ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 5d

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES

amend (v.) to correct or make small changes to  The law was amended to include
something that is written or spoken women.

conflict (n.) a state of disagreement or argument  For years the region has been torn
between people, groups, countries, etc. apart by armed conflicts.
enable (v.) to make it possible for someone to do  There are plans to enlarge the runway
something, or for something to happen to enable jumbo jets to land.

expand (v.) to become larger in size, number, or  Water expands as it freezes.

amount, or to make something become
larger
image (n.) a picture that you have in your mind,  He had no visual image of her, only her
especially about what someone or name.
something is like or the way they look
mental (adj.) relating to the mind and thinking, or  Stress has an effect on both your
happening only in the mind physical and mental health.

orient (v.) to direct (something, such as a book or film)
toward the interests of a particular group
ratio (n.) a relationship between two amounts,
represented by a pair of numbers showing
how much bigger one amount is than the
other
sustain (v.) to make something continue to exist or
happen for a period of time
 The program is intended to orient
students toward a career in medicine.
 The ratio of nursing staff to doctors is
2:1.
 She found it difficult to sustain the
children’s interest.

version (n.) a copy of something that has been changed  The two groups listened to different
so that it is slightly different versions of the story.

5d-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

sustain version mental ratio enabled

images expand amended conflicts orient

1. Using a computer has _______________ me to do my work much more quickly and efficiently.
2. He has been able to _______________ his business through advertising on the Internet.
3. We need food and water in order to _______________ life.
4. It is important for children to learn how to resolve _______________ through discussion.
5. Your little brother told me a different _______________ of the fight that you had with him.
6. The university tennis club has _______________ its rules to allow players to wear grey or light brown
clothing, rather than just white.
7. It will take a few days to _______________ you to the routine in our office.
8. Our handicapped 18-year-old son has a/an _______________ age of about 3.
9. One of the most important _______________ of the fall of communism in the 1980s was the destruction of
the Berlin Wall.
10. Salad dressing is usually made with an oil to vinegar _______________ of 3 to 1.

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5d-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

sustained amending conflicts mental oriented

images expands enable versions ratio

1. It is estimated that there are as many as 300,000 child soldiers who are currently fighting in at least two
dozen armed _______________ around the world.
2. Our universe _______________ by a billion miles in all directions every hour.
3. Parliament has begun debate on _______________ the constitution.
4. New employment programs announced by the government will _______________ small businesses to hire
more students for the summer.
5. Many of the _______________ in the movie were created on computers.
6. According to Mahatma Gandhi, freedom and slavery are _______________ states.
7. X-rays of the Mona Lisa show that there are three completely different _______________ of the same
subject, all painted by Leonardo, under the final portrait.
8. People's behaviour is _______________ to their culture and its rules.
9. The country's _______________ economic growth cannot last forever.
10. Americans outnumber Canadians in North America by a/an _______________ of about 9:1.

5d-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

amendments sustainable expansion conflict enabled

images ratio disoriented versions mentally

1. After receiving a blow to the head, the player was confused and _______________, and he had to leave the
game.
2. A copy of the suggested _______________ has been sent to the members for their consideration.
3. The rapid _______________ of e-commerce has radically changed the world of retail sales.
4. The flexible hours of my new job have _______________ me to spend more time with my children.
5. It is important to _______________ organize information in your head when studying.
6. We need to find a/an _______________ energy source to replace our fossils fuels because eventually there
won't be any oil or gas left.
7. George Bernard Shaw observed that there is only one religion, though there are a hundred
_______________ of it.
8. In the best possible learning environment, the computer-student _______________ would be 1:1.
9. The _______________ for fresh water is growing in many of the former Soviet republics, which share many
of the same waterways.
10. Forming mental _______________ of new vocabulary is a valuable aid in learning a second language.

5d-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

version conflicting ratio orientation amendment

enabled mentally expansion images sustain

1. The home computer has __________ many people to produce their own professional-looking magazines.
2. The cheetah can run at speeds of over 80 km/h, but can only __________ that speed for a very short time.
3. The author has just put out an updated __________ of his travel book with new information in it.
4. Witnesses to the murder gave __________ reports of what happened, so police are still investigating.
5. Scientists now say that the continued __________ of the universe will not last forever, and that the universe
will actually someday start to shrink.
6. In 1977, the Voyager spacecraft photographed the first __________ of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
7. The __________ of women to men in our language program is about 5:3.

