SHS

DISASTER READINESS AND

RISK REDUCTION
Week 8: Module 14
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Grade 11/12: Week 8: Module 14
First Edition, 2020

Copyright © 2020
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Juliet C. Baduya

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

ATTY. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, PhD, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, PhD, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, EdD, EPS in Charge of Science

Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II
Disaster Readiness
and Risk Reduction
Week 8: Module 14
 Target

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth,

that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma
chamber below the surface.

In your previous years of learning, I believe that you have already studied about
Volcanoes.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help you
understand the Different Types of Volcanic Hazards.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain various volcano-related hazards (DRR11/12-Ih-i-22)

2. Differentiate among different volcano hazards (DRR11/12-Ih-i-23)

1
 Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Have fun and good luck!

Activity 1.1.1: A gain in a gain. Let’s gain knowledge.

Directions: Read again and again to come up with the correct answer.

Write at least (5) five incidents that you think will happen during an eruption.

Example: Ball can neck has shards- Volcanic hazards

1. Love vow flues -

2. Us pool -
3. Low hour -
4. Ball can neck gosh sees -
5. Pie row class thick flues -

Discover

Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential
threat to persons or property in a given area within a given period of time. Below is
a list of volcanic hazards common in Philippine active volcanoes.

VOLCANIC PHENOMENA NEGATIVE IMPACTS / WHY IT IS

Lava Flows are stream-like flows of
incandescent molten rock erupted from a
crater or fissure. When lava is degassed
and/or very viscous, it tends to extrude
extremely slowly, forming lava domes.
HAZARDOUS
Lava flows rarely threaten human life
because lava usually moves slowly -- a
few centimeters per hour for silicic
flows to several km/hour for basaltic
flows. Most characterize this as quiet
effusion of lava. Major hazards of lava
flows -- burying, crushing, covering,
burning everything in their path.

Lavas can burn. The intense heat of

lavas melt and burn. As lava flows are
hot and incandescent, areas it covers

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 are burned (forest, built up areas,
houses).

Lavas can bury. Lavas can bury

homes and agricultural areas under
meters of hardened rock. Areas
affected by lava flows once solidified
are also rendered useless and will not
Lava flow can bury large area and render it be useful anymore (for agriculture,
useless for years. Lava flow from the 2000 etc) for years due to the solid nature of
eruption of Mayon Volcano Photo from the lava deposit. Lavas can also block
PHIVOLCS bridges and highways, affecting
mobility and accessibility of people
and communities.

Collapsing viscous lava domes can

trigger dangerous pyroclastic flows.
Ashfall or tephra fall are showers of Ashfall endanger life and property by
airborne fine- to coarse-grained volcanic During peak of eruption with
particles that fallout from the plumes of a excessive ash, can cause poor or low
volcanic eruption; ashfall distribution/ visibility (driving, slippery roads)
dispersal is dependent on prevailing wind
direction. Loss of agricultural lands if burial by
ashfall is greater than 10 cm depth,

Producing suspensions of fine-grained

particles in air and water which clogs
filters and vents of motors, human
lungs, industrial machines, and
nuclear power plants.

Ash suspended in air is also

dangerous for aircrafts as the abrasive
Ash fall from Mt. Pinatubo, 1991, Creative
ash can cause the engines to fail if the
Commons, Wikimedia
suspended ash is encountered by the
airplane

Carrying of harmful (even poisonous,

unpleasant) gases, acids, salts, and,
close to the vent, heat.

Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of

buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or
kill vegetation. Even thin (<2 cm) falls
of ash can damage such critical

