DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

Authors

Sikandar Amjad Cheema F2017132078

Muhammad Salman F2017132084

Shazim Ali F2017132095

Muneeb Hassan F2017132076

Supervisor

Muhammad Ahmad Adnan

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE

February 2022
1
 DESIGN OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDING

Authors

Sikandar Amjad Cheema F2017132078

Muhammad Salman F2017132084

Shazim Ali F2017132095

Muneeb Hassan F2017132076

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree

B.S Civil Engineering

Project Supervisor

Muhammad Ahmad Adnan

Assistant Professor

Civil Engineering Department

Project Supervisor Signature: ………………………………………………...

External Examiner Signature: ……………………………………………….

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

LAHORE

2
 Abstract

Sikandar Amjad Cheema F2017132078

Muhammad Salman F2017132084

Shazim Ali F2017132095

Muneeb Hassan F2017132076

Project Supervisor:

Muhammad Ahmad Adnan

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

UMT, LAHORE

Currently in the ever-progressing field of structural engineering. Use of software for analysis,

design & detailing has certainly proven itself to be revolutionary. Crown Mall & Residency is a

residential and commercial project, & is the structure under consideration for this study. This study

aims to analyze & design this residential and commercial Plaza using the ETABS software, by

considering the load pattern & load combinations.

The structure was surveyed & was modelled using Computer-Aided Design ETABS software.

Different analyses approaches were studied & loading was applied on the structure to observe its

behavior under different load patterns & load combinations. All frames passed the stress checks.

To rectify this issue, we increased the cross-sectional area of these beams, after which structure

was found completely safe.

3
 UNDERTAKING

I certify that research work titled “Design of a Multi-Story Building” is our own work. The work

has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources

it has been properly acknowledged and referred.

Sikandar Amjad Cheema

F2017132078

Muhammad Salman

F2017132084

Shazim Ali

F2017132095

Muneeb Hassan

F2017132076

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All Praise to Allah SWT for all blessings bestowed on us in every step of the way to carry out work

on our final year project (FYP). Hence, we were able to finish this thesis entitled Design of Multi-

Story Building.

We would like to express our highest gratitude to our FYP supervisor for his great assistance,

patience and support during our working on project and writing of report.

Authors

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 12

1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.1 General .................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.2 Significance............................................................................................................. 12

1.1.3 Project statement ..................................................................................................... 12

1.2 Objective of the research ................................................................................................ 12

1.3 Scope of work................................................................................................................. 13

1.4 Location of building ....................................................................................................... 13

1.5 ETABS® ......................................................................................................................... 13

1.6 Design loads ................................................................................................................... 13

1.6.1 Dead load ................................................................................................................ 13

1.6.2 Live loads ................................................................................................................ 13

1.6.3 Dimensions and storey details of the structure: ...................................................... 14

CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 15

2.1 Software model and results ............................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER 3 .............................................................................................................................. 24

3.1 Verification of results by approximate analysis ............................................................. 24

3.3 Moment in beams using ETABS .................................................................................... 27

3.4 Comparison between software results and manual calculation ...................................... 27

6
CHAPTER 4 .............................................................................................................................. 28

4.1 Design of slab ................................................................................................................. 28

4.1.1 Dimensions of slab .................................................................................................. 28

4.2 Design of Slab by Strip Method ..................................................................................... 28

4.2.1 Thickness of slab: ................................................................................................... 29

4.2.2 Self-Weight: ............................................................................................................ 29

4.2.3 Factored Load: ........................................................................................................ 30

4.2.4 Load Distribution: ................................................................................................... 30

4.2.5 Edge strip: ............................................................................................................... 31

4.2.6 Calculation for As using Moment from ETABS ...................................................... 35

CHAPTER 5 .............................................................................................................................. 41

5.1 Design of beam and column ........................................................................................... 41

5.2 Design of continuous beam ............................................................................................ 41

5.2.1 Area of slab ............................................................................................................. 42

5.2.2 Self-weight and load calculations ........................................................................... 42

5.2.3 Factored Load: ........................................................................................................ 43

5.2.4 Calculation of Span Moment: ................................................................................. 44

5.2.5 Comparison between approximate analysis and ETABS analysis ......................... 45

5.3 Design of Continuous T-beam ....................................................................................... 47

5.3.1 Reinforcement diagrams ......................................................................................... 53

7
 5.4 Design of column ........................................................................................................... 55

5.4.1 Interior and exterior column ................................................................................... 55

5.5 Design of corner column at top story ............................................................................. 55

CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................................. 61

6.1 Drawings ........................................................................................................................ 61

REFERNCES ............................................................................................................................. 67

8
 List of Figure

Figure 2.2: Floor Plan Basement 1 and 2 .......................................................................................16

Figure 2.3: Lower Ground floor plan .............................................................................................17

Figure 2.4: Floor Plan of storey 1-6 ...............................................................................................19

Figure 2.5: Sectional View A-A ....................................................................................................20

Figure 2.6: Plan view of storey 6 ...................................................................................................20

Figure 2.7: Plan view of storey 6 ...................................................................................................21

Figure 2.8: Plan view of storey 6 ...................................................................................................21

Figure 2.9: BMD for elevation view of storey 6 ............................................................................21

Figure 2.10: BMD for elevation view of storey 6 ..........................................................................22

Figure 2.11: SFD for elevation view of storey 6 ...........................................................................22

Figure 2.12: SFD for elevation view of storey 6 ...........................................................................23