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 8. During __________ week, the students will be introduced to all the facilities available to them during their
studies here.
9. The escaped prisoner is apparently __________ disturbed, and is considered extremely dangerous.
10. I would like to suggest a slight __________ to our plan.

5d-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

enable versions mental amend conflicting

imagery expands oriented ratio unsustainable

1. Some of the most original and puzzling __________ in Western Art was produced by Hieronymus Bosch.
2. During pregnancy, a woman's uterus __________ to 500 times its normal size.
3. New discoveries in genetics may someday __________ doctors to detect many inherited diseases before
people actually develop them.
4. Most Christian chant began in the Middle Ages, but it has been kept alive since that time, if often in corrupt
__________.
5. The members voted to __________ a couple of the union bylaws at last week's meeting.
6. The two children gave __________ accounts of how the window of the school was broken.
7. Our current use of fossil fuels is completely __________. We must find alternate fuels.
8. The house is __________ towards the south, so it gets lots of sun.
9. Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that the heart was the centre of the __________ process.
10. The philosopher Rousseau believed there should be a/an __________ of one professor for every student.

ANSWER KEY

5d-A 1.enabled 2.expand 3.sustain 4.conflicts 5.version 6.amended 7.orient 8.mental 9.images 10.ratio

5d-B 1.conflicts 2.expands 3.amending 4.enable 5.images 6.mental 7.versions 8.oriented 9.sustained 10.ratio

5d-C. 1.disoriented 2.amendments 3.expansion 4.enabled 5.mentally 6.sustainable 7.versions 8.ratio 9.conflict
10.images

5d-D. 1.enabled 2.sustain 3.version 4.conflicting 5.expansion 6.images 7.ratio 8.orientaion 9.mentally
10.amendment

5d-E. 1.imagery 2.expands 3.enable 4.versions 5.amend 6.conflicting 7.unsustainable 8.oriented 9.mental
10.ratio

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ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 5e

WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES

aware (adj.) If you are aware of something, you know  Smokers are well aware of the dangers
about it. to their own health.
consult (v.) to ask for information or advice from  An increasing number of people are
someone because it is their job to know consulting their accountants about the
something tax laws.

energy (n.) power that is used to provide heat, operate  The problem with nuclear energy is
machines, etc. dealing with the waste.
expose (v.) To expose something that is usually hidden  Potatoes turn green when exposed to
means to uncover it so that it can be seen. light.

liberal (adj.) willing to understand and respect other
people’s ideas, opinions, and feelings
modify (v.) to make small changes to something in order
to improve it and make it more suitable or
effective
perspective (n.) a way of thinking about something,
especially one which is influenced by the
type of person you are or by your
experiences
reject (v.) to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with
something
symbol (n.) a picture or shape that has a particular
meaning or represents a particular
organization or idea
 The government is trying to adopt a
more liberal policy on issues of crime
and punishment.
 The feedback will be used to modify
the course for next year.
 The novel is written from a child’s
perspective.
 It’s obvious why his application was
rejected.
 The symbol on the packet is a
guarantee that the food has been
produced organically.

welfare (n.) someone’s welfare is their health and  Our only concern is the children’s
happiness welfare.

5e-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

welfare consult perspective exposed aware

liberal symbol energy rejected modify

1. Living in a foreign culture helps you to gain a different _______________ on life.

2. My grandmother was very old, but she had quite _______________ ideas. For example, she thought it was a
good idea for young people to live together before getting married.
3. I'll have to _______________ with my boss before I make a decision this important.
4. The maple leaf is the internationally-recognized _______________ of Canada.
5. Studies show that children who are _______________ to tobacco smoke in the home have more ear
infections and other health problems.
6. Teachers often _______________ their language slightly when they speak to students who are learning
English.
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 7. She _______________ his requests for a date a number of times before finally saying yes. Now they are
happily married.
8. Teenagers today are much more _______________ of the dangers of smoking than they were when my
mother was young.
9. Hopefully, scientists will someday find a new source of _______________ which is less harmful for the
environment than oil or nuclear power.
10. You should consider the _______________ of your family before you decide to take a job in another city.

