3HAYA) BOJIE 3A KHBOT BUJbAKA | acnpocrparee Bumaka Ha 3eMmM Pp ByjHoct BunHor noKpHBava 3aBH~ ce on sone. Bennka pasHospcnoct y norneny oBnuKa # rpahe Sunaka je no- cenwuta HHXOBe MpHNaroheHOCTH y On- HOCy Ha TO KoNHKO je Bond AocTynHa Ha HHXOBHM CTaHHUITHMA, MocToje BenAKe paanixe Mehy BurKama Koje skuBe y Bone Hoj CpeaunH H OHHX Ha KonHY, Meby BHI kama Koje Hacenasajy oBnacrh ca BHCO- Kom onannouhy H oHKX y cyuHM npene- numa, Vayuasaise ycaajaiva H onasatsa one kon Bumaka je on Benakor sHavaja M 3a ynpasnarse BanHom npowssontom. Mpy- HOCH KYATHBHCARHX BHmaKa BeOMA HECTO cy orpannuen Henocrarkom sone, Masa ¥ cyenuina KonHuHia Boge CTO TaKO Mome — THNHYHa Bonen Bu/mKa (rope); KonHeNa BumKa Koja Guru urrerwa. Kana je ryBurax aoge schn PATE Y Yonosnna Aogonse cuabnesenocrH sogom (gone panei son oj 7000) # Brrexa Koja pacre y yCnoBHMa excrDeMHE CyUie on mpumatea (BoAKH AeCpHUHT), y BenAKo] Zee)" NNN mepn ce cManyje Guna nponssontea. ¥ | - cam oBnactuma Koje cy TOKOM serera- | UWOHOr nepHona Mate HNH aMule CyWHe BenHKa NaHiba Ce NOKNarba CHCTEMMMa HasoAHbaBatba Bona npegcrasma HajoBnnnAjx cacrojak MnaqAx mMcroBa, senactHx crabana 4 rmop08a (OKO 90 oncro caee TexnHe). FnovoeH napanajsa caapme oxo 94 oncro sone. Y crapHjMM nHCTOBHMA, kopeny craSny KonHunHa Hoge je HewITO Matba, anh Hak MoxKe Aa AoCTATHE BO-90 os.cro. J1pBO Sopa, Ha npsi nornea spno cyso, canpatn 50-60 oncro sone. Cemena cy jean qenoBH BH”Ke KOH HMajy spn0 Mano ope, OBHYHO 5~10 oncTO. JlenosH BHmKe KOjH AKTHBHO PaCTY, HAM OHH y KOjHMA ce oBasnajy axrhei MeraGonnakn npoueck, capxe H BeNMKY KONHYKKY Bone. CemeHa Koja ce Hanase y cTatsy MHpoBatba Cy penaTHBHO cysa jep Cy y HAMA CBE cpH3HONOWKE byHKunje cHeneHE Ha Bpn0 HHSaK HiNBO. | | 4Wer KAKO BHJbKA TIPHMA BOY Cae Sune hennje cy cnocoBue na npHne soy H3 chonauise cpeanue. Hine Burke H oHe SHWE Sinoxe Koje MBE y BOReHO) CPeAHHH, NpHMajy BOAY WeNOM CBOjOM NoBPUIKHOM. KOR BHmbaKa Koje ke Ha Kony OBHYHO je camo KOPeH y AOAKpY Ca BOAOM, Tako Aa ce y TOKy eBonyluKje noceBHo npHnaroqHo 3a OBa- snare 1 cbynKunje. NprnaroheHocr Kopena ornega ce, pe cvera, y Heero8oj AYAKHHH H paarpaHaTocTH, HapounTo Kon BHnaKa Koje pacry Ha PenaTHBHO CysOM sem/HUTy. Tlourro wcupna Boay H3 cBoje Henocpenne Brame, KopeH Camo pacreibem Mone Aa AONpe NO eNOBA JeMMILTA KOjA cy jow aosonno snamiH. Oryza je KopeH oneKaa aHaTHo paaenjennj on HansemHor Aena BunKe. Tpit oc Kopen Hajbone yanma Bony #3 3eMme KOPENCKHM pena Biunke n menor Kopenta. Bennunna anakama. Kperawe Boge 43 3em/nuiTa y KOPeNCKE ANaYH- —‘kopeHoBor cHCTeNa NpeeaasinasH Ue oAshja ce Ha OcHoBY ocMo3e, Tj. AMty3Hje KpO3 NOMy- — HanzemHn seo. nponyctenbe GHonowKe memBpane. naamanena Minasmonesne IN SF HO 5 wgenapniensrpara oe Feenwjenn a WP —> 9 ee rch P| 208 oatn ransisgres HE bition, @ Anonnact Wenarcnn npusaa kperawa some o4 xopencre sinane (ennaepaiic) p03 henuje Tenaa Kopena fo KcuneMcrnx enewenara, Boga ce xpehe xpos anonnacr (henHjcKH 2H08K) H KDO3 cuunacr (4uTORnaSMa, ‘nasuonesne) Tlopea ase ockosie npotonnasmarune MemBpane ~ nnasManeme H ToHonnacra, Bumy henwjy kapakrepnuse # npucycreo hennjckor 3Hqa. Renkjckn 3Ha je enacruuan, Tj. yenea cBoje UenynosHo- “nexTaicKe rpahe Ha oapehe Haun je pacrerns, Mnasmanema H ToHONAACT cy CeneKTHBHO Npo- nycranen, Boga ako nponasH Kpo3 WHX y henbjy # naKo H3NazH M3 BaKyone y henkjy H 43 enwje y conawiey cpeaniy. Towra ey y sakyonn pacrsopeHe mmepanie con, wehepH H Apyre OcMoT- KH aKTHBHE cyncranue Koje Tee nponase Kpo3 ToHONAaCT, Taj pacTaop je KOHUEHTPOBAHHjH Hero chonauton, Tj. Hwa Behn ocMoTcKH NpHTHcak (ON). Kana ce henhja nahe y pasGnamenom pacrsopy, oWAa Bona ynasH y Wy, a BaKyONa ce WHPH H MoTHCKyje NpoTONnasMy y3 henwjcK aA. HaKo enactual, 3H yenen OBor NpHTHCKa MMe Aa Ce HCTerHe CAMO flo OApeheHe rpaHinle, HaKOH Nera ce saycTasma ane ynaxerse sone y henhjy. Fpwracax hen4jckor caapwaja Ha 3H HaaMea ce Typ- ropos nputucak (T). Typroposom npHTHCKy ce cynporcTasiba NPHTHCAK enactH4Hor henkjckor sea (3M). Mpurucak ayaa no sennuHHH je JeaHaK TypropoBOM NpHTHCKy, anH je cynpotHor cmepaMpema Tome, ynankeise Boge HE 386HCH CAMO Of KOHUEHTPayHje OCMOTCKH akTHBHHX cyncTaHUH ¥ saKyoni Beh v of NpHTHcka henkjckor aMAa W OAPEH_EKO je pasnHKOM ose ABE BENHUAHE, Koja Ce Haanea cuna ycucasata (C = OM — 3M). Apyram pesnma, ako je Konnunla soae y henujH mana, hennjckn cox y Bakyonk je spno KoKYeHTpawaH. Tana cy Typropos H 3HAKH NPHTHCAK paBhH HyAK (T= 311 = 0) na je cana ycncasawa jenHaxa ocmorcKoM nputacky (C = OM). henhja nownwe Aa puma sony, yenen Hera ce BakyONa WHPH, NOYKIKE Aa pacTe TyPrOpos NPHTHCAK, KOjM y jeAHOM tpenyrky nocraje pasa acmorckom (T= OM), a henija npectaje aa y3hma soay. Tana je cna yencasaiva pasha Hy, Bona y 3eMmuuTy CanpxH pasnnunte pactaopene cyncranye. Kaga je semmnwre sacHheno BORON, 3EMBUWHH PACTBOP HMA HHBAK OCMOTCKH NPHTHCAK M BMMKE MaKO H3 Hera NPHMAjy BOAY. Tana je xHapOcraTHuKn npHTHcak 3eMMuHor pacTBopa Bway Hyne. Ca cywersem 3eMmnUTa BOAA Henapaea na xHApOCTATHNKH MpHTAcaK nocTaje WeraTHBAK, WTO NpeAcTasma rnasny npenpeKy 32 ancopnunjy sone 13 3emrnuira Bona ce kpoa aemmunusre Kpehe Ha ocHoBy rpannjenTa, Tj. pasnhke y XHApOCTATHAKOM NpHTHCKy Koja ce ycnoctasna HaMehy HenocpeaHe H WHPe OKONHHE KopeHa, yCneA ancopnunje Boge. To waaavea Crpyjatte Bone y npasuly KOpeHa, a ca BOOM ce Kpehy H cBe pactBopene cyncraHue. WTA JE KOPEHOB MPHTHCAK Kaga ce craSno Hexe Bunke npeceye oamax waHan KOpeHa, Ha mpece¥eNo} nospUHHH ce ojaenyjy Kannuue TeHHOCTH Koja Ce H3 KOPeHa NOTHCKyje HaBHulle. Ta nojasa ce Ha3HBa eKCy- Aaunja. Mpn opesHoarsy BHHOBe No3e, Koje ce OBHYHO OBasna y nponehe, Ha npecesenHM rpaHama ce Takohe jaema epno obunHa excynaunja, NosHaTa Kao cy3ewe HNK Maa BHHOBE no3e. KA mnapnx 3emacrax Bumaka ¥ECTO Ce MOKE NPHMETHTH Aa Ce Bona HanyNyje y KaNHMa Ca OBOMa NH copa. Ta nojapa ce Hasina rytaunija 4 go Hse AonaaH Kana GHMeKa HMA AOCTA BONE y NOANOSM H KABA je TpaHcnupaunja mana | yenem senvKe snarkHo- \ cru sasgyxa. Tp wave- AeHe nojase ykasyjy Ha ocrojatee CMe Koja BO- AY NoTHcKyje HaBHWwe 4 ¢ koja novH¥e M3 KopeHo- q Bor cHcTema. Ta cna ce i Hasiga Kopenon fipHTH- aK. Jaunta KOPEHOBOT yaa cyraune va mcronua MpHTHCKa Ce MOME ME~ —nyennye rajeHiM y3 OOHAKO 32NH: HTH TaKO Aa Ce, YMECTO — gawe u y armoctbepH sacnheno} oncevenor crabna, a — sogenom napom kopew HactasH wes ca ‘maxoMerpom, Ocworckn nputucak excyaara je yeeK sHwH (appa Behy KOHYeHTPauKjy Conv) on OCMOTCKOT nprTacka pactsopa y sempHuTy. To 3HavH Aa napeHXHMCKe hennje Koperia npeHoce joe AO KCHNEMCKAX enemeHaTa KopeHa NPOTHB rpanHjeHTa KoHYeHTpauhje. CmaTpa ce Aa KBE henHje ‘Mepeme Kopenosor npurucxa ee US asKoper akruennm rpancnoptom Hsny¥yjy Jove y yayrpawibocr KcHnemcinx cynosa. Ha Taj Haun ce yenocrasima paanika y OcMOTCKOM NpHTHCKy KaMeby pacreopa y KCHMeMcKHM CyAOBHMA H henHj- Kor coKa napeHxHMa Kope Na Bosa OCMOTCKHM MyTEM yna3M CNosba, ¥3 PACTBOpA HME KOHYEH- Tpaynje conn y yxyrpawisocr cyaoBa H mete ce y HMA. BennunHe Koje KOpeHOR NpHTHCaK MOME Ra AOCTATHE HiKaRA He AOCTHOKY BPEAKOCTA KOje BH BOAY MOTMe Aa NOTHCHY AO BHCHHa KpoUHeE onpacnor apseha. Ha game Kperalse sone, Kpo3 KCHNeMCKe eneMeHTe Mo BHWHX ZenoBa BUNKE H #aj3aa no nHcTOBa, yrnasHoM yrHue cHna Koja ce pasBHja ycnea TpaHcnupaunje. TPAHCIHPALHJA Tpancnupaunja je nojasa ogasatea sone y armaccbepy npeKo Hansemnnx genoea Bune, Nytem Tpaxcnapaunje BunKa onaje y atmoctbepy senkky KonuNHHy Bone. Tako naMyk y ToKY 24 cata y oBniKy somene nape ona jean nurap Boge. CyruoKpeT TpaHicnapaynjom ona Ao 200 nuTapa Bone y TOKy BeretauHoHe cesove. Tpavicnupaunja ce MepH Ha OCHOBY KOnHAHE BORE KOjy BHMDKa HaryBH y HeKOM speMericKoM ne- Pony. OBHYHO ce MepH TexHHa BH/oKe, TeRHHa jeaHe rpalle HH NojeqHHayHNx aucToBa y Bpno KpaT- vim pasmaynma spemena (1-5 min), ¥ tako KpaTKOM speMeHCKOM nepHony ryBuTaK y TERA MOME fa shawn camo npomeny y KonHMHKI gone. HHTeHsHTer Tpaicnupauuje ce nobja Kana ce ryBuTaK y Temi cpauyHa Ha jenMAHUy NoBpuMHe nHcTa y jeAMHHYH BpemeHa. OH ce Hapamaza Kao rpan waryGmene sone, wa 1 dm? 3a cat. Apyre wennuHHe KojHMa ce Hapaxasa Tpancnapaynja npenctasrajy oaHoc Hamehy Tpakcnupaunje n cporocHHTese. Npony«ruanocr tpancnupaunje noxasyje xonako ce rpama cyse cyncranue WBrpanity nuCTy 3a ppeme 3a Koje ce tpancnupaynjom wary6H 1 kg Bose. Pe- ‘nnpowa speqnocr on tora je Koed>unjenT tpaHcnupaunje, 1). KonMuHKa Boge iajy BuMKa ona y atmocthepy AOK cHiTeTHWe T g cyBe MarepHie. Bona onnash y armocdepy y oBnuky BogeHe nape H no ToMe 6x, Ha npeH nomea, ovaj npowec sorao a ce Nocmatpa Kao Hcnapazatse ca COBORHHX Nospuiana sone Wan Apyrix Tena. Mebyrum, TpawcnHpaunja ce SuTHO pa- anikyje on Tora. FloK WcnapaBaise HCKRY4HBO 3aBICH OA choMaAUIrHx braiskux cpaxropa, rpaxcnupaynja, nopeg Tora, 2aaHCH H OA akTHBHOCTH Sune. ¥'ToKy esonyubje BunKe.cy passHine ocoBHKE nyteM KOjHX MoTY Aa Peryaiwy Tpaxcnupaykjy, same ce write of npeBenHkor ryOuTka Boze Hajbehia konmuiia Boge ce tyBH ripeKo nvcrosa, Hako Burka MONE OaBaTH Boslyca uene caoje nowpwnve. Tpakcnupauinja je KyTHKyAapHa aKo ce obana ca nopwnne nucra Kpo3 KyTHKyay. MlocTojH moryhHoct Ha ce jabl neuTMyenapHa tpancnpaynja Kpo3 oTbope Ha crabny’— neurHyene. Hayserto, y Toxy sume KOR aHcTonaaHor spseha jenwii ryBuTaK BORE MOKE BuTW npexo newriyena, Hajsehn aco tpancnnpaunje ce o6asma NYTEM yr gage on xopeHo- noceGHo AMthepeHunpanor cromMNor anapara. Taksa Tpancnupaunja ce ge nnaynue, npeno ostayasa Kao cronarepna tpancnmpaunja. To je H jeMiiM OBNAK TpaH- — chpoeogwnx enewena- campaunje Kojn Bike Mory AenAMMAHO fa perynHWy. ray crabny ao nwcro~ Tpancnupaynja uma BenHKn 3HaNaj 3a BunKy. Ona aenyje Kao Hexa —%2 SH/Ke M Onaparee armoctbepy npexo ¥upnka Koja omoryhaga fa ce nporox Boge ofl KopeHa qo nacra HenpeKna- ),S™MocePy MPHo obasna W Bona H3 KopeHa HaBy\e Kpo3 MpTHe KCHNEMCKe eneMeNTe cBe AO ANCTOBA. BunKa ce xnaqn wcnapasaisem Bone Kpo3 croMe, TaKO H3ApNaBa BHCOKE TeMMepatype a He RonasH ZO Npe- rpesatta nucrosa, wTo Bn H3as8aNO HHXOBY AECTPYKUNIy. TIM HHTeHSHBHO) TpaNcnUpAujH AK | CroBH HMajy 3a HEKONHKO CTeneHK RAAKY TeMepaTypY OA OKONHOF Baz;yxa. TPARHA CTOMUHOF ATIAPATA Crone cy nitepyenynapn y nucrosrma BuinaKa. Cromntia KoMopa je cmewrena vcnog Rennja sateapaunua, xoje wMajy nacynact o6- ‘ang, enje sarsapaunye nonupyiy ce ca cyceannm henvjama, henk- jama noMohwnyama, Koje c HMA YMHE CTOMM anapar. 