all or many.
" Communis comes from a
Week 5 - Module 5
Sense of Community: Connecting the Youth to
the Grassroots Society
 
Introduction:
The students will understand their role in
community organizations and knowing their
participation in building a community.  It is a
concept in Community   Psychology, social
psychology work, as well as in several other
research disciplines that community organization
focuses on the experience of the community rather
than its formation, setting, or other features.  multifaceted community experience.
Community services administration needs to
understand how structures influence this feeling
and psychological sense of community.  an acknowledged interdependence with others, a
Motivation:
The individual person is always the motivated
unit. Each person, in his/her role as a community
member, may have some degree, varying from
weak to keen, of interest in community affairs;
theories of motivation for community organization
are the same as any other theories of motivation.
A pattern of strong community motivation is one
which many or most members are strongly
disposed to achieve similar or common goals.
Activity: The students are asked to think or
mention one team building activity and discuss
then also explain the values they get from the
activity.
Process:
After the activity, the students will share and
discuss what they have learned from the activity.  
Their sharing will help them understand what
community or community building is about.
 
Lesson Proper: 
Basic Concepts of Community
 In biological terms, a community is a group
of interacting organisms sharing an
environment.
 In sociology, a "community" has been
defined as a group of interacting people
living in a common location.
 The word community is derived from the
Latin communitas (meaning the same),
which is in turn derived from communis,
which means "common, public, shared by
combination of the Latin prefix com- (which
means "together") and the
word munis (which has to do with the
exchange of services).
Sense of Community
            Sense of community focuses on
the experience of community rather than its
structure, formation, setting, or other features. It
asks questions about the individual's perception,
understanding, attitudes, feelings, etc. about
community and his or her relationship to it and to
others' participation - indeed to the complete,
            It is “the perception of similarity to others,
willingness to maintain this interdependence
by giving to or doing for others what one expects
from them, and the feeling that one is part of a
larger dependable and stable structure
            It is a feeling that members have of
belonging, a feeling that members matter to one
another and to the group, and a shared faith that
members’ needs will be met through their
commitment to be together.
 
Four Elements of Sense of
Community (according to the McMillan & Chavis
theory)
Membership. Membership includes five attributes:
 Boundaries
 Emotional safety
 A sense of belonging and identification
Personal investment
 A common symbol system
Influence. Influence works both ways: members
need to feel that they have some influence in the
group, and some influence by the group on its
members is needed for group cohesion.
Integration and fulfillment of needs. Members
feel rewarded in some way for their participation.
Shared emotional connection. The "definitive
element for true community" It includes shared
history and shared participation (or at least
identification with the history).
 
Community Building and Community Building
Approach
            Community building is directed toward the
creation or enhancement of community between
individuals within a regional area (such as a
neighborhood) or with a common interest.
            A community building process aims to build
capacity in neighborhood institutions, strengthen
ties among residents, and assist residents to work
individually and collectively toward neighborhood
change.
1. Community Participation.
2. Capacity Building.
3. Neighborhood Governance
4. An Asset Orientation
Community building and organizing
In The Different Drum: Community-Making and
Peace, Scott Peck argues that the almost
accidental sense of community that exists at times
of crisis can be consciously built. Peck believes that
conscious community building is a process of
deliberate design based on the knowledge and
application of certain rules. He states that this
process goes through four stages:
 
Pseudo-community:
 Chaos
 Emptiness
 True community
Youth Development and Community
Engagement
Basic Concept on Community Service
            Community service are those activities that
engage youth. It is often called youth service. It is a
methodology that is simultaneously employed to
strengthen young peoples' senses of civic
engagement and nationalism, as well as assist
them in meeting educational, developmental, and
social goals.
Reasons to Get Involved:
1. It feels good. The satisfaction and pride that
come from helping others are important
reasons to serve. When you commit your
time and effort to an organization or a cause
you feel strongly about, the feeling of
fulfillment can be endless.
2. It strengthens the
community. Organizations and agencies
that use youth to serve are providing
important services at low or no cost to those
who need them. When a community is
doing well as a whole, its individuals are
better off, too.
3. Develop young people’s connections to their
own identity, culture, and community.
4. Recognize that young people are assets to
and experts about their communities.
5. Engage young people as community
leaders on issues that matter to them.
 