Figure 3.1: Loading on continuous beam .....................................................................................24

Figure 3.2: Loading by approximate analysis method ...................................................................25

Figure 4.1: Slab dimensions ...........................................................................................................28

Figure 4.3: X-direction edge strip ..................................................................................................31

Figure 4.4: BMD X-direction edge strip ........................................................................................31

Figure 4.5: Y-direction edge strip ..................................................................................................32

Figure 4.6: BMD Y-direction edge strip ........................................................................................32

Figure 4.7: X-direction Middle strip ..............................................................................................33

Figure 4.8: BMD X-direction Middle strip ...................................................................................33

Figure 4.9: Y-direction Middle strip ..............................................................................................34

Figure 4.10: BMD Y-direction Middle strip ..................................................................................34

9
Figure 4.11: Reinforcement detail of slab......................................................................................39

Figure 5.1: Loading pattern on beam .............................................................................................41

Figure 5.2: Continuous beam .........................................................................................................41

Figure 5.3:Approximate analysis Bending moment and shear force diagram ...............................41

Figure 5.4: Etabs bending moments and Shear force diagram ......................................................42

Figure 5.5: Continuous beam .........................................................................................................43

Figure 5.6: Bending moment diagram of Continuous beam .......................................................441

Figure 5.7: Initial beam ..................................................................................................................41

Figure 5.8: Section design at Midspan of span AB .......................................................................48

Figure 5.9: Section design at face of column B .............................................................................48

Figure 5.10: Reinforcemnet diagram of Corner Edge and interior column ...................................41

Figure 5.11: Intearaction Curve For Rectangular Column ............................................................41

Figure 5.12: Reinforcement Diagram For Slab..............................................................................41

Figure 6.1: 1st to 6th Floor Plan ....................................................................................................62

Figure 6.2: Load Distribution on Slab ...........................................................................................63

Figure 6.3: Cross-Sectional View of Slab......................................................................................63

Figure 6.4: Load pattern on beam ..................................................................................................64

Figure 6.5: Initial Beam .................................................................................................................64

Figure 6.6: Section design at midspan of AB ................................................................................64

Figure 6.7: Section design at the face of column B .......................................................................64

Figure 6.8: Reinforced diagram of Corner,Edge,Interior column .................................................64

10
 List of Tables

Table 3.1: Moments in beam using ETABS .................................................................................23

Table 3.2 : Comparison between Software analysis and Manual calculation...............................24

Table 4.1: Area of steel in X and Y direction ..............................................................................23

Table 5.1: By Approximate analysis .............................................................................................40

Table 5.2: ETABS Analysis ..........................................................................................................15

Table 5.3: Comparison of bending moments ................................................................................41

Table 5.4: Comparison of Shear force ..........................................................................................41

Table 5.5: Moments at corner, edge and interior column ….…………………………………... 59

Table 5.6: Procedure for solving the column using equivalent ecentricity method......................41

11
 CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 General

With the intention to achieve efficiency, in the modern world of construction one requires a new

set of knowledge and skills that is of the modem tools and software. These tools can assist engineer

in solving many complex problems that otherwise might have taken hours upon hours. But can be

solved within a split second by these modern software packages. Nevertheless, these engineering

analysis and design programs are not the answer to all problems.

1.1.2 Significance

This project is focused on designing a reinforced concrete having 10 storey super-structure and 3

basements of Crown Mall and Residency using ETABS.

1.1.3 Project statement

This project is undertaken to design a reinforced concrete structure comprising total of 6 storey on

ETABS. Focus of this research is on designing the slab, beams and columns of the structure and

to determine the reinforcing steel (Area of steel for slab, beams and columns).

1.2 Objective of the research

 Design of R.C.C Multistory Building (Crown Mall and Residency) using ETABS

software.

 To Analyze and design the structural members using ETABS.

12
  Design important structural members (slab, beams and columns) manually and

compare it with the results obtained from ETABS.

 Drawings of reinforcement (slab, beam and column) using AUTOCAD.

1.3 Scope of work

Design a R.C.C multistory building on ETABS.

1.4 Location of building

The Crown Mall and Residency is located near Main GT Road opposite DHA Phase II, Islamabad,

Pakistan.

1.5 ETABS®

ETABS is abbreviation of “Extended 3D Analysis of Building System”. ETABS is a modeling,

analysis, design, and reporting software. It is one of the products of Computers and Structures.

1.6 Design loads

1.6.1 Dead load

Dead loads are set of load due to the permanent elements in structure that do not move or change

their location, joined into the structure including, dividers, floors, rooftops, roofs, flights of stairs.

1.6.2 Live loads

Live toads are a set of toads that are not permanent & might move for instance the load of building

occupants is a type of live load but load-bearing wall or permanent cupboard is a part of dead load.

13
1.6.3 Dimensions and storey details of the structure:

Column Sizes = 24″ x 24″

Beam Size = 27″ x 18″

Number of Stories = 10 (including two Basements, GF, GL, M, 1st -7th floor)

Story Height = 12’

14
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Software model and results

Maximum bending moment values for each member may be acquired from the analysis results,

which can be supplied in both graphical and tabular form. These numbers are used to design

concrete dimension and reinforcing quantities. For load combinations of 1.2DL+1.6LL and 1.4DL,

the displacement diagram, column responses, shear force, and bending Moments diagrams are

shown.