3”AOBH cTO~ unix henija Koja ce nommpyly ca cycenHHM henujama cy TaHKH, a YyHytpawisH npema HHTepuenynapy saneBmanx. Kana henwja npawa ‘ BOAY, BHUJ ce HCTeMY TaHKH aHAODH H nosnave saneBnane 3a cofom, fa ce comma Komopa orsapa. Croma Ha nannsjy ancra Crone ce oBH¥Ho y BensKom Bpojy Hanaze Ha Hannujy AHCTa, AOK — BHnKe Commelina com- vex Ha MAUy Ma Mabe HW Hx yontuTe Hema, Kon HeKHx Tpasa Ha H — munis 20 2000 croma na 1 cm2, OK Hx KOA xpacra Ha HCTO} NOBPWLMAM Ha uo 100 000. Oreapaite » 2areapaise croma perynnwe ce npomeHom typroposor NpHTHcKa y hen r jama 3areapanyama 4 henkjama nomohwnuama. Yeneq seher Typroposor npuTicxa y henajama sarsapayitiama WiixoBH TaNKH 3HROBH Ce NCTERy H Renhja Ce uP noTAcKyjyhH Male TYPTE= cuesTHe-hennje nomohnnue. Croma ce oreapa. Kaa nopa- cre Typrop y Renkjama noMohiMuama, oe Ce wpe, Nor cuyly Manse TypreculenrHe henuje sareapaunye H croma ce 3areapa. Mpomena typropa y henujama cromuvor anapara "| nonasn ycneq nosehaisa cine youcasatsa, urTo je nocnenH= ua HaKynmaisa OCMOTCKH aKTHBHHX MaTepHja y HMMA. Ha- + tpeno je aa cy henuje sarsapaunue Ha cartancu ocMorcAH autuahuje, wro yrave Ha nosehaise cune ycHcasatba. ¥ TOMe | naan yateo nmaj(GOnn xanijyaa)xoje hennje sareapaunue yanajy 3 oKonHix henwja. H apyr# ocMorcKH aKrusnH MeTabonuTH Mory nosehagaTH OcMOTCKH noTeHydjanhe- auja. Excnepnuenr Koju noxasyje 2a npomena Typropa hennia 3a~ Couxa oreopene crome Koja noxaayje Teapaunua AOWOAM AD OTBapatea H sarBapatsa CTONA. aa ce xannjym (psa Goja) Haxynea y A~orsopena croma. & ~ nonyzareopena jep je hennja ensjama aareapaymuana yonen wera Jareapaunua Ha Aectoj crpann mpoBogena TaHKOM HrIOM WTO ce NlOBehaBa KHXOB OCMOTCKH MpHTH: Je waaieano uypetve hennjcKor coxa M onagatse rypropa. ak H Typrop: Pires!” Oy ste a 5 00 OK Oreapaise H sarvai aie cea 3aBMCH Of CBeTROCTH, KOAHYHHE Bone y BAUM, OA TeMnepaType, KonueHTpaynj€yriben-guoKcuaa h apyrax yrauaja cnonauuise cpeante. Koa sehune BumaKa Crome { Cy Hohy sarsopeHe, €OTBapajy ce nocrenevo ca H3/aCKOM CyHua K Haley OcTaly OTBOPeHE AO Cy- pana, Kala ce nocrenexo aataapajy. Kana je cBewnoct cysMwe jaka, MOMe AONH HO 3aTBapatba Toma. [pH AOBORHO) CHABAeBeHOCTH BHmaka BOROM CTOME Cy CTOPEHE H BONA Ce OAaje y aTMO- cibepy. Ako ce aoga y henijama npexomepHo CMalbH, Crome ce sareapajy Bes OBsHpa wro je AaH. Taxo ce Bunka WTHTH on HCywHEatba Bonena napa ce opaje npouecom aMdbyskje, KOjM 3aBHCH OA Tora KONHKO je aTMoctbepa OKO nucra 3acihevia BoxeHom napon, of Temnepatype sasnyxa, BpsHHe BeTpa Koj OAHOCH 3acvheHy eoneny apy H3KaA CTOMANHx oTBOpA H APyrHx YHHHAaUa. Ca NOBehaiveM TeMnepatype NoBehasa ce Bpsniia andbysnje, 1). onasarse soge. Mopea Tora, nowehaise Temnepatype AowoAM H AD CMalbe~ ea penaTHBHe BnaNkHOCTH BazAyxa, WTO OWA 3Ha4M Aa ACTA 3anpeMMHa Baznyxa MOKE Aa NPHMH aehe Konuwnie sogene nape. C pyre ctpave, setap (ogHOCHO crpyja¥se BazAyxa) yOp3asa Tpan- cnnpaunjy jep ca NoBpwnHe nAcTa OpHOCH CAO} Ba3Ayxa 3acuheN BoAeHOM Napow. MebyrHM, jak setap (Bpxn og 15 km/h!) qosoan go xnahersa nucra W THMe ce TpaHCnupaunja WnaK CMaibyje. TIPOBEPA 3HAIbA 1. Koj Gust opranh canpme Hajanuse sone, a KojH HajMatse? 2. Ura omoryhana kperaise sone Ws 3eMmmuira y KOpeH? / 3. Lira cy To ryrauinja m excynaunja? Ha Kojy nojaey (wennunny) one ykasyjy? 4. Kakee oBnnke tpancnupaynje noanajere? - 5. KojiiM Bennunama mone Aa Ce oKapakTepMuie TpaHcnapaunja?LE Hurpubyiaty. 15° @MOTOCHHTE3A AYTOTPO®HJA H XETEPOTPO®HJA JKupor Ha 3emmu ce saciiHoa Ha CranHOM KpyMey MarepHje H eHeprije. Comm iKHBHM BAMA je notpebva eneprnja 3a onpmaive, pactetse M pasavhe. EXeprsja notave of opraHicKnx xeMnjCkHX jenuisersa, Koja ce HasHaajy xpana, y Kojoj je eHepruja akymynnpara y xennjckum sesama, Ta eheprja ce Mome noHoBo OCAOBOAMTH packHAAlbeM xEMMjCKHX Be3a y NPOYeCHMa OKCHAAUM)e Oxcuaaunja y KHBHM OpraHHaMMaa Hije Harao H BypaH npoUec, Kao urTO je rapewe, Beh ce cacTo- jM Of RH3a enemeHaTa OKCHAATHBHOT Npoyeca TOKOM KOjHX Ce eHEprHja ocnoBaha nocreneHo. MpHBnwaHo nonosHa Te eHepraje ce noHOBO TpaHcopmMwe, YBa H awe KOPHCTH y OBAMKY xemiljewor Jeauiberta o3HaveHor Kao ATP. ¥ TOM HeNpeKHAHOM KpYMeHy MaTepHje H eHeprHje, nO Hauniy Ha Koju oBeabebyjy xpary (eneprijy), SH/Ke aaysHmajy NoceBHo MecTo. Hamme, CBH Opra HW3MH Ce MOFY NOAeRHTH Ha ayTorpoxbHe 4 xereporporbue. CnocobKacr 3eneHAx BumaKa fa v3 HeopralickHx MaTepiija Koje noTHuy H3 Cnonalulee CpenHHe NoMOhy eHepruje ceetnocTH, wsrpabyiy cea opraticka jenviversa y npouecy chorocuurese osHavena je Kao ayrorporpuja na cy senene Gunxe ayrorpoun oprann3mH, Apyr obnwk ayrorpoduje —Gemocunresa) caojctaex je camo oapeheHim Bakrepyjama, TH oprawamn OKCHayjy HeOpraHcke MaTeDHje H3 CDeAKHe y Kojo) KMBE Wi Hata HaWHR AObHjajy eneprjy 3a cHiTe3y. Cen OcTaNH OpraHn3mu, O3HaUERH Kao ay 6, Co un, yanMiajy rorose oprancxe matepnje Koje Cy npow3voR aytorpacbHHx oprannsaMa, _ AYTOTPOOHH, OPAHHSMH Tengen epinebrc| Bogor pagel Uemarcks npuxas ayrorpodbunx 4 xereporpogunx oprannzama 3na4aj cbotocunTese 3a OApxKaBalee KUBOTA Ha 3eMsbU Oncranax conx mnenx 6rtha Ha 3emnn saoncH of Guana. S¥MoKe cy jeanHH opraHHaMn criocoB= 4H ga pacnonoxnay exeprujy Cynvesor spavetsa npeTBope y OBnNK KojH je 28 KHEOT HeONxonAM. Mopea tora, y ToKy Tor npoueca ocnobiaha ce KHCEOHMK, KOjH je TaKOHe ycnoR MHBOTA COAX BHma-ka W xusoTHisa. Cmarpa Ce aa cBa oprakicxa jequibelsa H Ca8 KHCEOHHK Koj AaHaC NOcrOje NOTH v3 npoueca orocniese. H Bumike H iKHEOTHIGE TpoUle OpraHcka jemHtsetsa H KHCEOKHK, a CAMO 3€- neve GisKe wmajy cnocoBkoct ga Te sanuxe obwabnajy. Cex H380pH enEprhje, OCHM KykneapHe, KojH cy Aakac Ha pacnonaraisy Youe4ancray notHUy og borocuHTese Koja ce OBaana y noctojehia eKOCHCTeMHMa (npeBACKOANO, APBO a M APYTH OBNYH BHoMace) HAH OA AaBKO HayMpNHX BHaKa (y oBnuy yrma w Hadbre). fla ce y gasHoj npowinoct# Hcy nojasHnn npsobwrAn jeanohennjcKn Oprannamn KOjA Cy CTeKnH cnOcobHOCT 3a OBaBRatse cborocHHTese, Hit MAST Ha 3eMH He OH evonyupao Ao fakauitsix oBnHka @MOTOCHHTE3BA , Ura je borocuutesa? Beh je pevexo aa je To npouec y Kojem SunKe H3 HeOpraHcKHx jequisena (yrren-anoKcuna 4 sone), nomohy CyHueBe eHepraje, cHHTeTHWlY OpraHcka jenHtsersa, Tj. xPaHy. Tipema tome, dborochiresa BH ce Morna H3pasHTH ONUTOM jenHauMHOnt caetnoct CO) + 6H,O ——> CgHy20¢ + 602 / XAOPOPHN Ann, Kako ce To Aewiasa? Oprosop Ha O80 nTawe HajnaKwe ce AoBija ako ce Yeo npouec pacunaHn Ha OcHOSHE chase M rmaBHE yuecnnne y temy. fla nohemo penom. fla 64 ceetnoct Morna na oyne na Byne[ancopBosaua)na je To cnysaj u kana je cborocunresa y fwiaiy. Cnenehe nuraise je: aa m4 ce ancopbyje yeo cnexrap Cyh¥esor apauera Man camo nojeqHHn jenosH | 4, aKO je TaKO, KOjH? H, 3aTHM: Koj MHFMeHTH ancop- Byjy caernacr, 1). Ko- jn narmenti yaecry- iy ¥ thorocuwresh, me ce Hanase y he- % Ce fe fi aujd H wTa ce noToM %, SS! Psi Aewasa ca ancopbo- e a7 ‘/ ee BaHoM eHleprijom, Ka~ Ko ce cteapa ATP H kako Aonasin flo cHH- ‘ese oprancxwx jean HeeWsa, oAHOCHO xpa~ | He? Baqarak texcta kojw chen je Aa aa : objawisersa H onro~ Bope Ha nocrasibe- wa niratea Kaa caernocr naane Ha HeKH nusmenT ofa MoMe Aa Byne oABKjena (pedbneKro- sana), aa je nurment nponycrn wan fa je ancopByje, Camo ona ceernocr Koja je ancopbosana je axrmana y HexoM BHonowKOM npouecy.= e IES a @orTocuHTeTHuKH NHFMeHTH (On uenoKynHor enekrpomarnerHor spauema Koje Cyrye emuTyje TOKOM cpoTOCHHTese ce ancop- Syjy onpeheve Tanacue aynite BHAuBOr Aena cneKrpa Hamehy(8O nm H 760 NM) To ce neno Move yONHTH ako Ce NOHOBH eKcNepHMeHT Koja je pe 120 ronAHa HaBEO NeTpPaRneaY Eurenma Ob je HckopucrHo YnHeHHUy na ce y oToCHHTeSH ocnoBaha KHceoHWK. Osaj KCTPamMBaM je NO- caatpao rion MHKpOCKONOM feo ante Spirogyra-y.Kann TexHOCTH.ca BakTepHjama Tpyreetea Koje Ce aKTHBHO Kpehy npeMa MecTAMa Ca BHUIOM KOHLeHTpA- unjom KuceoRHKa. Spirogyra HMa TpaKact, cn¥panHo pimenra ce MoKe NpemMOcraBHtH 4 KOjM NHTMeHTH yse cxayiy y bovocutitean, To ory BxTH camo oMH nHrMeNTH ylijen xnoponnact. Kana ce eo MAKPOcKONcKH npena~ par oceern# Genom cxetnowhy, Gakreprje ce HaKyna-—« jy Ko Aena henuje y Kojem nexn xnoponaact, jep oH eecriocth: vanyuyje KHCeOHMK. Exrenwak je pasnoxwo apak Gene ceetaoctn nomohy npwame H OcseTnHo camo jegan neo ™ xnoponnacra WpseHOM, 3eneHOM HAH nnaBOM cBeTnO- 3PAK 3ENEHE why. Bakrepije cy ce oxynmane oxo OHWX AenoBa xN0- CBETROCTH ponnacta KojM cy Buunl HanoKeHH UpseHO} M nnaBOj coe + ‘tnocts. Ha Taj Havin je noKa3aHo Aa cy y orocuaresn akTuaHe one TanacHe AYKHHE CBeTAOCTH.Koje cy KapaK- ne Tepucruuie 3a upseny (630-760.nm) xnnasy-csemoct CeenocTH (430-490 nm), kao 4 To a ce otocuHTesa oBasma y xioponnacriaa. Ucroapemeno, Ha ocHosy osor excne-* 1 Haxyerearse Daxrepija tpyiserea oxo | oy rojn ancopByiy c8eTR0- epoga snoponnacra are Spirogyra ae | CT Koja YTHHE HA OCRO- ce yanyuyje KUCEOHHK Y POTOCHHTERH. Bahaise KuceonnKa, Tj. Baxrepuje ce waxynnajy oxo nenosa GM, NATMEHTH KO} ANCOP- —_xnoponnacta ocBermewnx rnawoM WH byjy upsery ¥ nay — upeeHow ceernowhy. caetnoct. Hawme, y (bo- TociiTesH je akTHaHa CaM ova CBeTnOCT Koja je ancopbosaKa Mponywrewa Hak oaBujewa caeTAOCT HeMa HHKAKBY AKTABHOCT. Durmenti jy ogbnieve Han nponyurrene ceeTAOCTH, Y cborocusresn ywecrayjy 1p rpyne nurmeara: xnopodbann, kaporenownw H cbuKoBunHKH. TloctojM eMule apcra xnoporuna Xnopodmfface ranasn Kon caHx oprannsama Kojn oBasrvajy dporo- cutesy, Bywe Suaxe canpne xnopodwn av 6, a pase rpyne ony ara, nopen xnopoduna a, cage # apyre xnopobune, Xnopo- } (Gm, bun je chomeH MoneKyn Koj Ce CaCTOjM OA NOpiApMHcKor npcTe- i toy Ha ca aTomom Mg y WeHTpy H ankoxona MeTaHiona ¥ cbHTONA KojM 4 +b, cy BeaaHn 3a npcreH ecrapcKHm nesama, KaporeHonaH cy noMohHH nfo urMeHtH y (porochitean. To cy KapoTeHH x KcanToxbAnH, ©AKOOH- | (a), AWHIH Ce Hana3e KOA NPOKApHoTa; PHKOYHjaHHHH nnaBosenene Boje | ae kog Cxanobacteria 4 duxoepuTpwnu upsene Boje Koa Rhodo- tye" ory phyta, Dorocunrerauke BaKrepnje caapme BakrepHoxnoporpine Crpyxrypna ebopuyna xs0p0- Xnopocbunn uMajy a8€ 20He aNcopnynje: y nnasoM n ypseHOm una a eny chexrpa. 