5e-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

welfare exposed modified symbol energy

reject liberal consult perspective aware

1. He received a heart transplant, and he had to take drugs for the rest of his life so that his body wouldn't
_______________ it.
2. After working all day, she simply didn't have the _______________ to go out dancing in the evening.
3. Be sure to _______________ with your doctor immediately if your condition changes at all.
4. Only insects have true wings; other flying creatures, like bats and birds, fly using legs that are
_______________ to be wings.
5. When Sam lifted up the rock at the beach, he _______________ many different kinds of sea animals living
underneath.
6. Despite the fact that we are no longer consciously _______________ of the external world during sleep, our
minds continue to actively process information.
7. People living in the urban areas of the country generally seem to have more _______________ views than
those in the countryside.
8. The early death of his business partner due to overwork has given him a new _______________ on life.
9. Denmark's social system is characterized by its extensive government _______________ measures.
10. Pb is the chemical _______________ for lead.

5e-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

perspectives exposure energetic consultant symbolic

welfare liberalizing modified awareness rejected

1. A white dove is _______________ of peace and goodwill between nations.

2. He worked in a bank for about 35 years, and then became a financial _______________ after he retired.
3. Maurice Strong recently remarked that we cannot trade the _______________ of our future generations for
profits now.
4. Different cultures have very different _______________ on death. For some it is the end; for others it is a
new beginning.
5. _______________ to a foreign language at an early age can help in the acquisition of that language later on
in life.
6. Children are amazingly _______________; they can play for hours without getting tired.
7. The landscape of our planet is greatly _______________ by the tremendous volume of water circulating on
its surface.
8. Abraham Maslow observed that what is necessary to change a person is to change his _______________ of
himself.
9. Gautama Buddha was an Indian prince who _______________ his wealthy lifestyle to lead a simpler
existence.
10. Malta is currently privatizing state-controlled companies and _______________ markets in order to prepare
for membership in the European Union.

5e-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

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 welfare liberalize reject perspective energy
awareness symbol consult exposure modified

1. I think we need to __________ our laws regarding alcohol in our province because we're not even legally
allowed to take a bottle of wine on a picnic.
2. The Olympic __________ is made up of five interlocking rings, standing for the continents of Europe, Asia,
Africa, Australia, and North America.
3. If we can't reach an agreement with the landlord over who should pay for the damage done by the fire, we
may need to __________ a lawyer.
4. When __________ is used, it doesn't disappear - it merely goes elsewhere or is changed into another form.
5. Psychologists have observed that most of the process of forgetting occurs soon after initial __________.
6. Martial arts star Bruce Lee once observed that in life you must absorb what is useful, __________ what is
useless, and add what is specifically your own.
7. The organization has been quite effective in promoting __________ of the dangers of unsafe sex.
8. There is a group of engineers driving across the continent in an automobile which has been __________ to
run on cooking oil instead of gasoline.
9. Case studies are used by researchers in psychology to gain a historical __________, which often helps in
forming hypotheses about the causes of a psychological disturbance.
10. Right-wing parties want to get people off __________, but they don't say what they will do to create
employment for these people.

5e-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

modifications symbolize exposed perspective rejected

aware consult welfare liberal energy

1. The president's __________ ideas are getting him into trouble with the right-wing faction of his party.
2. Despite the fact that we are no longer consciously __________ of the external world during sleep, our minds
continue to actively process information.
3. All the animals that __________ Africa can be found in Kenya.
4. If you are __________ to sunshine without the protection of the ozone, it may cause skin cancer.
5. Large corporations have no regard for the __________ of their employees; they are simply interested in
profits.
6. Foreign cars sold in this country must undergo certain __________ in order to reduce the amount of
pollution they produce.
7. There is a Romanian proverb which states that if you want good advice, __________ an old man.
8. Paintings of the Middle Ages didn't really show much __________; everything looked flat.
9. As Gandhi once said, whenever you have truth, it must be given with love; otherwise the message and the
messenger will be __________.
10. According to a recent study, about 2.5 billion people living in the world today have no access to modern
__________ services.

