ARMFIELD Radient Heat

Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat
Exchange
Instruction Manual
HT13
ISSUE
11
May
2011
Table of Contents
Copyright and Trademarks ...................................................................................... 1
General Overview ....................................................................................................... 2
Equipment Diagrams................................................................................................... 4
Important Safety Information....................................................................................... 7
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 7
Electrical Safety....................................................................................................... 7
Hot Surfaces............................................................................................................ 7
Description .................................................................................................................. 9
Overview.................................................................................................................. 9
Track........................................................................................................................ 9
Carriages ................................................................................................................. 9
Heat Source............................................................................................................. 9
Radiometer ............................................................................................................ 10
Metal Target Plates ............................................................................................... 10
Light Source .......................................................................................................... 11
Lightmeter.............................................................................................................. 11
Filter Plates............................................................................................................ 11
Installation ................................................................................................................. 13
Advisory................................................................................................................. 13
Installation Process ............................................................................................... 13
Operation .................................................................................................................. 17
Operating the Software.......................................................................................... 17
Operating the Equipment....................................................................................... 27
Equipment Specifications.......................................................................................... 31
Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 31
Electrical supply..................................................................................................... 31
I/O Port Pin Connections ....................................................................................... 31
USB Channel Numbers ......................................................................................... 32
Environmental Conditions...................................................................................... 34
ii
Table of Contents
Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................ 35
Responsibility ........................................................................................................ 35
General.................................................................................................................. 35
Storage .................................................................................................................. 35
Cleaning ................................................................................................................ 35
RCD Test............................................................................................................... 35
Laboratory Teaching Exercises................................................................................. 36
Index to Exercises ................................................................................................. 36
Nomenclature ........................................................................................................ 36
Exercise A: The Inverse Square Law for Heat .......................................................... 39
Exercise B: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law.................................................................... 44
Exercise C: Determination of the View Factor .......................................................... 49
Exercise D: Emissivity of Radiating Surfaces ........................................................... 55
Exercise E: Effect of Emissivity on Surface Temperature and Emitted Heat ............ 61
Exercise F: Kirchoff’s Law......................................................................................... 67
Exercise G: Exchange of Radiant Energy between Surfaces ................................... 72
Exercise H: The Inverse Square Law for Light.......................................................... 77
Exercise I: The Lambert Cosine Law ........................................................................ 81
Exercise J: Lamberts Law of Absorption................................................................... 85
Exercise K: Project Work .......................................................................................... 91
Contact Details for Further Information ..................................................................... 93
iii
Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it is proprietary to Armfield
Limited. This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it
is supplied and its contents must not be reproduced, modified, adapted, published,
translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written
permission of Armfield Limited.
Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer
Support helpdesk (Monday to Friday: 0800 – 1800 GMT). Contact details are as
follows:
United Kingdom International
(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

(calls charged at local rate) (international rates apply)
Email: support@armfield.co.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916
Copyright and Trademarks

Copyright © 2009 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright

work of Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.
Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or

registered trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
1
General Overview
This instruction manual should be used in conjunction with the product manual
supplied with the HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit or the HT10XC Computer
Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit.
The Armfield Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange accessory
HT13 has been designed to demonstrate the laws of radiant heat transfer and radiant
heat exchange using light radiation to complement the heat demonstrations where
the use of thermal radiation would be impractical. The equipment supplied comprises
an arrangement of energy sources, measuring instruments, aperture plates, filter
plates and target plates which are mounted on a linear track, in different
combinations, to suit the particular laboratory teaching exercise chosen.
This instruction manual describes the operation of the HT13 'Laws of Radiant Heat
Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange’ accessory, which must be used in conjunction
with the HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit (supplied separately) or the HT10XC
Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit (supplied separately) and may be
operated remotely from a WindowsTM-compatible PC via the USB interface device
included as an optional accessory with HT10X and as an integral device within the
HT10XC console. Details of the service unit are given in a separate instruction
manual which is supplied with the unit. This manual describes the operation of the
HT13 accessory and includes a set of Laboratory Teaching Exercises.
The HT13 is one of a range of seven small scale heat transfer laboratory teaching
accessories which demonstrate the basic modes of heat transfer (conduction,
convection and radiation). These accessories may be individually connected to a
common bench top service unit (HT10X/HT10XC) which provides the necessary
electrical supplies and measurement facilities for investigation and comparison of the
different heat transfer characteristics.
HT13 with Heat Source and Radiometer fitted
2
General Overview
HT13 with Light Source and Light Meter fitted
3
Equipment Diagrams
Figure 1: Identification of Components on HT13
4
Equipment Diagrams
Figure 2: HT10X Front View
Figure 3: HT10X Rear View
5
Armfield Instruction Manual
Figure 4: HT10XC Front View
Figure 5: HT10XC Rear View
6
Important Safety Information
Introduction
All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local safety
regulations which must be followed at all times.
It is the responsibility of the owner to ensure that all users are made aware of
relevant local regulations, and that the apparatus is operated in accordance with
those regulations. If requested then Armfield can supply a typical set of standard
laboratory safety rules, but these are guidelines only and should be modified as
required. Supervision of users should be provided whenever appropriate.
Your Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange Accessory has
been designed to be safe in use when installed, operated and maintained in
accordance with the instructions in this manual. As with any piece of sophisticated
equipment, dangers exist if the equipment is misused, mishandled or badly
maintained.
Electrical Safety
The equipment described in this Instruction Manual operates from a mains voltage
electrical supply. It must be connected to a supply of the same frequency and voltage
as marked on the equipment or the mains lead. If in doubt, consult a qualified
electrician or contact Armfield.
The equipment must not be operated with any of the panels removed.
To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current

Device (RCD), alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral
part of this equipment. If through misuse or accident the equipment becomes
electrically dangerous, the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the
severity of any electric shock received by an operator to a level which, under normal
circumstances, will not cause injury to that person.
At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the
TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to
trip means that the operator is not protected and the equipment must be checked and
repaired by a competent electrician before it is used.
Hot Surfaces
This apparatus is capable of producing temperatures that could cause burns /
serious burns.
 Allow time for the equipment to cool before handling any of the components.
 Do not touch any surfaces with a ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning label.
 Do not allow the apparatus to come into contact with flammable materials or
liquids.
 Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.
 Any safety guards are there for operator protection- they must not be
removed except as described in this manual, and nothing should be inserted
through the guards.
7
 Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

described in this manual.
 The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.
8
Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.
Overview
The 'Laws of radiant heat transfer and radiant heat exchange' accessory comprises a
track with interchangeable radiation sources (heat or light) at one end. A pair of
moveable carriages located on the track support the appropriate radiation detector
(heat or light) and a variety of different specimens of metal plates or plastic filters to
demonstrate the laws of radiation.
Track
The track consists of a rigid aluminium frame (1) with twin horizontal rails which
incorporates two sliding carriages to allow the positions of the instrumentation, plates
and filters to be varied. The track is designed to stand on the bench top alongside the
HT10X/HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit.
Carriages
The right hand carriage (2) supports the appropriate measuring instrument, namely a
radiometer (12) or lightmeter (23). The left hand carriage (4) supports the appropriate
metal plates, aperture plates or filter plates to suit the particular demonstration.
Each carriage is guided by a stainless steel rail at the rear of the support frame. An
index mark on the front of the carriage is used to measure the position of the carriage
relative to the front face of the heat or light source using the graduated scale (5) on
the front of the track.
Heat Source
The heat source consists of a flat, circular copper plate (10), 100 mm in diameter
which is heated from the rear by an insulated electric heating element. The element
operates at low voltage for increased operator safety. The front of the plate is coated
with a heat resistant matt black paint which provides a consistent emissivity close to
unity. The surface temperature of the plate is measured by a thermocouple T10, the
tip of which is located just below the front surface of the plate via a hole through the
rear of the plate. This type K thermocouple is fitted with a standard thermocouple
plug (8) for direct connection to the service unit HT10X/HT10XC. The heating
element is rated to produce 216 Watts nominally at 24 Volts DC.
The voltage supplied to the heated plate can be varied and measured using the
HT10XC. The electrical connections to the plate incorporate temperature resistant
insulation with plug connection (7) to the variable 24 Volt DC supply socket marked
OUTPUT 3 on HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on HT10XC. The maximum surface temperature
of the plate is in excess of 300°C when operated at maximum voltage and at a
normal ambient air temperature of 20°C.
The mounting arrangement for the heated plate is designed to minimise loss of heat
from surfaces other than the front face, especially those surfaces which can be
viewed and therefore measured by the radiometer. The heated plate is located inside
a protective cage (9) which prevents inadvertent contact with the hot surface when
the accessory is in use or cooling down following operation.
Note: A guard cannot be placed directly in front of the heated surface as this would
affect the thermal radiation from the surface and reduce the accuracy of any
measurements.
9
When in use, the heated plate is attached to the left hand end of the calibrated track.
A pair of dowels ensure that the plate is located correctly and a thumb screw (6) is
used to retain the plate in position.
Safety note: Following operation the heated plate should be left in position at the
end of the track until it has cooled and can be handled safely.
Radiometer
Radiation from the heated plate is measured using a heat radiation detector called a
radiometer (12) which can be positioned along the graduated track on the right hand
carriage (2). The radiometer is secured to the carriage using a thumb screw (13) with
the aperture in the front face directly facing the heated plate. A radiation shield is
supplied with the radiometer to protect the detector when the radiometer is not in
use. This shield may also be fitted in between readings to minimise heating of the
radiometer body by the heat source.
An index mark on the front of the carriage is used to measure the position of the
radiometer relative to the front face of the heat source using the graduated scale (5)
on the front of the track. This index mark is arranged to coincide with the plane of the
detector inside the radiometer body when the front mounting rod is inserted into the
carrier. The radiometer is connected to the socket marked R on the HT10X/HT10XC
to provide readings calibrated directly in units of W/m2. The connecting lead (14)
plugs into the miniature banana sockets on the side of the radiometer body.
When it is necessary to locate the radiometer extremely close to the heat source
(e.g. when determining emissivity) the real mounting rod should be inserted into the
carrier.
Note: when using the radiometer to take readings or moving it into position, avoid
touching the black radiometer body as heat from the hand will affect the accuracy of
readings.
Metal Target Plates