3eney Ceetaoct xnopodwnn Ke ancopByjy, Beh jeEe “ . bug. Ocrann narmenti HMajy camo yenosa cpenne y Kojo} HBe, OvmekKe HaTpal XnoponactH Buna nurmenti Kojn yuecteyiy y npouecy cboro- cunTese CmeurTeni cy y oprarienama, Koje ce HasHeajy xnoponnacra. Xnoponnacth pasnnantax GHLKAX BpcTa pasnunyjy ce no oBnHKy, sennuni H Bpojy. TaKo, wa Tipmmep, henwje nucra nacywa (Phaseolus vulgaris) cagpye oxo 45, a canaha (Spinacia oleracea) 300 20, 400 xnoponnacra, H hennje ApyrHx 3enennx genosa, Bune (craBna, usera, nioga) caapme xnoponnacre. XnoponnactH BHWHX SumaKa cy CO¥HBaCTOr OBNHKA. Enexrponcka muxporpaduja xnoponnacra Hute Brexe, Ha Kojoj Ce youaBajy rpana~ “rmnaKanan HacnaraH «a0 HORA Kog enux Sunaka Hasenena nojaea ce manudectyje pa3ni porbuna 6. Kog go6po oceermennx Sumaxa taj omvoc jd 3: 1.) MehyTHM, BisbKe Koje rkHBe y CEH uMajy nosehavy KonnynHy xnopocHnd 6.)THme je Bunmkama koje KHBe y HAHM CnpaToBHMa Wy Me GMOTYREHO fa Dome KOpHCTe cueTnocr Kojy nponywirajy Kpomibe BeNAKHX ApBEra nponyurtajy, H 3aTo cy 3enene Boje. Kaporenonau ancopbyjy cBernoct y myByuactom H naaBom Aeny | chektpa. OuKoBuniaH ancopbyjy aeneny, myTy H Haparyacry cHernoct. 36or ceojHx cneyc>wHurlAx cobra, jeanuy on HabeneHHx nurmenata cnocoban 2a oTnowNe npouec dborocuurese je opo- nomohiyy, anv HnaK samny ynory. OW noBehawaly ebuKacHoct Forocuwrese raxo wro ancopSyly one anacne AyHe Koje xaonacun nponywa (HNP. ¢>'KO- Bunnnn), a ancopbowary exeprujy Npenoce Ha xnOpo*un KojM je KOPHCTH 3a fa/bH TOK coTOCHH- ‘ese. To je, ucrospemeno, NoKa3aTen npunaroheHOcTH Ha YCNOBe MHBOTA HEKHX (POTOCHHTETHYKHX opranw3ama. Ha npamep, pasnhuHTe BpcTe anri Koje KHBe y BOMeHO} CpenHHH OBaBrajy cpoToCHH- Te3y HaKO AO HEKAX Of HX He AONApy HH UpBeHa KH MUlaBa CBeTAOCT. Y NOBPUIMHICKOM Cnojy Bone Y MopHMa H je3epHma AOCTYAHH Cy CAH AenoaH crekrpa Gene caevHOcTH. Ty MuBe 3eneHe anre, KOje wmajy xnopobine m KapoTeHoMae # ancopByjy naasH M upseHH Aeo cnekrpa. Ha HewTo sehum ayShiama aise MOgpOseneNe H upseHe anre, Koje CaApMe (uKOBHANKe, Ove Mory Aa ancopdyiy seneHy, myTY H Hapanyacty CBeTnOcT, Kojy He aNcopByly 3eneHe anre n Koja NpOANPE AO THX AyBH Ha, Haseena nojasa je noshara kao(ROWMeMenTapna Xpowarnuna aaanranja)y 3abncuoctH off jacnonokige csetnocra. Y TOM NorneAy Ce apno nak Npunarohasajy HeKe unjaHoBakrepHje. AKO ce rajew (Oj CHETOCTH, ove HMajy eHUE H4KOEpHTpAHA, a Ha UPBeHO) BHWE CAKOUKjaHHNA, \4ATHM OAKOCOM XNOpOLpHAa aH xNO- | | | | Chupanin xnoponnacr xoa Spirogyra , (rope newo), sae3nacr son Zygnema (rope ‘aecho), nnovacr Koa Mougeotia (none ‘neao) # apcrenacr KoA Ulothrixcette | Tpesnnxa 310 mH Aebmntie 1-2 jum, Nomohy cnetnocHor MAKPocKona, MPH BenHKoM yBeharby, y xnoponnactama ce onanajy cHtHa spHua aeneHe Boje. Hbuxosa cnomera rpaha orkpHsetia je Tek ynorpeGom enekTpoHcKor MHKPOCKONa M AeTamHO je oNHCaHa y yUBeHAKy 3a npeH paspen. Xnoponnacta anrk paannxyjy ce no chopa, Spojy w BenwsniH, KoA HeKHX ce KanazH CAMO jenal Kpynaw xnoponnacr, Koj ce nasHBaCkpoNaTarbOp,) Xpomaroropx mory SHTH paanAunTor ObNHKa: cnupanio yenjenn kon Spirogyra, ypeanactn xon Zygnema, nnovacth Kon Mougeotia nnn npcre- nacta Koa Ulothrix. Ceetia u Tama (pa3a cpotocuntese Konsepsnja cBetnocne enepruje y xemujcxy (cBetna cpaza) Cywrana cbotocuntese je npeobpahaise (KoHBepsija) cBernocHe eHepruje y XemujcKy eHeprnjy npeko ATP ao opraHcknx marepnja (xpave) Koje Burke M KHBOTHISe jeguHO Mory Aa KopHcTe. Kako ce ro vereapyje? Busmnea caernoct je eo enekrpomarneTHor apayevsa, Koje Kapakrepauly Tanaca aymnna (A), cbpexsexynja x eneprija. Ca nopacrom TanacHe ayxtaHe CBeTAOCTH CMalbyje Ce eHeprija Kojy HOCH jenan KeaHt caetnoctH (cporox). To 34a4H Aa nnasa cBernoct, 4nja je TanacKa ayKHWa Kpaha (400 nm), noch sehy eHeprijy of upseke cBernocTH, Ynja je Tanacha ayia ayiKa (700 nm). Oprancxe Monekyne, kao wito je xnopocpHn, KapaxTepnwe noceBax THN eneKTpOHa KOjM HE NpH- rnagajy jeaHoM aTomcKom jearpy, Beh cy 3ajeniMuKH 3a Aa, H rpane Beay Mehy HhHMa, a Hana3e Ce y crionawHsem enexTpoHcKoM omoTa¥y MosteKyna. Ynpago Taj THn enekrpona je sHaMajax 3a ancop- nuvi KeaHTa ceernocrH (cboroxa). OHH Cy KapakTepHCTHYHM 3a OpraHcKe MONeKyNe Ca T38. KOHjy- ropaxwm sezama (-C=C-C=C-), Tanacha aysk#Ha cBeTAOcTH Koja ce ancopbyje je Beha yKonHKo cy Sere cegh ei asian iene wearer oe aneopuh er sor jena cnekrpa. M3 crpykTyDHMX @opmyna (POTOCHHTETHUKHX NHTMeHATa MOE Ce 3aKMYNHTH Aa OwH CBH canpxe Bennkn SpofKONJyroBaHHx Besa]uuTO je OCOOMHa Koja WM OMOryhasa ja ancopby- SESESPOHT Ohh ue ciomaunat oneray wonexy7a se3aNH cy 38 ceoje OpBAT H Ha NopManto} SxonouKoj TeMnepatypH Hanase ce Ha HajHWMeM eHepreTcKOM HiMBOY, Y OCHOBHOM cratBy. Kaa ce keaHtT cernocth (qporoH) ancopByje, noweha ce eHeprija eneKrpoHa H OM NpenazH Ha cnegehy opbury, Koja ofrosapa nosMweHoj exeprajx. To je excuMTHpano HH NobyheHO crate MoneKyna, Y monexyny xnopocbuna nocroje ase moryhe opbure excyHTHpatior cratba; sua OpbHTa oAro- bapa enepriju corona nnase, a Hua eHEprHjH (oTOHa UpBeHe cHeTAOCTH. 360F Tora Cy MaKCHMY- Mv ancopnuje xnoporbuna y nnasom # UpBeHOM feny ChekTpa H ancopnynja oe CRETIOCTH LOBO- ‘AM XNOpOHA y eKCYMTHPaHO Cratbe. ExcuntHpaxo craise Monekyna je spno HectabunHo # KpaTKorpajHo. {16 ocnoBahaiba re exepri- je (aeexcyntaynja) qona3v Ha BHWe Ha4HHa, H TO Beoma Bp30. Kaga fo geeKcynTaunje AonaaK yenen ryBHTKa enexTpoxia, 3anounise choracuHTesa. FyGHTak enektpoHa Ce ocrsapyje aKo y BnwaH~ HM eKCUMTHpaNOr xnopodHna NOcTO}H jemHHLEHE KOje MOXKE sa NPHMM Taj eNeXTPOH, OAKOCHO akyentop enekrpowia. Kafa ce To Aorogn, xnoporun ce oKcHayje H acraje nosnTHBHO HaeneK- TpHcaH, a akuentop ce peaykyje. Osaj gorahaj je npea oxcHao-penykyjyha peaxunja y dorocuH- Teav, Geanee peatune ce rasrasly oncno-peayniyife jep YDEE AONAIN 20 Crcruale feaHOr Monexyna # peaykunje apyror. OcHaosana H peaykoBata (Popa MoneKyna HasHBa Ce peAOKC nap. ¥ OxEHaO-peayrunon npouceiuia yuerayy Ona amet voja nuaiy COo}TBG da Onely # NDR majy enextponie. Jennibetbe aasanay enckTpova Ha3Hea Ce penyKTant a jeqniberse npaManal eneK- wi -_Tpola ~ oxcnqant. TaKea jeanivetsa ce HaskBajy npeHoCHoUn eneKTpora, Ova cy cacTaBHH enoBh BuonowKix memBpana, Kao WTO Cy MeMBpaHe THnaKOHAA y xnoponnacTAMa Peayxyuja NADP-a nau NAD-a Eneprnja ceetnocr Koja je w3azeana oKcnaaunjy xnoporbrna cana npesctasma noveTHy eHepri= jy Koja noxpehe cse Kacnnje (borocnnTeTHuKe peaxuje. Osnm je sanovera Ht cevaa cpaaa (poro- ‘cunrese, Koja HenocpeaHo 3a6HcM OA ancopnunje cBevnocke eHepruje. CveTna casa OByxBaTa ancopnunjy ceetnocra H ryBxTaK enexrpona 43 MoneKyn'a xnopocpHna; OKcHAAUM)y BOAE M PeAYK- unjy NADP-a nan NAD-a; tpacnopr enexTpoxa H Hit OKCHAO-pestykyjyhux peakunja, Kao u oro cuntetwuny ocdbopHnaunjy. Fponasoqn ceetne chase cy peaykosann NADPH + H* wn NADH + + HY, ATP-a W KHCeOHHK, KojH Ce acnoBaha y atmacmepy. A Monexyn xnopoduna He Mone Aa OcraHe i oxcwposal H wary6meHH eneKTpOH Ce HaAOK- H nahyje of HeKor apyror jenwiserba, KOje no- craje aoniop. jeaniseise Koje je nPAMHNO eneK- : TpOH oA xnopocbuna (akyenTop) NoHOBG ce : oxckayje npeaajyhn enexrpox cneaehem je- e ‘Auisetby, Anay @OTOCHHTeTHNKOr TpaHcnopT- —~ e ‘ Hor nana eneKTpowa. To HOBO jeqniserse je cana peaykosano # OHO nocraje AoHop eneK- Tpowa 3a chegehw wnak nanya, Aa Gu ce Ha ~ kpajy ogor naa peaykosao NADP wan NAD, PQ ¢ kao wo je npHxasaHo Ha cnMun. Y npewocy enexrpowa yuecrayiy aba peaxunona weNTpa, wa3paHa corocucrem | 4 dorocHcrem Il ee aH peakumoun UeNTap je OPTaHAIOBAH OKO orogncrent xnopodwna, Kojt ancopByje upsexy cBetnoct © ese) ranacke ay:kuie 680 nm, @ ApyH OKO xnopo- i qiuna, Kojm ancopbyje upsery coernocr rana~ HO Wha = che ayxune 700 nm. Nomohun nvrMeHTh, Kao as WTO Cy KapoTeHOMAH HAH GAKOBHAMHH, NPE“ — Wewarckm npuxas TpaHcnopra enexrpoHa y oro- Hoce eeprijy ApyrHx TanacHHx AYRMHA BH- — cHuTesH wevBe caemnoctH, Kojy cy ancopbovann Ha xnoporbAne OsHX peaKYHOHHx yeHTapa. Xnopodwn v3 cporocucrema Il WaAoKHahyje eneKrpor ‘oxciaaynjom sone, a NADP nan NAD ce penyxyje enekTpOHOM KojK NOTHYE 3 cborocycrema |. ¥ nay OBvIx OKChaO- peaykyjyhix peaKwja eHeprija KBaHITa ancopBoBaHe CoeTnocrH ce nocreneHo ocnoBaha # KOpHCTH 3a cHHTeSsy aneHOsHHTpHcpocdara. @orecnerem | Foo Cuntesa ATP-a Beh je peveno na cy npeHocHoyn enekTpona cmewTeH y MeMBpaHama THAaKoMAa XMOPONAACTa, To cy jeanisewa yrpahena y CTPyKTypy THnaKoHAHE MeMBpanle no cneuMpuHom penocneay. OuM npenoce enexrpave 13 yHyTpawHLOCTH THNaKOWAa y CTPOMY XMOpOracTa KpO3 THNAKOMANY MEM- Spany. Hexn npeHocouK enekrposa y TpavcnopTHom nary HMajy cnocoBHocr 4 Aa npemewTajy nporone (H*) xpos MemBpany, To creapa pasnhky y HaenexTpHcany ca jenwe # pyre Crate MeM- bpane. Yenocrasnena pasniKa y HaenexTpHCaWy obesGehyje eHeprijy 32 creapawe ATP-a. Ha HUROTUHAMUT, ABEH UH Dun grOrmei ocHosy Te eHeprije, noceBak npoTens — eH3HM y MeMBpaH THnaKoHAa, Bp_UM occopKnayniy | aeansatem HeoprancKor occbopa (Pi) 3a ADP w creapa ATP. Onaj eranm ce nasmsa ATP-cunte- yaaa jnk ateneasa | Tamua da3a cotocuntese Y namem roxy dorocuitese aonasn go ofpas0- i aiba opraHicknx jeaiisetsa nytem mpoyeca 3a KOje y ceernocr unje Henocpewo norpebwa, a Koj ce on- ' THM HMeHOM HaaHAajy TamHa aaa dhorocHHTese. i CywTnna osor qena npoyeca dporocuurese je aa ce of yrsew-avoxcuga, Koja yna3K y henuje nucra npeKo croma, oBpaayjy wehepu dpyxroaa u caxa osa, a 3aTHM H NlonHcaxapHa ckpob. To ce newaza y3 nomoh ATP-a 4 peaykosanor NADP-a, KojM cy Hactanh y ceernoj dasn cborockHrese. OHM cy H3- sop ekeprije 3a Te Bxoxemjcke npoyece. OnasHo je nosHato aa cy cxpob 4 caxapoza HajoBunsnjn nponyetn eorochwrese; OWN ce penatheHo naxo 2H (8 Pe npevOwes na ceIMOC peo ory noKaaaTH ¥y nucrosnma Ha cBeTnocTH. Meby- 1 rsuuon) i woj) cy buna naposana dba Tw, NyTeBH KOjH AOBORE AO KHXOBOF OBpaz0Ba!Aa ‘Pea cupod. Hanon 6 cau mic je OrKnHT ca AeTARHO Cy NPOYYENH TeK NeAeCeTHX TOAKHA NPO- — GyaKe w npokyean y AecTHnOsAHO} say Aa 6H lor nexa y excnepHMesTHMa rpyne HCTpaMHBaYa ce opcrpanumn nurmenTH. Flotanarem AHCTA Y a veny ca MensvHom KansnHom. 