ng.Andal
lthesecomponentsoflanguagel
aterhel
pus
devel
opbet t
ercompr ehensi
on,li
steningandwri
ti
ngski
ll
s.

Mi
cro-
ski
l
ls:
 Recogni
zev
ocabul
aryi
tems.
 Pi
ckupkeywords,
suchasthoseident
if
yingtopi
cs,
andmainideas.
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashidkhan,Lectur
erinEngl
ishCS/
ITI BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
versi
tyPeshawar.
  Fi
gureoutt hemeani ngoft hewor ds,i ncl
udingunf ami li
arvocabulary,fr
om the
writ
tencontext.
 Recognizegrammat i
calwor dclasses, suchas: verbs, noun,adject
ive,andadverb.
 Detectsentenceconst i
tuent s,suchas: subject,object ,ver
b,prepositi
on,etc.
 Recognizebasicsy nt
acticpat ter nofthel anguage.
 Reconstructandinfersituation, goal
sandpar t
icipant s.
 Usebot hknowledgeoft hewor ldandl ex i
calandgr ammat i
calcohesi v
edev i
ces
to make t he foregoing i nferences,pr edictout comes,and i nferl i
nks and
connecti
onsamongt hepar tsoft hetext .
 Getthemai npartormai ni deaori mpor tantinformat ion.
 Dist
inguishthemai nideaf rom suppor tingdet ail
s.
 Lookatwor dsinthecont exttheyhav ebeenusedi n.

Dif
ferentt
ypesofReading:
Therearefourmai
ntypesofreadi
ngski
l
l.Theyar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:

I
ntensi
veReadi
ng:

Whati
tis

 Brown( 1989)ex plai

nst hatintensivereading" call
sat tentiontogr ammatical
forms,di scoursemar kers,andot hersurfacestructuredet ail
sforthepurposeof
understandingl it
eralmeani ng,
impl i
cati
ons,rhetori
calrelationshi
ps,andtheli
ke."
Hedr awsananal ogytointensi
ver eadi
ngasa" zoom lens"st rat
egy. 
 LongandRi chards(1987)sayi ti sa" detai
ledi n-cl
ass"anal ysi
s,ledbyt he
teacher,ofv ocabularyandgr ammarpoi nts,i
nashor tpassage. "

 Intensiv
e Reading, 
sometimes called "Narrow Readi ng",
 may i
nvolve students
readingselecti
onsbyt hesameaut hororsev eraltextsaboutt hesamet opic.
Whent hisoccurs,cont
entandgr ammat icalst r
ucturesr epeatthemsel v
esand
studentsget manyoppor tunit
iestounder standt hemeani ngsoft hetext.The
successof  "Narr
owReadi ng"oni mprovingr eadingcompr ehensi
oni sbasedon
thepr emisethatthemor ef amil
iarthereaderi swi tht hetext,ei
therduet ot he
subjectmat terorhav i
ng r ead otherwor ks byt he same aut hor,t
he mor e
compr ehensi
onispr omoted.

Howi
tlooks

Char
act
eri
sti
cs:

 usuall
yclassroom based 
 readeri
s i
ntensel
y i
nvolvedi
nlooki
ng 
 i
nsi
de 
thet
ext
 
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  studentsfocusonl i
ngui st
icorsemanticdet
ailsofareading 
 studentsf ocusonsur facestruct
uredetail
ssuchasgr ammaranddiscourse
mar kers
 studentsidenti
fykeyv ocabulary
 studentsmaydr awpi cturestoaidthem (
suchasi nprobl
em sol
vi
ng)
 textsarereadcareful
lyandt horoughly
,agai
nandagai n 
 aimi stobui l
dmor elanguageknowl edgeratherthansimplypr
acti
cet
heskillof
reading 
 seenmor ecommonl yt hanextensi
vereadi
nginclassrooms

Mat
eri
als:

 usuall
yveryshorttexts-notmorethan500wordsinl
engt
h 
 chosenforlevelofdiff
icul
tyandusual
ly
,byt
heteacher
 chosentopr ovi
det hetypesofreadi
ngandski
l
lsthatt
heteacherwant
stocov
er
i
nt hecour
se

Act
ivi
ti
es:

I
ntensi
ver
eadi
ngexer
cisesmayi
ncl
ude:

 l
ookingat  mai nideasv er
susdetail
s
 understandi ngwhatisimpl i
edversusstat
ed
 makingi nferences
 l
ookingatt heorderofinformati
onandhowi teffect
sthemessage
 i
dentify
ingwor dsthat connectoneideatoanother
 i
dentify
ingwor dsthatindi
catechangefrom onesecti
ontoanother