A set of flat metal plates (11) with different surface finishes are supplied to
demonstrate the effect of emissivity on radiation emitted and received. Two black
plates, one grey plate and one polished plate are supplied together with a carrier (4)
which positions the plates between the heat source and the radiometer. The carrier is
attached to the top of the left hand carriage when the plates are being used and is
secured to the carriage using a thumb screw (3) on the underside. Four slots in the
carrier allow the plates to be held at a fixed distance relative to one another in
different combinations as required.
Index marks on the front of the carrier coincide with the plates and allow the position
of the plates to be measured relative to the surface of the heated plate using the
scale (5) on the front of the track.
Each metal plate incorporates a type K thermocouple, to indicate the surface

temperature of the plate, which is fitted with a miniature thermocouple plug for direct
connection to the service unit HT10X/HT10XC.
Two cork-coated metal plates (21) are supplied together with a carrier (22) that allow
a vertical slot aperture of adjustable width to be created between the heat source and
the radiometer. This arrangement allows the area of the heated plate visible to the
radiometer to be varied and is used to demonstrate area factors. The carrier is
10
Description
attached directly to the left hand carriage when the aperture plates are being used.
The carrier is secured to the carriage using a thumb screw (3) on the underside.
Note: The aperture plates should be used with the metal surface facing the heated
plate (the cork insulation facing the radiometer). The carrier should be mounted with
the aperture plate securing screws facing the radiometer.
Light Source
For those demonstrations where the use of thermal radiation would prove impractical,
a light source, lightmeter and set of plastic filter plates is included.
The light source consists of an electric lamp in a housing (16) with a glass diffuser
(17) and operates at low voltage for increased operator safety. The source may be
rotated through 180° by twisting the housing relative to the support bracket. The
angle of the diffuser relative to the axis of the lightmeter is measured using an
integral scale (18) on the base of the supporting bracket. The lamp is rated to
produce 60 Watts nominally at 24 Volts DC. The voltage supplied to the lamp can be
varied and measured on the HT10X/HT10XC. When in use, the light source is
attached to the left hand end of the calibrated track. A pair of dowels ensure that the
light source is located correctly and a thumb screw (6) is used to retain the source in
position.
Safety note: Following operation the light source should be left in position at the end
of the track until it has cooled and can be handled safely.
Lightmeter
Radiation from the light source is measured using a lightmeter (25) which can be
positioned along the graduated track on the right hand carriage (2). The lightmeter is
secured to the carriage using a thumb screw (13) with the front face directly facing
the light source.
An index mark on the front of the carriage is used to measure the position of the
lightmeter relative to the front face of the light source using the graduated scale (5)
on the front of the frame. The index mark is arranged to coincide with the plane of the
detector inside the lightmeter body.
The lightmeter is connected to the socket marked L on the HT10X/HT10XC, using

the integral connecting lead (23), to provide readings calibrated directly in units of
Lux.
Filter Plates
Plastic filter plates (20) of varying optical density (absorptivity) are supplied to
demonstrate the laws of absorption. Three filter plates of the same optical density
and two plates with different optical density are supplied together with a carrier (19)
which positions the filter plates between the light source and the lightmeter. The
three plates having the same optical density can be used in combination to
demonstrate the effect of change in thickness.
The carrier is attached directly to the left hand carriage when the filter plates are
being used and is secured using a thumb screw (3).
The plastic filter plates must NOT be used in conjunction with the heated plate. The
high temperatures involved will result in softening of the plastic and possible
distortion of the plates.
11
Note: The exercises involving the light source/lightmeter use visible light and must
be performed in subdued light. A darkened room is preferable but satisfactory results
can be obtained in subdued light by deducting the ambient light reading (light source
turned off) from the actual reading (light source turned on).
Details of connections between the HT13 and the HT10X/HT10XC service unit are
given in the Equipment Specifications section.
12
Installation
Advisory
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as
described in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following
the correct installation procedure.
Installation Process
Note: The HT13 ‘Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange’
accessory must be used in conjunction with the HT10X 'Heat Transfer Service Unit'
or the HT10XC 'Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit'. This Installation
Process assumes that the HT10X/HT10XC has already been installed according to
the guide included with the HT10X/HT10XC manual.
To install the equipment:
Refer to the Equipment Diagrams.
The apparatus should be carefully unpacked and the components checked against
the Advice Note.
Before connecting the HT13 accessory to the HT10X/HT10XC service unit ensure
that the service unit has been commissioned as described in the instruction manual
supplied with the HT10X/HT10XC.
Place the accessory on a suitable bench top, alongside the H10X/HT10XC service
unit.
Connect the HT13 to the HT10X/HT10XC service unit as follows:
Temperature Sensors (type K thermocouples)

Connect the standard thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T10 on the heated
plate to the socket marked T10 (47) on the front of the service unit.
Connect the miniature thermocouple plugs from temperature sensors T6 and T7

attached to the black metal plates to the sockets marked T6 and T7 (35 and 44, or
51) on the front of the service unit.
Connect the miniature thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T8 attached to

the grey metal plate to the socket marked T8 (45 or 51) on the front of the service
unit.
Connect the miniature thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T9 attached to

the polished plate to the socket marked T9 (46) on the front of the service unit.
Radiometer (12)
Connect the electrical lead (14) from the radiometer to the socket marked R (41) on
the front of the service unit. Ensure that the lead is connected to the miniature
banana sockets on the side of the radiometer body with the correct polarity observed.
Lightmeter (23)
Connect the electrical lead from the lightmeter (24) to the socket marked L (43) on
the front of the service unit.
13
DC Voltage to Heated plate or Light source

Set the Voltage Control potentiometer (28) on the front of the service unit to zero
(release the clamp and turn the adjusting knob fully anticlockwise).
Set the manual/remote selector switch (27) to the MANUAL position.
Connect the power lead (7) from the heated plate or the power lead (15) from the
light source (whichever is fitted to the end of the track on the HT13) to the variable
DC outlet socket marked OUTPUT 3 on the HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on the HT10XC at
the rear of the service unit.
Software
The HT13 is supplied with Armfield software that allows the accessory to be operated
remotely from a compatible PC via the USB connection on the optional IFD5 unit
used with the HT10X, or directly on the front of 98, 2000 or XPthe HT10XC service
unit. The PC must be running Windows and have an available USB connection. If the
equipment is to be operated from the PC, it is important to install the software
BEFORE connecting the PC to the HT10X/HT10XC, to ensure that Windows locates
the correct USB driver. The software may be installed as follows:
Insert the supplied software CD-ROM into the CD or DVD drive of a suitable
PC.
The CD should run automatically. If Autorun is disabled, select ‘Run…’ from

the ‘Start’ menu, and type ‘D:/setup.exe’ where ‘D’ is the letter designation of
your CD/DVD drive.
Follow the instructions on the screen. The PC will need to be restarted

following installation.
The PC may now be connected to the HT10X/HT10XC service unit using the
supplied USB cable.
Mains Electrical Supply

Refer to the product manual supplied with the HT10X/HT10XC for the required
specifications for the external mains supply to the equipment.
Ensure that the mains on/off switch (26) on the front of the service unit is in the OFF
position.
Ensure that Voltage Control potentiometer (28) on the front of the service unit is set
to zero (release the clamp and turn the adjusting knob fully anticlockwise).
Ensure that the adjacent manual/remote selector switch (27) is set to the MANUAL
position.
Ensure that the mains electrical supply is connected to the HT10X/HT10XC and
switched on.
Ensure that the RCD (40) at the rear of the service unit is in the ON (up) position. On
the HT10X ensure that all other circuit breakers (57) are in the ON (up) position.
Set the mains on/off switch (26) on the service unit front panel to the ON position.
14
Installation
Observe that both digital panel meters (29, 32) are illuminated. (As no power is
supplied to the accessory at this stage the temperature display should indicate
approximately ambient temperature.)
Testing the light source:

