Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam.

Thermal energy released by combustion of fuel issued to

make steam at the desired temperature and pressure.

The steam produced is used for:

1). For generating power in steam engines or steam

turbines.
2). Heating the residential and industrial buildings.
3). Performing certain processes in the sugar mills,
chemical and textile industries.
 BOILER PROPERTIES
a). Safety: The boiler should be safe under the operating
conditions.
b). Accessibility: The various part of boiler should be accessible
for repair and maintenance.
c). Capacity: Should be capable of supplying Steam according
to the requirement.
d). Efficiency: Should be able to absorb a maximum amount of
heat produce due to burning of fuel in the furnace.
e). It should be simple in construction.
f). Its initial cost and maintenance cost is low.
g). It should be capable of quick starting and loading.
 CLASSIFICATION OF BOILERS
The boiler may be classified as:
1. Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined.

2. Fire tube & Water tube.

3. Externally fired & Internally fired.

4. High pressure & Low pressure.
5. Forced circulation & Natural circulation.

6. Stationary & Portable.

7. Single tube & Multi tube boilers.

1. Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined

If the axis of boiler is horizontal, the boiler is called

horizontal boiler.
If the axis is vertical then it is called vertical boiler.
If the axis is inclined then it is called inclined boiler.

Advantage of horizontal boiler:

a. it should be repair easily.
b. occupies less floor area.
2. Fire tube & water tube boiler

In the fire tube boiler the hot gases are inside the tubes &
the water surrounds in the tube.
ex. Cochran, Locomotive etc.

In the water tube boiler the water is inside the tube & the
hot gases are surround them.
ex. Babcock & wilex, Lamont, Stirling boiler etc.
3. Externally & Internally fired

The boiler is known as externally fired if the fire is

outside the shell.
ex. Babcok & wilcox.

In case of internally fired boilers, the furnace is located

inside the boiler shell.
ex. Cochran, Lancashire etc.
4. Forced circulation & natural circulation

In forced circullation type of boillers the circullation of

water is done by forced pumps.
ex. Velox, Lamont etc.

In natural circullation type of boiller the circullation of

water in boiler take place due to natural convention.
ex. Lancashire, Babcock .
5. High pressure & low pressure boilers

The boiler which produce steam at pressure of 80 bar and

above are called high pressure boiler.
ex. Velox .

The boiler which produce steam at pressure 80 bar are

called low pressure boiler.
ex. Cochran .
6. Single-tube & multi-tube boilers

The fire tube boilers are classified as single tube & multi
tube boilers, depending upon the fire tube is one or more
than one .
Ex: Cornish boiler.
Boiler mainly classified as:

a. Fire tube boiler .

b. Water tube boiler .

a). FIRE TUBE BOILERS
b). WATER TUBE BOILERS
 Comparison between Fire-tube & Water-tube boilers

S Particulars Fire tube boilers Water tube

no. boilers
1. Mode of firing Internally fired Externally fired
2. Rate of steam Lower Higher
production
3. Construction Difficult Simple
4. Transportation Difficult Simple
5. Treatment of water Not so necessary More necessary
6. Operating pressure Limited to 16 bar Under high
pressure as 100
bar
7. Floor area More floor area Less floor area
8. Shell diameter Large for same Small same power
power
9. Explosion Less More
 TYPES OF FIRE TUBE BOILERS

• There are mainly five types of fire tube boilers.

5). LOCOMOTIVE BOILERS
 BOILER MOUNTING

Boiler Mounting are the part of boiler and are required for
proper functioning of boiler in accordance with Indian Boiler
Regulation Act. Boiler mounting is essential fitting for safe
working of boiler. These mounting are:

1). Fusible Plug

If the water level in the boiler falls
below a predetermined level,
the boiler shell and tubes will be
overheated.
2). Water Level Indicator

This indicates the water

level in the boiler.

3). Pressure Gauge.

This indicates the pressure of

the steam in the boiler.
4). Steam Stop Valve.

It regulates the flow of steam

supply outside. The steam from
the boiler first enters into an ant-
priming pipe where most of the
water particles associated with
steam are removed.

5). Safety Valve.

The function of the safety

valve is to prevent the
increase of steam pressure in
the holler above its design
pressure.
 7). Blow-off Cock.
6). Feed Check Valve.
The water supplied to the boiler always
The high pressure feed water contains impurities like mud, sand and,
is supplied to the boiler salt Due to heating, these are deposited
through this valve. This valve at the bottom of the boiler, they have to
opens towards the boiler only be removed using blow off cock.
and feeds the water to the
boiler.
Boiler performance
1) Evaporative capacity

can be expressed in terms of:

a) kg of steam/hr

b) kg of hour/hr/m2 of heating surface

c) kg of steam/kg of fuel fired

Boiler efficiency
Ratio of heat actually utilized in the generator to
the heat supplied by the fuel.

Efficiency= mw(h-hf)/C
Where C is the calorific value