Wheni
tisused

 whent
heobj
ect
iveofr
eadi
ngi
stoachi
evef
ull
under
standi
ngof
: 

 
  
  
  
  
 -l
ogical argument 
 
  
  
  
  
 -rhet
orical pat
ter
noftext 
 
  
  
  
  
 -emotional ,sy
mbolicorsoci
alat
ti
tudesandpur
posesoft
heaut
hor
 
 
  
  
  
  
 -l
ingui
st icmeanst oanend

  
forst
udyofcont
entmat
eri
alt
hatar
edi
ff
icul
t 

 
Rol
eoft
het
eacher

 Thet
eacherchoosessuitabl
etext.
 Thet
eacherchoosestasksandact i
vit
iest
odevel
opski
ll
s.
 Thet
eachergivesdir
ect
ionbefore,duri
ngandaft
err
eadi
ng.
 Thet
eacherpreparesst
udentstowor konthei
rown.Oft
enthemostdi
ff
icul
tpar
t

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 i
sfortheteacherto"getoutoftheway".
 Theteacherencouragesstudent
sthr
oughpr
ompt
s,wi
thoutgi
vi
nganswer
s.

Adv
ant
ages

 I
tpr
ovi
desabaset
ostudystr
ucture,
v ocabul
aryandi
dioms.
 I
tpr
ovi
desabasef
orstudent
stodev elopagreat
ercontr
oloflanguage
 I
tpr
ovi
desf
oracheckonthedegreeofcompr ehensi
onforindi
vidualst
udent
s.

SPEAKI
NGSKI
LLS:
Speaki ngi st hepr oduct iveski l
lint heor almode.I t,l i
ket heot herski l
ls,i smor e
compl i
cat edt hani tseemsatf irstandi nv olvesmor et hanj ustpr onounci ngwor ds.
Ther ear et hr eeki ndsofspeaki ngsi tuat ioni nwhi chwef indour selv es:
 I nter act ive
 Par tiallyi nteract ive
 Non- inter activ e
Interactive:i nt eractiv e speaki ng si tuat ion i ncl udes f ace t of ace conv ersation and
tel
ephonecal l
s, i
nwhi chwear eal ternat elyl isteni ngandspeaki ng, andi nwhi chwehav e
achancet oaskf orcl arifi
cation, r
epet i
tion, orsl owerspeechf rom conv ersati
onpar t
ner.
Par ti
all
yi nter act i
ve:somespeaki ngsi t uat i
onsar epar tiallyi nteract i
ve,suchaswhen
givingaspeecht oal i
veaudi encewher et heconv entioni st hatt heaudi encedoesnot
i
nter r
uptt hespeech.Thespeakernev er t
hel esscanseet heaudi enceandj udgef r
om
theexpr essi onsont hei rfacesandt hei rbodyl anguagewhet hert heyunder st
andornot .
Non- interact iv e:somespeaki ngsi tuat ionmaybet otal l
ynon- i
nt eracti
ve,suchaswhen
recordingaspeechf orar adio, orwhent al kingt oonesel f.
Micr oski ll
s:
Her ear esomeoft hemi croski llsi nv ol vedi nspeaki ng.Thespeakerhast o:
 Pr onouncet hedi stinctivesoundsofal anguagecl ear l
yenoughsot hatpeopl e
candi st inguisht hem.Thi sincl udesmaki ngt onal dist inct i
ons.
 Usest ressandr hythmi cpat ter nandi nt onat i
onpat ternsofal anguagecl early
enoughsot hatpeopl ecanunder st andwhati ssai d.
 Uset hecor r
ectf ormsofwor ds.Thi smaymeanf orexampl e,changesi nthe
tense, case, orgender .
 Putt hewor dst ogetheri ncor rectwor dor der .
 Useappr opr i
at ev ocabul ary.
 Uset her egist erorl anguagev ar ietyt hati sappr opr iatet ot hesi t
uationandt he
relationshi pt ot heconv ersat i
onpar tner .
 Makecl eart ot helistenert hemai nsent enceconst i
tuent s,suchassubj ect,verb,
obj ectbywhat evermeanst hel anguageusest hem.
 Maket hedi scour sehangt oget hersot hatpeopl ecanf ollowwhaty ouar esay i
ng.
Or ganizedandComposedbyRashi dkhan, Lect urerinEngl ishCS/ ITIBMSAgr icul
ture
Uni v er sityPeshawar .
ORALMESSAGE:
Therearef ouropti
onsforspeaki
ng.
Extempor aneous:tousenotesoranout l
ineandgi v
eoral
explanat
ion.
Reading:tor eadfr
om abook,notes,orpage.
Memor ization:t
omemor izewhatyouar egoingtosayinfr
ontofpeople.
I
mpr ompt u:tospeakwithoutanyproperpreparat
ion.