Attach the light source to the left hand end of the track and secure it using the thumb
screw (6). Connect the power lead (15) to the socket marked OUTPUT 3 on the
HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on the HT10XC at the rear of the service unit. Rotate the
housing (16) of the light source until the scale (18) indicates 0 degrees (diffuser
square to the track).
Attach the lightmeter (23) to the instrument carrier (2) and secure using the thumb
screw (13) - ensure that the front of the lightmeter is square to the track.
Position the carrier with the lightmeter mid way along the track. Ensure that the lead
from the meter (24) is connected to the socket marked L (43) at the front of the
service unit.
Ensure that the Voltage Control potentiometer (28) is set to minimum.
Set the top measurement selector switch (30) to position Lux to indicate the light
received by the lightmeter. Using the digital display (not the software), observe the
reading due to the ambient light.
Gradually increase the Voltage Control potentiometer, observe that the intensity of
the light source increases and the reading from the lightmeter increases.
Slide the lightmeter towards the light source and using the digital display (not the
software) observe that the reading increases up to the maximum of approximately
240 Lux. (Note that the lamp output is a nominal manufacturer’s rating for the
maximum accurate range and the actual measurement may vary from this
approximate value, e.g. when operating in bright ambient light conditions. In normal
operation the voltage to the light source is reduced to prevent off scale readings).
Set the Voltage Control potentiometer to minimum. Disconnect the light source and
lightmeter from the HT10X/HT10XC then remove the light source and lightmeter from
the track.
Testing the radiometer:

Attach the heated plate (10) to the left hand end of the track and secure it using the
thumb screw (6). Connect the power lead (7) to the socket marked OUTPUT 3 on the
HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on the HT10XC at the rear of the service unit.
Connect the standard thermocouple plug (8) from temperature sensor T10 on the
heated plate to the socket marked T10 (47) on the front of the service unit.
Attach the Radiometer (12) to the instrument carrier (2) using the front mounting rod
and secure using the thumb screw (13) - ensure that the front of the radiometer is
square to the track.
Position the carrier mid way along the track.
Remove the radiation shield from the front of the radiometer, if fitted.
Note: Avoid handling the body of the instrument to prevent thermal changes.
15
Do not insert anything into the aperture at the front of the radiometer.
Ensure that the lead (14) from the radiometer is connected from the miniature
banana sockets on the side of the radiometer body to socket R (41) at the front of the
service unit. Remove the protective front cover from the radiometer.
Ensure that the Voltage Control potentiometer (28) is set to minimum.
Set the top measurement selector switch (30) to position R to indicate the thermal
radiation received by the radiometer.
Adjust the zero potentiometer (42) to give a reading of 0.00 from the radiometer (no
net radiation indicated with the heated plate and surroundings at the same
temperature as the radiometer body).
Set the upper selector switch (30) to position T10 to indicate the surface temperature
of the heated plate. Check that the temperature indicated is approximately ambient
temperature.
Set the upper measurement selector switch (30) to position Volts to indicate the
voltage supplied to the heated plate. Adjust the Voltage Control potentiometer (28) to
give a reading of approximately 20 Volts on the display. (Ensure that the clamp on
the side of the knob is released before turning the knob.)
Observe that the temperature reading increases as the heated plate rises in
temperature.
Set the top measurement selector switch (30) to position R to indicate the thermal
radiation received by the radiometer. Observe that the reading increases as the plate
rises in temperature.
Slide the radiometer towards the heat source and observe that the reading increases.
Slide the radiometer to the far end of the track, away from the heat source and
observe that the reading falls.
Replace the radiation shield on the front of the radiometer.
Note: The radiometer has a relatively slow response and 90 seconds should be
allowed to elapse after the heat source has stabilised or the radiometer has been
moved before taking a reading. The body of the radiometer is used as a heat
sink/temperature reference and should not be handled when moving the radiometer
along the track.
Set the Voltage Control potentiometer to minimum and allow the heated plate to cool
before removing it from the track.
The basic operation of the HT13 'Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat
Exchange' accessory and 'Heat Transfer Service Unit' has been confirmed. Refer to
the Operation section for further information.
16
Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section.
The apparatus must be set up in accordance with the instructions in the Installation
section. Additionally, ensure that you have read the Important Safety Information.
Operating the Software

Note: The diagrams in this section are included as typical examples and may not
relate specifically to the individual product described in this instruction manual.
The Armfield Software is a powerful Educational and Data Logging tool with a wide
range of features. Some of the major features are highlighted below, to assist users,
but full details on the software and how to use it are provided in the presentations
and Help text incorporated in the Software. Help on Using the Software or Using the
Equipment is available by clicking the appropriate topic in the Help drop-down menu
from the upper toolbar when operating the software as shown:
Before operating the software ensure that the equipment has been connected to the
IFD5 Interface (where IFD5 is separate from the equipment) and the IFD5 has been
connected to a suitable PC using a USB lead. For further information on these
actions refer to the Operation manual.
Load the software and wait for the presentation screen to open fully as shown:
Before proceeding to operate the software ensure that IFD: OK is displayed at the
bottom of the screen. If IFD:ERROR is displayed check the USB connection between
the IFD5 and the PC and confirm that the red and green LED’s are both illuminated.
17
If the problem persists then check that the driver is installed correctly (refer to the
Operation manual).
Presentation Screen - Basics and Navigation

As stated above, the software starts with the Presentation Screen displayed. The
user is met by a simple presentation which gives them an overview of the capabilities
of the equipment and software and explains in simple terms how to navigate around
the software and summarizes the major facilities complete with direct links to detailed
context sensitive ‘help’ texts.
To view the presentations click Next or click the required topic in the left hand pane
as appropriate. Click More while displaying any of the topics to display a Help index
related to that topic.
To return to the Presentation screen at any time click the View Presentation icon
from the main tool bar or click Presentation from the dropdown menu as shown:
For more detailed information about the presentations refer to the Help available via
the upper toolbar when operating the software.
Toolbar
A toolbar is displayed at the top of the screen at all times, so users can jump
immediately to the facility they require, as shown:
The upper menu expands as a dropdown menu when the cursor is placed over a
name.
The lower row of icons (standard for all Armfield Software) allows a particular
function to be selected. To aid recognition, pop-up text names appear when the
cursor is placed over the icon.
Mimic Diagram
The Mimic Diagram is the most commonly used screen and gives a pictorial
representation of the equipment, with continuously updated display boxes for all the
various sensor readings, calculated variables etc. directly in engineering units.
To view the Mimic Diagram click the View Diagram icon from the main tool bar
or click Diagram from the View drop-down menu as shown:
18
Operation
A Mimic diagram is displayed, similar to the diagram as shown:
In addition to measured variables such as Temperature, Pressure and Flowrate (from

a direct reading flowmeter), calculated data such as Motor Torque, Motor Speed and
Discharge / Volume flowrate (from pressure drop across an orifice plate) are
continuously displayed in data boxes with a white background. These are
automatically updated and cannot be changed by the user.
Manual data input boxes with a coloured background allow constants such as Orifice
Cd and Atmospheric Pressure to be changed by over-typing the default value, if
required.
The data boxes associated with some pressure sensors include a Zero button
alongside. This button is used to compensate for any drift in the zero value, which is
an inherent characteristic of pressure sensors. Pressing the Zero button just before
starting a set of readings resets the zero measurement and allows accurate pressure
measurements to be taken referenced to atmospheric pressure. This action must be
carried out before the motor is switched on otherwise the pressure readings will be
offset.
19
The mimic diagram associated with some products includes the facility to select
different experiments or different accessories, usually on the left hand side of the
screen, as shown:
Clicking on the appropriate accessory or exercise will change the associated mimic
diagram, table, graphs etc to suit the exercise being performed.
Control Facilities in the Mimic Diagram

A Power On button allows the motor to be switched off or on as required. The button
always defaults to off at startup. Clicking this button switches the power on (1) and off
(0) alternately.
A box marked Motor Setting allows the speed of the motor to be varied from 0 to
100% either stepwise, by typing in values, or using the up / down arrows as
appropriate. It is usual to operate the equipment with the motor initially set to 100%,
then reduce the setting as required to investigate the effect of reduced speed on
performance of the equipment.
When the software and hardware are functioning correctly together, the green LED
marked Watchdog Enabled will alternate On and Off. If the Watchdog stops
alternating then this indicates a loss of communication between the hardware and
software that must be investigated.
Details on the operation of any automatic PID Control loops in the software are
included later in this section.
Data Logging Facilities in the Mimic Diagram

There are two types of sampling available in the software, namely Automatic or
Manual. In Automatic logging, samples are taken regularly at a preset but variable
interval. In Manual logging, a single set of samples is taken only when requested by
the operator (useful when conditions have to be changed and the equipment allowed
to stabilize at a new condition before taking a set of readings).
20
Operation
The type of logging will default to manual or automatic logging as appropriate to the
type of product being operated.
Manual logging is selected when obtaining performance data from a machine where
conditions need to stabilize after changing appropriate settings. To record a set of set
of data values from each of the measurement sensors click the icon from the
main toolbar. One set of data will be recorded each time the icon is clicked.
Automatic logging is selected when transients need to be recorded so that they can
be plotted against time. Click the icon from the toolbar to start recording, click
the icon from the toolbar to stop recording.
The type of logging can be configured by clicking Configure in the Sample drop-
down menu from the upper toolbar as shown:
In addition to the choice of Manual or Automatic sampling, the parameters for