3

Pyroclastic flows and surges (Pyroclastic
density current) are turbulent mass of
ejected fragmented volcanic materials
(ash and rocks), mixed with hot gases
(200oC to 700oC to as hot as 900oC) that
flow downslope at very high speeds
(>60kph). Surges are the more dilute,
more mobile derivatives or pyroclastic
flows.
Pyroclastic flow from Pinatubo Volcano
eruption, June 1991 Photo from PHIVOLCS
Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of
volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic
materials) and water, usually triggered by
intense rainfall during typhoons,
monsoons and thunderstorms. Lahar can
occur immediately after an eruption or
can become long-term problem if there is
voluminous pyroclastic materials erupted
such as the case of 1991 Pinatubo
eruption. Lahars can also occur long after
an eruption has taken place such as the
lahars at Mayon Volcano after the 1984
eruption
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facilities as hospitals, electric-
generating plants, pumping stations,
storm sewers and surface-drainage
systems and sewage treatment plants,
and short circuit electric-transmission
facilities, telephone lines, radio and
television transmitters.
Pyroclastic flows and surges are
potentially highly destructive owing to
their mass, high temperature, high
velocity and great mobility. Pyroclastic
flows can
• Destroy anything on its path by
direct impact
• Burn sites with hot rocks debris
• Burn forests, farmlands, destroy
crops and buildings
Deadly effects include asphyxiation
(inhalation of hot ash and gases),
burial, incineration (burns) and
crushing from impacts.
The only effective method of risk
mitigation is evacuation prior to such
eruptions from areas likely to be
affected by pyroclastic density
currents
Lahars have destroyed many villages
and lives living on Pinatubo and
Mayon Volcano because most people
live in valleys where lahars flow.
• Lahars can destroy by direct impact
(bridges, roads, houses)
• Lahars can block tributary stream
and form a lake. This can submerged
villages within the valley of the
tributary that was blocked, there is
also the danger of the dammed lake
breaching or lake breakout and if this
happens, this puts to danger the lives
of people in communities downstream

Volcanic gases- gases and aerosols
released into the atmosphere, which
include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride
Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide-
massive collapse of a volcano, usually
triggered by an earthquake or volcanic
eruption. An example of recent debris
avalanche event occurred during the 1980
eruption of Mt. St Helens. Based on
present morphology of volcanoes, Iriga
Volcano in Camarines Sur, Banahaw
Volcano and Quezon Province and
Kanlaon Volcano had pre-historic debris
avalanche events.
Ballistic projectiles are Volcanic materials Ballistic projectiles endanger life and
directly ejected from the volcano’s vent property by the force of impact of
with force and trajectory
Tsunami- sea waves or wave trains that
are generated by sudden displacement of
water (could be generated during
undersea eruptions or debris avalanches)
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• Lahars can bury valleys and
communities with debris
• Lahars can lead to increased
deposition of sediments along affected
rivers and result to long-term flooding
problems in the low-lying downstream
communities.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide
(CO2), and hydrogen flouride (HF) are
some volcanic gases that pose hazard
to people, animals, agriculture and
property. SO2 can lead to acid rain.
High concentrations of CO2 which is
colorless and odorless can be lethal to
people, animals and vegetation.
Fluorine compounds can deform and
kill animals that grazed on vegetation
covered with volcanic ash.
When huge portion of the side of a
volcano collapses due to slope failure.
This results to massive destruction
similar to what happened in Mt. St.
Helens in the USA in 1980. The huge
volcanic debris avalanche typically
leaves an amphitheater-like feature
and at the base of volcanoes with
debris avalanche event, a hummocky
topography (small hills all over).
falling fragments, but this occurs only
close to an eruption vent.
An eruption that occurs near a body of
water may generate tsunamis if the
pyroclastic materials enter the body of
water and cause it to be disturbed and
displaced, forming huge waves.
 Explore

Here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from this lesson.

Activity 1.1.2: Inquiry

Directions: Read and analyse the questions below. Give your own ideas about it and
write your answers in your notebook.

1. Reinforce, reiterate where / in which environment each of the hazard is

experienced or is more prominent.

2. Based on what you have learned so far, think of your home (if near volcano), or
think of areas such as Taal and Mayon, what are the possible impacts/ effects of the
volcanic hazards to the home/s around these volcanoes?

Activity 1.1.3: Check me! Explain me!

1. Write this checklist in your notebook.

OPTION 1. (IF IN AREAS with nearby volcano)
What are the potential volcanic hazards that can affect me, my home and my
community? How? Will I be affected by (check all the will apply)

Example
• Lava flows-lavas can block bridges and highways, affecting mobility and
accessibility of people and communities.
• Lava flows -

• Ash fall -

• Pyroclastic flows -

• Lahars -

• Volcanic gases -

• Debris avalanche -

• Ballistic projectiles -

• Tsunami -

Those I have checked are the hazards I need to prepare for.