Aspect
sofEf
fect
iveSpeaki
ng
Eff
ectivespeaki
nghasnothingtodowi t
htheoutdat
edconceptof'el
ocuti
on'where
every
onewasencour agedtospeaki nthesame'corr
ect'manner
. Rather
,eff
ect
ive
speakingconcer
nsbei
ngabl etospeakinapubli
ccontextwit
hconfi
denceandclar
it
y,
whil
statthesameti
mer ef
lecti
ngony ourownper
sonal
it
y.
Accents.

Fi
ndi
ngy
ourv
oice.

Theef
fectofbr
eat
honv
oiceandspeech.

Vocal

Accent
s
Regi
onal
andet
hni
caccent
sar
eposi
ti
ve;
theyar
epar
tofi
ndi
vi
dual
per
sonal
i
ty.
 
Gradual
l
y ,ov
ertheyears,t
hroughthemi gr
ati
onofpeopleandexposur
etot
hemedia,accent
sar
e
beingbrokendownandneut r
ali
zed. I
nsomeway sthisisashamebecauseaccent
scanadda
di
mensionanddisti
ncti
venesstovoiceandemphasi
zeindi
vi
dual
it
y.

Iti
simport
anttogetusedtothesoundofyourownv oi
ce.
 Mostpeopl
ear emorerelaxedinapriv
ate
sit
uati
on,
part
icul
arl
yathome, wher
ether
earenopr essur
est
oconformt oanyothersocialr
ulesand
expect
ati
ons.
 Thisi
snott hecasei
npubli
csituat
ionswhenther
eareallsort
sofinfluencesexer
ted
uponthewaypeoplespeak.

TheEf
fectofBr
eat
honVoi
ceandSpeech

Thev
oicei
sresponsi
vet
oemot
ionsandsomet
imesget
s'bl
ocked'
,whi
chcanpr
event
orhi
ndert
heexpr
essi
onofar
angeoff
eel
i
ngs.
 Howev
er,i
tispossi
blet
ousephy
sical
exer
ciset
ohel
ppr
oduceamor
efl
exi
blev
oice,i
nthesamewayt
hatpeopl
ewhouse
v
ocalsoundspr
ofessi
onal
l
ytakel
essons,t
oensur
ethatt
hei
rvoi
cesar
ekepti
na
v
ersat
il
econdi
ti
onandr
eadyt
ovocal
i
zear
angeofsounds.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Whenunderst ressanindiv
idual'
sbr eathi
ngpat ter
nwi llchange. Wheny ourmuscles
aretenseyoucannotuseyourlungst othei
rf ul
lcapaci
ty,whenaper sonisfr
ight
enedor
nervous,acommon sy mptom ist ension intheneckand shoul ders.
 Thisoccurs
because,whenunderpressure,over-
breathingtendst ooccur .
 Plentyofairisi
nhaled,
butwithfastbr
eathi
ngther
ei snotenought i
met oexhaleandr el
ax.

Goodbr
eat
hingi
sessent
ialf
ort
wor
easons:

1. Byusi ngf ulllungcapaci tyt hebr eathwi l

lsupportt hevoiceandt hev oicewi llbecome
ri
cher ,full
erandst ronger. Thiswi llbenef i
tindivi
dualswhohav easmal lv oiceandwho
wor rythatt heycannotbehear dwhenspeaki ngt oagr oupofpeopl e.
 Vol umei scont rol
led
i
nt heabdomennoti nthet hroat,sobr eathi
ngt oful
lstrengthwi l
lall
owf orgr eatercont r
olof
thev oice.
2. Breathingdeepl yandr hythmicallyhasacal mingandt herapeuticef fectasi tr el
eases
tensionandpr omot esr el
axat i
on. Indivi
dualswhoar erelaxedaremor ebal anced,r ecepti
ve
andconf i
dent .
 Itisnocoi ncidencet hatsev er
alreli
gionsuser hythmi cbr eathingt echniques
suchasmedi t
ation,y ogaandsi l
entcont emplation,andv ocalreleaseint hef or
m ofchant s,
mant rasorhy mnsi ngingasai dst ot heirdevoti
ons. Byeasi ngphy sicalt ension,ment al
stressdecr easesandt hemi ndisef fecti
velyfreedtofollowcreativepur suits.