Fig 2.1: Ground floor and Mezzanine floor

15
Fig 2.2: Floor Plan Basement 1 and 2

16
Fig 2.3: Lower Ground floor plan

17
Fig 2.4: Floor Plan of story 1-6

18
Fig 2.5: Section View A-A

19
Fig 2.6: Plan view of story 6

Fig 2.7: Plan view of storey 6

20
 Fig 2.8: Plan view of story 6

Fig 2.9: BMD for elevation view of story 6

21
Fig 2.10: BMD for elevation view of story 6

Fig 2.11: SFD for elevation view of story 6

22
Fig 2.12: SFD for elevation view of story 6

23
 CHAPTER 3

3.1 Verification of results by approximate analysis

In this chapter different calculations have been made and different results have been observed, will

compare the software results with the approximate results manually calculated. It is usually

practiced to use approximate solutions as the basis for structural analysis. Manually made

calculations and results have been observed at storey 6.

These are the points at which the shape of the deflection curve of the beam changes the sign.

Fig 3.1: Loading on continuous beam

3.2 Procedure

To verify the results approximate analysis has been adopted along with the point of inflection

method in which calculations were made and moment were calculated for every span. After finding

moment at edges and in the middle of the span and by adding the edges moment the value observed

will be equal to the moments at middle of the span, it is applied in order to verify that either the

calculated Moment are correct or not. In this procedure the point has been taken at 0.2 of the span.

24
 Fig 3.2: Loading by approximate analysis method

Mid Span:

∑ 𝐹𝑥 =2.69x20

=53.8 kip

1. Span AB

Moments at A:

MA = + 2.69 (5) (1.5) + 26.9 (5) = 8.406 + 67.25 = 75.66 Kip-ft.

Moments at B:

= -75.66 Kip-ft.

Moments at Mid-Span:

𝑤𝑙2
= (2.69 (20)²)/8 = 134.5 Kip-ft.
8

2. Span BC:

Moments at B:

= 2.22 × (5) (5/2) + 18.2 × 2.05

= 4.66 + 37.31

= 47.97 Kip-ft.

25
 Moments at C:

= -47.97 Kip-ft.

Moments at Mid-Span of BC:

𝑤𝑙2
= (2.22 (16.4)²)/8 = 74.64 Kip-ft.
8

3. Span CD:

Moment at C:

= 2.31 × (2.14) (2.14/2) + 19.8 × 2.14

= 5.29 + 42.37

= 47.66 Kip-ft.

Moments at D:

= -47.66 Kip-ft.

Moments at Mid-Span of CD:

𝑤𝑙2
= (2.31 (17.14)²)/8 = 84.83 Kip-ft.
8

4. Span at DE:

Moments at D:

= 2.22 × (5) (5/2) + 18.2 × 2.05

= 4.66 + 37.92

= 42.58 Kip-ft.

Moments at E:

= -42.58 Kip-ft

Moments at Mid-Span of DE:

𝑤𝑙2
= (2.22 (16.36)²)/8 = 74.27 Kip-ft.
8

Similarly,
26
We will proceed with the same procedure for the other spans.

3.3 MOMENT IN BEAMS USING ETABS

Table 3.1: Moment in Beams using ETABS

Member Moments Left (kip.ft) Moments Mid (kip.ft) Moments Right (kip.ft)
AB 75.66 134.5 -75.66
BC 41.97 74.64 -41.97
CD 47.66 84.83 -47.66
DE 42.58 74.27 -42.58
EF 35.79 74.64 -35.79
FG 34.45 61.18 -34.45
GH 1.99 3.56 -1.99

3.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN SOFTWARE RESULTS AND MANUAL

CALCULATION

Table 3.2: Comparison between Software Results and Manual Calculation

Approximate Analysis Software Analysis Results

Span Moment Moment Moment At Moment At Moment At
Ends Span Midspan Left Midspan Right
Kip-ft.
AB 196.8 63.28 126.34 76.82 68.5
BC 66.48 36.12 64.53 39.4 62.47
CD 43.48 41.93 79.04 50.27 56.89
DE 59.72 26.83 66.88 44.54 52.99
EF 59.71 34.53 56.36 39.20 46.58
FG 56.84 30.02 40.27 43.66 44.73
GH 5.71 4.96 9.74 9.71 6.32

27
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

4.1.1 Dimensions of slab

A concrete slab is a flat, horizontal surface constructed of cast concrete that is used as a structural

element in modern constructions. Floors and ceilings are typically constructed using steel-

reinforced slabs.

4.2 Design of Slab by Strip Method

This method has been adopted to define plate strips at the critical locations across the slab. It is

usual to locate strips along lines of support (column strips) and along lines in-between the supports

(middle strips) for both the longitudinal and transverse directions.

Fig 4. 1: Slab dimensions (Slab marked in fig 2.4)

28
4.2.1 Thickness of slab:

The thickness of a concrete slab is determined by the loads and the slab's size. For residential and

commercial buildings, a slab thickness of 6 inches is often used, with reinforcement details as

needed. The methods for determining slab thickness varied depending on the type of slab.

𝑙𝑛 21.67
β= = = 1.15
𝑙𝑠 24

Here

ln = longer side of span

ls= shorter side of slab

Now to compute thickness of slab, reference has been taken from ACI that is (Eq 9-13

ACI)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8+ )
200000
hmin = 36+9𝛽

Here

β = ratio of clear span in long direction to clear span in short direction

ln =clear long span

fy = yield strength of steel

6000
25(12)(0.8+ )
hmin = 200000
= 7.11˝ =7.5˝
36+(9(1.5))

4.2.2 Self-Weight:

The weight of the concrete in the slab and the steel used in its construction make up the slabs self-

weight. The weight of concrete in the slab is first calculated.