What is a Service-Learning?
            Service-Learning as a method of teaching
enriches learning by engaging students in
meaningful service to their schools or communities
through careful integration with established learning
objectives or curricula.
            Service-learning is an educational strategy
that links service and academic curriculum to
promote learning. It promotes students’ personal,
social, and intellectual growth and provides them
with a sense of civic responsibility and opportunities
for career exploration.
            Service-learning’s key components are:
1. Student Leadership
2. Genuine community
3. Clear connections to curricular learning
objectives
4. Reflection
5. Project Determination, Planning,
Preparation, and Implementation:
6. Celebration
Project Ideas for Community Service
            The following enumerates the different
kinds of ideas that the youth may explore in serving
the community:
Types of Service Projects:
1. Single Service Project. A single, large, or
mid-sized project requires broad-based
support and should reflect the general
interest of people in the community.
Community-built playgrounds, recreation
centers, or housing require diverse
resources from both adults and young
people and can be powerful visual symbols
of the community’s commitment to youth.
2. Community-Wide Volunteer Day A
celebration with multiple project sites
requires teaming with organizations and
agencies whose projects can be
accomplished in one day. River, highway,
and park cleanups, painting, and other
rehabilitation projects are good choices and
can accommodate many volunteers. A well-
organized city clean-up can accomplish a
 significant amount of work in a single day
and really put a shine on a community.
3. Serve-a-thon. Serve-a-thons allow you to
combine community service and fundraising
for local projects or organizations by taking
pledges for hours of service. Create pledge
sheets that volunteers can use to solicit
contributions before the service day, and
collect the funds raised when volunteers
arrive for their service projects.
4. Workshops and Training Sessions Organize
a youth-led workshop to train NGOs and the
public on skills to deal with or prevent
problems your community faces (e.g.
environment racism, ethnic conflict,
HIV/AIDS) or to build capacity in volunteer
management and community service.
Planning a Community Service Project
Factors to Consider When Planning a Project:
 Identify a need for your community.
 Define the target group.
 Focus on a specific objective or goal that is
appropriate for the community.
 Involve members of the community in
planning.
 Tap into available community resources.
 Decide how you will evaluate your plan or
project. What worked and what did not?
 Develop partnerships with other
organizations in your community. Partner
with other area chapters.
There are four basic phases to community
service:
 Identifying an issue
 Getting organized
 Carrying out your plans and
 Follow-up planning.
The following outline can help you to plan your
community service project:
Education
1. Identify an issue
2. Research the issues' past and
present history
3. Frame the issue
4. Provide internal education
 
Getting Organized
1. Choose advocacy strategies available for
the specific issue
2. Determine who else in the community will
support or oppose the issue
3. Identify the target population
4. Develop a plan with alternative strategies
5. Assign tasks and target deadlines
 
Carrying Out Your Plans
1.Implement the plan
2.Track your progress
3.Adjust your strategies
4.Identify finish lines
5.Evaluate the plan
 