Automatic sampling can also be set. Namely, the time interval between samples can
be set to the required number of minutes or seconds. Continuous sampling can be
selected, with no time limit or sampling for a fixed duration can be set to the required
number of hours, minutes or seconds as shown:
Tabular Display
To view the Table screen click the View Table icon from the main tool bar or
click Table from the View dropdown menu as shown:
21
The data is displayed in a tabular format, similar to the screen as shown:
As the data is sampled, it is stored in spreadsheet format, updated each time the
data is sampled. The table also contains columns for the calculated values.
New sheets can be added to the spreadsheet for different data runs by clicking the
icon from the main toolbar. Sheets can be renamed by double clicking on the
sheet name at the bottom left corner of the screen (initially Run 1, Run 2 etc) then
entering the required name.
For more detailed information about Data Logging and changing the settings within
the software refer to the Help available via the upper toolbar when operating the
software.
Graphical Display
When several samples have been recorded, they can be viewed in graphical format.
22
Operation
To view the data in Graphical format click the View graph icon from the main
tool bar or click Graph from the View drop-down menu as shown:
The results are displayed in a graphical format as shown:
(The actual graph displayed will depend on the product selected and the exercise
that is being conducted, the data that has been logged and the parameter(s) that has
been selected).
Powerful and flexible graph plotting tools are available in the software, allowing the
user full choice over what is displayed, including dual y axes, points or lines,
displaying data from different runs, etc. Formatting and scaling is done automatically
by default, but can be changed manually if required.
To change the data displayed on the Graph click Graph Data from the Format
dropdown menu as shown:
23
The available parameters (Series of data) are displayed in the left hand pane as
shown:
Two axes are available for plotting, allowing series with different scaling to be
presented on the same x axis.
To select a series for plotting, click the appropriate series in the left pane so that it is
highlighted then click the appropriate right-facing arrow to move the series into one of
the windows in the right hand pane. Multiple series with the same scaling can be
plotted simultaneously by moving them all into the same window in the right pane.
To remove a series from the graph, click the appropriate series in the right pane so
that it is highlighted then click the appropriate left-facing arrow to move the series into
the left pane.
The X-Axis Content is chosen by default to suit the exercise. The content can be
changed if appropriate by opening the drop down menu at the top of the window.
The format of the graphs, scaling of the axes etc. can be changed if required by
clicking Graph in the Format drop-down menu as shown:
24
Operation
For more detailed information about changing these settings refer to the Help
available via the upper toolbar when operating the software.
PID Control
Where appropriate, the software associated with some products will include a single
or multiple PID control loops whereby a function on the product can be manually or
automatically controlled using the PC by measuring an appropriate variable and
varying a function such as a heater power or pump speed.
The PID loop can be accessed by clicking the box labelled PID or Control depending
on the particular software:
A PID screen is then displayed as shown:
25
The Mode of operation always defaults to Manual control and 0% output when the
software is loaded to ensure safe operation of the equipment. If appropriate, the
operator can retain manual operation and simply vary the value from 0 to 100% in the
Manual Output box, then clicking Apply.
Alternatively, the PID loop can be changed to Automatic operation by clicking the
Automatic button. If any of the PID settings need to be changed from the default
values then these should be adjusted individually before clicking the Apply button.
The controller can be restored to manual operation at any time by clicking the
Manual button. The value in the Manual Output box can be changed as required
before clicking the Apply button.
Settings associated with Automatic Operation such as the Setpoint, Proportional

Band, Integral Time, Derivative Time and Cycle Time (if appropriate) can be
changed by the operator as required before clicking the Apply button.
Clicking Calculations displays the calculations associated with the PID loop to aid
understanding and optimization of the loop when changing settings as shown:
26
Operation
Clicking Settings returns the screen to the PID settings.
Clicking OK closes the PID screen but leaves the loop running in the background.
In some instances the Process Variable, Control variable and Control Action can
be varied to suit different exercises, however, in most instances these boxes are
locked to suit a particular exercise. Where the variables can be changed the options
available can be selected via a drop-down menu.
Advanced Features
The software incorporates advanced features such as the facility to recalibrate the
sensor inputs from within the software without resorting to electrical adjustments of
the hardware. For more detailed information about these advanced functions within
the software refer to the Help available via the upper toolbar when operating the
software.
Operating the Equipment

Setting the voltage to the heated plate or light source
When operating the equipment remotely from a PC (via the USB socket on the IFD5
option of the HT10X, or on the front of the HT10XC console), the manual/remote
selector switch should be set to REMOTE. The heater or light voltage can then be
controlled from the control box on the mimic diagram screen of the Armfield HT13
software.
When operating the equipment manually, using the HT10X/HT10XC console, ensure
that the selector switch (27) is set to the MANUAL position. This allows the voltage
supplied to the heater to be adjusted using the multi-turn potentiometer (28) marked
VOLTAGE CONTROL.
The range of the output voltage is continuously adjustable from 0 Volts to 24 Volts
DC using the multi-turn potentiometer. Ensure that the clamp on the side of the knob
is released before turning the knob.
27
Measuring the voltage to the light source

While adjusting the voltage to the light source, the actual voltage supplied to the bulb
inside the housing can be monitored directly on the HT13 software screen, or (when
operating manually using the HT10X/HT10XC ) by setting the top measurement
selector switch (30) to position V. The reading is displayed directly in Volts on the top
panel meter (29).
This facility is useful for repeating the setting when operating the light source at
reduced voltage. The power supplied to the light source is not required in normal
operation and measurement of the electric current is not required.
If the light source does not illuminate when voltage is applied via the Voltage Control
potentiometer (voltage indicated V), check the following:
Check that the RCD (40) at the rear of the service unit is up).
Check that the light source power lead (15) on the on the HT13 is connected to
the socket marked OUTPUT 3 (HT10X) or OUTPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear of
the service unit.
Check that the bulb inside the source is intact.
Measuring the voltage to the heated plate

While adjusting the heater voltage the actual voltage supplied to the heated plate can
be monitored on the HT13 software screen, or (when operating manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console) by setting the top measurement selector switch (30) to
position V. The reading is displayed directly in Volts on the top panel meter (29).
Since the power dissipated by the heated plate is a combination of convection,

conduction and radiation from the front and rear of the source, the power radiated
from the front surface cannot be directly related to the electrical power supplied to the
source.
If required, the power supplied to the heated plate is determined by the software and
displayed in the results table once a set of readings has been taken. If operating
manually using the HT10X/HT10XC console then the power can be determined by
measuring the current drawn as follows:
The current drawn by the heated plate can be monitored by setting the top
measurement selector switch (30) to position I. The reading is displayed directly in
Amps on the top panel meter (29).
As the electrical supply to the heated plate is Direct Current the power supplied to the
heater is simply obtained from the product of the Voltage and Current, i.e.
Heater Power Q = Voltage V x Current I
E.g. If V = 15.0 Volts and I = 2.00 Amps then Q = 2 x 15 = 30.0 Watts
Note: To allow operation to the elevated temperatures necessary for the

demonstrations it is not practicable to protect the heated plate with a thermostat. It is
therefore important to supervise the accessory when it is operated.
Under no circumstances should the heated plate or light source be operated when
covered with a dust sheet.
28
Operation
If temperature T10 is within the normal range of temperature but the display shows
no current when voltage is applied to the heated plate, check the following:
Check that the RCD (40) at the rear of the service unit is up.
Check that the heater lead (7) on the HT13 is connected to the socket marked
OUTPUT 3 (HT10X) or OUPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear of the service unit.
Measuring the temperatures

To monitor any of the thermocouples T6, T7, T8, T9 or T10 installed on the HT13,
refer to the display boxes on the software screen. If operating manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console then set the temperature selector switch (33) to the required
position and read the corresponding value on the lower panel meter (32).
All three temperatures are indicated with a resolution of no decimal places.
Measuring the thermal radiation

To monitor the thermal radiation received by the radiometer, refer to the display box
on the software screen. If operating manually using the HT10X/HT10XC console then
set the top measurement selector switch (30) to position R. The reading is displayed
on the top panel meter directly in units of W/m2 with a resolution of 1 W/m2. The
radiometer must be connected to the socket marked R on the front of the service unit
using the lead supplied with the radiometer. This lead should be connected to the two
miniature banana sockets on the side of the radiometer body, observing the polarity
of the connections.
A potentiometer (42) is fitted adjacent to the radiometer socket (41) on the service
unit. This allows any offset in the output from the radiometer to be zeroed. The
radiometer should be left to stabilise at room temperature before adjusting the
potentiometer to give a reading of 0 W/m2 on the panel meter. During use any
reading other than zero will be due to a difference between the temperature of the
radiometer body and the temperature of any objects in the field of vision. The zero
potentiometer should not be readjusted during use.
Note: Before setting the zero potentiometer, avoid handling the radiometer body and
ensure that the radiometer and its field of view are not subjected to any sources of
thermal radiation (hot or cold).
A radiation shield is supplied which simply pushes onto the front face of the
radiometer. The shield should be fitted at all times when the radiometer is not in use.
The shield may also be fitted in between readings to minimise heating of the
radiometer body by the heat source.
When taking readings using the radiometer allow the radiometer to stabilise for
approximately 90 seconds after the heat source has stabilised or after moving the
radiometer before taking the reading.
The radiometer is supplied with a calibration factor C. Readings from the radiometer
can be used directly but for improved accuracy of measurement the readings from
the meter should be multiplied by the calibration factor supplied with the instrument.
Measuring the light radiation

The light radiation (illumination) received by the lightmeter may be monitored on the
software screen. If operating the equipment manually using the HT10X/HT10XC
console, set the top measurement selector switch (30) to position L. The reading is
29
displayed on the top panel meter (29) directly in units of Lux with a resolution of 1
Lux.
The lightmeter must be connected to the socket marked L on the front of the service
unit (43).
Note: The exercises involving the light source/lightmeter use visible light and must
be performed in subdued light. A darkened room is preferable but satisfactory results
can be obtained in subdued light by deducting the ambient light reading (light source
switched off) from the actual reading (light source switched on).
Sooting the heated plate or black target plates