3a oBa Mcrpa- /lyronoe pacrsop oBojMo ce cKpob Koja ce vxweaisa Kanak je 1961. ronmie aobwo HoBenoay —0bpaso8ao caso a ocsernenom neny nucra. harpany 3a xewnjy, a npoyec je Haasan Kansntion uumnyc, Kao uo je npyKasaxo Ha Aoxasnaaise cxpoda y aucry npn orocisresn. Buna je apMata y MpaKy HeKONHKO aana a | ew, y Kansioxom wnkaycy ce ge- 1stattbad C M | wasajy TPH Kny4Ha npoueca. Npso F ce yrmeH-AMOKCHA Be3yje 3a OpraH- D [Kapboncnnaunja i cko jenniberse puBynosy 1,5-Bucibo- ‘ADP | coat. O8a peakunja seansaiva yrnen- i AvOKGHRa Ha3HBa Ce KapBoKcHaa- i \ | uja, Mponseog Kojn Hactaje nocne ry KGrenowor] omar] | 1 HeKonHKo cragujyma je 3-¢bocebo-rni- @® | imoves sce | epHicka KHCenKHa Koja ce y3 no- } eae | Moh ATP-a H peaykosaHor NADP-a } wa cborochnrese penykyje. Y sane ne f ToKy unKnyca HacTajy wehepy H Peaynua | fonsan 0. perenepaunje noverier as i jeanisersa puByno3e 1,5-Buccpoccba- éecoam | oe ta, Ha Taj Hawi ce yrmeH-AMOKCHA a 3 MeopracKor oBniKa npesonK y opraticxn o6nuK. fa 6H ce AobHo | jena monexyn pyxtose, norpedHo je na ce uknyc nowoBH wecr nyra. Wewa Kanennoaor unsayca. caxaposa, cxpob | itesHa ociovy ceera ao cana aneceKor, npouec chorocuHTese ce Moe CaKeTO NpHKABATA y OBNAKY weme npesicrasmene Ha Chiu. nm Te _NADEH Hr * Kanaiion | ae eye | ie reste ei Se! ‘Cpetna casa Tamua cpaza Wenarcan npncaa ceerne H ramne dbase orocunrese ‘Tpaticnopr acumunara Acumunar, opralicke maTepyje craopene y avcty, Tpancnopryjy ce y cBe apyre RenoBe, OfHO- ‘cHo oprane BusKe. Kpehy ce Kpos ave, H To y Oba npasya, AcHMHnaTH ce H3 McTOsa TpaH- cnopryjy y annkansin nynowak Kpebyhn ce HasiWwe, HaH ce tpancopryly HakMKe H TaKO AOCneBa~ iy y Kopes, noazemno cra61o, kptone nykosnye. YrmeHH xHaparH M3 AucTOBa TpaHcnopryly Ce_y i oBnuxy Gaxapos®) Caxaposa n apyrm dorocuuramn wa hennja nucra yOauyjy ce/aKrHoKHM Tpam) } Eoopton J Gaoem. ¥ npouecy axrHenor rpanicnopta tpow ce eneprnja ATP-a, Opranicre marepH~ ai Je Wa Kopeita WrApyrux nenosa GumKe KOpHcre ce y pasniiueTam MeTaBonHaKHM MpouecHMa. ¥ THM | | npoyecna ce cmatiyje muxoBa KoNHuHHa na ce Tako OAPNaBA CranKa pasnka y KoHYeHTPAUKjH | vamehy mecra me ce creapajy # Mecra Te ce Tpowe. Kao nocnenMua Te pasniKe OApKasa ce Kperatse pacraopetx cborocuntata xpos dbnoem. Unnnoun Koja yrHyuy Ha cpoTocuHTesy | Hnrensnrer @orocnmrese ce MOMe MepHTH NO KONHYHHM ycoOjeHOr yrnven-ANOKCHAa Nit . | ‘ocnoBohevor KHCeoHMKa y jeAMHHYH BpeMena Ha jeAMHHUy NoBpuiMHe NacTa. CBeTAOCT H yreeH- i “AWOKCHA Cy CNO/ALIISH YHHHOWM OA KOjx 3aBHCH HHTeHSHMTeT horocuHTe3e. Boga Kao HeONXOAHO } jenwiserse 32 corocutiresy ysex je npHcytHa y ADBORMMM KONHYAHAMA y Renvjama nucra H He | orpakivasa npouec. Ceetnocr H yineH-anoKcHA, MehyTAM, HEONXOAHH Cy HHNMOUN KOjl Mory BHTH | orpannuasajyhn axropu corocheTese. YkONHKO ce HHTeH3HTeT CBeTAOCTH NoBeha WaHaA HeKOT | MaKHMyMa, ONAA he ce, NPH KOH\eHTpauAjn yrmeH-AKOKCHAA Koja ce Kpehe Oxo 0,03% y BABAyXY, } chorocuntesa nojavasatn no jenHe oapehene rpannue. AKO ce WHTeHSHTeT caeTNOCTH H Aarejoer 1a wiTeHanrera (borochHTese CBe NOK Ce He NOBeha KOH uemtpauuja CO>. To ce aewasa 36or Tora ro ce HaroMMnasajy MPORYKTH caerne chase ATP-a M NADPH + H*, oj ane He mory BHA KopnwhenH jep ce Tamna chasa He oRBHja AOBEMHO OP30. nosehava, Hehe aohu ao Aaner nosehatb: ‘Ano ce Burka ocbetnasa onpeheHe KOHCTaHTHHM HHTeHBHTeTOM CaeTAOCTH a noBchasa Ce KOH” ttenrpayujayenei-nwonchna, uTeHsHreT cpotocunrese he ce noseharH camo Ao onpehewe rpavie, a NOTOM he ocTaTH Ha HcTOM HHAoy. TO noKaayje na ¢boTocuNTesy orpaHnvasa OH) UHM” au xojm ce HanasM_y MaKMMymy. Y MpHpOAK cy BHrKe pHnaroheHe Ha pasnwanre ycnose SEBTIRENOCTTY SaBRCHOCTH OM TANITA, AOK Ce KONWeHTPaunja COz Kpehe y AocTa ycKHM rpaH= tiana, Tako Koa BumaKa Koje pacty y HapasHTO cyHvaHAM MoApy¥jRMa KoHWEHTPayHja COp je orpannwasajyhn YAHHnay 3a cborocHTesy. TIPOBEPA 3HAIbA Koje cy Tanacie ayacniie (Boje) Gene cvernocrn axruave y borocuiresn? Kakea je ynora nomohnnx nurmenara y boTockHTe3H (KapoTeHOHAa H Ap.)? Lua je komnnemenrapta xpomaTwunia ananrauKja? ura cy nponseogn ceetne chase cborocunrese, a wra TaMHe? Hagegure Tpv knyuna npoueca Koja ce newavaly y KansnHoBoM WAKnyCy. Habpojre awtope Koja yrnuy Ha orocmnresy.varpafsalte woonx henija praia m 3a obpasonambe pesepan. Pesepoe marepnje ce jasnajy y pasnnunTam oBnHUAMa Kao: YIeHH xHAPaTH, ya M MporeHHH, H Hanase ce Y oprannma 3a Maraynaipaive (meTaMopcbosMpaxo cTa6no waN KOpex), NMoROBHMA H CeMeHHMa. ¥ npsoj haan passitha, A0K ce He oBpa3yjy npsH npasM nvctoBH, Mana SuKa je noTnyHO xerepo- tpocbua, Mopen Tora, y ceakoj ayrorporbHoj Bursun nocroje OpraHH TkHBa KO)H HE MOTy CaM Aa nponzsone novpebua oprancka jequisersa. Taka TKHBA Cy KOPeHOR CHCTEM, MEPHCTEMCKa TRH, ‘kisa y craBny, nnojosH 4 UseToRH. TIpH Knijary Mnane OHsKe PezepBHe cyNcraHye Ce NoHOB pasrpahyiy # ynaze y paannunre merabonnake npowece, ‘1 Y Toky pactewa W o6pasogatea HOBHx OpraHa pesepsne matepuje ce pasrpahyjy TaKo wro ce oxcrayjy y npoUecHma KOjH Ce 3ajeAHH4KHM HMeHOM HasHBajy ANCatKe. Y mpouecy aucarsa ce oKcHaaynjom opratcKwx jenuiversa ocnoBaha enepruja norpebHa 3a oBasmatwe pasnwunrix yskunja y OHMGHOM OpraHHaMy. Meby BunKaMa 4 KHBOTHIGAMA NOCTO|H Bpno Benvka cnMUHOCT y Norneay BHOXEMHjCKHX NPOUECA OB KOJHx Ce CACTO}H AHCatbe, Ta cAMHHOCT ykaayje Ha unorevercky crapoct npoueca aucatta. BunKe ce BYTHO passHKyjy OA KHBOTHIDA NO Tome TO KOA WAX He NOCTOje MOKpETH AHCaHA, HATH NOCeBHA OpraHH NoMOhy Kojix ce oBaema paamena racosa ca cronauhom cpennHoM. KCEOHAK AONaSH AO CBHX BAMAHX henHja AMDYSHIOM. | prancxa jenmibersa xoja ce Harpane y dorockresH GHKa KopHcrH 3a pacreie, 32 | Ha ucra Hawn ce wanyuyje CO>, Tako qa ce nog AMcameem DuibaKa Honpaayaena camo henuicKo aucaise. — ToToBo ce oprancke cyncranue Kole canpKn GunKa ory OwrH cynerpat AMcatba. HnaK, Hajueuthe ce Kopicre yrmenn xngpath n Maca. MoweKan y Aucalby Mory Aa Ce KODHCTe pesepsHH nporenti4 anv je Ta nojava, no npaBHny, sHak rnagoBara, JcaHe Ce CACTOjH On WEKONAKO y32~ CTOMAHX HK anTepHatHBHHX HHoXemajcKHx NpoYeca. Bes Ob3Mpa Ha cyNcrpar, yBeK ce Mory Pa~ j annkovarn cneaehe base Anca © npunpemma casa Anu casa MoBunHayKje, ¥ Kojo} AONAIH AO Pasnaratsa cnOMEHHX jeqMHveroa Wo NosHWetba eHeprerckor HHBoa cyncTpaTa; © chaaa oxcugaTusne perpanaunje cyncrpata, y Kojoj ce packnaajy Bese Mehy yrmenHuHMa opra- Cuux jeqnisersa Hy Kojoj ce MHOTH yrmeHHKOBH aTOMH OKCHAY)Y AO COz, @ pasMH4HTH KOEHSHMH peaykyiy # chasa noHoBHe Hal TepMAHanHe OKCHAALIWje OBAX KOEHIHMA, Koja Ce CACTO}M y NpeHOCy eneK- Tpona Ha KACeOHHK, MPH HeMy HacTaje BORA; © okcnatasHa ocbophnaunja, 1). cuiiresa ATP-a, Koja je nosesalia ca OKCHAAUHjOM KOEH3HMa, Onurra jeaHantia qucawa, Koja ce npenctasma Kao OKcHAayHja rmyko3e AD CO2 H peayKunja kuceowika Ao HO, race: ae CeH20¢ + 602 > 6CO2 + GH2O. posyme ce aa cy npoyech oxennaune rnyxoxe MOTO cAOMeNHjH W cacroje ce on she craRHy~ a, OMM cy noKan308aHH y YATONNAIMM, MHTOXOHAPH|aMa H, genom, y naacTHAHMA. Kaga Ce y AM~ caiy OKcHayjy MACTH, ONAA Ce HeKH AeNOBH Npoueca aBaBMealy Hy APYTHM Opranenama, Kao WTO ty exbepozonn m enMOXCHsOMN caer oe 2y eerrenuin rye e& Myer, pucrey der C& Idnase (Haat ae 2) ee eP Tree tare gone kits se- ecpeloorrd ) paetasy og PEPTIMKOSIM3BA (247r) ipsa cpaza pasrpagice wehepa je npouec nosHat non HasHBOM raKKona, 3a OBy da3y OKCH- ‘Aaunje wehepa wnje norpeBvo NpHcycTBO KHCeOHHKa. Oxa ce Aewiasa KAKO KOA aepOBHHX, TaKO H Ko anaepobxux opranuzama. TIpe nowerka Came rnHKonise y hennjama ce, pasnaraieem nonHca~ xapnaa Ckpoba Ao rnyko3e NpHipeMM cyricTpaT 3a AMCAKE, a 3aTHM Ce rnyKO3a NpeBeAE y >PYK- 1o3y, KOjo} ce nomohy ATP-a, chocipopanaunjom, MOBHCH eHeprerckl HBO. Tana MoKe Aa NOME mnKonnsa, Mpouec ce opirpava y WATOCony H CaCTOjM ce y OKcHAATHIBHOM pasnaraisy cppyKTO3e 4O jenurserna ca TpH yrmenHikona.aToMma, KOjH ce HasHsa NMporponhawa KHCenUNA. EMeprija Koja Ce ‘TOM fiplinnixom ocnaBaha npesonn ce y ATP # peaykosann NAD. flava cyabvaa Hactane nuporpo- hate KHCenHHe 3aBHcH Of Tora Aa NH Ce THKOnH3a OBaBma Y aNaepOOHHM HAM aepobHUM opra- vienna, Kercore Pasrpaaiea nuporpoxhaxe «cenhue Kon anaepoo- 3 wx oprannsama ome Aa reve HH nyTeM MAeuHO- i wcShitwcKor BpeMa wah nyTeM aNKOXONHOF Bperba oe — (hepmenrayuje). Kpajisn npovae0a mnesHoxncenni- GUT ESTER cKOr apeisa je mnewia KMCenHHa, 2 aNKOXONHor Bpetba mere eralion. MnesHOKHCenHHcKo Bpewe ce Aewasa nos yimuajem Gakrepuja v3 pona Lactobacillus, a cbep- >) MenTayija nog yrHuajeM MAKpoOpraKH3ama 43 pona —_{ So ies aamniye EB) Fixporpombana kncennna Ce pasrpahyje noa ytaua jem aepobix oprannaama y npouecy KojM ce HasHea Kpebcos unKayc. MaeunoKHcennncKe >, Eranon spene Mnewna kncensna Wewarcky npuxas oxchaaunje wehepa KPEBCOB UNKJIYC (3G ATP) (PAPA TU Pes PAIK, LAC. kel, TEPELA\ KpeBcos ynkayc je metaGonnakn nyt KojM ce obama y uroxoNApHjama, a HasBaH je No HcrpamHBary KojM Fa je orkpHo 1937. roaune. TIpe novetka Kpebcosor unknyca hporpohava KHcenuva pearyje ca KoeHsHMOM A (COA). Peaynrar re peaxunje je ayerun-Koen3um A (AueTHN-COA), Oxcano-cuptiginaTridyncya nicenma jenniserse xoje cana cryna y peaxnjy ca oxcanocupher- a MOM KHCEMMHOM HaCTaje AMMyHCKa KUCenHHa. SIM \ ( Keto Taxporpomhana kicennna [ee4 Ayerr-xoensni A MyHicka KucenuHa je npsH nponssoa KpeBcosor UAkayca Oso jeaniseise Ha Tph KapboKcHnHe rpyne (COOH), na ce wecto KpeBcos unknyc Ha3H8a H UMKNYC AUMYHCKE KHCE- \ wave we Hal wikaye TpHKapBoXCHAKE KACeNHHe, ¥ cnenehun Kopaunma Kpebcosor wnxayca onanijajy ce peaKwnje snjn je kpainm pesyarar pereuepauuia oxcanocuphene wice- we (3270 ce O8aj npouec wasHBa WAKnyc), Ocnobaharwe sha MoneKyna yrneu-nuoxcuna W creaparte jeaniveisa Bo- by rari eneprijom (NADH +H* w FADHg). ~—Wlewa rnannnx pear y Kpebcoson nenycy. epgmornes: “ccuper Kpebcos unknyc oBes6ehyje mHoro suue exeprnje Hero cbepmenraunja H MedHOKHCENHHCKO spelse Hy wemy HacTajy OpraHiCKe KHCenHHe Kao NoNerHa jenMisetba 3a CHHTeSY aMHHOKHCeAHHA.paarPasyoy de MGETH LOA, KEI4 HAR een One i tert ee ans | OKCHAAUWJA MACTH MACHE 44 CESRAME (IPETKEN © MOL bs INCOA IE Z. ayy CoA Mes, is epee, Uy netr ge! f) B-oxcugauuja macnux Kucennua Muore Surake kao pesepaxe marepuje canpe HW nuinuge. Y ceMeHAMa yiaHe penMue, PHUMHYCa cykyoxpera MarauKiipajy Ce yma Koja ce KOpHCTe y TORY KAKjarba TaKO WTO ce OKcHAYjy. Y npunpemHoj cash, noa AejcTsom eHsHMg AaATase )OnasH NO pasrpanive yiba Ha CnHUepHH H Mace kucennne, koje ce nogeprasajy B-oxcujaynjH MacHHx KHCenAHa, MpoUeC Je AON HasHe NO TOME uuro ce Ha B-C aromy mache KHCenvHe CrynisesHto OAsaja parmenT on aba C aroma seaana 3a COA kao aueTun-CoA. Maca KicenuHa ctyna y peakunjy ca auleran-KoeHsHmom AH Taga Wacraje aU mache KuCennwe. ¥ cnegehun cbazama peaxunje, nog AejcTeOM pasnHUHTHx eHaHMA, OCOBaha Ce ayerin-CoA Hacraje Maca KHcenaa Koja je Kpaha 3a flga yrnmeHKoBa aToma, Hactana Macha kWicenntia noHoBO pearyje ca ayeran-CoA x oner ce cKpahyje 3a 28a yrmeHHKoBa aToma, To’ce NO- HaBma CBe AOTHe OK Ce NONeTHa MacHa KACENHHa NOrnyHo He pasrpaan. [Ipouec HHje UMKAHYAH G Cye—Macha kncenita ans / cov Geatlen Jaeyeap , ded. : el jep ce He oB¥aema noverHo jeanisense, Beh 