Follow-up Planning
1. Evaluate success and
accomplishments
2. Evaluate weaknesses and strategies
that did not work
Advocacy Planning Strategies
Strategies that can aid in planning a successful
community advocacy project include:
1. Keep your project simple; stick to one
specific issue that has meaning for your
community or the target population.
2. Document what you already know about the
issue, research what you do not know.
3. Use existing information, research articles,
reports, books, or publications.
4. Document real life examples or
experiences.
5. Reach out to local settings for speaking
opportunities in service groups, schools,
and other organizations.
6. Use experts on the issue for public speaking
and presentations.
7. Utilize the local media for public service
announcements, editorial and op-ed
articles, highlighting a fact each week.
8. Involve a public official.
9. Work with others such as parent groups,
business groups, church groups, senior
groups, student groups, service clubs, local
associations, neighborhood groups and
professional associations.
10. Set up regular meetings for planning,
tracking progress and evaluating the
project.
Advocacy Planning Strategies
Strategies that can aid in planning a successful 9. Work with others such as parent groups,
community advocacy project include: business groups, church groups, senior
groups, student groups, service clubs, local
1. Keep your project simple; stick to one
associations, neighborhood groups and
specific issue that has meaning for your
professional associations.
community or the target population.
10. Set up regular meetings for planning,
2. Document what you already know about the
tracking progress and evaluating the
issue, research what you do not know.
project.
3. Use existing information, research articles,
reports, books, or publications.
4. Document real life examples or
experiences. Week 6 - Module 6
5. Reach out to local settings for speaking
opportunities in service groups, schools, NATIONAL SECURITY: RECOGNIZING
and other organizations. NATIONAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS
6. Use experts on the issue for public speaking
and presentations. LESSON: NATIONAL SECURITY: RECOGNIZING
7. Utilize the local media for public service NATIONAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS
announcements, editorial and op-ed Introduction:
articles, highlighting a fact each week.
8. Involve a public official. Security is a national concern that every Filipino
9. Work with others such as parent groups, must consider ensuring peaceful existence of the
business groups, church groups, senior State. It shall the state’s primordial concern as well
groups, student groups, service clubs, local as to secure its constituents. National security is
the absence of threat to territorial integrity, entails
associations, neighborhood groups and
the maintenance of a harmonious relationship
professional associations.
between its political systems and values the
10. Set up regular meetings for planning, external environment. It is a condition or state of
tracking progress and evaluating the being where the Filipino people’s values, way of
project. life, institutions, welfare all well-being, sovereignty
and strategic locations are protected and
 
