GE 5: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

JENELYN V. AÑONUEVO

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Introduction
Governments do exist interdependently. In an open economic structure, one
country needs the support of other countries in terms of trade, military resources and
financial capital. However, a few countries decide to operate independent of other
nations for whatever reasons they find beneficial for themselves. It could be the vast
resources available within its territory that obtaining assets from other countries is not
necessary anymore, or the wealth of nation abundantly obtainable as the needs arise.
However, before countries decide to collaborate or not with other countries, they
collectively evolve and progress, calling themselves sovereign.

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1. Persons settling in one geographical territory, living in a community, sharing
similar purposes in life, obeying social contracts, organized by an authority, and
enjoying freedom from any external control is described as a State. Its role is
to create a healthy environment, conducive to attaining better welfare and
construct policy frameworks that enable various agencies of the state to explore
and realize the full potential of the people while maintaining workable standard
operations that support and protect public interest.

2. Max Weber (pronounced as Max Veba) defined a state as a polity that

maintains monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. It sounds very cruel but
is justifiable if it is to establish a standard behaviour among residents of the
state. For example paying taxes, keeping the environment clean, respect to
other members in the society, avoiding all actions that destroy the future of the
young like drug addiction, prostitution, theft and burglary, etc.

3. There are four (4) theories of a state: Force Theory, Evolutionary Theory, Divine
Right Theory and Social Contract Theory. A state is created through some
force, as the losers of war subject themselves to the victorious new rulers; the
Force Theory follows this thought. The evolutionary theory supports the idea
that formation of states developed naturally and gradually as by product of
historical development, factors of which include family and kinship, religion,
natural social instinct, economic needs and politics. (Evolutionary Theory)

4. On the other hand, a political doctrine, in support to monarchical absolutism,

asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not be
accountable for their actions by an earthly authority like the parliament. This is
the idea pushed by the Divine Right Theorists. The Social Contract Theory is
the view that persons’ moral and or political obligations are dependent upon an
agreement among them that form the society in which they live (Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy).

5. What is then the role of the government running off the state?
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 Major State responsibilities include schools, hospitals, conservation and
environment, roads, railways and public transport, public works, agriculture and
fishing, industrial relations, community services, sport and recreation, consumer
affairs, police, prisons and emergency services. These form government spending
and subsidies that are primarily sourced from taxes. Moreover, government‘s role
to development includes controls over production, distribution, consumption of
commodities. To achieve these objectives, it devises physical controls, monetary
and fiscal measures that are essential for reducing economic and social
inequalities (Suman) that prevail in underdeveloped economies like the
Philippines.

Technical Terms

1. Monetary measures are policies on money supply management and interest

rates regulation by the Central Bank that help achieve a macroeconomic
objective like curving inflation, regulating consumption, achieving target
growths and maintaining certain level of liquidity.

2. Fiscal measures are policy handles of the government like taxation and
government spending that greatly affect overall spending adjustments of the
country.

3. Economic inequality measures the extent to which income, most commonly

measured by household or individual, is distributed in an uneven manner.

4. Areas of social inequality include access to voting rights, freedom of speech

and assembly, the extent of property rights and access to education, health
care, quality housing, traveling, transportation, vacationing and other social
goods and services. Apart from that, it can also be seen in the quality of family
and neighbourhood life, occupation, job satisfaction, and access to credit.
(Social Inequality).

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I. Group yourself by fives, if not possible work independently.

Kindly choose five states and describe its history, economic system, military
strengths, political structures and general provisions of the government to
the people. (This is worth 50 full points, 10 points for each country and 2
points in each variable). You may limit your answers in five paragraphs for
each country. Submit your work, written in Word, Tahoma, 11 font, single
space and 1” margin.

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1. To understand the dynamics of political influences and instruments, it is
essential to review, Plato‘s best-known work and world’s most influential works
of philosophy and political theory, the Republic. The Republic contained
Socratic dialogue with Athenians and foreigners about the idea and meaning of
justice to an ideal utopian city. Will being just bring happiness to the just man?
Will he be happier than the unjust man will?