5u ce npe Morao onMcaTH Kao Cn¥pana, OX ce onArpa- 8a Y_MHTOXONApHjaMa, 2 ALleTHAHM OCTaUM MaCHe KHCenAHe ynase y KpeBCos unKnyc. MehyTHm, B-oKcWaaunja MacHMx KHCeNHHa Huje TOAHKO 3HaYajHa 3a SHmKE KONHKO 3a RHBOTHHE. KoA KH- soTuisa Cy MaCTH fnaBHH H3BOp eNeprAje, & MHTOXOHApHje TdSHO MECTO TpaANchopmaunje Te evep- rwje y ATP. Kon BunaKa, Mehyrm, OKcHAaynja perepsHuix yra Hnje yMepeHa Ha AOBHjatse euepruje, ech Ha varpany yrmeHKX.XHApATa, WTO Ce OpMrpaHa Y MHOKCHBOMHMA K NEPOKCHIOMH- ay npouecy KOjH ce Ha3Hea rAMOKCHAATHH UMKnyC *) Maena ence sing paueTen— CoA a {eyacihcan ReRiPcon lena pasrpanne macnnx eicennna > macnn Kee. keds 3a 2 C-4P0rrer neue TnwoKcunaTHu QHKAYC Tonoxcunaria yHkaye je MoawbuKaunja Kpefcosor wiknyca. Nownise Kao W KpeBcos iMknyC KOHAeH3ayHjom oKCanocupheTHE KH- enue 4 ayerHn-CoA, ani ce, noA nejcrBom ensnaa FF) mmMyrcKa KHCe Aula pasnaKe Ha TAMOKCHNaT (jeguisere ca Asa yimennkova aroma) W hunnBapay RACE nay. Tox ce nowohy rnvioxcwnara H auerin- -Koesanma A peresepnve oxcanocrpheria Kx ceniia, hunifapwa xncennia ynasn y KpeO- co tinknyc, me of we Hactaje jabyuna Kuce- nia. Mane, y ennoxcHnaTHom unKnycy ce He OKcHayje Hujeaay yrmeHHKos atom. CmHcao vor npoueca je aa ce on. bparmenra ca ava yenvennkosa aroma, Koj noTHMY H3 MAcHE KH He, Harpane weheph, wo ce obasma npo- ecom KojM Ce HasHea rnykoneoreHesa. [nykoneorene3a JaByunia kucenusa, Koja je wacrana y MHro- XOHAPHjaMa M TAMOKCH3OMHMA, H3Na3K_y_UH- yonnaaMy W Ty ce oKcHayje.y oxcanocupherny KHGenwity, Koja ce 3aThm pacnaga Ha yrmeH~ AWOKCHA H NHporpoNary Kucenway. Tupo- Fpomhana Kucenkwa y metaGonwKom nyry Koj je, y cyuTHAH, peaepana rnnkonusa aaje cbpyxroay w ryxoay, of KojHx Hacraje caxa- poza. Mpema tome, rykoneoreve3a H_rnHO- KCHNaTHH UMKAye npeACTaBRaly MeTaDOMATRE nytese Koje BuRe Kopucre fa Scau ay CHI Kicennna Tpeveny-y-eneprhiy Wy wenepa KOjH_Cy_noromMNjr ODNFUMsacBE—NpOwEce pactetta M passuha, a Hapoanro KOR Mnajor jana WB EMC: sTorpy. aaa yy yt U cays be ce | oben bt off 3 FiuPolPORRG. MHC. roe (ie = Porm Ge by Ayeri-xoensun A a wigennna L Awmynexs wncensna uernaceomn A / TonnBapna xucenwna + Kpebcos unwaye Wena eeuoxcunathor ynuayca Tnoxewsox usyera Sonne Oxcanocuphersa (enh RL tmrcnar TiunBapna Fubapia coupon | “ whe Oncanocupherha \ “ADP 2, oS Tnyxoneoreneza ena ryxoneoreneseTPAHCTIOPT EJIEKTPOHA Y JHCAHY Bnwe nyra je peveno aa ce enepruja ocnobohesa ToKOM oKcHAaUMje OPraHcKHx jenMibersa YBa y obnuky ATP-a W peayKosannx KOeH3HMa KOjM yHeCTBy]y y OKCHAALMORMM npallecuma (NADH HTH FADH,), Kano ce ro neuiasa? Cacrasi neo ykyTpawieix MeMBpana muToxonApHja Cy HM NGEHOCHOUM Chekrpona KojM cauumasajy (WIEKTPOR-TpaHcHoprin Aavall) [psH Ynan Tor naHya NIPhNa eneKTpOHe OA PeayKOBANNX KOEHSHa HW Ha Taj HOUMA CE RGGTOHMH OKcHAYiy, OK ce npeviociinali penykyje. 3a1¥m raj npewocunay npegaje eneKrpone cneqehem unany naa, KOjH Ce cana peaykyje, ROK Ce haBanau eneKrpoka oKCHAy}e, Mpexoc enekrpowa kpo3 nanay, ce Ob aBna coe AO KyceoHHKa. KHCeOHMK je KpajieM NDHMaNaU eneKTpoHa H ON Ce penyKyje. Tom npHnHKOM Hacra- je.sona. Nouro ce y enexipor-1paicnoprHom nakuy Handak W MpeHOCHndy KojH HMA cnocoBNOCT ‘fa, OCHM npeHoca eneKTpona, npeBayyje H NpoTOHE Kpoa MeMBpary MHTOXONAPHJe, ¥ O8OM NPO- UUecy fonaah # 0 ycnoctasreatea cine Koja oMoryhasa ga ce on ADP-a Ht HeoprancKor dbocbara, Nomohy enanma arenease (Hanaan ce y MeMmbpati), Harpagu ATP. Hacrajaive ATP-a y aMcatby Ha3H~ 8a ce oxcuaaruena ¢boctbopunaunja, 3a pasnuky og cbotocuHrerhuKe boc@opwnaunje Tipit OxcHaaunjn yowenx xvapara Hactaje 36 Monexyna ATP-a, wro npemctasma oKo 65 ogcro ywynie eHeprije Monekyna rnyko3e NoceBva kapakrepHctaxa enekrpox-TpacnoprHor naka BUmAHx MATOXONApHa je y TOME UTO nuje OceTRHE Ha_UWjaNnA H pyre HWXHOMTOpe AHCAKA KOR HMABOTHHGA. Tlo3HaTO je Aa uXjaHA Waawea Tpenyrny CMpT MHBOTHIGA H YoBEKA. MehyTHM, Kana Ce BunKe HaNOMe sejcTay UMjaKHAa, orpourea O3 je orpannueria y pasnHunTo} MepH, an HHKaR ROTRYKO. Mpouec y Kojem ce TPOWM 02 y npucycray CN HasHsa ce Alcawe peaucrenTHO npema unjaray. KOA HeKnx Bivmaxa nojeanin opraHh cy nornyHa NeoceTBHEK Npema unjanay. Unjarwa Kon Hix 4a H CTHMynHWe NOTPOUIKY KHCeOHHKa. To cy BumKe H3 cba. Araceae (Ko3nauh), anjH je npegcrashnk Arum, Hasenenn npoyec omoryhyje eH3HM KojH ce Hanaan y enextpor-rpanicnoptHom nanuy BHRHHX MuTOXONAPHJa, a KOjH NpeHOCH MpOTOHE H eneKrpoHE Ha anTepHaTMaHy OKCHAaaY GaodHnasehH Ag0 AaHua KojH uuxHBupa unjanna. AntepHarneHa oKcumaia Je noceban eHanM, KapaKrepncTiuan 3a BuRH® MHTOXOHAHJe, KO)M MpeHocH eneKTpoHe H peayxyje Op H npoHssoaH H,O. - YTULIAJ CIOJbALLIEDHX 4UHWJIALIA HA AUCAWE Temneparypa je HajsHavajnnjn cnomawibH YnHlinaY KOjM yrHYe Ha Aucatse. To je 4 pasyMsMBo jep je ancatke ensHmarckn npouec, a cBe eHSHMCKe peaKynje Cy 2aBKctle Of Temneparype. [lo Bat Xotponom aakony qucaive ce onsnja Kana TeMnepatypa eapupa y oncery of 040 40°C. To 3HauH aa ‘he ce ancaite yOpsarH 3a ea 0 TpH nyTa Kaga Temmepatypa nopacte 3a 10 crenewm. Ayrarpajue Tenneparype Hanan 45°C nenyjy nerarwaHo Ha AMCarbe jep AOBORE AO NOMENA Ha eHSHAAMA Kao w cox apyrh npouec, 4 AMCae 3aBHCH OM KONMYHHE BOE y BumHoj hennjn. Ancaise je HHTeHBHBHHje Y MNagHM NHCTOBHMA H OpraHnMa KOjH caApNe AOCTA BONE H Pacty,EOP EN Ancawse Koper 3a8HcH on KoHUeHTpauiAje KHCeoHHKa y BORK Koja Ce Hanash y 3emmNwTy. Kaga Je 3emmnuite npesacHheHo BogoM, paamea racosa je mana H pactsopRMBOcT KACEOHNKA je mana Y rakoam ycnosima KopeH Moe Aa Aohe y crake anaepobnie Bonene Siske HMajy BeoMa pazsKjene HNTep\Ienynape y MMCTOBHMa, WTO OMoryhaRa paameHy racova. M wHxoBH KopeHOBH Cy MpHnarohenn 3a muBOr y MyRy. Y yenosMMa cnabe CHaBAeEeHOCTH KHCEOHHKOM BoneHe OHMKE pasBHjajy aepeHxHM — nose3aH cHCTeM HHTEpYEnYNapa, KOjH OBeRbe~ hyje aosomny KoHYeHTpauny KHCeOHMKa. Tlosehata KoHUeHTpaunja yrmeH-AKOKCHAa MNXHBMPA AHCAHE, TIPOBEPA 3HAIbA Koje cy paanuke w cnuunocta y aucarey OrmaKa H KHBOTAIGA? Hawenute ocnosne chaze y ancatby Bunaka Kojiim nyreBima Teve pasrpantsa nuporpoxkhalle KiiCenHHe KOA aHaepoBHMx oprannaama? ira je rnykoneorewesa? 3a koje BinHe oprane je BesaH rnMOKCHAATHH UHKNYC?PA3BURE BHJbAKA YKHBOTHH LHKJIYC BHJbBAKA veoTHH uMKAyC CeaKor skHBOr Brha, na H BHMaKa, HazHBa Ce OHTOreHe3a (rp¥, Ntos ~ JHA teers cn natn Sa pov ese re chase — vererarubiy h penponykruany cbasy. 3a cBaKH on OBMX CTaAHjyMa:KHEOTHOr uwayea Kapaxrepncrisna je nojaga nositx oprawa, HOBHX aHaTOMCKAx H MOpePOROWKHX crPyKTY~ pa cneyncunux 3a Ty ba3y. Tokom pereraTaaxe chase gona3H fo pasbuha embpuora, Kaujaiea Cemena, nepvonajoapacratsa 4 caspesawa (jysenunnn nepHoa 1 pasnuhe BererarHBHux opratia: crabna, nucta M Koper). Penpoaykrusiia ba3a oByxeara spenoct Swaxe (anynthn craanjym), passuhe ysera, onpawn- pave i onohjerse, pasuuhe nnoga 1 ceeHa, Crapewse H cMpT jenMHKe, 3HauH, ONTOTeNE3a HW kHBOTHH YHiknyc je KOTHNYHPAH NPOUEC passHha BynKe og ceMeHa AO ceMeta. Tlojeauie dbase KUBOTHOF YNKAYca (ONTOTeHe3e) Tpajy pasnH4HTO, WTO 3aBHCH, NPE cBera, OA AYMHNe enor KHBOTHOF URKAYCa BUKe. JeAHOroAHUNbE BurGKE NOYMIsy CEO} *HBOTHH UUKAYC ¥ nnponehe, a saspuiasajy ra y jecen., Mpema Tome, fHxoBa sereTaTHeNa 4 penpoaykrMsKa da3a Tpaly penarwsno xparno, Takue Burke cy, Ha NPHMEp, jape CopTe JKHTa Koje ce Cejy y Nponehe, a ToKOM neta w jecenn qonecy nnon, OsHme copre ce cejy y jeceH, a Knjajy H pasBKjajy BereraTHane opraHe mnpe ponacka 3ume. One npeanmnyjy y sererarHsno} cask, y nponehe ce Hacraspa pasoyhe Bere ‘Tarwannx oprana, a y ToKy AeTa npenase y penponyKTHBHY dpasy M AOHOCE Non H CeME. 3a pasnnky of jenHoroanuivix, ABorogMuIHse BHreKe y NBO} TORAHH HKHBOTA opmlpaly Bere- ‘rarwatie oprake, ay pyro} roami Yserajy 4 nnonoHOce. Kao NpHMep ABOrOAMUUILHX BHAAKA MOry ‘na ce Haseny waprapena Yenep. MKHBOTAH YRKAYC BHUeroAMWHHx BHAKa MOME fa Tpaje OA TPH AO AECET FORMA, KOM BHWErOAMUNIGHX Tpasa, AO HeKONMKO CIOTHHa TORMNA, KOA APBEKACTHX Boa ka. Tako opax Moxke fa Mwah 600 rogiia, MacnHHa 700, a NKTOMM KecTeH “aK W jo 2 000 roaHWa ToKom MHBOTHOF YRKayCa BumKe Mory na YseTajy H NNOgOHOCE jeAHOM, 4 TO cy MoHOKapnHe Bunwe. Kon apyrix SnnaKa penpoaykrHeHa (basa Ce NOHABMa BME NYTA y TOKY KHBOTHOr UAKMYCA, Hone ce HasHeajy nonHKapniie, MoHOKapnie GusKE nacKe AOMOWErAa NnoAa OAYMHpY. FlonHKap- rine SumKe Mory aa yserajy Beh y NpBO} FoAHKH MHBOTa, HeKe Nocne Tpehe, a HeKe BOhKe seTaly rnocne ocam ao necer ronmtalungon—eurh X76) BHJbHH XOPMOHH Bune cy cecHnin opraH¥amn, 7). opraHwaMa npH¥spusheHH 3a NoANory KOjK He MeHbajy MeCTO y mpocropy. Crora je 3a tix H3y3eTHO BAMKHO Aa HHXOBO pacreibe H paasHhe Byny ycKaheno ca yenosvMa cnonauise cpennHe. ToKOM nponeha W neta, Noa NOBOAHM yCnoBMMa TeMnepaType, ‘BRaMHOCTH H CRETAOCTH, BURKE HHTEHSHBHO pacty M pasbHjajy ce. MebyTum, Kpajem nera u y jecen, kana Hacrynajy Kpah xnaaHijM AanH, Kon BHUeTORMUMHx BHMAKA ACNAIK AO HopMHparba praia 3a npeammmanaise (py3aMH, KPTONe, AYKOBHUE, YCnaBAKH NyNORYA) H OABAuMBalLa NACTO- 8a. Nopen tora, SunKe obycrasajy pacrese H npenase y hazy muposatta. YeKnahusarse osx npoueca, 7). pactersa n passuha Gunaxa, ca CesoHCKHM NpoMeHaMa y cnonawLoj cpeAMHIN pery- ucaxo je BHHHM XOpMONHMa Ura cy Bunun xopmonn? To cy oprarcKe cyncranye koje He Cnanajy y xpanmuse MarepHje, a koje y MHKHMANKHM KOHYeMTPAUAjama Aenyy Ha NpoUece KOjM Ce OABHjaly TOKOM pacrena 1 paiovha, na Wx THMe H perynky. HbHXOB cHiTe3a ce HajveuIhe Aewiasa y jeanom aeny SH”Nor oprasiama, a npenoce ce-y apyre nenose-rae Hcnomabaly oapehexy cneundnuny ynnunjy. Lanac je nostiaro swe rpyna Bux xopmoHa. Nonena je Haspulena Kako nO xemHjcKoj rpahH, TaKO H To WeHXOBHM CneMKA¥HMM dyHkuKjama. Y oom TeKcTy BHhe rosopa o ner OcHoBNAx rpyna. To cy ayncun,rHBepennin, wiroxnun, ancyyenncra KHcennia v eves e pewperton pasce ALBCATTS, Lah 7 PEWS YS, BED, MTEL A AyKcunn <> sera ttle nnogone,anegance weaTead ‘AyKCHRM CY pow oTKpHAeHH BHMmAH xopMO- D. vin, Haeja 0 noctojatby BxnHor xopMota nojasH~ es 1a ce jow Kpajem qeserHaector sexa y excnepit- Menta Yapnca flapenia. Vayvasao je casH- \ jase Koneontuna jenue Tpase npema Hasopy a Lf ceetna, Koneonrun je yWnKHapHuak wynar op- FW KOR Tpaea KOjM WTATA Npsl AHCT NH HMUaKSY Gumue. Japenn je noxazao ga ce y spxy Koneon- Tuna creapa jeatia cynicrahua Koja ce xpehe npe- ma Baa oprana w yrue Ha HaAyMHBatbe henuja Kachuje (nowerkom apagecetor Beka) xonawacKn puanonor Best je cusnonowKHm excnepunes- Tow TY cyncrauy