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ANSWER KEY

5e-A. 1.perspective 2.liberal 3.consult 4.symbol 5.exposed 6.modify 7.rejected 8.aware 9.energy 10.welfare

5e-B. 1.reject 2.energy 3.consult 4.modified 5.exposed 6.aware 7.liberal 8.perspective 9.welfare 10.symbol

5e-C. 1.symbolic 2.consultant 3.welfare 4.perspectives 5.exposure 6.energetic 7.modified 8.awareness

9.rejected 10.liberalizing

5e-D. 1.liberalize 2.symbol 3.consult 4.energy 5.exposure 6.reject 7.awareness 8.modified 9.perspective
10.welfare

5e-E. 1.liberal 2.aware 3.symbolize 4.exposed 5.welfare 6.modifications 7.consult 8.perspective 9.rejected
10.energy

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 WORD DEFINITION EXAMPLES
capacity (n.) the amount of space a container, room, etc.  The room had seating capacity for
has to hold things or people about 80.

contact (n.) (v.) communication with a person, organization,
country, etc.
to write to or telephone someone
enforce (v.) to make people obey a rule or law
external (adj.) relating to the outside of something or of a
person’s body
license (n.) an official document giving you permission
to own or do something for a period of time
monitor (v.) to carefully watch and check a situation in
order to see how it changes over a period of
time
 The town is cut off from contact with
the outside world.
 Please do not hesitate to contact me if
you have any queries.
 Governments make laws and the
police enforce them.
 Low birth weight may be caused by
external factors, such as smoking
during pregnancy.
 He was arrested for driving without a
license.
 Patients who are given the new drug
will be asked to monitor their
progress.

precise (adj.) You use precise to emphasize that you are
referring to an exact thing, rather than
something vague
revenue (n.) money that a business or organization
receives over a period of time, especially
from selling goods or services
target (n.) something that you are trying to achieve,
such as a total, an amount, or a time
whereas used to say that although something is true
(conjunction) of one thing, it is not true of another
ACADEMIC WORDS – SUBLIST 5f
 ‘She’s a lot older than you, isn’t she?’
‘Fifteen years, to be precise.’
 Nintendo's estimated revenue totals
$9 billion worldwide.
 The government may fail to meet its
target of recycling 25% of domestic
waste.
 The old system was fairly complicated,
whereas the new system is really very
simple.

5f-A. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

precise whereas revenue targeting external

license enforce monitoring capacity contact

1. My sister's handwriting is always so neat, _______________ mine is a total mess.

2. Any new law against cell phone use in cars will be difficult to _______________.
3. He lost his driver's _______________ for a year after being stopped for drunk driving for the third time.
4. Please feel free to _______________ me if you have any more questions.
5. You need to be more _______________ in telling us what the problem is if you want us to help you.
6. The _______________ of this elevator is only 500 kilograms.
7. The _______________ walls of their house on the coast are being destroyed by the salt air.

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 8. The doctor has been _______________ the patient's heart to see if there is a possibility of another heart
attack.
9. For the first time since we started our new business 3 months ago, our _______________ is greater than our
expenses.
10. Cigarette companies are _______________ Asian women in an attempt to increase sales in the Far East.

5f-B. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

contact external precise capacity enforced

monitoring revenue licenses targeted whereas

1. Our total sales _______________ is expected to top $20 million this year.
2. In the culture of Zambia, direct eye _______________ with members of the opposite sex is avoided.
3. A/An _______________ crowd of 17,000 fans were packed into the arena to see the final game of the
season.
4. Captain Cook visited Tahiti four times between 1769 and 1777 and drew a/an _______________ map of the
island.
5. Environmentalists are _______________ water quality in the area to see if the factory is polluting the river.
6. The terrorists had _______________ the government building for a suicide attack.
7. The Taliban government in Afghanistan _______________ codes of dress and behaviour that were especially
restrictive to women.
8. Someone once joked that dogs think you are family, _______________ cats think you are staff.
9. More than 110,000 marriage _______________ are issued in Las Vegas each year.
10. _______________ devices connect to ports at the back of the computer.