The surface of the circular heated plate and the black target plates are coated with a
heat resistant coating with an emissivity close to unity. If the coating becomes
damaged or it is required to achieve an emissivity closer to unity then these surfaces
can be sooted. Hold the plate with the surface horizontal above the naked flame of a
candle. Move the plate over the candle until a uniform layer of soot is deposited.
In the case of the circular heated plate it will be necessary to mask the periphery of
the disk using a cardboard collar to prevent sooting of the edges or supporting plate.
30
Equipment Specifications
Overall Dimensions
Height - 300mm
Width - 1140mm
Depth - 125mm
Electrical supply
None required – 24V DC supply to heater and light source provided by HT10X or
HT10XC as appropriate.
I/O Port Pin Connections

To allow access to the measurement signals in applications other than when using
the apparatus with an Armfield data logger interface and associated software, the
connections to the 50 way connector are listed below for information:
Pin No Channel No Signal Function
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket)
1 Ch 0 Signal Temperature T10 via analog switch (0 - 600 oC)
Temperatures T6-T9 via analog switch (0 –

200°C)
Note: T1-5 not used with HT13
2 Ch 0 Return
3 Ch 1 Signal Voltage V (0 - 24 Volts DC)
4 Ch 1 Return
5 Ch 2 Signal Current to heater I (0 - 10 Amps)
6 Ch 2 Return
7 Ch 3 Signal Radiometer R (0 - 333 W/m2)
8 Ch 3 Return
9 Ch 4 Signal Lightmeter L (0 - 234 Lux)
10 Ch 4 Return
11-21 Not used
31
Analog Inputs (0-5V dc input from socket)
Voltage output V (Remote operation of 0-24

22 DACO Signal
Volts)
23 DACO Ground
24-25 Not Used
Digital Outputs (0-5V dc)
26-37 Not Used
Digital Inputs (0-5V dc)
38 Ch 0 Analog switch
42 Digital Ground
43 Ch 4 Inhibit analog switch
44-46 Not Used
47 Digital Ground
48-50 Not Used
USB Channel Numbers

The HT13 includes Windows™-compatible software for full remote operation of the
equipment and data logging of all output signals. However, users may prefer to write
their own software for control and data logging, and for the convenience of those
wishing to do so, Armfield has provided additional USB drivers allowing operation of
the equipment via the USB socket on the IFD5 option of the HT10X or on the
HT10XC console. The relevant channel numbers for the HT13 are as follows:
Channel No Signal Function
Analog Outputs (0-5 V dc exported from socket)
32
Equipment Specifications
Ch 0 Signal C)Temperature T10 via analog switch (0 - 500
Temperatures T6-T9 via analog switch (0 – 133°C)
Note: T1-5 not used with HT13
Ch 0 Return
Ch 1 Signal Voltage V to light or heater (0 - 24 Volts DC)
Ch 1 Return
Ch 2 Signal Current to heater I (0 - 10 Amps)
Ch 2 Return
Ch 3 Signal Radiometer R (0 - 333 W/m2)
Ch 3 Return
Ch 4 Signal Lightmeter L (0 - 234 Lux)
Ch 4 Return
Ch 5 Signal Not used with HT13
Ch 5 Return
Ch 6 Signal Not used with HT13
Ch 6 Return
Ch 11-21 Not used
Analog Inputs (0-5V dc input from socket)
DACO Signal Voltage output V (Remote operation of 0 - 24 Volts)
DACO Ground
Not used
Digital Outputs (0-5V dc)
Not Used
Digital Inputs (0-5V dc)
Ch 0 Analog switch
Ch 1 Analog switch
33
Ch 2 Analog switch
Ch 3 Analog switch
Digital ground
Ch 4 Inhibit analog switch
Not used
Digital ground
Not used
Environmental Conditions
This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental
conditions. Operation outside of these conditions may result reduced performance,
damage to the equipment or hazard to the operator.
a. Indoor use;
b. Altitude up to 2000 m;
c. Temperature 5 °C to 40 °C;
d. Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C, decreasing

linearly to 50 % relative humidity at 40 °C;
e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10 % of the nominal voltage;
f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;
Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-

voltage) category II of IEC 60364-4-443;
g. Pollution degree 2.
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Typical of an office or laboratory environment
34
Routine Maintenance
Responsibility
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.
General
The radiometer and lightmeter are delicate instruments and must be treated with
care. The radiometer will be damaged if anything is inserted through the aperture in
the front face. The protective front cover should always be replaced when the
radiometer is not being used.
The HT10X/HT10XC service unit should be disconnected from the electrical supply
when not in use.
The heat source, light source and instrumentation on the HT13 accessory should be
disconnected from the service unit when not in use.
Storage
The HT13 accessory should be covered to prevent build up of dust on the heat
transfer surfaces when not in use. Any cover MUST be removed before connecting
the HT13 to the HT10X/Ht10XC service unit. If the heated plate or light source is
powered while covered then the equipment will be damaged and the cover could
catch fire.
The removable parts should be stored in a clean, dry location and should be
separated to avoid damage when not in use.
Cleaning
The surface of the heated plate should NOT be cleaned, to avoid damage to the
black heat transfer coating.
If the coating becomes damaged then the emissivity can be restored by sooting the
front surface. Mask the periphery of the disk using a cardboard collar then hold the
plate with the surface horizontal above the naked flame of a candle. Move the plate
over the candle until a uniform layer of soot is deposited.
RCD Test
Test the RCD by pressing the TEST button at least once a month. If the RCD button
does not trip when the Test button is pressed then the equipment must not be used
and should be checked by a competent electrician.
35
Laboratory Teaching Exercises
Index to Exercises
Exercise A: The Inverse Square Law for Heat
Exercise B: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Exercise C: Determination of the View Factor
Exercise D: Emissivity of Radiating Surfaces
Exercise E: Effect of Emissivity on Surface Temperature and Emitted Heat
Exercise F: Kirchoff’s Law
Exercise G: Exchange of Radiant Energy Between Surfaces
Exercise H: The Inverse Square Law for Light
Exercise I: The Lambert Cosine Law
Exercise J: Lamberts Law of Absorption
Exercise K: Project Work
Nomenclature
Name Symbol Unit
Heat exercises:
Voltage to heated plate V V
Diameter of heated plate D m
Heat transfer area A m2
Distance (heat source to

x m
radiometer)
Rate of heat flow (heat flux)

qb Wm-2
from a black body
Rate of heat flow received by

qr Wm-2
radiometer
Rate of heat flow from a grey

qn Wm-2
body
Quantity of heat Q W
Radiometer reading R Wm-2
36
Laboratory Teaching Exercises
Radiometer calibration factor C Dimensionless
Corrected Radiometer reading R Wm-2
Stefan Boltzmann constant  (= 56.7 x 10-9) Wm-2k-4
Absorptivity of target plate  Dimensionless
Emmisivity of target plate  Dimensionless
Area factor (geometric factor) F Dimensionless
Surface temperature of
Ts (=T10 + 273) K
heated plate
Temperature of radiometer &

Ta K
surroundings
Surface temperature of target

Tp (=T9 + 273) K
plate
Half angle of view (radiometer

 Degrees
to circular plate)
Width of aperture W m
Light exercises:
Voltage to light source V V
Lightmeter reading (=
luminous intensity I/flux L Lux
density)
Distance between (light

x m
source to lightmeter)
Absorptivity of filter  Dimensionless
Thickness of filter material t m
Angular position of light

degrees
source
Radius r m
Subscripts (Heat exercises):
37
a, b positions
Subscripts (Light exercises):
original intensity (no

o
filter)
intensity after filter

f
material
angular position
38
Exercise A: The Inverse Square Law for Heat
Objective
To show that the intensity of radiation on a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the surface from the source of the radiation (To
demonstrate the Inverse Square Law for thermal radiation).
Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer at different distances
from the heat source.
Equipment Required
HT13 Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange accessory
HT10X Heat Transfer Service Unit with IFD5 option
or
HT10XC Computer Compatible Heat Transfer Service Unit
Equipment Setup
Before proceeding with the exercise ensure that the equipment has been prepared
as follows:
Locate the HT13 'Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat Exchange'
accessory alongside the HT10X/HT10XC Heat Transfer Service Unit on a suitable
bench.
Attach the heated plate to the left hand end of the track. Ensure the bracket is
located on the dowels then secure it using the thumb screw.
Attach the radiometer to the right hand carriage using the front mounting rod and
secure it using the thumb screw.
Position the carriage with the radiometer at a distance of 900 mm from the heated
plate.
Connect the lead from the radiometer to the socket marked R on the front of the
HT10XC service unit.
Remove the protective cover from the front of the radiometer then allow the
radiometer to stabilise at room temperature (reading on top panel meter steady with
selector switch set to position R) then adjust the zero potentiometer (adjacent to the
socket marked R on the front of HT10X/HT10XC) until the reading on
HT10X/HT10XC is zero.
Replace the protective cover on the front of the radiometer until the radiometer is
required for taking readings.
Connect the thermocouple on the heated plate to the socket marked T10 on the front
of the service unit.
Connect the thermocouple on the polished plate to the socket marked T9 on the front
of the service unit and place the plate in a suitable location adjacent to the equipment
39
where it will not be subjected to sources of radiation (the plate will be used to provide
a measurement of the ambient temperature of the surroundings Ta).
Set the VOLTAGE CONTROL potentiometer to minimum (anticlockwise) and the

selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the heated plate on the
HT13 to the socket marked OUTPUT 3 on the HT10X or OUTPUT 2 on the HT10XC
at the rear of the service unit.
Ensure that the service unit is connected to an electrical supply.
Theory
If a pencil (a narrow parallel beam) of radiation is considered then the intensity of
radiation along the pencil, in the absence of scatter or absorption, is constant.
However, radiation from a surface does not behave as a pencil. At a distance x from
the heated surface the radiation is effectively distributed over the surface of a
hemisphere of radius x and as this distance is increased to 2x the surface area of the
hemisphere increases by a factor of four times. The radiometer can be considered to
be located on the surface of a hemisphere where the distance from the heat source
to the radiometer is the radius of the hemisphere. As the radiometer is moved away
from the heat source the radius increases and the reading on the radiometer will
therefore reduce by the inverse square of the distance.
Note: The distribution of the radiation from a heated surface is described by