VocalPr
oduct
ion
Thefol
l
owingthreecoreel
ementsofv ocalproduct
ionneedt
obeunder
stoodf
or
any
onewishi
ngtobecomeanef
fect
ivespeaker
:

 Vol
ume -
 tobehear
d.

 Cl
ari
ty -
 tobeunder
stood.

 Var
iet
y -
 toaddi
nter
est
.

Vol
ume
Thisisnotaquest i
onoft reat
ingt
hev oi
celi
kethev ol
umecont rolontheTVr emot
e. Somepeopl
e
havenaturall
ysoftvoi
cesandphy si
call
ycannotbell
ow. Addit
ionall
y,i
fthevoiceisr
aisedtoomuch,
tonalquali
tyisl
ost.
 Insteadofrai
singthevoi
ceitshouldbe'project
edout'
. Supportthevoi
cewit
h
l
otsofbr eat
h-thefurtheryouwanttoproj
ectthevoi
ceout,themor ebreat
hy ouneed.

Whent al
kingtoagroupormeet i
ng,i
tisi
mpor tanttoneverai
my ourtal
ktothefr
ontroworjustto
thepeoplenearesty
ou,buttoconsci
ousl
yprojectwhaty ouhavetosaytothosef
urt
hestaway. By
devel
opinga st
rongvoi
ce,
 asopposedtoaloudv oi
ce,youwil
lbeseenassomeonepositi
ve.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
 Cl
ari
ty
Somepeopl etendtospeakt hroughclenchedteethandwi t
hl it
tl
emov ementofthei
rli
ps.
 Itisthi
s
i
nabili
tytoopenmout hsandf ail
uret
omakespeechsoundswi t
hpr eci
sionthati
stherootcauseof
i
naudibili
ty.
 Thesoundi slockedint
ot hemout handnotl etout. Tohav egoodar ti
cul
ati
onitis
i
mpor tanttounclencht hej
aw, opent
hemout handgiveful
lbenef i
ttoeachsoundy oumake, pay
ing
part
icularatt
enti
ont otheendsofwor ds. Thi
swill
alsohelpy ouraudienceasacertai
namountofl i
p
-
readingwi l
lbepossible.

Var
iet
y
Tomakespeechef fect
iveandi nt
eresti
ng,cer
tai
ntechniquescanbeapplied.
 Howev
er,i
tis
i
mportantnottosoundf alseorasi fyouaregivi
ngaper for
mance.
 Whi l
stwor
dsconvey
meaning,how t
heyaresaidref
lectsfeel
ingsandemotions. Vocalv
ari
etycanbeachi
evedby
var
iat
ionsin:

 Pace:
  
Thi
sisthespeedatwhichyoutal
k. I
fspeechist
oofastt
henthel i
stenerswi
ll
not
hav
et i
met oassi
milatewhatisbeingsai
d. Nevert
hel
ess,iti
sagoodi deatov arythepace-
qui
ckeningupatt
imesandt hensl
owingdown–t hi
swillhel
ptomaint
ainint
erest.

 Volume: 
 Byr
aisi
ngorloweri
ngvolumeoccasi
onall
y,y oucancreat
eemphasis.
 Ify
ou
dr
opyourv oi
cetoalmostawhisper(aslongasiti
spr oj
ected)forasentenceort
wo,itwil
l
makeyouraudi
encesuddenl
yal
ert
,becareful
nott
ooverusethistechni
que.

 Pit
ch-I nfl
ecti
on-Emphasi s:
  
Whenspeakingi npublic,trytoconveyt hei nformat
ion
withasmuchv ocalenergyandent husi
asm aspossibl
e. Thisdoesnotmeany ourv oicehasto
swoopanddi veallovertheplaceinanuncont r
oll
edmanner .
 Tr ytomaket het alkinter
est
ing
andr emembert hatwheny ouarenervousorev enexcited,v ocalchor
dst enseandshor ten
causi
ngthev oi
cet ogethigher
. Emphasizecer
tai
nwor dsandphr aseswi
thi
nt het alktoconvey
thei
rimport
anceandhel ptoaddv ari
ety.