enhanced.
Advocacy Planning Strategies
Strategies that can aid in planning a successful
community advocacy project include:
1. Keep your project simple; stick to one
specific issue that has meaning for your
community or the target population.
2. Document what you already know about the
issue, research what you do not know.
3. Use existing information, research articles,
reports, books, or publications.
4. Document real life examples or
experiences. Figure 1. All images are screen captured from
5. Reach out to local settings for speaking rappler news.
opportunities in service groups, schools,
and other organizations. One threat to National and Human Security is
Terrorism. Islamist Terrorist and Community Rebels
6. Use experts on the issue for public speaking
are two of the world’s running insurgencies.
and presentations.
Philippines has been a host of these two. In a way
7. Utilize the local media for public service to combat terrorism in the Philippines lawmakers
announcements, editorial and op-ed drafted a bill called the Anti-Terrorism Act which the
articles, highlighting a fact each week. President deemed to be urgent during this
8. Involve a public official. pandemic. This bill was passed by the congress
and lately signed by the President of the Republic
despite the clamor of the people especially the
activist and the youth sector. The most
controversial provision of this act is on Section 29
which speaks on the detention without judicial
warrant of arrest and the detention of a “suspected”
terrorist (determined by the Anti-Terrorism Council,
all of them are Presidential Appointees) for 14 days
and can be extended for 10 days. Do you believe
that this Act helps in safeguarding the human and
national security? Ponder on this question.
DISCUSSION:
HUMAN SECURITY
Since time immemorial, man has an awareness
and knowledge about security. In ancient era, man
has devised means to protect himself from
ferocious animals and harsh conditions. As the
society advanced, they learned to create tools and
weapons to safeguard their lives and their
properties. In our country, heroes were born
because they strive to save our people from
conquerors. Currently, every country has its own
way of defending and maintaining its human and
national security.
In the 1994 United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) Report, human security was
referred to as having two aspects:
“…first safety from such chronic threats as
hunger, disease and repression…second, it
means protection from sudden and hurtful
disruptions in the patterns of daily life –
whether in homes, in jobs, or in
communities. Such threats can exist at all
levels of national income and development.”
This was supplemented by an explanation from the
former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan which
states that:
 “Human security, in its broadest sense,
embraces far more than the absence of
violent conflict. It encompasses human
rights, good governance, access to
education and health care and ensuring that
each individual has opportunities and
choices to fulfill his or her potential… Every
step in this direction is also a step towards
reducing poverty, achieving economic
growth and preventing conflict. Freedom
from want, freedom from fear, and the
freedom of future generations to inherit a
healthy natural environment – these are the
interrelated building blocks of human – and
therefore national – security.”
Thus, according to the United Nations (UN)
Commission, Human Security:
 seeks to “protect the vital core of all human
lives in ways that enhance human freedoms
and human fulfillment”
 requires “protecting people from critical and
pervasive threats” and "empowering them to
take charge of their own lives"
 “protection and empowerment are mutually
reinforcing and cannot succeed in isolation”
 Commission puts emphasis on the “need for
comprehensive, integrated and people-
centered solutions that together can help
people develop the building blocks of
survival, livelihood and dignity”
NATIONAL SECURITY
National Security is defined as the state or
condition wherein the values which a nation
treasures such as territorial integrity, sovereignty,
people’s way of life and well-being are protected
and enhanced. It is the requirement to maintain the
survival of the nation-state through the use of
economic military and political power and the
exercise of diplomacy. The measures taken to
ensure national security include:
 Using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate
threats;
 Maintaining effective armed forces;
 Implementing civil defense and emergency
preparedness measures (including anti-
terrorism legislation);
 Ensuring the resilience and security of
critical infrastructure; and
 Using intelligence services to detect and
defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and
to protect classified information 
In the Philippine context as indicated by the NSC
Permanent Secretariat, National Security is
described as a condition or state of being where the
Filipino people’s values, way of life, institutions,
welfare, and well-being, sovereignty and strategic
relations are protected and enhanced.
The elements of National Security are the following:
 Moral-spiritual consensus
 Cultural cohesiveness
 Economic solidarity
 Socio-political stability
 Ecological balance
 Territorial integrity
 International harmony
NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE NSTP
PROGRAM
The 1987 Philippine Constitution enshrined in its
Declaration of Principles that the Filipinos are duty-
bound to protect the country and, as such, they
may be subjected to undergo service training
programs (Art. II, Sec. 14, The Philippine
Constitution). The Government may call upon the
people to defend the state, and in fulfillment
thereof, all citizens may be required, under
conditions provided by law, to render personal,
military or civil service. The NSTP is a program
aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and
defense preparedness in the youth by developing
the ethics of service and patriotism while
undergoing training in any of its three (3) program
components, specifically designed to enhance the
youth's active contribution to the general welfare.
 