2. Socrates listened to the various definitions of justice from his companions.

Justice is essentially, giving what is owed. Justice is an art that gives good to
friends and evil to enemies. Justice is but the interest of the stronger. Socrates
overturned all these definitions by asserting that it is advantageous for a man
to be just and disadvantageous to be unjust. Socrates needed to prove that
justice is not only desirable, but that it belongs to the highest class of desirable
things.

3. His companions presented advantages of being unjust. The unjust man could
grow wealthy by injustice and does not need to be fearful of Divine judgement
in the afterlife because he can always allocate a portion of his gains to religious
losses, thus rendering him innocent in the eyes of the gods. Socrates
emphasized the need to define justice from the city rather than to a person. The
individual is unable to supply everything he needs and thus seeks provisions
from the city he called the Healthy State.

4. The healthy state needs guardians (now called political leaders) that protect the
city from attacks and the discussion furthered describing what type of education
is appropriate for them in their early years. They concluded that to ascribe evil
to the gods are untrue and hence, should not be taught. What should be the
lifestyle of the guardians? Essentially, the city is assumed to contain individuals
who are happy in the occupations that best suit them. If the city is happy, the
individuals are happy.

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5. For the guardians, in the physical education and diet, the emphasis is on
moderation; for both poverty and excessive wealth corrupt them. Without
controlling their education, the city cannot control the future rulers. Socrates
says that it is pointless to worry over specific laws, like those pertaining to
contracts, since proper education ensures lawful behaviour, and poor education
causes lawlessness (425a425c).

6. In a just human being, reason rules, spirit is reason’s ally, and appetite is held
in check. In this way, the three parts of the soul are organized in such a way
that action is in accordance with knowledge of what the good life is. This
knowledge belongs to reason. In this part of the soul, there is the knowledge
that existence in the body is temporary, that the body and its needs are
distractions, and that the good life is one of “contemplation”. (Henry George
Liddell)

7. Accordingly, Socrates defines justice as “working at that to which he is naturally

best suited”, and “to do one’s own business and not to be a busybody” (433a–
433b) and goes on to say that justice sustains and perfects the other three
cardinal virtues: Temperance, Wisdom, and Courage, and that justice is the
cause and condition of their existence. Socrates does not include justice as a
virtue within the city, suggesting that justice does not exist within the human
soul either, rather it is the result of a “well ordered” soul. A result of this
conception of justice separates people into three types; that of the soldier, that
of the producer, and that of a ruler. If a ruler can create just laws, and if the
warriors can carry out the orders of the rulers, and if the producers can obey
this authority, then a society will be just. Socrates proceeded to search for
wisdom, courage, and temperance in the city, because justice will be easier to
discern in what remains (427e). They find wisdom among the guardian rulers,
courage among the guardian warriors (or auxiliaries), temperance among all
classes of the city in agreeing about who should rule and who should be ruled.
Finally, Socrates defined justice as a state in which each class performs only
its own work, not meddling in the work of the other classes (433b).

8. The virtues are then sought in the individual soul. Socrates creates an analogy
between the parts of the city and the soul (the city-soul analogy). He argues
that a completely unified soul could not behave in opposite ways towards the
same object, at the same time, and in the same respect (436b). The guardians,
both females and males, should be educated in wisdom, temperance, justice
and courage, gymnastics and physical training. Physical training is aimed at
maintaining good health and physical fitness in order for them to live preventing
illness and weakness and without needing medical attention to focus their
energies in serving the people.

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9. Socrates and companions assume at essentially each individuals are employed
in an occupation that best suit them, saying that if the whole city is happy, so
are individuals. Moreover, lifestyles of guardians are that of moderation
because both poverty and excessive wealth lead to corruption. Ensuring good
education, the future leaders’ quality is also ensured.

10. Proper education safeguards lawful behaviour while poor education causes
lawlessness. It is pointless to worry about laws when leaders’ behaviour is
corrupt.

11. Guardians are of three classes – guardian rulers must have the wisdom,
guardian warriors must possess courage and temperance should be found
among classes in the city agreeing who should rule and be ruled. For Socrates,
justice means each class performs only its own work and not meddling on the
work of others. Moreover, Socrates also discovered virtues in the city from the
individual soul, the city-soul analogy.