H3.80}40 HB KONeONTHNa osca (Avena sativa). Bpx Koneontina MoKe qa ce oncexe (a) K npenece Ha KOUKAUy arapa (6) H 3aTHM mocne HeKor BpemeHa yknoHH. Kasla ce Ta olka NOTOM MpACAOHH ca Crpave y3 NHCT KOjM aupH W3 KoneonTuna (8), AonaaH qo Opmer pa- creisa OMe cIpave Ha Kojoj ce Hana3h KOUKMUa arapa. Nocneanua aeher Hanynubara hennja va 10) crpanu je cashjatse Koneontana Ha cynpoTHy a crpany. Kako je Bert (bu3KONOWKHM nyTeM H3ABO)HO OBY cyncraHuy? OH je Ha KOUKHue arapa crasmao pasnuuut Gpoj spxosa KoneontHna u Taxo fobujao paanM4nTe KOAKYHHE ayKcHHa y arapy, Tokaaano ce aa je caBHjatee KoneontHna Behe YKOAHKO je KOHUeHTpauHja ayKcHHa y arapHoj KO- UABPUSAY, DSTA OPIAN KOR IKMTA, ROSY WTYTY NPBE _ NKOEONT Wg > Yan inply Heh Ase) BUSH squerkuin Beha, OAKOCHO yKoNHKO je BHILE BPXOBA CraBmAHO Ha Hy. AYKCHH y OAPEheHOM oncery HH- CckHx KOHUeHTpauja CTHMynHuse pacTerse, WM waasHea HHAAOMUM)y HSAYRHBaWA henHja Xopmon je AobH0 MMe MpeMa fPYKO} PeY! paca EkcnepHMenT xonaniqcKor pHaHonora ykasa0 je Wa TO Aa Ce XOPMOH KOjH yTHME Ha H3AYIKHBatbe hhenuje creapa y apxy Koneontwna, OH aubysnjom npenast y arap, #3 Kojer noHoBO AKMDyHAyje ¥ enuje xoneontina y KojMMa Ma CheuHcpHAHO Ae;CTBO, T). YTHME Ha HoHXOBO HBAYHRHMBAIEE TOKOM BHUErOAMUIHSHX HCTpakuBarba ayKCHH je Hahen w Koq MOHOKOTHNa H AMKOTHNa y Mnd- AMM TKHEAMA, BpxOBHMa cTabNa H KOpeHAa, AH CHp=COOH CroBMMa H MnoqoBHMa. XEMHjCKOM aHANH3OM No: Vis jenvor Knnorpama ceexker KoneontHna KyKy- py3a Hsonogaxo je 24 jig HHAON-CHPherHe KHCe~ N june. AyKCHH ce y crabny Kpehe of Bpxa npema H fi Basu opraka, ! Vingdon-capherna kucenvita Moke ja Hacrane — CTPYRTYpHa bopuyna wewion-cnpherne KACENHME og MHOTHX ApyrHx HAygONHKx jenMMera Paani a UnTHM MeTaBOAHUKHM nyTesMMa y BHU. 3aTO Ce H Ta jennibelba CapcTasajy y'npHpoAHe ayKCHHE. Kao wo je peseno, ocwosna cpHaHonouiKa dbysKunja aykchia je Clumynaudja anymnearea hennja, Mebyrim, aykchnn wmajy Fapyre dpynaune. Onn WHAyKy}y pasolbe-aaseirsHux Kope- Hoga, yinsy Ha aeoBy n anbepenubjauniy henyja, ysecrayjy y perynauaju passuha.nnona, onana~ ta nuctoga.H_nnogoBa, ka0 # Y APYTMM npouecHMa paseHha. MopeA NPAPOAWHX, NOCTOjM BEnHKH Bpoj cuwrernuknx jeamroewsa, pasnwanre xemujeKe CIpykrype, Koja HMaly ayKCHHCKO AejCTBO eKua H3HOAOWKHM NPOUeCHMA, To Cy 138. CHHTETHUKH ayKCHHH, KAO, Ha NPHMEP, HHAON-ByTEP- ha Kucenusla, Hacprua-cupherua Kucenuna, 2,4-anxnop~eroKcu-cupherta kucenwna (2,4-D). Cunrermukn aykcuin amajy WPOKY NPHMENY y NoRoNpHEpeRA. MHAON-DyrepHa W Had>THA-CHP- feria xncenwta ce KOpHere 3a ONNMaBare pesnnua Burana (ysehe, BohKe MAH wyMapcKO APsehe) coje cnonrano He @opMmpajy aasenTaBHe Kope- nose. CHHTeTHUKH ayKCHHH, KAO H NPHPOBKM, e- nyjy cTumynataeno Ha paanusite npouece y HH- ‘CKHM KOHUeHTPAUjama, AOK ¥ BHLUAM KOHYeH- ‘Tpaynjama Hexa of OBHX jenniversa HMajy XepOr- nano aejcteo (nar, herba~ 1paea, cedere ~ yOn- Tw). 3a4n Aa CHHTeTHUKH ayKCHHIM y BHCOKHM KontleHTpaynjama Mory 4a nlornyHo yHMUre Bere Taunjy. 3270 ce YecTo m ynorpeBnasajy 32 Kpue- te tepena Ha Kojma ce warpahyjy year, Mene~ sHuxe npyre una aepoapomn. Y Te cBpxe ce yno- TpeBnasajy xepSnumaw ca ToTanHHMm gejcTBOM. Mehyram, 3a nononpuspeny seh aHa¥aj HMajy xepBuunan ca ceneKTABHUM AejcTBOM, KAO WTO je, na npwmep(Z,4-D] Ova) cuurerwakn aykcin . yaurana wopose, ae Renye wero ua Awa anu he xepBMUMR HMaTH CeNeKTHBHO RejcTBO 33> evci Of paannka Y FpahH BUMDHAX Opraiia, HapO¥HTO AMCTORA, ANH HaYHHa TpaHiCnOpTa XOPMOHA. ecto je cenekTAsHOCT NocneaHYa Tora WTO Hexe BisLKe HMajy CNOCOBHOCT Na MeTaDONHYKHM NyTE- auma paarpane xepBnuna. Beha Kopova cy AMKOTHAE, KOje Cy ¥ OAHOCY Ha MOHOKOTHRE, KOjHMa npunanajy w KrTa, ocermuanje Ha Aejcr80 oBor xepOuuMAA, Eqbexar ayxcnna Ha omnmanatseHeki of cHitreHuknx aykcnia H3asHeajy onagaibe nuctosa, na ce 3aTo sansa Reon) (nar. foliatio— nucrawse), a apyrn seisetse auctosa, 4 Hasnuajy c(AecnkanTiy (nar. dessicativus Kojn cya). Osh xepBxunaM ce “ecto ynoTpeBrasajy px MexaNla0BaHo) BepOH HeEKHX KyATYpa (np. nanyka), kana je norpe6Ho onctpaHHTH mvcTose ca craGna aa Gx ce obpane waype. Ja Gu ce xepbnuMAM HCnpasHO KOpHCTHNH, noTpeBHO je AoBpo nosHaBarH IHXOB Ha4HH AenoBatba, ONCer KokUeHTpaukja Koje ce cMejy ynoTpeBHTH fa BH ce AOBHO MeneHH eeKar, KAO H KMHMATCKE aK- Tope, of Kojax TaKohe 3aBHcH jlejcrao xepbHuMaa. : spumgaunn yy Hay pRUoree cae as 134 Tabepenunn SERBHIGE CEMA KOIE Rav PED. MAT. CAP, CKPOL AMINA LIE [pyna Sunuux xopMona — rBepennnn ‘orkpHeexa je y Janaky roToso ucTospemexo. kana n ayxcns, rphneceTix roantia npownor Beka. OgrajHaaum nipuRua cy 3ana3unw fa ce Hexe SuseKe npetepato H3ayayjy, aa crabna noneny jep Hemajy Rosonsy sepcrany H Ra Tape GumKe peTko userajy. Boraxnuap Ky- pocasa je youno a cy ose GunKe Bune aapa~ mene rmusom Gibberella fujikuroi Bonect j& Crpyxrypua @opmyna ruBepennwe xucenune vaspana Gaxaniae, wo 2HauH nyAOBatbe. Kana ce agpase GummKe 3apase cnopama oBe rmHee, noka3yjy CHMnToMme Hcre GonectH. To ce newaba H Kapa ce Ha Gamke Hakana TeYHOCT Ha KOjOj je Thea rajera y nabopaTopHjckHm ycnoBHma. Kackuje je 43 ribHBe H30NOBAHO BHIE OpraHCKHX UMKAMAHHX jeaHIselea, KOjMMa je AaT Ha3He rHepenHHH no rmHBH H3 KOje cy H3ONOBAHH. TOKOM Bpe- eHa rHBepenii# Cy ycTaHOBmeHH H KOA BHUIHX Bunaka. Jo naNac je OTKPHBEHO NpeKo 110 oBAX jeawssetba, spno cane rpahe. OSH¥HO ce no HeKonHKo raBepennua Habe Kon jeawe BumHe epcre. Tnasa cbyakunja osx xopmona je ‘Clumynaunja H3ayKMBatba crabna Buma- 13, Ta} ebexar ce HajOome youaa KOA drymacrux copt tpauuka W KyKypyaa xagla Ce NpcKajy pacrBopom rHdepenna. Kachuje je yrepheHo ga Te natymacte copre Hemajy cnocoBHocT Aa CHHTeTHULy. ruBepennue a kao nocneqwua Tora jasma ce Kpatko cra6no. Koa takeux Gumaka TuBepennin Waasnnajy wanyanearse HA TepHoanja crabna, na GunKe mory aa focturvy pact Sunaka ca BHCOKHM CTa- ‘Gnom. a 3a ruBepennna ce opswia y ‘epxosma crabna w KopeHa, MaRHM Ne Crosvma WHespenum cemenuiaa. TTopea) Ebenar ruBepennia na pactewe naryracror rpawna AcwoaHe dyunynje, onM penyiy Ha Kany MeTeop jawe cemena HeKHx HTapHUa KOJE KAO) pesepaue ae cKpOB.JY rakewM cemennaa raBepenmin cramynvuuy CHHTesy xHAPONH- ‘HuNOT evaHMg c-antinase)KojH pasnane ckpOB so rnyKoseSeat - mee Kon HeKix qooroawunnx BrnmaKa npckatse rHbepennwom waasHea HsayRnearbe crabna seh ¥ nnpaoj ronwiis, To AosoAN H no UBeTarba BwIEKE y HCTO) roAMHH. FlosHavambe ecpeKara oBtx DHMH xXopmoHia AoBend je v AO HHXOBE NpHMeHE y MPAKcH. TAKO Ce THBePEAHHH KOPHCTE KON KOROTIBE jaro to XOpMON HaaaHBa WaAyMUBawe CraBna, YnMe Ce AOBKjajy AyraYKa WenynosHa BAAKHa NO- ona 3a miaycrpHicky Mpepaty. OB XOpMOHH ce NPHMERY)y KY BHNOrpanapcTay. HeKe copTe tpoha HOR Agjcréon rWBepennva caspesajy panne m najy Kpynunje nnonoBe, ADK ce KOR PYTHX CopTH npciawsen raBepenAnom AOBK|S]Y NapTevioKapnHn rvionosH Koj Hemajy ceme. MehyTHM, kana ce riBepenni ynorpeBrasa y npakthsHe Capxe, noTpebwo je 3a ceaKy BW/AY BPcry M COPTY sHari Koje KOHueHTpauije XOpMowia NOKasyjy MenewA edheKar, y KOjoj baaH pasoHha TPeba MPH- Mewnra XOpMoH H NOA KaKBHM yCnOBHMA, nrumys. BEVES em ee Untoxwnnnn ene Ti mark HEREIN OS ; SS PEMOLAMSS CFAPEIDE ITCRA i Nenecetux roania nosHarH amepHaKi wane epesceprean je ca hennjama cpu ysana Koje je rajHo Ha cusrernsKo) nognosh. Ta noqMOTa Je canpwxana manepanve con, wehepe, curammue n ayccni, Renije cpr Aysara cy ce ysehasane, HHje nonaswne Ao Aeoba. fa Gu crv mynncao henwjcke neobe, o8aj ucrpanmeay je y CHHTeTHNKy mos\MOTy AOAABAD pasnHuMTe Cyn Cranue. Kana je y noanory Aoaat npenapat cnepme xapunre, hennje cy novene aa ce Hene ¥ ynuontasajy creapajyhn macy pacrpeckror TkHBa, Kanyca. Kacnje awannize Cy noKazane Aa Ce Ta) penapar TOKOM npoueca CTepHnH3aunje H NpuNpeMe CHHTETHYKOT MeRHjyMa AerpanoBad M AA Je cyncratiya Koja je crumyancana henujcKe acl eCHEpuBat aAsHuHia,) nopeKnom ws AHK cnepme: Tlepwaar je Hasban Knuerun. Kacuije je oTKpHseKO Aa eH ROCTepM CemeHa HeKHx Bumaka CapIKH CyNIcTAHUe KOje HMa~ jy Hoty aktuBHocr Kao KuHeTHM. Ta rpynia XopMoNa cy HasBaH Z ow UMTOKHHAHH no ceojcTay va cTuMyAnWY hennjcKe 2eoe (uaToxHneza = henjcka qeoba). UwToKHnnHH cy npacyrHn y HN KOKOCOBOM M”eKy, TeMHOM exAocnepMy KoKOCOROr_Opaxa, orponHor Cemena KOKOCOBE NaMMe KOjM CAYKH 3a HCKPaHy ce N em6 pnowia, H3 neapenor cemena kyscypy3a (Zea mays) y (aay Y geoby hennja, a naseana jeeatun}cyncranye 3 ope rpyne le xopmona cy no xemKjcKoj CTpyKTypH/AepmBarn anenuna.)Kon " H Sunaxa je yraphexo npricycteo sxuie riphPOAHAX UATOKKAH- — Crpyrrypwa cbopmyna searona na, Mlocroje H CHATETHNKH WTOKMHHEM, Of KojHx je nosHaT Beh omenyri xuneran (6-cyptbypH-amakonypHH)) LIMTOKHAHH HMajy # ABYEE d>wanonowKe dynKunje. OHH yTHYY Ha KpeTaHve OPTaHCKHX MATE puja va apyrux aenosa 6 agin HCTOBHMa K MAOLOBHMA, y Ko}HMA Ce CMsTeTHuy. OCHM Tora, OBM xOpMOKH yeropal a nucrosa Tajetve waonosanix Bnnunx henja n rawsa y KymrypH in vitro je Mevona Koja npyéa moryhNoct ‘ga ce nenuTyjy pactewke H Antepenunjaunja henkja H caaHa HeWTO Brule O XOPMOHANHO} Pery- hau osHx npoueca. Kao WTO je Beh PeHeHo, UNTOKHHHNH W AYKCHHK Cy HEONXOAKH XOPMOHCKH cacrojun y xpannnanm nognorama. Kaka je ynora UNTOKANHHa H ayKCHHA y OpraHoreNeaH TOKAS)— je enenehn npwmep. Kana ce waonyje Aeo Thwaa craGna aysava w raj Ha xpanmuso} NOAROIM Kola Caapin norpeBve xpanmsuee cactojke a on XopMona ayxcHHi H UMTOKHNH y HCTHM KOHWeTpALM)a- ma (A) ohn he qo neobe henvja v wHxosor yachaeaisa. Ovasa nojnora oMoryhasa creapalee weanyca, Kojh ce CacTo}M on Mace HeawtpepeNUMPaAHAx hennja. Mehyram, Kama ce KANYCHO THHBD anpeHece Ha xpakmisy nogiory Koja ca- ADH sehy KoKUeHTpaUKjy ayKcuHa Hero wroxunina (B), aonasn 20 nojase H pa- senha KopeHona, Ha nosnosn ca sehom KOHUeHTpaUjOM UMTOKAHAHA Hero ayKCH- wa (B) jasmajy ce nynonun. Kana ce y Kyn- rypH in vitro noBHjy oBaKsH nynoruH, Mo ryhe je Hakow wHxonor H30NOBAKA H OMB pavaisa nomohy HHson-ByTepHe KHCeRHHE perenepucath ueny SHmxy. Hexe SHrKe Mory y KymtypH 4 na Usetajy. OBaj Meron ce nakac mpumersyje 32 sererarHBHo pas- MomaBaHe paanAMitTHx BHMHHX epcra: useha, sohaka Mnn wycKor apseha ANCUMCHHCKa KHCEMHHA o onaieioe, mrcronn Uriel? (uakbUTer) Certs LOMO OL a oupe Obi xopmonn cy perynatopn pactewa H paitiha Yne- yy yesTerweret oye MPO iy pwony Kana OeKa npenagH wa pase aKTHBHOr pacreiba y - dasy mmposarsa. Vrnuy Ha onagate nuctowa H nnogosa, = Cieapawe ycnasaHux nynomaxa 3a NpesMMsapatbe, cnpe- ~ \abajy knnjaiwe cemena, a yrmy H Ha pyre