 Pause: 
 Pausesarepower f
ul.
 Theycanbeusedf oreff
ecttohighl
ightthepr ecedi
ng
stat
ementort ogainattenti
onbeforeani mport
antmessage.
 Pausesmeansi lenceforaf ew
seconds.
 List
enersint
erpretmeani
ngdur i
ngpausessohavethecouragetostaysil
entforupto
fi
veseconds–dr amaticpausesli
kethisconveyaut
hor
it
yandconfidence.

Wr
it
ingSki
ll
:
Writ
ingi
sthepr
oduct
iveski
l
lsinwri
tt
enmode.I
tismorecompli
catedthani
tseemsat
f
ir
standoft
enseemstobet hehar
destoft
heski
ll
s,f
ornat
ivespeaker
sofalanguage,
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
si
ncei tinvol
vesnotjustagraphicrepresentati
onofspeech,butt
hedevelopmentand
presentati
onofthoughtsinastr
ucturedway .Iti
sthef
inalbasi
cski
llofl
anguagethati
s
gotafterlongbeenpracti
ced.

Mi
cro-
ski
ll
s:

Her
ear
esomeoft
hemi
cro-
ski
l
lsi
nvol
vedi
nwr
it
ing.Thewr
it
erneedst
o:

 Uset heor thographycor rect

ly,i
ncl udingthescr iptandspel li
ngandpunct uat
ion
convent ions.
 Uset hecor r
ectformsofwor ds.Thi smaymeanusi ngf ormst hatexpr
esst he
ri
ghtt enseorcaseorgender .
 Putwor dsincor rectwor dorder.
 Usev ocabul ar
ycor r
ect l
y.
 Uset hest yleappr opri
atet ot
hegenr eandt otheaudience.
 Maket hemai nsent enceconst i
tuent s,suchas, subj
ect,verb,andobject,
clearto
thereader .
 Maket hemai nideadi sti
nctf
rom t hesuppor t
ingdetail
sori deas.
 Maket het extcoher entandcohesi v e,sot hatpeoplecanf oll
owt hedevel
opment
ofthei deas.
 Judgeaudi encebackgr oundknowl edge.

St
rat
egi
esf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngwr
it
ingski
ll
:

Strongwrit
ingskil
l
sinEngl
i
shcomef r
om pract
iceanddeter
minat
ion.Nooneisbor
nan
excell
entwr i
ter
.Lear
ningt
obeanexcel l
entwr i
teri
nEngli
shtakesal otofti
meand
practi
ce.Anyonecanbeagoodwri
terift
heyaredeter
minedenough.

Ever
y onehasadiff
erentr
easonwhytheyneedtoimprovetheirwri
ti
ng.Maybeyouneed
toimpr ov
ey ourwr
iti
ngforworkorforyourEngli
shclassatuni v
ersi
ty.Ormaybeyou
wantt ostar
tablogaboutlear
ningEngl
i
shory ouneedtor espondtoemailsi
nEngli
sh
foryourbusi
ness.

Bel
owar
e8Ti
pst
oImpr
oveYourEngl
ishWr
it
ingSki
ll
s:

1.KeepAl
lofy
ourWr
it
ingi
nOnePl
ace

Buyanot
ebookorj
our
nalorst
artanel
ect
roni
cjour
nal
.Bykeepi
ngyourwr
it
ingallinthe
samepl
ace,y
ouwil
lbeabl
etoseehowmuchy ouarei
mprovi
ngandkeepi
torganized.

2.Pr
act
iceWr
it
ingi
nEngl
ishDai
ly

Theimportanceofwr i
ti
ngdai
l
yi sthatyoustar
tt ocreateanewhabit
.Wri
ti
ngev er
yday
i
nEngli
shwi llsoonbecomenaturalandsomethingy oulookfor
war
dto.Youwil
lnotsee
asi
gnif
icantimpr ov
ementi
fyouar enotdedi
catedt obecomingabett
erwri
teri
nEngli
sh.
Organi
zedandComposedbyRashi dkhan,LecturerinEngli
shCS/
ITIBMSAgr i
cult
ure
Univ
ersi
tyPeshawar .
Youcannotcr
eat
eawesomest
ori
esandpaper
sify
ounev
ert
ry.

3.Pi
ckaTopi
candWr
it
e!

Don’tgetstuckonfi
guri
ngoutwhatt owri
teabout.Youcanwr i
teaboutanythi
ng.You
canwr i
teaboutwhatyoudo,thi
ngsyouhearorsee,news,ormakeupast or
y .I
fyoudo
getstuck,
usesomeofEnglishTonight
’swr
it
ingpromptstohelpyougetst
arted.