7.5
q(self) = ( 12 )× 150 = 93.75 psf

29
4.2.3 Factored Load:

In order to make our structure safe it has been underestimate the actual strength/capacity of

material and overestimate the actual load coming on the structure. This overestimated load or

Moments multiplied by some partial safety factor is known as factored load/Moments.

= 1.2DL+ 1.6LL= 1.2(93.75) + 1.6(80) = 240.5 psf

=1.4DL = 1.4(93.75) =131 .25 psf

Hence the greater value of factored load has been adopted.

4.2.4 Load Distribution:

The slab's load is spread over the beams on their sides, including self-weight, living load, and

enforced dead load. The loads on slabs are measured in pounds per square foot, but the weights on

beams are measured in pounds per length of beam.

𝑙𝑠 21.67
= = 5.41
4 4

Fig 4. 2: Load distribution by strip method

30
4.2.5 Edge strip:

In each case, slabs are separated into two sorts of strips. One middle strip has a width of three-

quarters of the breadth of the respective. Span length in either direction, or two edge strips, each

with a width of one-eighth of the respective span length in both directions

Fig 4. 3: X-direction edge strip

𝑤𝑙2 (120.25)(5.41)2
Cantilever Moment = = = 1759.74 lb-ft
2 2

This Moments is to be divided in the ratio of 2 negative: 1 positive

2
Negative Moments = (1759.74) = 1191.57 lb-ft
3

1
Positive Moments = 3 (1759.74) = 595.29 lb-ft

BMD

Fig 4. 4: BMD X-direction edge strip

31
 In Y-direction

Fig 4. 5: Y-direction edge strip

𝑤𝑙2 (120.25)(5.41)2
Cantilever Moment = = = 1759.74 lb-ft
2 2

2
Negative Moments = 3 (1759.74) = 9411.3 lb-ft

1
Positive Moments = 3 (1759.74) = 4705.33 lb-ft

BMD

Fig 4. 6: BMD Y-direction edge strip

32
Middle Strip

In each case, slabs are separated into two sorts of strips. One middle strip has a width of three-

quarters of the breadth of the respective. Span length in either direction, or two edge strips, each

with a width of one-eighth of the respective span length in both directions

X-direction

Figure 4. 7: X-direction Middle strip

𝑤𝑙2 (240.5)(5.41)2
Cantilever Moment = = = 3571.73 lb-ft
2 2

2
Negative Moments = 3 (3571.73) = 2381.15 lb-ft

1
Positive Moments = 3 (3571.73 ) = 1190.58 lb-ft

BMD

Fig 4. 8: BMD X-direction Middle strip

33
 Y-direction

Fig 4. 9: Y-direction Middle strip

𝑤𝑙2 (240.5)(25)2
Fixed End Moment = = = 12526.04 lb-ft
12 12

2
Negative Moments = 3 (12526.04) = 1191.57 lb-ft

1
Positive Moments = 3 (12526.04 ) = 595.29.7 lb-ft

BMD

Fig 4. 10: BMD Y-direction Middle strip

34
4.2.6 Calculation for As using Moment from ETABS

The values from ETABS were used to determine the required steel along with computing the no

of bars required in reinforcement.

The values from ETABS are;

Now calculation will be done against every Moments in order to determine the steel at every strip

By using Moment for left edges

ØMn = Mu
𝑎
Mu = ØAsfy (d - 2 )

By re-arranging the above equation we will determine the area of steel that is
𝑀𝑢
As = 𝑎
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓
𝑐

Assume ℇt ≥ 0.005 then Ø = 0.9

𝑐 3
=8
𝑑

3
c = 8 (6.37) = 2.38

As we know

a=βc

a = 0.85 (2.38) = 2.03

Putting values of a in the following equation we will get the value for As
𝑎
Mu = ØAsfy (d - 2 )

0.2418
As = 2.03 = 0.48 in2/ft
0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2

Now we will find the actual value of a by using As

35
 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.48(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000) = 2.01 ˝
𝑐

By using actual a to find As

0.2418
As = 2.01 = 0.466 in2/ft
0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2

Now check for As (min)

(3√𝑓𝑐 )(𝑏)(𝑑) (3√4000)(12)(6.37)

As (min) = = = 0.297 in2/ft
𝑓𝑦 60000

As (min) will remain same in every strip because the values required to compute it are same for every

strip.

Now we will revise the same procedure for the other strip at left edge
𝑀𝑢 0.1227
As = 𝑎 = 2.01 = 0.667 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.667(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(6)= 1.98 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.1227
As = 𝑎 = 1.98 = 0.659 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

In this way we find the a for the following as the value of a will reduce in the next iteration.