Manpower Reservoir for National Security
1. Graduates of CWTS and LTS shall belong
to the National Service Reserve Corps
(NSRC) which could be tapped by the State
for literacy and civic welfare activities such
assisting in disaster preparedness,
mitigation, response and rehabilitation
programs.
2. Graduates of the ROTC component shall
form part of the AFP Citizen Armed Forces
and AFP Reserve forces, subject to DND
Requirements
THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
Man-Made Threats
1. Terrorism
-Any person who commits an act
punishable under any of the
following provisions of the Revised
Penal Code:
 Article 122 (Piracy in General and Mutiny in
the High Seas or in the Philippine Waters);
 Article 134 (Rebellion or Insurrection);
 Article 134-a (Coup d’Etat), including acts
committed by private persons;
 Article 248 (Murder);
 Article 267 (Kidnapping and Serious Illegal
Detention);
 Article 324 (Crimes Involving Destruction),
or under
o Presidential Decree No. 1613 (The Law
on Arson);
o (2) Republic Act No. 6969 (Toxic
Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Waste Control Act of 1990);
o (3) Republic Act No. 5207, (Atomic
Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of
1968);
o (4) Republic Act No. 6235 (Anti-
Hijacking Law);
o (5) Presidential Decree No. 532 (Anti-
Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law
of 1974); and,
o (6) Presidential Decree No. 1866, as
amended (Decree Codifying the Laws
on Illegal and Unlawful Possession,
Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or
Disposition of Firearms, Ammunitions or
Explosives
 Explosion/Bomb Threats
 Campus Violence/Frat and Gang War
 Kidnapping/Hostage Taking
 Drug Addiction
 Armed Robberies/Hold Ups
 Snatching
 Sabotage
 Fire
 Technological Threats such as gambling
through number games, internet hold ups
and cybercrimes (computer hacking,
computer pilferage, ATM stealing and cyber
prostitution)
Natural Threats
 Earthquakes
 Typhoons
 Floods
 Volcanic Eruptions
 Tsunamis
ROLE OF YOUTH IN NATIONAL SECURITY
In an Article entitled “10 Ways Youth can Make an
Impact”, it provided the youth means to contribute
to the country’s national security. It emphasized
that the youth engagement can bring about social
change. It sends a message that the youth do not
have to wait to become adults to be significant and
active members of the society.
1. Know your rights.
2. Learn about local issues
3. Speak out
 4. Network HISTORY AND COMMONLY ABUSED DRUGS IN
5. Spread the word THE PHILIPPINES
6. Join campaigns PRE-MARTIAL LAW ERA
7. Host a youth summit
8. Use your creativity  Hallucinogens – drugs which affects
9. Join/create a youth organization sensation, thinking and emotion. Example:
10. Be an inspiration. Marijuana, Hashish, LSD
 Sedatives – drugs which reduces anxiety
and excitement. Example: Barbiturates,
Tranquilizers, Alcohol
 Narcotics – drugs that relieve pain and
induce sleep. Example: Opium and
derivatives like Heroin, Morphine, Codeine
Week 7 - Module 7 MARTIAL LAW ERA

SUBSTANCE AND DRUG ABUSE  Cough Syrups – with narcotic and non-
narcotic cough suppressants. Example:
LEARNING CONTENT Corex, Endotussin, Robitussin AC, etc.
Introduction:  Inhalants – chemicals used by
manufacturing industries. Example: Rugby,
The vulnerability of young people towards drug Glue, Thinner
addiction and abuse remains to be a challenge for
our society. Numerous young people, due to AFTER EDSA REVOLUTION
ignorance and curiosity, have succumbed to drug  Stimulants – drugs which increases
addiction which affected their personal and social alertness. Example: Amphetamine,
well-being. In order to further equip the students Derivatives, Cocaine
against addiction, this module presents
foundational and scientific information on drugs and HOW CAN YOU TELL IF A PERSON IS ON
drug addiction. Through information and education, DRUGS? Changes in…
it helps them to better negotiate against the
 Appearance
influence of friends/ peers, thus reducing propensity
towards addiction  Mood
 Behavior
Lesson Proper:  Interest
WHAT IS A DRUG?
A drug is any substance that brings physical, DRUG OF CHOICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
psychological, emotional, and behavioral changes
when used.  Methamphetamine hydrochloride (Shabu) –
WHAT IS DRUG ABUSE? most abused drug in PH
 Cannabis (Marijuana)
Drug abuse is the continuous misuse of any  Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
substance, licit, illicit which results to changes in an or ecstasy
individual’s physical, mental, or behavioral
condition. IDENTIFIED MARIJUANA PLANTATION SITES
 WHY DO PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS?  Cordillera Administrative Region
 Peer pressure  Region 1
 Curiosity  Region 2
 Adventure These are several effects of drugs:
 Feel good
 Escape from reality MENTAL HEALTH/PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 Easy access to drugs  Disturbance in Perception – auditory and
visual hallucination
  Disturbance in Orientation – paranoia,
psychosis
 Disturbance in Memory
 Disturbance in Judgment – depression that
may lead to suicide
PHYSICAL HEALTH/PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
 Systemic
 Cardiac (HEART) Pathology – irregularity of
heart beat, elevated or lowered blood
pressure, chest pain, convulsions or death
from cardiac arrest
 Pulmonary (LUNG) Illnesses
 Hepatic (LIVER) Problems
 Renal (KIDNEY) Diseases
 General Health
 Malnutrition or weight loss
 Infections
 Accidents
 Blood Transmitted Disease
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
 Substance seeking behavior can lead to
various criminal and anti-social acts.
 