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OPTION 2. (IF IN AREAS far from a volcano) What is the nearest volcano near my
place? It is very unlikely that I will be directly affected by an eruption coming from
this volcano. But, indirectly, what can possibly be the effect of a major eruption to
us? Give at least three major effect of eruption to us.

Example:
•Travel and accessibility- Lahars from Pinatubo greatly affected major highways
(North Luzon Express Way and Highways going to the north) due to destroyed bridges
by the lahars
1.
2.
3.

Activity 1.1.4: Spot the Difference

Directions: Determine /explain the difference between the two words.

1. Explain the difference between a lava flow from pyroclastic flow and surges?

2. Explain the difference between a lahar from debris avalanche?

Great job! You have understood the lesson. Are you now ready to summarize?

Deepen

Activity: Reflection

Give your reflections about the impact of various volcanic hazards to you in 3-5
sentence paragraphs.

Gauge

Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Use a separate sheet for your
answer.
A.) Which of the statements below best explain the lava flow?
Choose and copy at least 5 answers.
1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to their mass,
high temperature, high velocity and great mobility.

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2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during
typhoons, monsoons and thunderstorms. Lahars can occur immediately after an
eruption or can become long-term problem for as long as there are excess sediments
on the volcano’s slope and water to remobilize these.

3. Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a volcano and
is always a big threat to human lives.

4. During eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor or low

visibility.

5. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in air is also
dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane.

6. High concentrations of CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal to people,
animals and vegetation.

B. In times of crisis like this, what are the things we should remember? Write down
at least 5 sentences.
C. Explain how the people we’re able to cope up when there is crisis like this (Taal
Volcano eruption January 12, 2020). 5 points

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Key Answer
Jumpstart
Activity 1.1.1: A gain in a gain. Let’s gain knowledge.
1. Lava Flows
2. Ash Fall
3. Lahar
4. Volcanic Gases
5.Pyroclastic Flows

Explore
Activity 1.1.2: Inquiry

1. Community near volcanoes is more prominent to experienced lava flows, ashfall

or Tephra fall, pyroclastic flows and surges, and volcanic gases. Lahars may destroy
many villages and lives living on Pinatubo and Mayon Volcano because most people
live in valleys where lahars flow. Lahars can destroy by direct impact (bridges, roads,
houses) Lahars can lead to increased deposition of sediments along affected rivers
and result to long-term flooding problems in the low-lying downstream communities.
People living at the base of a volcano are more [rominet to experienced Debris
avalanche or volcanic landslide. Ballistic projectiles endanger life and property by
the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an eruption
vent. And lastly, you may experience Tsunami if you nearby a body of water.

2. Based on what you have learned so far, think of your home (if near volcano), or
think of areas such as Taal and Mayon, what are the possible impacts/ effects of the
volcanic hazards to the home/s around these volcanoes?

Activity 1.1.3: Check me! Explain me!

✓ Lava flows-lavas can block bridges and highways, affecting mobility and
accessibility of people and communities.
✓ Ash fall - Ash suspended in air is also dangerous for aircrafts as the
abrasive ash can cause the engines to fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane
- Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or kill vegetation. Even thin (<2 cm) falls of
ash can damage such critical facilities as hospitals, electric-generating
plants, pumping stations, storm sewers and surface-drainage systems and
sewage treatment plants, and short circuit electric-transmission facilities,
telephone lines, radio and television transmitters.
✓ Pyroclastic flows - Destroy anything on its path by direct impact
- Burn sites with hot rocks debris
- Burn forests, farmlands, destroy crops and buildings.
- Deadly effects include asphyxiation (inhalation of hot ash and
gases), burial, incineration (burns) and crushing from impacts.
✓ Lahars - Lahars can destroy by direct impact (bridges, roads, houses)