Lamberts Cosine Law which will be demonstrated using the light source in Exercise I.
40
Exercise A
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source used in this exercise will become extremely hot in
operation. Take care not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.
Refer to the Operation section if you need details of the instrumentation and how to
operate it.
Switch on the front Mains switch (If the panel meters do not illuminate check the RCD
at the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up).
If operating the equipment remotely from a PC, check that the PC is connected to the
HT10X/HT10XC console via the USB socket. Set the manual/remote selector switch
to REMOTE. Check that the USB indicator lights on the console are both lit, and run
the HT13 software. (if operating the equipment manually using the HT10X/HT10XC
console then leave the selector switch set to MANUAL).
Set the Heater Voltage to 20 Volts. If operating remotely using a PC then set the
heater voltage using the control box on the software mimic diagram screen. If
operating manually from the HT10X/HT10XC console then adjust the VOLTAGE
CONTROL potentiometer to give a reading of 20 Volts on the top panel meter with
the selector switch set to position V.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. Monitor the temperature T10 on the mimic diagram
screen. (If operating manually then use the lower selector switch/meter to monitor
T10).
When T10 is stable remove the protective cover from the front of the radiometer and
allow the reading R from the radiometer to stabilise.
When T10 and R are stable, select the icon on the software toolbar to record the
following in the software results table:
Temperature of heated plate T10 (oC)
Temperature of surroundings T9 (oC)
Distance from heated plate to radiometer x (m)
Radiometer reading R (m)
If operating manually then use the upper and lower selector switches to display the
required variables, and record the values.
Move the Radiometer 100 mm towards the heated plate (move the carriage, do not
hold the radiometer body).
Wait for the reading from the radiometer to stabilise (approximately 90 seconds) then
record x and R.
Repeat the procedure in steps of 100 mm until the radiometer is 300 mm away from
the heated plate.
41
Note: If required, the radiometer may be positioned closer to the heated plate than
the suggested 300mm. However, the readings from the radiometer may exceed the
maximum range of the radiometer. At distances less than approximately 120mm the
heated plate will fill the view of the radiometer causing the inverse square law to
break down.
After taking the last reading move the radiometer to the far end of the track (away
from the heated plate) and set the Heater Voltage to zero.
CAUTION: As the heat source will be extremely hot following operation DO NOT
attempt to remove it from the end of the track until it has cooled sufficiently.
Results
Note: Each reading using the radiometer can be corrected as follows:
Radiometer correction
C (Dimensionless)
factor
Corrected radiometer
Rc (Wm-2)
reading (= R.C)
Note: A calibration factor is supplied with the radiometer to give improved accuracy
of results. Assume C = 1 if correction factor is not available.
C = 30.12/calibration factor
For this exercise the raw data is tabulated under the following headings:
Heater Voltage (constant) V Volts
Heater Current (constant) I Amps
Temperature of Heated Plate (constant) T10 (oC)
Temperature of surroundings (constant) T9 (oC)
Corrected radiometer reading Rc (Wm-2)
You should also estimate and record the experimental errors for these
measurements.
42
Exercise A
For each set of readings the derived results are tabulated under the following
headings:
Log R c
Log x
Estimate the cumulative influence of the experimental errors on your calculated

values for Log R c and Log x.
Plot a log-log graph of radiation R c against distance x from the heated plate similar
to the diagram below:
Calculate the gradient of the line
The gradient of the line should be approximately -2.
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how the intensity of thermal radiation on a surface (radiation
received by the radiometer) decreases with distance from a source of heat.
The gradient of -2 obtained from the graph of log R c versus log x shows that the
relationship is the inverse square (doubling the distance reduces the intensity
received by a factor of four times, increasing the distance by four times reduces the
intensity received by sixteen times).
Note: Exercise B should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
43
Exercise B: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Objective
To show that the intensity of radiation varies as the fourth power of the source
temperature (To demonstrate the Stefan-Boltzmann Law).
Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer at a fixed distance
from the heat source with the source at different surface temperatures.
Equipment Required
or
Note: If required, the black heated plate may be sooted to ensure that the surface
finish has an emissivity close to unity. The plate should be masked using cardboard
then held above a candle and moved around until the surface is uniformly covered
with soot.
The heated plate may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than
unity.
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
If not already fitted, attach the heated plate to the left hand end of the track. Ensure
the bracket is located on the dowels then secure it using the thumb screw.
plate.
HT10X/HT10XC service unit.
Allow the radiometer to stabilise at room temperature (reading on top panel meter
steady with selector switch set to position R) then adjust the zero potentiometer
(adjacent to the socket marked R on the front of HT10X/HT10XC) until the reading on
44
Exercise B

manual/remote selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the
heated plate on the HT13 to the socket marked OUTPUT 3 (HT10X) or OUTPUT 2
(HT10XC) at the rear of the service unit.
Theory
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that for a black body:
q b =  (Ts4 - Ta4)
where:
q b = Energy emitted by unit area of a black body surface (Wm-2)
 = Stefan Boltzmann constant ( = 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4)
Ts = Surface temperature of heated plate (K)
Ta = Temperature surroundings including radiometer (K)
If the distance between the heat source and the radiometer is fixed then the reading
on the radiometer will be related to the radiation emitted from the plate by a constant
factor F.
i.e. This factor F should remain constant if the Stefan Boltzmann relationship
is satisfied, i.e. q b is related to the fourth power of the temperatures.
Note: The origin of the view factor F between the heated plate and the radiometer is
demonstrated in Exercise C.
45
Procedure
operate it.
Switch on the front Mains switch. (If the panel meters do not illuminate check the
RCD at the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up.)
CONTROL potentiometer to give a reading of 4 Volts on the top panel meter with the
selector switch set to position V.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If operating with a PC then monitor temperature T10 on
the software screen. If operating manually using the HT10X/HT10XC console then
monitor temperature T10 using the lower selector switch/meter. When the
temperature of the plate is almost stable, move the radiometer to a position 300 mm
away from the plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).
Allow the radiometer to stabilise (approximately 90 seconds). Monitor temperature

T10 and radiometer R on the software screen (or, if operating manually, monitor T10
using the lower selector switch/meter and the radiometer R using the upper selector
switch/meter).
When T10 and R are stable select the icon on the software toolbar to record the
following:
Temperature of surroundings T9 (oC)
If operating the equipment manually using the HT10X/HT10XC console then use the
upper and lower selector switches to display each required variable, and manually
record the values.
Move the radiometer away from the heated plate to the far end of the track (to avoid
heating of the radiometer body). Set the Heater Voltage to 8 Volts. Wait for the
temperature of the plate T10 to stabilise then move the radiometer back to the 300
mm position.
Allow the reading from the radiometer to stabilise then record T10 and R.
46
Exercise B
Repeat the procedure, increasing the voltage to the heated plate in steps of 4 Volts
until the Heater Voltage is set to 24 Volts. (The radiometer must be moved away from
the heat source and returned to the 300 mm position for each reading to avoid
heating of the radiometer body.)
Results
Radiometer correction factor C (Dimensionless)
Corrected radiometer reading (= R.C) Rc (Wm-2)
Heater Voltage V Volts
Heater Current I Amps
Temperature of Heated Plate T10 (oC)
Distance from heated plate (constant) x (m)
measurements.
For this exercise the following constants are applicable:
= 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4
headings:
Ts (= T10 + 273) (K)
47
Ts4 (K4)
Ta (= T9 + 273) (K)
Ta4 (K4)
qb (Wm-2)
F (Dimensionless)

values for Ts4, Ta4, q b and F.
Compare the value obtained for F at different surface temperatures of the heated
black plate and comment on the validity of the Stefan Boltzmann relationship.
Conclusion
Allowing for experimental error in the measurements and the fact that a small error
becomes significant when raised to the fourth power, the exercise shows that the
power emitted by the heated black plate is related to the fourth power of the
temperatures involved and the Stefan Boltzmann Law is valid.
Note: Exercise C should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
48
Exercise C: Determination of the View Factor
Objective
To show that the intensity of radiation measured by the radiometer is directly related
to the radiation emitted from a source by the view factor between the radiometer and
the source.
Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer at different distances
from the heat source and comparing the radiation emitted with the radiation
measured.
Equipment Required
or
Note: If required, the black heated plate may be sooted to ensure that the surface
finish has an emissivity close to unity. The plate should masked using cardboard then
held above a candle and moved around until the surface is uniformly covered with
soot.
The heated plate may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than
unity.
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
Attach the heated plate to the left hand end of the track. Ensure the bracket is
located on the dowels then secure it using the thumb screw.
plate.
49