The profile of a drug dependent or a substance
abuser is as follows:
 Changes in attendance in school or work
 Changes in the normal capabilities in
school/work
 Abrupt changes in overall attitude
 Generally lazy, irritable, discourteous,
aggressive
 Usually untrustworthy and lacks self-
confidence
 Manipulative
 Have a distorted view of reality
 Low frustration tolerance
 Con-game player
 Lacks interest in his studies/work
(withdrawal from responsibilities)
 Blames everybody but himself (blame
tosser)
 No respect for the rights of others
 Prefers to stay with peers (barkada)
 May frequently go to odd places (to take
drugs)
 Poor physical appearance (unconcerned
with grooming and hygiene)
 Wearing of sunglasses at inappropriate
times
 Unusual effort to cover arms to hide needle
marks (long-sleeved garments)
 Stealing items which can be readily sold
 Unusual borrowing of money from relatives
and friends
 Association with known drug abusers
Substance abusers can be classified according to
the frequency of their substance use.
1. Experimenters – people who abuse the
drug(s) for experimental basis.
2. Occasional Users – abuse the drug
occasionally/whenever there are special
occasions. They abuse the drug once every
two (2) weeks to two (2) times a week.
3. Regular Users – abuse the drug on a
regular basis approximately three (3) to four
(4) times a week or every other day.
4. Drug Dependents – people who tend to
abuse the drug(s) everyday (almost
everyday) or about five (5) to seven (7)
times a week.
5. Mentally Ill Chemical Abuser/Substance
Induced Psychosis – drug abusers who
manifest signs and symptom of psychotic
disorders caused by the effects of drugs
(hallucinations, disorientation, delusions,
etc.)
 
WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR DRUG
DEPENDENCY?
 Withdrawal symptoms
 Need to take drugs to overcome withdrawal
symptoms
 Compulsion
 Tolerance
 Relapse
 Reduced social/occupational act
 
HOW CAN YOU STAY AWAY FROM DRUGS?
 Devote yourself to your studies and other
productive activities at home or in school
 Stay away from people, places and events
that promote drug use
 Learn to manage feelings and cope with
stress without using drugs
 Develop a strong moral and spiritual
foundation
 Educate yourself about the effects of drug
abuse
 Always say NO
WHAT ARE THE COUNTER-MEASURES FOR
SUBSTANCE ABUSE?

Classification Management

Preventive
Abstainer
Education

Experimenters
Occupational Users Counseling
Regular Users

Drug Dependent Drug Rehabilitation

Mentally III Chemical

Psychiatric
Abuser (Substance
Treatment
Induced Psychosis)

These are some of the important provisions in the

Republic Act 9165 also known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
 SEC 5 – sale, administration, dispensation,
delivery, distribution and transportation of
dangerous drugs
 SEC 6 – maintenance of den, dive or resort
 SEC 11 – possession of dangerous drugs
 SEC 15 – use of dangerous drugs
 SEC 19 – unlawful prescription of
dangerous drugs
 SEC 36 – authorized drug testing
 SEC 54 – voluntary submission of a drug
dependent to confinement, rehabilitation
 SEC 60 – confidentiality of records under
the voluntary submission
 SEC 61 – compulsory confinement of a drug
dependent who refuses to apply under the
voluntary submission