12. He argues that a completely unified soul could not behave in opposite ways –
meaning the city and the individual must possess the same behaviour toward
same objective. A person is wise if he is ruled by the part of the soul that
understands what is good for the part and for the whole. A person is courageous
if his soul preserves pleasures and pains and that the decision is reached by
the rational part; and a person is temperate if the three parts agree that the
rational part should lead. One person cannot be just if he does not have the
other virtues.

13. The ideal city will have harmonious cooperation of all the citizens of the city.
The philosopher-King must be intelligent, reliable and willing to lead a simple
life. Education‘s curriculum is designed to teach learners THE GOOD. Just as
visible objects need to be studied in order to be seen, so must also the objects
of KNOWLDEGE kings need in order to properly lead. A would be philosopher
– king must study arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy.

14. Would be guardians should be educated in military training, gymnastics, martial

arts and warfare and philosophy for five years. Math is taught for ten years and
five years dialectic training. Guardians may spend 15 years as young leaders,
and at 50 years of age, when they are fully aware of the form of good and are
mature already, they are now ready to lead.

15. The four unjust constitutions are timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny
being aristocracy as the best. Aristocracy is the just government, dominated by

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 wisdom loving system of government, ruled by the philosopher-king. When the
social structure breaks down and civil war is created, timocracy is formed.
Warrior generals, who are the ruling class of property owners, dominate
timocracy. When wealth accumulation replaces honour, the government formed
is oligarchy, where the rich are the ruling class.

16. When the number of poor widens and starts a revolt, democracy is established.
Democracy emphasizes maximum freedom and power is distributed evenly.
This form of government is dominated by desire in an undisciplined and
unrestrained ways. Populism of the democratic government leads to mob rule,
fuelled by fear of oligarchy, which can be exploited by tyrants to take power and
establish tyranny.

17. In a tyrannical government, the city is enslaved to the tyrant, who uses his
guards to remove the best social elements and individuals from the city to retain
power (since they pose a threat), while leaving the worst. He will also provoke
warfare to consolidate his position as leader. In this way, tyranny is the most
unjust regime of all.

Technical Terms
1. City-soul analogy – Justice is the right order of the soul. The city-soul analogy
refers to Plato‘s argument saying that the just person is happier than the unjust
person and that if the city is composed of just persons, then the just city is
happier than the unjust cities. The city cannot go opposite to what is good for
the soul. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

2. Timocracy - A timocracy in Aristotle’s Politics is a state where only property

owners may participate in government. The more extreme forms of timocracy,
where power derives entirely from wealth with no regard for social or civic
responsibility, may shift in their form and become a plutocracy where the
wealthy rule. Possession of property is required in order to hold office in an
Timocracy Also, government power and glory motivates the rulers. (Your
Dictionary)

3. Democracy is a system of government that bases its legitimacy on the

participation of the people, uniformly characterized by (1) competitive elections,
(2) the principle of political and legal equality, and (3) a high degree of individual
freedom, or civil liberties. (Dallas Learning Cloud)

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 4. Aristocracy is a form of government by a relatively small privileged class or by
a minority consisting of those presumed to be best qualified to rule. This word
is derived from the Greek word aristokratia meaning rule of the best.

5. Oligarchy is the rule of the few. There are numerous kinds of oligarchy rule and
Timocracy and Aristrocacy fall under it. One very attractive rule of government
is Geniocracy which is exclusively ruled by the geniuses. The criteria to govern
include excellence in problem solving and creative intelligence. A geniocratic
government usually has faster economic growth and better welfare. Germany
and Canada are two famous countries practising geniocracy. (Buddy Mantra)
Technocracy, a quite similarly defined form is a rule where the leaders are
technical experts as practiced by Peoples Republic of China and of Russia.

6. Tyranny comes from a Greek word tyrannos meaning an absolute ruler who is
unrestrained by law.

Summary

Socrates and his companions figure out what an ideal city and healthy state
should be and how it evolve. The importance of education and inner values
determines the happy life of a just man who also lives with a community of just men.
The just person is happier than the unjust person is.

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I. Group yourself by fives, if not possible work independently.
Conceptualize your perfect village, or your perfect town, or your perfect city
or your ideal country. Identify the variables you wish to be in place in your
village, say day care center, police station, grades school and advanced
schools, etc. You may present your ideas in a drawing or pictures. This is
worth 10 points.

