MACHINE DESIGN, MATERIALS AND SHOP PRACTICE ∆𝐿 = deformation

𝐿 = initial length
M1. NORMAL AND BEARING STRESS
1.1 Normal Stress
A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member
is loaded by an axial force. The value of
the normal force for any prismatic section is simply the
force divided by the cross sectional area. A normal
stress will occur when a member is placed in tension
or compression.
Modulus of Elasticity
Young's modulus ( E ) describes tensile elasticity, or
the tendency of an object to deform along an axis
when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is
defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It
is often referred to simply as the elastic modulus.
𝑆
𝐸=
𝜀

𝐸 = modulus of elasticity
𝑆 = normal stress (tension or compression)
𝜀 = strain

1.2 Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the
separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as
it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝐹
𝑆=
𝐴

𝜎 = normal stress (tension or compression)

𝐹 = normal force
𝐴 = normal area

Normal Strain
Strain is a term used to measure the deformation or
extension of a body that is subjected to a force or set
of forces. The strain of a body is generally defined as 𝐹
𝑆=𝐴
the change in length divided by the initial length.

𝑆 = bearing stress
𝐹 = bearing force
𝐴 = bearing area

∆𝐿
𝜀=
𝐿

𝜀 = strain
1. A steel wire 12 m long, hanging vertically
supports a tensile load of 3 kN. Neglecting
the weight of wire, determine the required
diameter if the stress is not to exceed 130
MPa and the total elongation is not to exceed
6 mm. Let E = 220 GPa.
A. 7.5 mm
B. 12.6 mm
C. 15.4 mm
D. 5.9 mm
ANS: D

2. Two 30-mm thick plates are fastened by

two bolts, 25 mm in diameter. If the plate is
subjected to 50-kN tension, calculate the
bearing stress in the bolts.
A. 33,333 kPa
B. 36,667 kPa
C. 41,333 kPa
D. 43,667 kPa
ANS: A