4.Wr
it
eMor
ethanOneDr
aft

Draftmeansapr eli
minaryv er
sionofpi eceofwri
ti
ng.Sometimes,y ourbestwri
ti
ng
becomesbet teraft
ery outakeabr eakandwor konasecondort hir
ddr af
t.Whenyou
revi
se(orrewrit
e)yourworky ouareoftenablet
ogetyourmessageacr ossmorecl
earl
y.
Youmaket hi
nkofthingsthatyoudidnott hi
nkt
owrit
einthefi
rstdraftandyoucanadd
i
tinalaterdraft
.

5.UseOnl
ineResour
cest
oCor
recty
ourGr
ammar

Yes,gr
ammari sapain.Youdon’
tneedtoknowever
ythi
ngaboutEngl
ishgr
ammar .Use
onli
neresour
ces,suchasGr ammarl
y,GrammarCheckorGrammar Book.
com tohelp
youansweragrammarquest i
onwhenitcomesup.Youcoul
dalsoswitcht
hespelland
grammarcheckonMSWor d,y
ouriPadorGoogleDoct ochecky ourspel
l
ingand
grammarinEngli
sh.

6.Thi
nkOut
-si
det
heBox(
orLi
nes)

Don’twr i
teaboutt hesamet hi
ngev er
ydayory ouwi l
lgetbor ed.Trywr i
ti
ngthesame
storyfrom di
fferentperspectiv
esordi f
fer
enttenses.I
fy ouarewr it
ingast oryabouta
babyt hatwon’tstopcr yi
ng;fir
st,i
tcouldbethemot hert el
l
ingthestory;thenfrom t
he
perspecti
v eofthebaby .Ory oucouldwr i
teitinpresentmoment ….‘Mybabyhasn’ t
stoppedcr yi
nginf iv
eday s…’andthenwr i
teintheper specti
veofapr egnantwoman
thatisthinki
ngabouthav i
ngababyt hatwon’tstopcrying.Don’twrit
eaboutt opi
csin
theobv i
ousway .Becr eati
ve!

7.Hav
eaFr
iendEdi
tYourWr
it
ing

Haveaf r
iendthatknowsEngl i
shcorr
ectoredityourwor k.Havi
nganotherpersonread
yourworkhelpsgeneratemor eideastobetteryourwr i
ti
ng.Youcouldhavet hem edi
t
ever
ythi
ngorjustapar tt
haty ouarestuckon.Oftenhav i
nganothersetofeyeslookat
yourwri
ti
nghelpsfindmistakesthatyouhaveoverlooked.

8.Fi
ndt
heBestPl
acef
orYout
oWr
it
e

Youshouldtr
ywrit
ingi
ndiff
erentpl
acesoratdi
ff
erentti
mesoftheday.May
beyou
hav
ewr i
ter
’sbl
ockatni
ght
;tr
ygetti
ngup15minut
esearli
erandwr
iti
ngi
nthemorni
ng.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Maybey ouhav
et r
oublewri
ti
ngwherether
eisalotofnoi
se;tr
ywriti
nginaqui
etand
comfort
ablepl
ace.Exper
imenti
nfindi
ngtheri
ght(orwri
te?)env
ironmentf
oryouto
wri
te.

Wr
it
ingi
sapr
ocess;
themor
eyouwor
kony
ourwr
it
ingt
hebet
teri
t(andy
ou)wi
l
lget
.

Pr
epar
ingf
orTestandExams:
Pr
epar
ingf
orexams?Gi
vey
our
sel
fthebestchancewi
tht
hese 
topt
en 
studyt
ips.

1.Gi
vey
our
sel
fenought
imet
ost
udy

Don'tleav
ei tuntilthelastmi nut
e.Whi l
esomest udentsdoseem t othr
iveonl ast
-
minute'cr
ammi ng',it
'swidelyacceptedthatformostofus,thisisnotthebestwayt o
approachanexam.  Setoutat i
metableforyourst
udy.Writedownhowmanyexamsy ou
haveandt hedaysonwhi chyouhav etositt
hem.Thenor gani
zeyourstudyaccor
dingly
.
Youmaywantt ogi vesomeexamsmor estudyti
met hanothers,
sofindabalancethat
youfeelcomfortablewit
h.  