5f-C. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

contact unlicensed target enforcement unmonitored

whereas capacity revenue externally precisely

1. When giving a presentation in small groups, it is important to make eye _______________ with your entire
audience.
2. According to the instructions, this medicine is to be used _______________ only.
3. My parents were both in a serious car accident when they were in their early twenties, but my mother broke
her neck, _______________ my father only received a few cuts and bruises.
4. The daycare centre was _______________ and did not meet the minimum safety and health requirements.
5. The head of the F.B.I. once observed that no amount of law _______________ can solve a problem that goes
back to the family.
6. Tobacco brings _______________ to government in the form of taxes.
7. If left _______________, children may hurt themselves.
8. Many living creatures are very _______________ adapted to particular ways of life.
9. The factory has increased its production _______________ by over 15% to meet the growing demand.
10. The country of Wales was long a/an _______________ for invaders from Rome, Normandy, and England.

5f-D. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

whereas target monitor enforced external

contact capacity precisely revenue license

1. Random sampling ensures that everyone in a/an __________ population has the same likelihood of being
chosen for a survey.
2. Alcohol thermometers can measure lower temperatures than mercury thermometers because mercury
freezes at minus 38.8 degrees Celcius, __________ alcohol freezes at minus 115 degrees.
3. In order to own a gun in this country, you must get a special __________ and take a course in gun safety.

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 4. The machine is working at maximum __________, so we can't go any faster than we already are.
5. Poverty and oppression, however rationalized, are endured not because people agree on their legitimacy,
but because they are __________ by those who benefit from them.
6. I can't remember __________ when I saw her, but it wasn't very long ago.
7. This soap is quite strong. Avoid __________ with the eyes.
8. Don't sit too close to your __________; the bright light is hard on the eyes.
9. The job has been awarded to a/an __________ candidate.
10. Our new product line has only produced about half the __________ expected.

5f-E. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

precise contact enforced monitor whereas

targeted external revenue licensed capacities

1. You shouldn't remove your __________ drive from your computer while the data is still being read.
2. After __________ with the European settlers, many native people in North America died of diseases that
were new to them.
3. He was a doctor in Uganda but he isn't yet __________ to practise medicine in this country.
4. Cameras installed in the streets of many major cities around the world now constantly __________ the
behaviour of people in public.
5. Our company is doing extremely well and we expect to see an increase of about 35% in __________ and
clients in the coming year.
6. The terrorists were killed in their homes by extremely __________ air strikes that left neighboring houses
untouched.
7. Urban centres are generally growing in size, __________ rural areas are seeing their populations decrease.
8. Scientists are becoming increasingly aware that our planet's __________ are limited.
9. If the government ever actually __________ its environmental laws, we would have a lot fewer pollution
problems.
10. Protesters in Egypt __________ government buildings, parliament and the prime minister's offices for their
demonstrations.

ANSWER KEY

5f-A. 1.whereas 2.enforce 3.license 4.contact 5.precise 6.capacity 7.external 8.monitoring 9.revenue
10.targeting

5f-B. 1.revenue 2.contact 3.capacity 4.precise 5.monitoring 6.targeted 7.enforced 8.whereas 9.licenses
10.external

5f-C. 1.contact 2.externally 3.whereas 4.unlicensed 5.enforcement 6.revenue 7.unmonitored 8.precisely

9.capacity 10.target

5f-D. 1.target 2.whereas 3.license 4.capacity 5.enforced 6.precisely 7.contact 8.monitor 9.external 10.revenue

5f-E. 1.external 2.contact 3.licensed 4.monitor 5.revenue 6.precise 7.whereas 8.capacities 9.enforced
10.targeted

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 NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
amendment amend
conflict conflict conflicting
enabler, enablement enable
expansion, expansionism expand expansive, expansionary expansively
image, imagery
mentality mental mentally
orientation, orient, orientate, oriented, reoriented,
reorientation, reorient, disorient disoriented
disorientation
ratio
sustainability, sustain sustainable, sustainably
sustenance unsustainable
version
awareness aware, unaware
consultation, consultant, consult consultative
consultancy
energy energize energetic energetically
exposition, exposure expose exposed, unexposed
liberty, liberation, liberalize, liberate liberal, liberated liberally
liberalization, liberator,
liberalism
modification modify modified, unmodified
perspective
rejection reject
symbol, symbolism symbolize symbolic symbolically
welfare
capacity, incapacity
contact contact contactable
enforcement, enforcer enforce enforceable, enforced
externalization externalize external externally
license license licensed, unlicensed
monitor monitor monitored, unmonitored
precision precise, imprecise precisely
revenue
target target
whereas (conjunction)

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