For the Moment for right edges strips

𝑀𝑢 0.2436
As = 𝑎 = 1.98 = 0.541 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.541(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.96 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.2436
As = 𝑎 = 1.96 = 0.537 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

The other edge strip for right side

𝑀𝑢 0.1182
As = 𝑎 = 1.96 = 0.378 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.378(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.91˝
𝑐

36
 𝑀𝑢 0.1182
As = 𝑎 = 1.91 = 0.365 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

Similarly,

𝑀𝑢 0.0959
As = 𝑎 = 1.91 = 0.446 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.446(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.87 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.0959
As = 𝑎 = 1.87 = 0.439 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(60000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝑀𝑢 0.1227
As = 𝑎 = 1.87 = 0.667 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.667(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.85 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.1227
As = 𝑎 = 1.85 = 0.652 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝑀𝑢 0.122
As = 𝑎 = 1.87 = 0.41 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.41(4000)
a= = = 1.81 ˝
0.85 𝑏 𝑓𝑐 0.85(3000)(60000)

𝑀𝑢 0.122
As = 𝑎 = 1.81 = 0.397 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝑀𝑢 0.0797
As = 𝑎 = 1.81 = 0.541 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.41(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.793 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.0797
As = 𝑎 = 1.793 = 0.541 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝑀𝑢 0.0812
As = 𝑎 = 1.793 = 0.55 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.41(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.771 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.0812
As = 𝑎 = 1.771 = 0.543 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

37
 𝑀𝑢 0.0959
As = 𝑎 = 1.793 = 0.611 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 0.41(4000)
a = 0.85 𝑏 𝑓 =0.85(3000)(60000)= 1.74 ˝
𝑐

𝑀𝑢 0.0959
As = 𝑎 = 1.74 = 0.602 in2/ft
Ø𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) 0.9(4000) (6.37 − )
2 2

Now we will compile all the areas calculated in a table in order to compare them with As (min).

Table 4.1: Area of Steel in X and Y direction

X-axis

Moment As
Kip-ft./ft. in2/ft.

0.2418 0.48

0.193 0.667
Edge strip
0.2436 0.343
0.178 0.481
0.0797 0.541
Middle strip
0.0959 0.611

Y-axis
Moment As
Kip-ft./ft. in2/ft.
0.1227 0.512

0.1322 0.41
Edge strip
0.0812 0.55

0.0876 0.387

0.1182 0.481
Middle strip
0.110 0.651

38
 Figure 4.11: Moments in X and Y Strip

4.2.7 Sketch:

Fig 4.11: Reinforcement detail of slab

39
Hence from the above table it has been observed that As ˃ As (min)

So we will provide #4 bars@ 4.5 ˝

Note that all bar spacing’s are less than 2h = 2 (7.5 ˝) = 15 ˝

40
 CHAPTER 5

5.1 DESIGN OF BEAM AND COLUMN

Beam:

A beam is a structural element that resists loads that are applied laterally to the axis of the beam

(an element designed to carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column). Its primary mode

of deflection is bending. Reaction forces are generated at the beam's support points as a result of

the loads applied to it. The combined impact of all forces operating on the beam is to produce shear

forces and bending moments within the beams, which cause internal stresses, strains, and

deflections. Beams are distinguished by their support method, profile (cross-section form),

equilibrium conditions, length, and material.

5.2 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

Fig 5.1: Loading pattern on beam

41
5.2.1 Area of slab

The tributary area of the slab is defined as the area of floor or roof (in plan) that causes loading

on a particular structural element.

The tributary area of slab was calculated by adding the area of two, trapezium and triangle.

Area (slab) = (0.5(3.33 + 25) (10.83)) + ((0.5) (1 + 25) (12)) = 153.41 + 156 = 309.41ft2

Self-weight of slab is equal to weight of concrete in slab and weight of steel which is used in

construction of slab.

Self-weight of slab = 309.41(0.625) (150) = 29007.19 lb.

5.2.2 Self-weight and load calculations

Self-weight of slab is equal to weight of concrete in slab and weight of steel which is used in

construction of slab.

Dead load = wd = 1160.29 lb/ft

Self-weight = w = 2 x 1.5 x 150 = 450 lb/ft

Total wd1 = 1160.29 + 450 = 1610.29

Live Load = wL1 = 990.11 lb/ft

Dead load = wd2 = 956.52 +450 = 1406.52 lb/ft

Live Load = wL2 = 817.21 lb/ft

Dead load = wd3 = 994.97 + 450 = 1447.97 lb/ft

Live Load = wL3 = 849.04 lb/ft

42
5.2.3 Factored Load:

We will find factored load by using 1.2DL (dead load) and 1.6LL (live load).

Factored Dead Load = wud1 = 1.2 x 1610.29 = 1932.35 lb/ft

Factored Live Load = wuL1 = 1.6 x 990.11 = 1584.18 lb/ft

Factored Dead Load = wud2 = 1.2 x 1406.52 = 1687.82 lb/ft

Factored Live Load =wuL2 = 1.6 x 817.21 = 1307.54 lb/ft

Factored Dead Load = wud3 = 1.2 x 1447.97 = 1737.56 lb/ft

Factored Live Load =wuL3 = 1.6 x 849.04 = 1358.46 lb/ft

Fig 5.2: Continuous beam

43
5.2.4 Calculation of Span Moment:

Table 5.1: By approximate analysis

+ve Moment -ve Moment

Moments Formula
Kip-ft. Kip-ft.
𝑤𝑙 2
Moments at end span 91.58
24
𝑤𝑙 2
Moments at middle of end span 156.96
14
Moments at support next to 𝑤𝑙 2
219.78
endsupport 10
Moments at support to interior 𝑤𝑙 2
114.23
support 11
Moments at middle of other 𝑤𝑙 2
78.53
interiorsupport 16

Table 5.2: ETABS analysis

Moments Right
Member Moments Left (kip.ft) Moments Mid (kip.ft)
(kip.ft)