2.Or
gani
zey
ourst
udyspace

Makesur ey
ouhav eenoughspacetospreadyourtext
booksandnotesout.Hav
ey ou
gotenoughl
ight
?Isyourchai
rcomfor
tabl
e?Areyourcomputergamesoutofsi
ght?

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Tryandgetridofal ldi
str
act
ions,andmakesurey oufeelascomf or
tabl
eandabl et
o
focusaspossi
ble.Forsomepeopl e,
thi
smaymeanal mostcompletesil
ence;forother
s,
backgr
oundmusi chelps.Someofusneedev eryt
hingcomplet
elyti
dyandor ganizedin
ordert
oconcentrate,whil
eothersthri
vei
namor ecl ut
ter
edenvir
onment. 
Thinkabout
whatworksforyou,andtaketheti
met ogeti
tri
ght.

3.
 Usef
lowchar
tsanddi
agr
ams

Visualaidscanber eallyhel
pfulwhenr ev
ising.Atthest
artofatopi
c,chal
lengey oursel
f
towr i
tedown  ever
ythingyoualreadyknowaboutat opi
c-andt henhighl
ightwher ethe
gapsl i
e.Cl osertotheexam,condensey ourrev
isi
onnotesintoone-pagedi agrams.
Getti
ng y ourideas down int hisbrieff ormatcan then hel
py ou to quickl
yr ecal
l
everyt
hingy ouneedt oknowdur i
ngtheexam.

4.Pr
act
iceonol
dexam

Oneofthemosteff
ecti
vewayst
oprepar
ef orexamsistopract
icet
aki
ngpastver
sions.
Thishel
psyougetusedtothef
ormatofthequesti
ons,and-ifyouti
meyoursel
f-can
al
sobegoodpr act
iceformaki
ngsureyouspendt her i
ghtamountofti
meoneach
secti
on.
 

5.Expl
ainy
ouranswer
stoot
her
s

Parentsandli
ttl
ebrothersandsist
ersdon'thav
etobeannoyingar
oundexam ti
me!Use
them toyouradvantage.Expl
ainananswert oaquesti
ontothem.Thatwi
llhel
pyouto
getitcl
earinyourhead,andalsotohighl
i
ghtanyareaswhereyouneedmorework.

6.Or
gani
zest
udygr
oupswi
thf
ri
ends

Gett ogetherwi
thfr
iendsfora studysessi
on.Youmayhavequestionsthatt
heyhave
t
heanswer stoandviceversa.Aslongasyoumakesureyoustayfocusedonthetopi
c
foranagr eedamountoft i
me,thiscanbeoneoft hemostef
fect
iveway stochal
l
enge
yourself
.

7.Taker
egul
arbr
eaks

Whileyoumayt hi nkit
'sbesttostudyforasmanyhoursaspossi
ble,t
hiscanact
uall
ybe
counter
producti
v e. 
Ifyouwer e 
trai
ningforamar at
hon,youwoul dn'
ttryandrun24
hoursaday !Likewi sestudieshaveshownt hatf
orlong-
ter
mr etenti
onofknowledge,
taki
ngregularbreaksr eal
lyhel
ps.

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
Ever
yone'
sdi
f f
erent
, sodevelopastudyr
outi
nethatworksfory
ou.Ifyoust
udybett
erin
themorni
ng,star
tear l
ybeforetaki
ngabreakatluncht
ime.Ori
fyou'r
emoreproducti
ve
atni
ghtt
ime,
takeal argerbreakear
li
eronsoyou'
rereadytoset
tl
edowncomeev ening.

Trynottofeel
gui
lt
yaboutbei
ngoutenj
oyingt
hesunshi
neinst
eadofhunchedov
ery
our
text
books.RememberVi
taminDisi
mportantf
orahealt
hybrai
n!

8.Snackon'
brai
nfood'

Keepawayf r
om j unkfood!Youmayf eell
ikeyoudeserveat r
eat,ort
hatyoudon'thave
ti
met ocook,butwhaty oueatcanr eallyhaveani mpactonener gylev
elsandfocus.
Keepy ourbodyandbr ai
nwel l
-f
uell
edbychoosi ng 
nutr
iti
ousfoodst hathavebeen
proven to aid concent r
ation and memor y,such as f
ish,nuts,seeds,yogurtand
blueber
ri
es.Thesameappl i
esonexam day-eatagoodmealbef orethetest
,basedon
foodsthatwillprovideasl owreleaseofener gythr
oughout.Sugarmayseem appeali
ng,
butitwon'thelpwheny ourenergylevelscrashanhourorsol at
er.