9
 - Lahars can block tributary stream and form a lake. This can
submerge villages within the valley of the tributary that was
blocked, there is also the danger of the dammed lake breaching
or lake breakout and if this happens, this puts to danger the lives
of people in communities downstream
- Lahars can bury valleys and communities with debris.
- Lahars can lead to increased deposition of sediments along
affected rivers and result to long-term flooding problems in the
low-lying downstream communities.
✓ Volcanic gases - Sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen
fluoride (HF) are some volcanic gases that pose hazard to people, animals,
agriculture and property. SO2 can lead to acid rain. High concentrations of
CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal to people, animals and
vegetation. Fluorine compounds can deform and kill animals that grazed on
vegetation covered with volcanic ash.
✓ Debris avalanche –When huge portion of the side of a volcano collapses due
to slope failure. This results to massive destruction similar to what happened
in Mt. St. Helens in the USA in 1980. The huge volcanic debris avalanche
typically leaves an amphitheater-like feature and at the base of volcanoes with
debris avalanche event, a hummocky topography (small hills all over).
✓ Ballistic projectiles - Ballistic projectiles endanger life and property by the
force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only close to an eruption
vent.

X-Tsunami

Those I have checked are the hazards I need to prepare for.

OPTION 2. (IF IN AREAS far from a volcano) What is the nearest volcano near my
place? It is very unlikely that I will be directly affected by an eruption coming from
this volcano. But, indirectly, what can possibly be the effect of a major eruption to
us? Give at least three major effect of eruption to us.

Possible answers
1.Travel and accessibility- Lahars from Pinatubo greatly affected major highways
(North Luzon Express Way and Highways going to the north) due to destroyed bridges
by the lahars
2. Ash suspended in air is also dangerous for aircrafts as the abrasive ash can cause
the engines to fail if the suspended ash is encountered by the airplane
3. Global effect of eruptions is gases and solids injected into the stratosphere circled
the globe for three weeks. Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact the global
climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface,
lowering temperature in the troposphere and changing atmospheric circulation
patterns. https://earthdata.nasa.gov

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Activity 1.1.4: Spot the Difference

1. Lava flows rarely threaten human life because lava usually moves slowly while
Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to their mass,
high temperature, high velocity and great mobility.

2.Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the pyroclastic
materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons,
monsoons and thunderstorms. Lahar can occur immediately after an eruption
or can become long-term problem if there is voluminous pyroclastic materials
erupted such as the case of 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Lahars can also occur long
after an eruption has taken place such as the lahars at Mayon Volcano after the 1984
eruption while Debris avalanche or volcanic landslide- massive collapse of a
volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption. An example of
recent debris avalanche event occurred during the 1980 eruption of Mt. St Helens.
Based on present morphology of volcanoes, Iriga Volcano in Camarines Sur,
Banahaw Volcano and Quezon Province and Kanlaon Volcano had pre-historic debris
avalanche events.

Gauge
1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive owing to their mass,
high temperature, high velocity and great mobility.

2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during
typhoons, monsoons and thunderstorms. Lahars can occur immediately after an
eruption or can become long-term problem for as long as there are excess sediments
on the volcano’s slope and water to remobilize these.

3. During eruption, excessive ashfall is dangerous as it can cause poor or low

visibility.

4. Ash from volcanoes are also abrasive, because of this, ash suspended in air is also
dangerous for airplanes as this can cause the engines to fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane.

5. High concentrations of CO2 which is colorless and odorless can be lethal to people,
animals and vegetation.

B. In times of crisis like this, what are the things we should remember? Write
down at least 5 sentences.

Possible answers:

• materials) and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons,

monsoons and thunderstorms.
• Lava flows are considered the most dangerous type of hazard from a volcano
and is always a big threat to human lives.

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 • The major hazards of lava flows are burying, crushing, covering, and burning
everything in their path.
• Collapsing viscous lava domes can trigger dangerous pyroclastic flows.

B. In times of crisis like this, what are the things we should remember? Write down
at least 5 sentences.

Possible answers:
Volcanic Eruption Preparedness
Before
1. For longer-term development planning, consult available volcano hazard maps
that indicate areas declared as permanent danger zones (PDZs) and areas likely to
be affected by different volcanic hazards so that these areas are avoided when
choosing sites for developing new residential areas, commercial/ business areas,
siting for critical facilities etc.

2. Be aware of the kinds of volcanic hazards present in your area. Determine the
distance of your residence, workplace and livelihood (farms, etc) from the volcano.
Know if you are within what kilometer radius from the volcano summit your location
is.

3. Be aware of the meanings of Alert Levels, and recommended actions. Make sure
your family emergency plan has taken this into consideration.