npouece. An- cooH CUNCHHCKa KHCeNMHa je npegcrasHHK rpyne BurHHX xop- | MoHa KOjM ce HasMeajy GExHDATOpH)saTo wT y HeKHM = OM raHonoWKHM NpoYechMa, KOjM Cy CTHMYNHCARM ayKCH- Hom (Hmp. HagyeKHeatse henuja KoneontHna), ruBepenn- How Hnw UATOKKHAHOM, Hay cynporHo AejctB0. Osa rpy- a XopMoHa caApAMM jenuiverba pasHoponwa No XeMHjcKO) CTpyKTypH, a cponna No *usHonoWKHM opyakunjama. Ancyncny uicenntia je oTKpHaeHa y Kanucbopnuja wesqecernx ronmta 20. BeKa, aga je erpamuaay (agnKor)cnhtHsa0 yspoxe onaaaia Hespennx nnogosa namyxa. Tana je yetaHosneno qa ce y nioqobvMa Wakyna XOpmoN Koj 13a3KBa WHxOBO Cnanaive H KOM je HaIBaH aANCYMCHHCKa KHCeNHHa NO NojaBH KOjy H3a3HBa (nat. abscessio — onagalee). Nopeg seh Haweaennx cbynKynja KacHHje je yTapheHo ga ancyHCHHcKa KHCenHHa HMa cheuM- (buuny ynory y peaxynjama SunaKa Ha cywy. Hanme, KONMYAHA aNcynCHHCKe KUCeAHHe Ce NoBe- haga y AHcroBHNa HeKHX SHnaxa y YOAORUMACYWe. Qua yTHNe Ha pam COMAHOE anapara TaKO WTO pw Karnom ryBHTKy Bone H3a3H8a 3azgapane CloMa. THe ce cnpevaga TpaHcnnpaunja H AanH rybirax one w3 Bae, Crpy«rypua dbopmyna ancuncnncKe kucenaneErunew H H (npeuSseg rA Teens kale CTH) Eres je jepiin Sunset xopNon Kojn ce Hanaatty caco- ~~ auroM cratay JW y AesersaecTom sexy, wana je 3a yansny PACBETY CAYKMO rac, aanameHio je, y ONAOHY, na Na noje- ey | vcroBH. fleTannuje HenTHBatbe OBE Mojave je NoKa3aNO = A Cathy H ja ce ro neulaeano wa mectawa rae je wa racosona wcTAuao rac unjn je jena on cacrojaxa Guo eranex. TpuaeceTHx foavia npculnor gexa ycravoeneno je na M SwnKe npo- yseone eter (riog0eM, YseTORH, AACTOBK, CeMeHa). KOHYeHTpayWja eTHNIeHA y TKHBHMA 3aBHCH Of, crannjyma paseuha Suske. Kana ce aoja cnona, nenyje y Beoma Manan KoHUeHTpaLMjama (jefiaH neo Ha 1 000 000 aenosa sasayxa). ExwieH ce jana npx onagatsy mucToRa M Caspesabyy nioapba, awne Hajsewshe ra qpovseone Tara KOje Tape} Osa} rac ocnoBohen v3 apenrtx nnogoEa yrMNg Ha caspesatse Hespensix HOAOBT aKO cy 3ajeAHd YeKnagHUITEHH, 3aTO npespene nnonose (BanaHe, jabyke, Kpyuike 11a.) TpeBa onaojutH of Henospennx aa BH Ce sHxoBO Caapepatse YcnOpHNO, 7) Aa bu Bohe Buno aye ynovpebrnso, Crpyxtypna opmyna erunena JEOBA, PACTEHbE H AMOEPEHLMPAHE FEJIVJA / Pacretse SHMHHX Oprana 4 YHTaBe BumKe 3acHHBa Ce Ha Pacey A ennja, wro ce Aewiasa y ompeheHHM 30HaMa, OMHOCHO RenoBHMa 7 a Sunnor oprannama Ha Taj HaNinH je pacrense BwhaKa orpaHMHEHOHa ——_g ompetyene 3oHe Kopena w crabna, Koje ce HasHBajy 30Ne H3ay- xwnata. Crabno W Koper pacty Bpxom. To je ankkanHo pactee (nar. apex — Bpx). 3oHe H3aykwBatba Cy yAameHe ABa LO TPA MAAH- Merpa og spxa craBna # KopeHa. /IMCTOBH Tpasa pacty pH OCHORH Twcue nigue, a mlicToBH avKor¥na UenoM noBpUIMHON. : ToKom pactetsa henvje nponaze kpoa vexgnnKo dasa: sbasy Aeo- Ge - y Kojoj ce nosehaza Bpoj henuja; asy pactenwa unn wazyNy, __Pacrerte KopeHa ~ 30Ha Batba — TOKOM Koje qona3H go nosehalsa aanpemane, H basy aude- waaynnaatia pentunjaunje — Kana hennje aoonjajy Konavan obnnk M dyHKUHy. Andepenunpane hennje rpane Bxnva tensa Koja obaenajy onpebene cbynkunje (npoBoaHo, MEXAHAUKO, ANCOPNYHOHO, GOTOCHHTETHUKO TKHBO H Apyra). Thenuje y seretaynonoj Kyni craBna M KopeHa 2aqpmasajy cnocoBuoct aa ce Aene M YHHE ‘aoptto rkiB0 — Mepuicrem. Oxe cy cuTHe, Noceayjy Kpynua jenpa H rycry umonnasmyGeahewyo- na. Yepcro cy a6ujene w HaMehy Hx Hema Mehyhennjcknx npocropa. Kana ce henuje Hahy sat MepHCTENCKe Sone, Nlocne HeKOnNKO AeOBa NpecTaly Aa Ce AEE W MOSHE KMXOBO H3AYMHBAHE TlocreneHo ce y WMA nojasnyjy cHTHe Bakyone, Koje ce 3aTHM cnajajy y jeaHy KpynHy Koja noruekyje nporonnasmy Ka henujckom snay. BANE henvje pacty TaKo wTo ce nosehava BonyMent saxyone, flo nosehaiva sonymena aonasn ycneA yCuajalva BOAe OCMOIOM. MicTOBpeMeHo ce no- re—ANONTOSA- sehaga KONM4MHa YHTONAasMe. Tako ce noBe- ‘hava ykyniia 3anpemmia henuje. hendjckn canpxkaj cafa BpuIM npHTHCAK Ha henwjcKn Bua, KOjM ce HcTeKe, a y Hera ce yrpabyiy HoBH MoneKynH YenynO3e, NeKTHNa W APYTHX Konnowewava, nme ce ycnomWasa HeroBa rpaha. Bonymert henuja y cbasw WanyKHpatea Mone Aa ce noseha 20 a0 30.nyra. Koa tpasa noctoje MepHcTeMH KOjM cy yMeTHyTK Mehy spajna TkHBa. TH Mepucrenit ce Hasheajy HH Tepkanapyn_mepucrem, a Hanase ce HaHaA konenia (Hoayca) rae je npHuepuheH nucr. Cae Sve hennje y jennom Grom opra~ huamy Hactajy on MepHcremcknx henwja, To ce eulasa y npouecy antbepentunjaunje hennja. Toxom quibepenunjaynje cee SHawe MepH- cremeke henuje nowmisy cee BHWE MehyCOBHO ha ce paanikyjy no rpahi H dyHKUHjH Kojy oBapnajy. Alona3n go cneunjanusaunje hennja 3a oapehene cbynkynje, a camam THM ce Merb u werxosa rpaha, Ha npmep, y npouecy Al bepenuujaunje curactx yesh, henwje nocre- nevo rySe jeapo H ToHonnact. ToKOM Hacta- jaja tpaxeja W wpaxewga nonasn jo rybuiKa cox oprauena, Tj, uenoKynye nparonaaame W ap je-pamep Nporpamupane hennjcKe CMp- )kOA BamaKa, Ha envgepMucy — jy mepucrence H anepenunpane hennje rwcra wexe hennje he ce cneunjannsoearn 3a bynxunjy perynaunje tparcnapaunje 4 on rx he HacraTh Crome anapar. Camo Heke enhnep- manne henaje xopena he saTH Kopenicke pnaKe 4nja je dyskunja aa ancopbyjy sony. Mpasau anbepenunjaunje, oaHocHo y_KojM THN hennje he ce npeadpaanta Mepuctemcka henwa. 220 vajonue 0g nonoxaja heanie y rxMBy M YonoBa chomausise.cpenMute y KOjHMA ce onBhja AMpep yajaunja. KJIWJAKbE WH JOPMAHUMJA CEMEHA Jenan on HajsHavajnnjnx oprana koji je ToKoM esonyubje HacTao KOR BiiuIMx BrrbaKa je CBAKAKO cene. Ceme cry 3a pacejasane v obeabehyje KonTaHyuter Bune epcre y apemeny # Mpocropy. Ynpaso Gor Te caoje cbynKynje cee uma cneunbusiy rpahy H noceBNe (branonowKe ananraunje ha ockony Kojux ce onpehyje Aa nH he H Kana, Tj. NOM KAKBHM chomawiewm ycnosHMa, Aa KNAja H Tue Janoue KHBOT HORE reHepaynje. CeaKo ceMe Ce ¥ MOPtONOWKOM Norneny cacTojM Of TPH ochosue crpyicrype: CeMetave, eMBpHOHa (Kutta) H TKHBa 3a MarayHOHNpate perepaHHX MaTe- puja. OcHosHa ynora cemenave je iaurTATa eMBpMOHA H APYTHX AeNosa CeMeHa Of HeNOBOAHHXchopawisnx ythuaja. Mlopes tora, cemersaya ennocnepa Kon HeKHx ceMeHa HMa H spyre nonatHe cbysK- unje. EMGpHow wn KnHua CaApHH 3aeTKe craBna 4 Kopewa 3 KojHx ce paseHja NoBa Bima. TxHa0 3a MarauHONKpalbe KOA MOHO- Koruna je Npegcragneto eNAOCNEPMOM, HOK — ceyewava ra KOA auKOTHNa YAHE KoTHNeAOHH. Kao pe- 3epaHe maTepuje cemetia CanpNe CKPOD (iKH- a), pesepene npotenne (nacym, rpawak) HnK aunupe (cysuoKper) oranenow Y cknaay ca tbynkuijom Kojy ¥Ma, Cente je wopen opral KojH CaApiKH BeOMa Many KOAWSMHY’ Bo: cra6o : ‘Be (aKo 10 opcto). THme cy cae merabonwuKe " CyHKUNje y HeMy cBeneHE Ha MHHMyH, TaKO Mpecer xpo3 cewe | fa Ceme Mupyje AOK Ce He OCrBape OCHOBHH i npeaycnost 3a werouo Knwjaise. OCHOBNK npeaycnosn 3a Knnjatse cemena vehnne BMmaka cy npH- CYCTBO BORE, KHCEOHUK] H NOBOMHA CnomauLiba TeMnepaTypa. CemeHa pasnHMiTHx BkmaKa KAKjajy Ha pa3nMuHTHM MHHUManHHM Temnepatypama, Ha npwmep, NWweHHya H OBaC KnHjajy Ha TeMnepa- | ‘typi on 3 no 4°C, xykypy3 wa 10~12°C, a namyk Ha 15-17°C. OntHmanve remneparype 3a Knjatbe i cemena Hajseher Bpoja SunHnx apcra kpehy ce namehy 25 n 30°C ¥ fla 61 knujano, nowro je cyso, ceme mopa a yceaja BOAY. ToKOM ycsajarea Bone BONyMeH CeMe- { na ce nosehasa a cagpxaj sone pacte ca 10 oncro KOA paxkH wan 50 oACTO KOA KyKypy3a Ha OKO ' 80-90 oacro. Vggajaise none je dusnuKn apo nea Konosa nporonnaame. Ta da3a Knijatba waanea ce cbasstambenujeyier imbibere — ynujarh). ¥ npsnm cpasama Wivjatsa aKTusMpaly ce enaumn xojn pasrpabyiy pexepane marepuje y cemeny na 6x ce obesGenvo ockoann cynctpaT 3a suicawee, Qucaise ce nojaiaea M KaKo TOKOM OBOr NpO\eCa MONASH AO CTBapalea ATP-a, AOBHja ce exeprnja 3a CHHTe3y HOBHX opraHicKHx MaTepHja. CBH MeNOBK Knnlle NONMISY HarNO Aa PacTy, CeME~ reawa nyua # nojasnyje ce kopensith Koju yapwhyje wnany Sumy 3a noAnory. Tame ce aBpuiaea npoyec knnjaiba 1 nownise pasauhe sererarHeHHx oprana Koa HekHx GHmaka, Kao, Ha NpHMep, Nacyna H COje, KOTANEAOHH H3N1a3e Ha NOBPWHHY IEE, osenene 4 oBasnajy orocuntesy Ao nojase npsix macros, ObaKea cemena ce Cejy MAHTKO y aenny Aa 6x xunoKorn, Kojn je y NBEO} aay cpBHjeH, nPOBHO sewmey H H3HEO KoTHAEROHE Ha CBeT- noct. O8aj Tan Knnjaiba wasnea ce enurenvan: /Apyra cemera, Ha npHMep, rpawKa # 66a, HMajy Kpyniie KOTHAeAOHE Ca AOBORHO pesepaHHx MaTepHja. ONK Mocne HCKAHjanatba OCTajy,y 3eMmH W cayme Kao W380p xpaHAHBHX MavepHja 3a npse dase passHha. Ovaj THN knijatba Ha3HEay renyau. ! Mehyram, cemena Hexix Biinaka He Knijajy K nopeg npHcycrsa Boze, NoBoAHe TeMnepaType H | aepaunje, Tj. HH Kaa Cy CBH OCHOBHH yCnaBH 3a KnWjalse 3anoBOREHN. 3a TaKBA CeMeHa KaKEMO Aa cy opmauria. Ourtraenno je a 3a Takea CemeHa TpeBa McnyHiTH H HeKe cneunc>HUNe yonose Aa WA 6 morna na Kavjajy. opmanynja cemena je exonoua aganraynja Koja omoryhasa Aa ceme Kawja y npasom Tpenyrky 4 Ha npavOM necTy. VapouM AOpMaKUnje MOTY Ra ByAY BEOMA pasNHuHT Mi, ChonHO Tome, oTKNaWajy ce Ha pasnHunre HawHHe. Koa CeMeHa nyCTHHECKHX Biumaka Hajvewhn y2poK AopMahynie je Benvka KonHuNNa KHxXOHTOpA knjatea yHyTaP camor cement. Opaj THN AOP- Matinje nma ayBOX eKonowkn cMucao. Hanme, nycrHiscke BHrKe oAnHkyje BEOMa KPATAK »HBOT- Hn WHKayc, KOjH Ce y noTnyHOCTH OgBHja y KPaTKHM nepHoAHMa AOBORME BRAKKOCTH mOcne OBHA- nx cesHCKHx KHua. CemeHa OBHx BHAaKa He ,CMejy” a Ce ,fpesape” H Aa KAwjajy noCKe KpaTKO- i Tpajve n Bare Knwe jep KMBOTHH WAKAyC BMMKE He MOMe YCNeUIKO Aa Ce 3aBpWIM y ycnOBHMa RONOUL - ey NeTAt4s hedy ¢4 Tefibaghdy ROMIOKCHTE — nory BUT of SEBO Lwin Bawle PL SaatiatteyHeqosonHe BnamkHocTH. 3aT0 camo OBMAKE KAWe, Koje HCTOBPeMeHO Obesbehyjy H AOBORAY BNA Hct 3ennHuTa, Mory Aa HCnepy HHXHBMTOpe Ha CeMeHa H Tako OMoryhe KnHjatbe. 3a cemela HeKHx ApyrHx Bumaka HeOnxonaH je, Npe Knijaksa, OAPeheH NepHon HAcKe (HeNO- some) Temnepatype, NH CMeHa HHCKHX H BHCOKMX TeMnepatypa, Ha OCHOBY Hera ,npenoaHajy" speme kana tpeBa fa Knijajy. 