9.Pl
any
ourexam day

Makesur eyougeteveryt
hingreadywelli
nadv anceoft heexam -don'tl
eaveittothe
daybef
or etosuddenl
yreal
izeyoudon'
tknowt heway ,orwhatyou'
resupposedtobri
ng.
Checkalltherul
esandrequirement
s,andplany ourrouteandjour
neytime.Ifpossi
ble,
doatestrunofthetri
p;i
fnot,wri
tedowncleardirect
ions.

Workouthow longi twil

ltaket ogetthere-thenaddonsomeext r
atime.Your eall
y
don'
twantt oarri
v ehavi
nghadt or unhalfwayorfeel
ingfr
azzl
edfrom losi
ngy our
way.
 Youcouldalsomakepl anstotraveltotheexam wit
hfri
endsorclassmates,as
l
ongasy ouknowt hey'
rel
ikel
yt obepunctual
! 

10.Dr
inkpl
ent
yofwat
er

Asaf i
nalti
p,r
emembert
hatbei
ngwel
lhydr
atedisessenti
al 
foryourbr
aintoworkati
ts
best.Makesurey
oukeepdri
nki
ngpl
ent
yofwat ert
hroughoutyourrevi
sion,
andalsoon
theexam day.
Pr
oofReadi
ng

Pr
oofreadi
ngmeansexamini
ngyourtextcar
eful
lytof
indandcor
rectt
ypogr
aphi
caler
ror
sand
mi
stakesingr
ammar,st
yle,
andspel
li
ng.Herearesometi
ps.

 Lookaty
oursent
ences,
aret
heyef
fect
ive?I
nter
est
ing?

 Ar
ether
eanysent
encest
hatmi
ghtbeaddedordel
etedorr
elocat
ed?
Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.
  Consi
dert he wor
ds y
ou use;i
sther
e any need ofaddi
ti
on,del
eti
on,or
subst
it
uti
on?

 Pol
i
shsent
encest
ruct
ure.

 Checkspel
l
ings.

 Checkf
orpr
operuseofpunct
uat
ionmar
ks.

 Checkf
orgr
ammat
ical
str
uct
ureorwor
dsor
der
.

WhenYouPr
oof
read

 Wor kfrom apr i

ntout ,nott hecomput erscreen. (Butseebel owf orcomput erfunct i
onst hatcanhel pyou
fi
ndsomeki ndsofmi stakes. )
 Readoutl oud. Thisisespeci all
yhel pfulforspottingr un-onsentences, buty ou'
llalsohearot herpr obl
ems
thaty oumaynotseewhenr eadingsi lentl
y.
 Useabl anksheetofpapert ocov erupt helinesbel owt heoney ou'rereading. Thist echni quekeepsy ou
from skippingaheadofpossi blemi stakes.
 Uset hesear chf unct ionoft hecomput ertofindmi stakesy ou'
rel i
kelytomake.  Searchf or"it
,"forinstance,
i
fy ouconf use" its"and"it'
s;"for" -
ing"i fdanglingmodi fiersar eapr oblem;foropeni ngpar enthesesorquot emar ksif
yout endt oleaveoutt heclosi ngones.
 I
fy out endt omakemanymi stakes, checksepar at elyforeachki ndofer ror,mov i
ngf rom t hemostt ot he
l
easti mpor tant,andf oll
owi ngwhat evertechni quewor ksbestf oryoutoident i
fythatki ndofmi stake.
Forinstance, readt hroughonce( backwar ds, sentencebysent ence)tocheckf orfragment s;readt hroughagai n
(forward)tobesur esubjectsandv erbsagr ee, andagai n(per hapsusingacomput ersear chfor" this,""i
t,"and" t
hey")
totracepr onounst oantecedent s.
 Endwi thaspel li
ngcheck, usingacomput erspel li
ngcheckerorr eadingbackwar dswor dbywor d.
Butr emembert hataspel l
ingcheckerwon' tcat chmi stakeswi thhomony ms( e.g.,"t
hey '
re,""t
heir,""there")orcer tai
n
typos( l
ike"he"f or"the")
.

ThenotesareLIABLETOERRORSANDMI
STAKES.
Thanks
Regards:Rashi
dkhan

Or
gani
zedandComposedbyRashi
dkhan,Lect
ureri
nEngl
ishCS/
ITI
BMSAgr
icul
tur
e
Uni
ver
sityPeshawar
.