HT13 to the socket marked OUTPUT 3 (HT10X) or OUTPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear
Theory
As shown in exercise B, assuming that the black surface of the heated plate acts as
a black body then the radiation emitted by the plate (q b ) is given by:
q b =  (Ts4 - Ta4)
where
 = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 56.7x10-9 (Wm-2K-4)
Ts = Temperature of heated surface (K)
Ta = Temperature of surroundings including radiometer (K)
The radiation received by the radiometer (q r ) is related to the radiation emitted by the
source (q b ) by a view factor F where:
q r = F  (Ts4 - Ta4)
It can be shown that this view factor F is related to the angle of view and that for a
circular surface:
F = sin2 where  is the half angle of view from the radiometer to the surface as
shown in the diagram below.
50
Exercise C
Therefore:
q r = sin2  (Ts4 - Ta4)
The above relationship also explains the origin of the inverse square law
demonstrated in Exercise A.
Procedure
Note: The results from Exercise A can be used to complete this exercise. If results
from Exercise A are not available then the procedure below should be followed.
operate it.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. Monitor the temperature T10 and the radiometer output R
using the software display. (If operating the equipment manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console then monitor temperature T10 using the lower selector
switch/meter, and monitor the radiometer R using the upper selector switch/meter).
When T10 and R are stable select the icon from the software toolbar to record
the following:
51
Temperature of heated
T10 (oC)
plate
Temperature of
T9 (oC)
surroundings
Distance from heated plate

x (m)
to radiometer
If operating the equipment manually then use the upper and lower selector switches
to display each variable on the HT10X/HT10XC console, and record the values
manually.
Move the Radiometer 100 mm towards the heated plate (move the carriage, do not
hold the radiometer body).
Wait for the reading from the radiometer to stabilise (approximately 90 seconds) then
record x and R.
Repeat the procedure in steps of 100 mm until the radiometer is 300 mm away from
the heated plate.
Note: If required, the radiometer may be positioned closer to the heated plate than
the suggested 300mm. However, the readings from the radiometer may exceed the
maximum range of the radiometer. At distances less than approximately 120mm the
heated plate will fill the view of the radiometer giving a constant view factor.
Results
Radiometer correction
C (Dimensionless)
factor
Corrected radiometer
Rc (Wm-2)
reading (= R.C)
52
Exercise C
Heater Voltage (constant) V Volts
Heater Current (constant) I Amps
Temperature of Heated Plate (constant) T10 (oC)
measurements.
 = 56.7 x 10-9 (Wm-2k-4)
headings:
Ts (=T10 +273) (K)
Ts4 (K4)
Ta (=T9 + 273) (K)
Ta4 (K4)
F (= sin2)
q b (=  (Ts4 - Ta4)
q r (= F q b )

values for , F, q b and q r
Compare your calculated values for q r with the measured radiometer readings R c
and comment on the agreement.
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how the thermal radiation received by the radiometer (the
radiometer reading) is related to the total radiation emitted from a surface by the view
factor between the radiometer and the surface. The view factor changes when the
radiometer is moved relative to the surface.
53
Note: The shape of the surface also affects the view factor. This is demonstrated in
Exercise G. In the case of a circular plate the view factor F = sin2.
Note: Exercise D should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
54
Exercise D: Emissivity of Radiating Surfaces
Objective
To determine the emissivity of radiating surfaces with different finishes, namely
polished and grey (silver anodised) compared with matt black.
Method
By comparing the thermal radiation received by the radiometer from target plates with
different surface finishes which are heated by radiation from the heat source.
Equipment Required
or
Note: If required, the black plate used for this demonstration may be sooted to
ensure that the surface finish has an emissivity close to unity. The plate should be
soot.
The plate may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than unity.
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
Attach the radiometer to the right hand carriage using the rear mounting rod and
plate.
55
Attach the plate holder to the left hand carriage and position the carriage with the left
hand index mark 70 mm from the heated plate.
Locate one of the blackened plates in the left hand slot of the plate holder (closest to
the heated plate).
Connect the thermocouple on the blackened plate to the socket marked T7 on the
front of the service unit.

Theory
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law states that:
q b =  F  (Ts4 - Ta4) where  is the emissivity of the radiating surface and =1 for a
black body
Since the plate is not circular as in exercise C the view factor will not be sin2.
However, the actual view factor F can be determined using the blackened plate
where and
56
Exercise D
then for the non-black plates:
where:
q b = Energy emitted by unit area of a black body surface (Wm-2)
q n = Energy emitted by unit area of a non-black body surface (Wm-2)
 = Stefan Boltzmann constant ( = 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4)
Ts = Surface temperature of black body (K)
Ta = Temperature of radiometer and its surroundings (K)
Tp = Surface temperature of metal plate (K)
 = Emissivity of radiating surface (Dimensionless)
R = Reading from radiometer (Wm-2)
F = View factor (Dimensionless)
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source and metal plates used in this exercise will become
extremely hot in operation. Take care not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.
operate it.
HT10X/HT10XCC console via the USB socket. Set the manual/remote selector
switch to REMOTE. Check that the USB indicator lights on the console are both lit,
and run the HT13 software. (if operating the equipment manually using the
HT10X/HT10XCC console then leave the selector switch set to MANUAL).
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If using a computer then monitor the temperatures T7
and T10 on the software screen. If operating the equipment manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console then monitor temperatures T10 and T7 using the lower
selector switch/meter. When the temperature T7 of the blackened metal plate is
almost stable, move the radiometer as close as possible to the heated plate (move
the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).
57
Allow the radiometer reading to stabilise for approximately 90 seconds. If using the
computer then monitor temperature T7 and the radiometer output R on the software
screen. If operating the equipment manually then monitor T7 on the HT10X/HT10XC
console using the lower selector switch/meter, monitor the radiometer R using the
upper selector switch/meter.
When T7 and R are stable select the icon on the software toolbar to record the
following:
Temperature of heat
T10 (oC)
source (constant)
Temperature of
T9 (oC)
surroundings (constant)
Temperature of blackened
T7 (oC)
plate
Radiometer reading R (Wm-2K-4)
If operating the equipment manually then use the upper and lower selector switches
to display each required variable on the console, and record the values.
Move the radiometer away from the blackened plate to the far end of the track (to
avoid heating of the radiometer body).
Carefully remove the hot blackened plate taking care not to burn yourself. Place the
plate in a safe location.
Place the grey plate (anodised aluminium) in the left hand slot of the plate carrier
then connect the thermocouple to socket T8 on the HT10X/HT10XC.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If using a computer then monitor the temperatures T8
and T10 on the software screen. If operating the equipment manually then monitor
temperatures T10 and T8 using the console selector switches/displays. When the
temperature of the grey metal plate is almost stable, move the radiometer as close as
possible to the heated plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).
Allow the radiometer reading to stabilise then record T10, T8 and R.
Repeat the procedure using the polished plate in the carrier.
Results
58
Exercise D
Temperature of heated plate (constant) T10 (oC)
Temperature of black plate T7 (oC)
Termperature of grey plate T8 (oC)
measurements.
 = 56.7 x 10-9 Wm-2k-4
headings:
F From the readings using the blackened plate, calculate the view factor F
Tp (= T8 +273) Surface temperature of grey plate and (= T9 + 273) surface

temperature of polished plate (K)
 Calculate the emissivity for the grey plate and polished plate

values for F, Tp and .
Observe that the temperature of the heat source changes when plates of different
emissivity are placed in front of it. Explain the changes in the temperature of the heat
source.
Conclusion
The finish of a radiating surface affects the amount of energy absorbed and emitted
by the surface.
A blackened surface will receive and emit the maximum amount of energy.
A polished surface will receive and emit the minimum amount of energy.
59
A grey surface (in between the polished and black surface) will receive and emit a
proportion of the energy which is defined as the emissivity.
Exercise E demonstrates more clearly the practical aspects of emissivity and how it
affects radiating surfaces in close proximity.
Note: Exercise E should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
60
Exercise E: Effect of Emissivity on Surface Temperature
and Emitted Heat
Objective
To demonstrate how the emissivity of radiating surfaces in proximity to each other
will affect the surface temperatures and the heat emitted.
Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer at a fixed distance
from different combinations of metal plates which are heated by radiation from the
heat source. Seven different combinations of plates will be compared with the source
alone.
Equipment Required
or
Note: If required, the black plates used for this demonstration may be sooted to
ensure that the surface finish has an emissivity close to unity. The plates should be
soot.
The plates may be used unsooted but the emissivity will be slightly less than unity.
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
Attach the radiometer to the right hand carriage using the the rear mounting rod and
plate.
61
hand index mark 70 mm from the heat source.