AB -153.81 122.60 -89.98

BC -80.94 55.56 -92.56

CD -103.12 68.82 -83.16

DE -42.58 74.27 -42.58

EF -35.79 74.64 -35.79

FG -34.45 61.18 -34.45

GH -1.99 3.56 -1.99

44
5.2.5 Comparison between approximate analysis and ETABS analysis

Manual calculations were made for first three spans so the comparison between the approximate

analysis and ETABS value is as following

Table 5.3: Bending Moments comparison

Moments at supports Moments at mid span

Member Moments at left support(- Moments at right support(- Moments at mid span(-
ve) ve) ve)
Approximate ETABS Approximate ETABS Approximate ETABS
analysis analysis analysis analysis analysis analysis

Kips-ft
AB -91.58 -153.81 -219.78 -89.98 156.96 112.60

BC -114.23 -80.94 114.23 -92.56 78.53 55.56

CD 92.61 103.12 92.61 -83.16 63.68 68.82

Table 5.4: Shear Force Comparison

Shear force at supports

Member Shear force at left support(-ve) Shear force at right support(-ve)

Approximate ETABS Approximate ETABS

analysis analysis analysis analysis

kips
AB -43.87 -37.64 50.46 32.06

BC -30.65 -25.11 30.65 26.47

CD -24.36 -29.09 24.36 26.81

45
Fig 5.3: Bending Moments and shear force diagram from approximate analysis

Fig 5.4: BM and SF diagrams from ETABS

46
5.3 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS T-BEAM

Fig 5.5: Continuous Beam

1. Estimate cross sectional dimension of beam

Assume that the beam's full depth is between 1/18 and 1/12 of the largest span length for beam A–

B–C–D, which is from A to B. Thus

𝑙 𝑙
h ≈ 12 to 18

25 𝑓𝑡 ×12 𝑖𝑛./𝑓𝑡 25 𝑓𝑡 ×12 𝑖𝑛./𝑓𝑡

h≈ = 25 in. to h≈ = 16.6 in
12 18

A height of 24 inches is recommended.

Total factored load = 3.51 k/ft

Factored design Moments = -219.78 k-ft

Fig 5.6: Bending Moments diagram of Continuous Beam

47
 2. Selection of 𝝆 value and corresponding R-factor.

Use material properties of f’c ≤ 4000 psi, 𝛽 = 0.85. To select an initial value for 𝜌 use this

equation

𝛽1 𝑓’𝑐 0.85×4 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝜌= = = 0.0142
4𝑓𝑦 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Rounding this off to 0.014

𝑓𝑦 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜔= 𝜌 = 0.014 = 0.21
𝑓𝑐 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖

R = 𝜔 f’c (1-0.59 𝜔) = 0.21 × 4 ksi (1 - 0.59×0.21) = 0.736 ksi

It's necessary for a designer to make conclusions on what the R-factor should be selection of

section dimension, b and h

∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢

∅𝑅(𝑏𝑑 2 ) ≥ 𝑀𝑢

𝑀𝑢 219 𝑘−𝑓𝑡 × 12 𝑖𝑛./𝑓𝑡

(𝑏𝑑2 ) ≥ = = 3967 in3
∅𝑅 0.9 ×0.736 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Now select a value between b and d, which have been defined as𝛼. The 𝛼 can be set equal to a

value between (0.5 to 0.8), so take 𝛼 = 0.7.

𝑀 3967 𝑖𝑛3
d ≥ (𝛼∅𝑅)0.333 = ( )0.333 = 17.78 in
0.7

Now d = 18.5 in. and h d + 2.5 in. = 21 in. are the results of rounding up to the next half-inch value.

𝑙 25𝑓𝑡 ×12 𝑖𝑛./𝑓𝑡

h(min) = 18.5 = = 16.21 in
18.5

h = 21 in, and d = h - 2.5 in =18.5 in

3967 𝑖𝑛3
b ≥ (18.5 𝑖𝑛)2 = 11.59 in.

h = 21 in b = 15 in

48
Design tension reinforcement for one positive and one negative bending section of the continuous

floor beam A-B-C-D. The beam's cross-sectional dimensions are h = 21" and b = 15 inches.

Assume concrete has a compressive strength of 4000 psi and steel has a yield strength of 60,000

psi.

3. Designing the midspan section of beam AB

Using structural analysis software, the factored design Moments at this segment were determined

to be 157 k-ft and 112 k-ft, respectively, using the ACI Moments coefficients. The bigger number

will be utilized in this computation. Assuming only one layer of reinforcement, d = 21.5 in. Apply

Eq. As (explained below) to produce an initial estimate for the desired tension steel area, assuming

this is a tension-controlled section:

𝑀𝑢 𝑢𝑀 157 k−ft ×12 in./ft

As ≥ 𝑎 ≈ ∅𝑓𝑦 (𝑗𝑑) = 0.90 ×60 ksi × 0.95 × 18.5 in = 1.98 in2
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− )
2

Because this is a small value, we should check As, min for the given concrete strength, so use this

equation:

3√𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 190 𝑝𝑠𝑖 ×15 𝑖𝑛 ×18.5 𝑖𝑛

A s, min = = = 0.88 in2
𝑓𝑦 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Accordingly, the insignificant region won't make a difference, and one cycle will be expected to

work on the worth of As. Decide the successful width of the pressure zone to decide the profundity

of the pressure block.

𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 26.5

be ≤ = = 80 in
4 4

be ≤ bw + 2( 8hf ) = 15 in + 2(8×7.5) = 135 in

be ≤ clear spacing between beams = 318 in

Choose minimum be of above three:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 1.98 𝑖𝑛2 ×60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

a = 0.85 𝑓 𝑏 = = 0.436 in2 < hf
𝑐 0.85 ×4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ×80

49
Using this value of ‘a’

𝑀𝑢 157 k−ft ×12 in./ft

As ≥ 𝑎 = 0.90 ×60 ksi ×( 18.5 in−0.21 in) = 1.91 in2 ≥ A s, min
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− )
2

Select three No. 8 bars for this needed area, resulting in an area of 2.37 in2. Although it is feasible

to choose a mix of bar sizes to get closer to the needed tension steel area

As a result, stick to 3 # 8 bars.

4. Detailing check

The shortest distance from the reinforcing surface to the tension face is cc, bar. The term fs refers

to the stress in the flexural reinforcement, which can be set to 40,000 psi for Grade-60 steel.

40,000 40,000
s ≤ 15 ( )-2.5cc =15 (40,000)-2.5(2) = 10 in.
𝑓𝑠

40,000 40,000
s ≤ 12 ( ) = 12 (40,000) = 12 in.
𝑓𝑠

Assuming the distance from the sides of the beam to the center of each #8 bar is 2.5 in., the center-

to-center spacing between the #8 bars is:

15−2(2.5 𝑖𝑛.)
s= = 5 in. < 10 in.
2

As a result, the distance between the bars complies with the Code. If the spacing was too great,

four (smaller) bars would be designed to bring the center-to-center spacing between the bars down

to the minimum.

5. Required strength check

The needed minimum steel area has already been established, and it is less than the steel area

selected. Because this is a tension-controlled area, use = 0.9. Calculate c and compare it to 3/8 of

d (0.375 18.5 in. = 6.94 in.) to locate a certain steel piece

50
The factor 1 is 0.85 for a concrete compressive strength of 4000 psi. As a result, the distance from

the neutral axis is

2.37 𝑖𝑛2 ×60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

a= = 0.523 in2
0.85 ×4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ×80

c = a / 𝛽 1 = 0.523 in./0.85 = 0.61 in.

𝑎 0.523
∅Mn = ∅Asfy (𝑑 − 2) = 0.9 × 2.37 in2 × 60 ksi (18.5 − )
2

= 2334 k-in. = 194 k-ft ≥ Mu = 157 k-ft

6. Design for negative moments at face of support B.

The pattern on both sides of support B is identical to the one shown here. Using structural analysis

software, the factored design Moments at this segment were determined to be -219 k-ft and -89 k-

ft, respectively, using the ACI Moments coefficients. Use the higher value in this computation.

The first tension steel area estimate is based on the premise that this is a tension-controlled

segment.

𝑀𝑢 𝑀
𝑢 219 k−ft ×12 in./ft
As ≥ 𝑎 ≈ ∅𝑓𝑦 (𝑗𝑑) = 0.90 ×60 ksi × 0.95 × 18.5 in = 2.76 in2
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− )
2

Before As, do one iteration to improve the value of As. For this case, the width of the compression

zone, b, is equal to the web width, bw = 15 in

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 2.76 𝑖𝑛2 ×60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

a = 0.85 𝑓 𝑏 = = 3.25 in
𝑐 0.85 ×4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 ×15

𝑀𝑢 219 k−ft ×12 in./ft

As ≥ 𝑎 = = 2.69 in2
∅𝑓𝑦(𝑑− ) 0.90 ×60 ksi ×(18.5 in−1.62 in)
2

Now

As = 4 × 0.60 in2 + 4 × 0.20 in2

As = 3.2 in2

51
For 4 #6 bars, the minimum web width is 9.0 in. Because a slab can have a thinner cover, the No.

4 bars in the flange will usually be higher in the T-beam portion than the bars above the web.

However, it is possible to attain sufficient precision in strength calculations by assuming that all

tension reinforcement is approximately 2.5 in. from the top of the section. This method is

conservative because the actual d is a little greater.

7. Required strength check

To determine if this is a tension-controlled section, compare the depth to the neutral axis, c, to 3/8

of d, the neutral axis depth limit for tension-controlled sections. The factor 1 is 0.85 for a concrete

compressive strength of 4000 psi. As a result, the distance from the neutral axis is

3.2 𝑖𝑛 ×60 𝑘𝑠𝑖

2
a = 0.85 ×4 = 3.7 in
𝑘𝑠𝑖 ×15

c = a / 𝛽 1 = 3.7 in./0.85 = 4.35 in.

Including the strength reduction factor,∅

𝑎 4.35
∅Mn = ∅Asfy (𝑑 − ) = 0.9 × 3.2 in2 × 60 ksi (18.5 − )
2 2

= 2821 k-in. = 235 k-ft ≥ Mu = 219 k-ft

52
5.3.1 Reinforcement diagrams

Fig 5.7: Initial beam

Fig 5.8: Section design at midspan of span AB

53
Fig 5.9: Section design at the face of column

54
5.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

5.4.1 Interior and exterior column

In architecture and structural engineering, a column or pillar is a structural member that conveys

the weight of the structure above to other structural components below by compression. A column,

in other terms, is a compression member.

5.5 DESIGN OF CORNER COLUMN AT TOP STORY

5.5.1 Using Equivalent Eccentricity method

An interaction Diagram for axial load and bending along either primary axis may be drawn for a

given cross section and reinforcing scheme. A double iteration is required to calculate each point

on such a surface.

The notations to be used are specified before beginning the computation.