1 BHA gopManunje je 3aXxTes 3a Ocpermanaem Aa BH CeMe Kiwjano, TaKBa cemeHa ce hasneajy (Gorobnacrwuia)n KapaxrepHcTHuna cy 3a 61 PCTE Koja HE) Moy Aa pacTy y ceHUM Osa cemena Hemajy BenHKe KONHUHHe pesepaHnx MaTepHja, CHTHa Cy H MOpajy Aa .NpenoIHajy” chomawhe yonose Koj Kanjatuy OMoryhasajy Ha oAMaX OBasna cotocnHresy. To ce nocTwme camo owfa Kana Cy CeMeHa nocne ycbajarva Bone NEKO BpeMe Ocsernena. Ova CeMena, Ges OD3Mpa a ocrane nosoreHe ycnose, He Knijajy y Mpaky. Tpeba pehw a, nopea noMenyrHx, nocrojH Beni kv 8poj apyrhx THnoBa AOpManUnie. KOPEJIATHBHE NOJABE KO, BHJbAKA Bupkn oprannsam ynKuMONMWe Kao Wenma Ha or ocnosy yeKnahenor pactetsa H pasoHha cox opratia To sHaun na noctoje yaajamuw onnocn wamehy pasnH- yurux GumHAx oprava. Onn ce ornenajy y nojasama __ xoje ce Haansajy kopenayije. Yexnahenocr pacretsa 4 __obesbehyje BunKama KkapaKrepucrusny: opmy w eennunny —apyrhm peynia, TanwuaH Harnen 3a navy apcry. Jena of Hajnaxwe younwBnx Kopena- wowx nojasa je, ceaKaKo, annKanta AOMMNaUnja Anukanva AoMMHaynja je nojasa y pacrery. crabna Noja Ce ornena y ToMe WTO spwiH (anMKanHA) nyno- hak Hwa yTHuaj Ha pacreise Gounax nynonmaKa, Han te, ¥ MpHCYCTBy anHKanHor nyno”sKa pacrerbe DO4NAX nynonaka je waxHSupaso, Tek Kana ce OH YKnOHH, Gown nynomyn novnisy Aa pacty. FIpH Tom jenal on ux (o5W4HO npeH HcnoA SuBwer anHKanKor) Npey- ‘nawonnt Ha Ynory anvKanHor nynomKa na ce Tako OBHaBKa annkanka AomMHaunja. To ce y NPMPORK YecTO Ae~ luaga kaga Ce spx crana ognomu yenea yaapa rpoma aniannn nynonax. e nommuaunje je aobpo noskara nupammaanna op- >a Werniapa, jene Wnk cMpwe. Anvikanva OMAHaLAja je Kon paannuntwx Gunaka wapamena y Maikem HnH sehem creneny. Cyuaxper je npumep anconytue a0- wuwaunje epwhor nynomKa na_ce boUAn nynomun | YOTIUTE He passnjajy. Taxue Gwrske ce we rpavajy. Koa “npyrax Ganaxa Bowne rpane pacry, an wuxo8a Ayikuiia # yrao npema crabny 3aBHce OM CTeneHa AO- — Wewarckw npyxa3 annKanne AOMMHaUNeMmnaunje anuKanior nynorka. O8a nojava ce KOPHCTH y BpTNapcKo} Npakch M XOPTHKyATYPH 3a oBnnKosawe u gobujawbe rywhix Kpowien. AnHkanHy AoMMHaUHiy peryanuly BHMHA xopMoHH Ynora jeqvor oa BAmHAX XOPMOHa, ayKCHHa, MOME Ce penarHsHo jeAHOCTaBHO NOKABaTA KOR rpawika. Havme, osa BunKa uma Aobpo Hapameny annkanHy AOMMHaujy. Kaga ce oACeYe BPX CTa- Bau Ha MecTO OACeveHOr Bpxa AON AyKCHH (Hajewhe HaHECeH AaHONMHCKOM NAcTOM) pacTeHbe Bounvx nynonaKa je HHXHOMPAHO Kao a Crab Ma BPX. AYKCHH je 3aMeHHO AejcrBO OACeYeKOr Bpxa. Ako ce Ha npecek Hakece naHlonnnicka nacra 6e3 aykcHita, annkana AOMAHaUja Ce ykHAa H GownM nynonum nowy ga pacry. LIATOKHHMHH MOry Aa OCnoBoRe BouHE NyNODKe OA ANHKane AomMHaunje K ruBepenHh MOKe sla CTHMYRMWE Pacretbe TaKBHX nymORaKa. Tpeba pehH Aa cy Kopenatishe nojase THna anakanve AOMMHALIAje yCnOBREHE y3ajaMHHM AejCTBOM, KaKO XOPMOHAN- NHX, TaKO H MHOTHX APYTHx ¢DUBHONOWKHX axTOpa, H Aa CE Mano 3Ha O HHXOBO) npapoj NPHPOAH. @MOPMATHBHH E®EKTH CBETJIOCTH Kana ce rpauiak wan kpomnp ynopego raje y Mpaky H Ha cernocrn, Burke rajene y MpaKy ce no mopiponowKnm ocobAHaMa NoTMyHO pas- nunyjy 08 o#WX Fajenux Ha csernoctH. Kaga pacty y mpaky, Burke Hemajy xnopoden, nA- CCTOBH Cy CHTHH H HeAOBORHO pazBHjeHH, CTa~ no je TaHIKo, waAyKeHO H KPXKO 360r cnabo paaenjenor MexaHWKor TkHBa, a anwKankH riynomsak je caahjen y aBnuny KyKe. Osa noja- na ce naanea (erMonman) a 3a Takse BunKe kakemo na c(eTMonHpane) 3a pasniiKy o2 wonx, Burke KOje pacty Ha csernocrh cy cacenm apyraunjer warnena, WTO MOMe Ha ce SHAM Ha CAMUM. HoHXoBH MHCTOBH cy ROBPO paabijenn, senevie Boje, uurepHonnie cy KpaT~ ke, a cra6no je aeBne # vepwhe. Ha enngep- mucy ce jasnajy anake. Camuan ecexat ceetnocri Ha pacreise H passhe Mome sa Ce YOUH Kon 3enacTHx Bumaka Koje pacty y npH3emMom cnpaty ryCTHX, TAMHHKX WMA, HCMOA KpoUeM APBeha, H ose BunKE cy Hanymene, Gneqe w Hmajy cHTHe mucTose. fo IsHx AONHpe CBeTROCT Koja MPONaIM KOs KPOUIKLE apseha, na je 3ar0 ChaBor wHTeHanrera H WaMeWeHHX chekTpankHx cBojcTaea. HaHMe, owTO NMr- MeHTH 3eNeHHX AKCIOBa Y KPoUHaMa ApBeha npeTeMwo ancopByjy rmiaBy H UpReHy CHeTnOCT, AO OBKX Bumaka CrHKE CBETAOCT Koja je OCKPOMaWeHa 3a Taj REO CNekTpa H y tO] NpeoBnahyje TaM- Houpsexa ceernocr. Mo c8oM Harnegy oBe GumeKe nHYE Ha OHe KOje pacty y MPaky. Kao wo ce m3 Hasegennx npumepa BMA, CleTROCT HMa OANYyiyhy ynory y NOWeCHMa pacTerba W passutha. Taj edbexar ceernoctn je nesasHcas on erpeKra y oTOCHHTesH H 3aT0 KaeMO Aa CBET- OCT MMA Anquan asian ie Y KOjhMa CaeInOCT HMa perynaTopHy ynory wasHBajy ce Tawi rajew y mpaxy (neao) W na cBernocra (necro) 3ajeAHM4KHM HMeHOM poTomopeorenesa|(rp4, fo1O— Cernoct, morfa~ obNUK, genesis —nocta- wax),PUTOXFOM open echexara Koja ce aupeKTHo ange Kom pacreta, CBeTROCT KOMTpOMAINE H MHore BHOXEMH)- cxe H dbusnonowKe npoYece y BHMUK, On KOjHX je HajGome npoyreno Knujéfee cemena. Kao wo je nperxoalo Beh peveno, Cemena HeKix Burbaka He Mory Aa Knvjajy Y Mpaky. TakBa cemena ce HaaH- aajy oroBnactiuwa, CemeHia HeKHx sapujerera canave Han ykpache Apsedacte Burke Koja pacre no napkosHMa, No3HaTe NOA HMeHOM YApAYHHO Apso (Paulownia tomentosa), noKaayjy Te oco~ bye. Kana ce cemena WapHuHHor apsera, Ha NpHMep, cTase y Mlerpujese Wome H Ape y Mpaky Ha ‘TemnepatypH of oxo 20°C, ona Hehe KnkjaTH. MehytHm, oxo 80 oncto cemena he HcknHjaTH Nocne cenam flak aKo ce ApIKe Ha ceeTnocrh. ExcnepHMeHT noKasyje ma je 3a Knijalwe oBMx ceMeHa eonxoaa cBernoct. Y janem noctynky ce MOMe HCNHTaTH H KOjM AeNOBH cheKTpa Bene cBeTnocTA hmajy ecbexar Ha knHjaibe Tako wTo he cemena OWTH OCBeTRABaHa CBeTNoWhy paanHuHTHx TanACHAX AYMuHa, OAHOCHO Boja, Tako je ytapheno aa Hajsehu ecexar Hwa cpernoupperia cpernoct (CLL), 2 ‘a TaHoupsera caernocr (TL) wma cynporal edpexaT. Ona noHAWTaBa AejcTBO Upsene cBeTnocTH W cnpevaga Knujawe, AKO_Ce CEMena OcBeTNe Nel MMHyTa cer M.cheTnowhy, a 3aTHM ApNe y Mpaky cenam ata, OHa he KnijaTH, kao Aa cy cee BpeMe OAna ocHermeHa Denom cBer- ‘nouhy. Kana ce HenocpeaHo nocne ocseTRabalea CBeTNOYpBEHOM CBeTNOWhy acBeTAE Net MAHYTA ‘TaMHOUPBEHOM, CeMeHa Hehe KnHjaTM, Kao Aa cy CBe Bpeme Bina y pany. CemeHa Mary Ma Ce HaH- aNennuHO sHUIe nyra acReTmaBajy CBetnoupse- HoM, na TaMHOUpaeHOM H 3aTHM Aa ce npeHOce y Aupak, Kao wro ce engn Ha cnHu, KnMjajy camo oa comeua Koja_cy-nocaeisn nyt npe npeHd- ela y MpaK Bua OcseTmeHa CBeTNOUDBEHOM CeeTnowhy. Osa nojapa je oBjaumsena Kana je orKpuieHo aa y Cemewnwa nocrojn m (Gdpovdron je wsonosan y pacreopy (armen) Ce cacto}u oa nporensa v xpomocpopa (rps. hro- ma~Boja, fore Hocutt), Kojn ancopbyje caer oct. Monexyn je cnowene crpykrype H y SHUM ce wana3H y 8a OBnnKa: asH, Koje je Heonxogatl yonoe 3a upeTaive, HasHea Ce BepHamiaunja (nar. vernalis— nponehrin) Wn japosyaauuiia ~Oricer HucKHX Temnepatypa ce Hajuewhe kpehe namehy 0 m+ 7°C, a nepHon y Kojem Tpeba fa nenyjy je HexonnKo Henena (2~10 Henena). Kon japnx copim mura HiICKe TeMneparype. Hcy ycnoB 3a YBeTarse. One ce cejy y nponehe, passvjajy BereraTHBHe oprave, a 3aTHM TOKOM neTa UseTajy K AOHOCE naog. BepHannsaunja je Heonxonat ycnow 3a \BeTaHse H HeKHX ABOroqMUIKHX BumaKa. ONE Npsoj FoAMHH xMBoTA pa3on- jajy camo mucrove y po3etH, a Tex y APYTOj roguHH pasoujajy crabno M yserajy. Hexe on wrx non ejcroom Surenar xopMovia rBepennia waayryjy ctaBno H yerajy y peo} roAKKH, wo yKasyje Ha To Aa je sepuannaaunja npouec no KoHTponoM BunAwx xopMoHa. MefyTHM, KaKO rHBepenHH cao KOA HeKAx Bunvaka Moke fa 3aMeKH KepHannaa\iAjy, NpeTMOCTaBMA Ce Aa je OH CAMO jena Of KON nonetiata Xopmonaniior KoMnneKca KOjM ce crapa y BunKaMa Non jejcTBOM HHCKHX TeMneparypa H ycnosmasa yseratse @MortonepHosn3am DKeothn wAkaye BumaKa je y BenHKO) MepH OApeheH Ces0HCKHM NpOMeHaMa KNHMe Y NOA- py4jHMa y KOjMMa OHBe, WTO je NOCnegMYa NpHnarohasata TOKOM eBoryURje. JeAHOrOAMUIHE Bumxe saepwe uMKknyc y jeaHOM BereTayHoHOM nepHoay. One AoHecy Nnog H Cee npe HacTyNarba xnagnor suMcKor nepHoga. Crpaternja npHnarohavarsa sMweroAMWHHx BHmaKa je Muna y ApyroM npasuy. Ove dbopmmpajy oprane 3a npeantnasaive: ycnabave nynorske, xprone, AYKOBMUe, 3baLY- Jy AMcToBe 4 CaOge Ha MHHHMYM CBE KHBOTHE NPOYeCe. Murat KOje ce Nocrapna je: KAKO BuNKA »Mipenosta” Hactynajyhe ronnuitee Oba H ycKnahyje ceoje KuBOTHE Mpouece Ca HHM? Kaga ce ynopege cen cnomauieh baKTOpH Koj YAHE KNKMY (CHETAOCT, BNamHOCT, TemnepaTypa, saaayulna crpyjatea), Hije TewKo QOhH Ao 3akmy4Ka fa je AY KMHa aka jeAMHH cbakTop Koju ce.ROt — anyo perynapko Mewa. Temnepatypa, a CaMiM THM H B/aMKHOCT, HECTO H jako SapHpajy y CBHM onnuisnm goBawa. Ayynna ana je yeex TasHo onpehera. Ta penarwana aymnua ava ¥ HOM y coxaupy 24 cara wasnsa ce dboronepuon, a peakunja BnnaKa na wy choronepHogvaaN. Y OAHOCY Ha TO RAO pearyjy Ha DOTOTepviOR, GwKe mory Aa ce cApcrajy y TPH OCHOBHe Tpyne: Heyrpanue Bune, Bune ayrauxor jana BHMKe KPaTKOr jaHa. Uperatse KeyrpanHux Gumaka He 3a6NICH Of AYMHHE MaHa 4 eulasa ce y paanH4HTHM (horone- ponnma. To cy, Ha pHMep: = xempa (Fagopyrum esculentum), ~ cystuoxper (Helianthus annuus), = rpauiak (Pisum sativum) = macnauax (Taraxacum officinale). Kaga mocrarky penpoayktHeHy spenoct, Samke ayrauKor aaa, uBerajy CaMo_aKO aay HHje xpahn of onpehene ayiknie Hnv ce nponystaba HaHiaa Te AYAHHe, JlymnHa AaHa NpH Kojo} Hea Suma Mowe Aa Beta je KapakTepHCTH4Ha 3a opeheny GymKyH Ha3MBa Ce KPHTH4HA AYKHHA jana. la 6H Sune ayraKor gana tserane, aymina aanalae sogyaa Dye kpaha on KpwiTnune AyPKHHE. 7 Busxe ayrauKor qaua cy, Ha npHmep’ = mupohuja (Anelhum graveolens), = obac (Avena sativa), =nynasnya (Rudbeckia sp.), = Bynxa (Hyoscyamus niger) » = cnanah (Spinacia oleracea) Hacynpor Tome, Sune KpaTkor @aHa UBeTajy CAMO OHA Kana AaH HAje AYKH OA OAPEhEHE rpannue wnh ako ce ckpaT# WcnoA Te AYMHNe. KpHTHYHa AyMuHia_AaNa ORMX BHsaKa je roprea fpannya tpajaisa gata. Ako ce AaH NponyNH HaHaA Te rpaHnue, BurKa Hehe UseraTH. BHrDKe kparkor awa 6 morne, Aa Hnje norpebe 32 GboTacHHTesOM, Aa UBeTajy Hy Mpaxy. Buvoxe Kparkor gaia cy, Ha nprMep ~ coja (Glycine max), = jarona (Fragaria sp.), —nupasiay (Oryza sativa), j = unuax (Xanthium pensylvanicum) « = xpnaantena (Chrysanthemum sp.) Bunce ayraKor fava Koje ce raje Ha Kpat- Kom zany He Mory fa userajy, Ka0 WTO HH BHT ke KpaTKor jana He userajy Ha ayrayKow Zany, sch cranxo paseujajy sereratHske oprane, Cnanah je Gumka ayrauKor aka 4Hja je xpurwuna aymuna aaa 13 caTH. AKO je AaN xpahn og 13 cath, y pao nponehe uni y je- eH, passhjahe ce camo AMCTOBM Ha Ckpa- hexom crabny H GumKa he umaTH KapaKre- puctuany Gopmy poseve. Kana aan Nowe Aa Userarse Gurxe Kparkor gana (1) 4 Ou”Ke Ayror ce nponyasa, BumKa W3aymyje CTaBNO H UBE- pana (2) 1a, noHOCH nnoa H ceme. Xpraantema je Ousbka Kpatkor gala Ynja je KpHTHYHa AyKHHa 15 caTH. Ona yseTa y jecen, Kana je aan xpahu of weve KpHTHURE AyMHHe. OBa aga npHMepa jacto Haycrpyjy a 32 YBeTaHe HAje ‘Gutha anconyTHa AyMMHa flava, Beh KPHTH4Ha AYMHHa Nana, Byr gad” Kparax pani ye Aas Kparax a