4. Be aware of community efforts such as identified evacuation areas as well as

designated pick up points . Make sure that the whole family knows about this. If you
do not plan to stay in evacuation area, and has other alternatives (another house,
relatives in another town), make sure that the whole family is aware of this.

5. Stock enough non-perishable off and potable water. Cooking fuel, emergency
light,/ flashlight, whistle, battery operated radio, medicines, first-aid kit, dust mask,
should be made part of your emergency kit.

6. Consider provisions for pet animals, etc.

7. Always listen to the radio’s latest PHIVOLCS Alerts

During

1. Stay inside the house or evacuation area. Do not go sightseeing.

2. Listen to the radio for advise and information.

3. If you are outside and very near the volcano, leave the area immediately. If caught
in ashfall or tephra* fall, seek shelter immediately. Sometimes, pieces of rocks may
be hot, seek care for burns right away.

4. Do not drive. If you must drive, keep the ca windows up and do not operate the
air conditioning system as this will bring in ash from outside. Drive slowly as ashfall
will reduce visibility. Ash on road surface can cause the roads to become slippery.

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5. Check that your pet or livestock have enough food.

6. Do not try to clean or shovel the ashfall during eruptions.

7. Protect yourself from ashfall.

I. Close windows and doors to stop the ash from entering the house.
II. Turn off all electric fans and air-conditioning units.
III. Wear dust-mask or cover your face with clean wet towel or cloth to
prevent ash from irritating the eyes and entering the respiratory track.
IV. Better to use bottled water. If you must use tap water, always boil water
first before using.
After

1. Listen to the latest update about Alert Levels, other information from the radio. 2.
Cook food thoroughly.
3. If the family has evacuated during the eruption, only the adult members of the
family should be allowed to go home to inspect the house condition.
4. Only when local authorities- the LGUs have declared that it is safe to go home
that the family should return.
5. How to clean up an ashfall
I. As soon as the ashfall has stopped, remove the ash immediately.
II. Wear dust mask before you start cleaning. III. The recommended method
to clean the ash is to lightly damp the ash so that it does not billow when
swept.
IV. Clean house roofs first, to prevent damage to gutters and down-pipes.
V. Do not dump ash in sewage systems.
VI. Inside the house, use damp cloth to remove ash. Avoid vigorous rubbing
as ash particles are very abrasive.
VII. To remove ash from your car, wash with plenty of water.
Daskeo, F. (n.d.). Precautionary Measures Before, During, and After Volcanic
Eruptions. Retrieved from https://science1.knoji.com/ precautionary-measures-
before-during-and-after-volcanic-eruptions/

C. Explain how the people we’re able to cope up when there is crisis like this (Taal
Volcano eruption January 12, 2020). 5 points

Possible answers: Submit yourself in a psychological first aid. Let you children join
fun and learning activities despite focusing in the current status of the volcano.

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References
1.Fisher, R. V. (1997). Hazardous volcanic events. Retrieved from
http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm

2.https://coffeebeanstick.files.wordpress.com/2019/12/005-geological-
phenomena-and-hazards-volcanic-eruption-and-sinkhole.pdf

3.https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mount_Pinatubo

4.https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcgis.com%2Fap
ps%2FMapJournal%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3De31c3d2dade045efa78637d24b19
9f44&psig=AOvVaw0xXvZdVapoLuiCQuhR9GUk&ust=1595842373559000&source
=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiBkc-
fzurqAhUWzYsBHRHBDqkQr4kDegUIARD6AQ

Additional References

5. Lahars at Mayon Volcano http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/ lahars.htm

6. Volcanic Gases and their effects http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-262/ of97-

262.html

7. Impact of volcanic gases on climate, the environment and people

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-262/ of97-262.html

8. Debris avalanche https://www.google.com.ph/search? q=debris

+avalanche&biw=1280&bih=705&tbm=isch
&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0
CEMQsARqFQoTCJW6nIXy9cgCFQLzYwod 4rYGfg#imgrc=_0VK13baG73Z9M%3A

9.https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=volcanic+debris
+avalanche&biw=1280&bih=705&tbm=isch
&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CDQQs
ARqFQoTCKC9uNzs98gCFYGLlAodBkL8A#imgrc=TVABvwuJdokw7M%3A

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