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 I will present four political theories only for you to carry as you go through life.
These are the ideas on The Social Contract, Romanticism and Idealism, Utilitarianism
and Marxism. I hope these concepts will make you more equipped in facing deals and
ordeals in the societies you circulate now and in years ahead.

1. The Social Contract presents the reconciliation of the freedom of the individual
with the authority of the state. It appears to be like the constitution of the land.
In particular, it says.

Each of us puts his person and all his power in common, under the supreme
direction of the general will and in our corporate capacity; we receive each
member as an indivisible part of the whole.

The contract presupposes alienation of each associate, together with all his
rights to the whole community. For, as one gives himself absolutely, the
conditions are the same for all; and this being so, no one has any interest in
making them burdensome to others. No one has anything more to demand for
if individuals retained certain rights, as there would be no common superior to
decide between them and the public, each, being on one point, his own judge
would ask to so on all, the state of nature would thus continue and the
association would necessary become inoperative and tyrannical.

2. Lastly, each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody, and as there
is no associate over whom he does not acquire the same rights as he yields
others over himself, he gains an equivalent for everything he loses and an
increase of force for the preservation of what he has. in simple words, social
contract is an agreement between the individual and the society and or the
government about upholding certain rights and abiding on certain laws in order
to ensure smooth relationship dynamics of citizens in a city or a country.

3. Romanticism and Idealism theory is a philosophical movement during the Age

of Enlightenment that emphasizes emotional self-awareness as a necessary

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 precondition to improving society and bettering the human condition. Some of
the main characteristics of Romantic literature include a focus on the writer or
narrator’s emotions and inner world; celebration of nature, beauty, and
imagination; rejection of industrialization, organized religion, rationalism, and
social convention; idealization of women, children, and rural life. Imagination,
emotion and freedom are the focal points of romanticism.

4. One key theme of the romantic period is revolution, democracy, and

republicanism. The essential political thinking of the period is liberty, equality
and brotherhood as a reaction against aristocratic social and political norms of
the Age of Enlightenment and of the scientific rationalization of nature. While
age of enlightenment or the age of reason dominates intellectual discourse in
Europe during 17th and 18th centuries, an emerging thought had convinced
many that the truest basis for political power was the consent of the governed.

5. By the evolution of time, concepts of democracy and republicanism developed.

Republic form of government is a state ruled by representatives of the citizen
body. Citizens do not govern the state themselves but through representatives.
Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal
say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows people to
participate equally— either directly or through elected representatives—in the
proposal, development, and creation of laws. Though they may not be identical,
there are areas they both share the same such as election, the current
economic system and a particular social structure. The Venn diagram below
presents such condition.

6. Another key theme is the Sublime and the Transcendence. Many had become
fascinated with the ideal of sublime in physical, moral, intellectual,

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 metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual greatness. Such greatness is beyond
measure and sublimity is on the perception of the perceiver, mind and
imagination. The briefest definition of sublimity is the presence of exquisite and
admirable quality of beauty. Edmund Burke disputes such. He says there are
sublime experiences that bring terror, like seeing tsunami, or walking in the
edge of a cliff etc.

7. Absorbed by the personal genius of man, it was believed that this man got the
inspiration from tutelary spirits teaching him to work in certain set of acceptable
and admirable behaviour. This concept of some experiences of inspiration
symbolizes the truth of external realm called the transcendence. The power of
the imagination, genius, and the source of inspiration is real.

8. Quotes of Romanticism by William Wordsworth- the man who introduced

Romanticism.
a. Wisdom is near when we stoop than when we soar.
b. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin
from emotion, recollected in tranquillity.
c. Nature never did betray the heart that loved her.
d. With an eye made quiet by the power of harmony and the deep power
of joy, we see into the life of things.
e. Getting and spending, we lay waste of powers.
f. Fill your paper with the breathing of your heart.
g. The best portion of good man‘s life -his little, nameless, unremembered
acts of kindness and love

9. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that
maximizes utility. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described
utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering
of anyone involved in the action. Jeremy Bentham (1748— 1832) Jeremy
Bentham was an English philosopher and political radical. He is primarily known
today for his moral philosophy, especially his principle of utilitarianism, which
evaluates actions based upon their consequences.

10. Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories.
Utilitarians believe that the purpose of morality is to make life better by
increasing the amount of good things (such as pleasure and happiness) in the
world and decreasing the amount of bad things (such as pain and
unhappiness). The goal of utilitarian ethics is to promote the greatest happiness
for the greatest number. Jeremy Bentham, an English philosopher, was the
founder of utilitarianism; John Stuart Mill was its best-known defender.

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11. Utilitarianism is based on the Greatest Happiness Principle, which states that
actions are considered moral when they promote utility and immoral when they
promote the reverse. Utility, itself, is, defined by Mill as happiness with the
absence of pain

12. There are three principles that served as the basic axioms of utilitarianism.
a. Pleasure or happiness Is the only thing that truly has intrinsic value.
b. Actions are right insofar as they promote happiness, wrong insofar as
they produce unhappiness.
c. Everyone’s Happiness Counts Equally.

13. Quotes on Utilitarianism

a. Stretching his hand up to reach the stars, too often, man forgets the
flowers at his feet.
b. The power of the lawyer is in the uncertainty of the law.
c. It is the greatest good to the greatest number of people, which is the
measure of right and wrong.
d. Secrecy, being an instrument of conspiracy, ought never to be the
system of a regular government.
e. All punishment is mischief; all punishment in itself is evil.
f. Tyranny and anarchy are never far apart.
g. Nature has placed humankind under the governance of two sovereign
masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we
ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.

14. Marxist social and political thought encompasses the Marxist class conflict and
Marxian economics. Together with Friedrich Engels, he wrote The Communist
Manifesto that lays the theory of class struggle and revolution. Marx presented
the flaws of capitalism in his book Das Kapital and argued that capitalism shall
naturally vanish because of the chaotic nature of free market and surplus of
labour.

15. Marx portrayed capitalist society as composing of the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat, i.e. the ones controlling the means of production and the workers
that transform raw commodities to valuable economic goods. The bourgeoisie‘s
power to control capital allows them to limit workers‘ ability to produce and
obtain what they need to survive. Capitalism is all about commodities bought
and sold, reducing the value of labour as another kind of commodity for sale,
like cars, wine, cloth and the like making labourers weak in the capitalist
economic system.

16. One very influential concept introduced in Marxist political and economic
thought is the labour surplus theory. This measures the difference between

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 wages paid to the workers and the price of goods sold, which the workers
previously manufactured. For example, if a worker who is making wall clocks is
given a daily wage of $300 and his productivity rate is 8 clocks per day, which
clock is sold for $300 each and that the market absorbs all 8 clocks daily, then
the value of labour of the worker is reduced to only one clock and the revenue
from the remaining clocks sold belongs to the capitalists. The $2100 difference
is called the surplus value of labour that is not enjoyed by the workers.

17. To maintain their position of power and privilege, the bourgeoisie employ social
institutions as tools and weapons against the proletariat. The government
enforces the will of the bourgeoisie by physical coercion to enforce the laws
and private property rights to the means of production. The media and
academics, or intelligentsia, produce propaganda to suppress awareness of
class relations among the proletariat and rationalize the capitalist system.
Organized religion provides a similar function to convince the proletariat to
accept and submit to their own exploitation based on fictional divine sanction,
which Marx called “the opium of the masses.” The banking and financial system
facilitates the consolidation of capitalist ownership of the means of production,
ensnares the workers with predatory debt, and engineers regular financial
crises and recessions to ensure a sufficient supply of unemployed labour in
order to undermine workers‘ bargaining power. (Investopedia)

18. Quotes of Karl Marx

a. Surround yourself with people who make you happy, people who make
you laugh, who help you when you‘re in need, people who genuinely
care. They are the ones worth keeping in your life. Everyone else is just
passing through.
b. The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The
point, however, is to change it.
c. Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real
suffering and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of
soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.
d. The less you eat, drink and read books; the less you go to the theatre,
the dance hall, the public house; the less you think, love, theorize, sing,
paint, fence, etc., the more you save-the greater becomes your treasure
which neither moths nor dust will devour your capital. The less you are,
the more you have; the less you express your own life, the greater is
your alienated life-the greater is the store of your estranged being.
e. Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution. The
proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to
win. Workingmen of all countries unite!
f. I am nothing but I must be everything.