55
Pu = positive in compression factored axial load.

in the cross section, ex = eccentricity of applied force measured parallel to the x-axis, positive to

right

ey = eccentricity of applied load measured parallel to the y-axis on cross section, positive upward

Mux = factoral Moments about the x-axis, equivalent to Pu ey, positive when causing fibre

compression in the positive y direction.

5.5.2 Procedure

The comparison between the ETABS value and approximate analysis is tabulated below. The

software values varies from the approximate analysis values at supports so the approximate

analysis values have been used in order to attain the accuracy in calculations.

Table 5.5: Moments at corner, edge and interior column

Mux Muy
Approximate Approximate
ETABS ETABS
analysis analysis
Kip-ft.
Corner column 11.26 14.98 21.77 36.45
Edge column 27.33 34.42 39.88 59.42
Interior column 29.42 33.67 41.96 55.96

Before starting the procedure some values to be used are Pu = 18.4 kips, Mux = 14.98 Kip-ft.,

Muy = 36.45 Kip-ft.

Assume ρg = 0.015 then

𝑝 𝑢 18.4
Ag trial = 0.40(𝑓 +𝜌 = 0.40(4+(60000 𝑥 0.015) = 3.5 in2
𝑐 𝑔 𝑓𝑦 )

Compute γ

(18−(2𝑥2.5))
γ= = 0.72
18

56
Compute ex, ey from the definition of the Moments and eccentricities.

𝑀𝑢𝑥 36.45 𝑥 12
ey = = = 23.77 in
𝑝𝑢 18.4

𝑀𝑢𝑦 14.98 𝑥 12
e x= = = 9.76 in
𝑝𝑢 18.4

Check
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑦 23.77 9.76
≥ = ≥ = 1.32 ≥ 0.54 hence satisfied
𝑙𝑥 𝑙𝑦 18 18

Compute α

𝑝𝑢 𝑓𝑦 +40000 18.4 60000+40000

α = (0.5 + 𝑓 )( ) = (0.5 + 4(18𝑥18) )( ) = 0.51
𝑐 𝐴𝑔 100000 100000

α 𝑒𝑦 𝑙𝑥 18
eox = e x + = 23.77 + 0.51(9.76)( 18 ) = 28.74
𝑙𝑦

Also

Moy = Pu eox = 18.4 x 28.74 = 528.816 kip-in

Using interaction diagram

𝑝𝑢 18.4
= = 0.05 ksi
𝐴𝑔 324

𝑀𝑢 528.816
= 324 𝑥 18 = 0.09 ksi
𝐴𝑔 ℎ

Compute Ast and select the reinforcement.

Ast = ρ Ag = 0.01(18)2 = 3.24 in2

For bottom story corner column, the value obtained from interaction curve will be
𝑝𝑢 184
= = 0.56 ksi
𝐴𝑔 324

𝑀𝑢 2993.6
= 324 𝑥 18 = 0.51 ksi
𝐴𝑔 ℎ

Ast = ρ Ag = 0.03(18)2 = 9.72 in2

57
Similarly, by using the previous procedure we will solve some other columns which are as

follow;

Figure 5.10: Interaction Curve for Rectangular Column

58
 Table 5.6: Procedure for solving the column using equivalent eccentricity method

Pu Muy Mux 𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒚 Moy

γ ex ey ≥ α eox
𝒍𝒙 𝒍𝒚

kips Kip-ft. in in kip-in

Top
18.4 0.72 18.9 14.98 23.77 9.76 1.32 >0.5 0.51 28.74 528.81
Story
Corner
Ground
column 184 0.72 17.64 13.75 18.31 7.77 1.01 >0.43 0.51 16.27 2993.6
floor

𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒚
Pu γ Muy Mux ex ey ≥ α eox Moy
𝒍𝒙 𝒍𝒚
kips Kip-ft. in in kip-in
Top
56.48 0.72 17.76 7.78 7.31 5.07 0.4 >0.28 0.51 9.89 181.97
Story
Edge
Ground
column 67.89 0.72 16.54 6.71 7.26 5.01 0.403 >0.27 0.51 16.27 432.87
floor

𝒆𝒙 𝒆𝒚
Pu γ Muy Mux ex ey ≥ α eox Moy
𝒍𝒙 𝒍𝒚
kips Kip-ft. in in kip-in

Top
47.84 0.72 5.22 6.96 11.8 4.53 0.65 >0.25 0.51 14.11 259.62
Story
Interior
column Ground
67.89 0.72 16.54 6.71 7.26 5.01 0.4 >0.27 0.51 16.27 323.54
floor

59
Reinforcement diagram

Fig 5.10: Reinforcement diagram of corner, edge and interior column

60
 CHAPTER 6

6.1 Drawings

AutoCAD® is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application.

We have been using this software for the drawings of the building such as:

 Floor plans

 Front elevations

 Sectional drawings (slab, beam and column)

61
Fig 6.1: 1st to 6th Floor Plan

62
 Fig 6.2: Load Distribution on Slab

Fig 6.3: Cross-Sectional View of Slab

63
Fig 6.4: Load pattern on beam

Fig 6.5: Initial beam

64
 Fig 6.6: Section design at midspan of span AB

Fig 6.7: section design at the face of column B

65
Fig 6.8: Reinforcement diagram of Corner, Edge, Interior Column

66
 REFERNCES

1. Wight, James K. Reinforced concrete: mechanics and design. Prentice Hall, 2015.

2. MacGregor JG, Wight JK, Reinforced concrete: Mechanics and design. Upper Saddle River,

NJ: Prentice Hall; 1997.

67