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 g. If anything is certain, it is that I myself am not a Marxist.
h. If money is the bond binding me to human life, binding society to me,
connecting me with nature and man, is not money the bond of all bonds?
Can it not dissolve and bind all ties? Is it not, therefore, also the universal
agent of separation?
i. In proportion therefore, as the repulsiveness of the work increases, the
wage decreases

Summary
The Political Thoughts presented are Social Contract, Utilitarianism,
Romanticism and Marxist Ideal Society. Quotes from the forerunners of the thought
are takeaways as you choose the life of your own.

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 I. Work by threes, if not possible work independently. (10 points)

Try to depict the kinds of societies presented in the various political theories
in a drawing. You may put a few paragraphs for explanation of the work you
do.

1. Why do you think money separates us when it bonds us?

2. What is the problem of capitalism presented by Marx?
3. If actions are within our control, why is happiness not derived from actions?

4. What will happen if the parties having the social contract betray one another? How
would social contract work?

5. What is the problem in the age of enlightenment that pushes the emergence of
romanticism thought?

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1. World Government is an idea where every country unites under one political
authority, but this has not happened yet. Proponents reasoned that such
political organization will solve problems on war, production of weapon for mass
destruction, poverty and inequality as well as environmental decay. The more
modern objective is to design global institutions that move humanity world
federalism or cosmopolitan democracy. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).
Opposing this move suggests that this is infeasible, undesirable and totally
unnecessary.

2. However, it is no longer uncommon to hear words like World Bank, World

Health Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Food Programme etc.
that give us the concept of some global polity. The World Bank is an
international organization designed to help fight poverty by providing financing
and research advice to development projects of the poorer economies.

3. If global world sounds infeasible, global economy is far from different. When
governments control their own specific economies, big banks and large
companies fund these governments. In effect, these large financial institutions
and corporations dominate and control global economies (Burrows). Less than
one per cent of the companies 40% of the entire business ownership network
in the global economy. This organization controls the financial flows going in
and coming out the economies.

4. However, other factors certainly affect the movements in global economies. If

there is an increase in the price of oil due to some quantity controls, essentially,
the cost of production and shipping costs increases. This eventually is
translated as price hikes for goods bought in from store shelves. The multiplier
effect continues by driving off purchasing power of earning individuals, which,
if uncontrolled, leads to increasing number of families under poverty line. The
higher the prices, the more likely it is to create larger disparities in incomes.

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 5. Economic instabilities will generate social problems. More poor people will
participate in many underground illegal activities like drug trafficking,
prostitution, and burglary. Police matters become one of the hit news in each
morning headlines and some dirty politicians may take advantage of the poor
by hiring them as internet trolls against their opponents. Another social could
come out from this trolling game. It could create social upheavals and collective
disruptions making the ordinary citizen and less informed individuals confused.

6. Thus, in order to maintain social and economic order, countries try to help one
another through trade and international organizations aiming at achieving a
common goal of peace, harmony, economic growth and technological
advancements, social progress and cultural development. The six international
organizations we need to know include The United Nations, North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), World Trade
Organization, the Group of Twenty (G20) and International Criminal Court
(ICC). Within our reach is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. 7. The
UN’s mission is to promote international peace and stability, human rights and
economic development. Specialized agencies under it are UNICEF (United
Nations for Children‘s Fund), UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization
(WHO). (Six Essential International Organizations You Need to Know)

7. NATO’s mission is to safeguard its member‘s freedom and security through

both political and military means. Members of NATO are primarily countries in
North America and Europe including Turkey. EU’s mission is to help member
countries cooperate on economic, political and security matters. WTO, on the
other hand, has a mission to manage the rules of international trade and to
ensure the fair and equitable treatment of all members via negotiations and
trade disputes settlement. The G20 convenes officials from the largest
economies both the wealthiest economies and developing to jointly address
global concerns and to coordinate economic policies.

Summary
Countries organize themselves into organizations and regions to achieve a
common goal of subsistence, growth, progress in peace and harmony.

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I. Individual work for 10 full points.

In a three page paper, describe in what way big companies and

international organizations have helped the Philippine economy.

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