Theory
The object of Exercise D was to determine the emissivity of different surfaces by
comparison of the intensity of radiation emitted by the surface with the radiation from
a black surface of the same size and shape.
This exercise demonstrates the practical aspects of emissivity by comparing the

temperatures of surfaces receiving and emitting radiation.
The metal plates should be sequentially combined for the tests (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
& I) as shown in the diagram above, using the black and polished plates provided.
Care should be taken to connect the thermocouple on each plate to the relevant
socket on the HT10X/HT10XC.
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source and metal plates used in this exercise will become
extremely hot in operation. Take care not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.
operate it.
62
Exercise E
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If using a computer, monitor temperature T10 on the
software screen. If operating the equipment manually, monitor temperature T10 using
the lower selector switch/meter on the HT10X/HT10XC console. When the
temperature of the heated plate is almost stable, move the radiometer as close as
possible to the heated plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).
Allow the radiometer to stabilise for approximately 90 seconds. On a computer,

continue to monitor temperature T10 and also monitor the radiometer R on the
software screen. If operating the equipment manually, monitor T10 and R using both
the lower and upper selector switches/meters).
When T10 and R are stable (run A) select the icon on the software toolbar to
record the following:
Distance from heated plate to Radiometer x (m)
Radiometer reading R (Wm-2)
If operating the equipment manually then use the upper ad lower selector
switches/displays to view each required variable, and record their values.
Move the radiometer away from the heated plate to the far end of the track (to avoid
heating of the radiometer body).
Locate one of the blackened plates (T7) in the plate holder (the slot closest to the
heated plate) then connect the thermocouple on the blackened plate to the socket
marked T7 on the front of the service unit.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If using a computer, monitor temperatures T7 and T10 on
the software screen. If operating the equipment manually, monitor temperatures T7
and T10 using the lower selector switch/meter on the HT10X/HT10XC console.
When the temperature of the plates is almost stable, move the radiometer as close
as possible to the blackened plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer
body).
Allow the radiometer to stabilise (continue to monitor temperatures T10 and T7. Also
monitor the radiometer R using the software display or the upper selector
switch/meter on the HT10X/HT10XC console).
63
When T10, T7 and R are stable (run B) record the following:
Temperature of blackened plate T7 (oC)
Distance from heated plate to Radiometer x (m)
Radiometer reading R (Wm-2)
If operating the equipment manually then use the upper and lower selector
switches/displays to view each required variable, and record their values.
Place the polished plate in the slot next to the blackened plate then connect the
thermocouple on the polished plate to socket T9 on the HT10X/HT10XC.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise (monitor temperatures T10, T7 and T9). When the
temperatures of the metal plates is almost stable, move the radiometer to a position
20 mm behind the original position with the blackened plate only -radiometer same
distance from each plate (move the carriage, do not hold the radiometer body).
Allow the radiometer reading to stabilise then record T10, T7, T9 and R (Run C).
Repeat the above procedure, changing the positions of the plates as follows
(indicated in the diagram):
D - Heat source T10, Black plate T7, Black plate T6
E - Heat source T10, Black plate T7, no plate, Black plate T6
F - Heat source T10, Black plate T7, Polished plate T9, Black plate T6
G - Heat source T10, Polished plate T9
H - Heat source T10, Polished plate T9, Black plate T7
I - Heat source T10, Polished plate T9, no plate, Black plate T7
The radiometer must be moved away from the heat source and returned to the same
position for each reading to avoid heating of the radiometer body. If using the
computer then you will need to create a new results sheet for each set of results. It
may be useful to rename each results sheet, e.g. ‘Run A’, ‘Run B’ etc.
Note: When removing hot plates from the plate carrier, disconnect the appropriate
thermocouple from the HT10X/HT10XC then carefully remove the plate from the
carrier taking care not to burn yourself (use the handle attached to the plate). Place
the plates in a safe location.
64
Exercise E
Results
Radiometer
Heated Combination
reading
Test Plate T10 Plate 1 Plate 2 Plate 3 of
No. Rc
°C plates
Wm-2
A Source only
B Black only
Black to
C
polished
D Black to black
Black to black
E
spaced
Black, polished,
F
black
G Polished only
Polished to
H
black
Polished to
I
black
Spaced
measurements.
65
Note: As the above surface temperatures measured in oC are used for comparison
only it is not necessary to convert them to units of K.
Compare the results obtained from each test and explain the differences in terms of
the emissivity combinations used.
The emissivity of a surface affects the heat transfer from or to the surface and
therefore affects heat transfer to or from adjacent surfaces.
Conclusion
In each configuration the temperature and radiometer readings are consistent with
the theory of emissivity whereby a polished surface does not receive or emit much
radiation compared with a black surface.
Note that the introduction of a polished surface in front of the heated plate causes the
temperature of the heated plate to rise because heat transfer from the black surface
is reduced. This is shown most clearly in arrangement B. It is clearly shown that
despite the heated plate operating at an increased temperature because heat loss
through radiation is considerably reduced, the amount of radiation received by the
radiometer is minimal.
The introduction of a secondary plate between the polished plate and the heated
plate results in a further reduction in radiation loss compared with case B.
To prevent radiation from a surface, a material having a low emissivity surface can
be employed as a radiation shield.
Increasing the distance or the number of intermediate surfaces reduces the overall
heat transfer by radiation.
Note: Exercise F should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
66
Exercise F: Kirchoff’s Law
Objective
To determine the validity of Kirchoff's Law which states that the emissivity of a grey
surface is equal to its absorptivity of radiation received from another surface when in
a condition of thermal equilibrium.
Method
By measuring the thermal radiation received by the radiometer when the body of the
radiometer is at different temperature than its surroundings.
Equipment Required
Source of cold, e.g. Refrigerator
Source of heat, e.g. Drying cabinet
or
Equipment Setup
Before proceeding with the exercise, ensure that the equipment has been prepared
as follows:
bench.
plate.
67
hand index mark 70 mm from the heat source.
Locate the grey anodised aluminium plate in the slot nearest the heat source.
Connect the thermocouple on the grey plate to the socket marked T8 on the front of
the service unit.

HT13 to the socket marked Output 3 (HT10X) or OUTPUT 2 (HT10XC) at the rear of
the service unit.
Theory
For a grey body having area A 1 , temperature T 1 , emissivity  1 and absorptivity  1
surrounded by a black enclosure of area A 2 at the same temperature T 1 then for
thermal equilibrium the grey body must absorb as much radiation as it emits. If the
emissivity is different to the absorptivity then the temperature of the grey body would
not stabilise when the surroundings are at the same temperature as the body.
i.e.  1 T 1 4A 1 = T 1 4A 1
68
Exercise F
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source and metal plate used in this exercise will become
extremely hot in operation. Take not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.
operate it.
Allow the HT13 to stabilise. If using a computer, monitor temperatures 8 and T10 on
the software screen. If operating the equipment manually, monitor temperatures T8
and T10 using the lower selector switch/meter on the HT10X/HT10XC console.
When the temperature of the grey plate is almost stable, move the radiometer to a
position 300 mm away from the grey plate (move the carriage, do not hold the
radiometer body).
Allow the radiometer to stabilise (approximately 90 seconds). Monitor temperature T8

and the radiometer output R on the software screen, or manually on the
HT10X/HT10XC console using the lower selector switch/meter for T10 and the upper
selector switch/meter for R.
When T8 and R are stable, select the icon on the software toolbar to record the
following:
Temperature of heat source T10 (oC)
Temperature of grey plate T8 (oC)
Distance from grey plate to Radiometer x (m)
69
If operating the equipment manually, use the console display switches/displays to

view each variable, and manually record the values.
Remove the radiometer from the track, disconnect the connecting lead from the
radiometer body and place the radiometer in a cold location for ten minutes e.g. a
refrigerator.
Remove the radiometer from the cold location. Quickly reconnect the lead then use
the icon (or manual recording of the HT10X/HT10XC display) to obtain readings
from the radiometer for the walls of the room then the grey plate at a distance of 300
mm, allowing the radiometer to stabilise for approximately 90 seconds between
readings. (Do not adjust the zero potentiometer on the HT10X/HT10XC).
Remove the radiometer again and place it in a warm location for ten minutes, e.g. a
drying cabinet but DO NOT exceed a temperature of 60oC.
Remove the radiometer from the warm location. Quickly reconnect the lead then
obtain readings from the radiometer for the walls of the room then the grey plate at a
distance of 300 mm, allowing the radiometer to stabilise for approximately 90
seconds between readings. (Do not adjust the zero potentiometer on the
HT10X/HT10XC.)
Note: When the radiometer is returned from the cold or warm location it will gradually
return to room temperature causing the readings to drift.
This exercise is only a demonstration. Accurate, steady readings are not required.
Results
C = 30.12/calibration factor.
Corrected radiometer Corrected radiometer

Condition of radiometer
reading grey plate reading walls of room
70
Exercise F
Body at room temperature
Cold radiometer body
Warm radiometer body
measurements.
Compare the readings obtained with the radiometer body at different temperatures
and comment on the differences.
Conclusion
When the radiometer body and the walls of the room have stabilised at the same
temperature radiation from the walls to the radiometer and radiation from the
radiometer to the walls are equal. No net radiation is received or emitted by the
radiometer and the reading from the radiometer is zero. (The zero potentiometer on
the HT10X/HT10XC is adjusted to ensure that any offset in the measuring circuit is
eliminated giving a true reading of zero under the above conditions.)
When the radiometer body is colder than the walls, the reading from the radiometer is
greater than zero because the temperature difference results in net radiation towards
the radiometer (radiation is absorbed by the radiometer body from its surroundings
which eventually raises the body to ambient temperature ).
When the radiometer body is warmer than the walls, the reading from the radiometer
is less than zero (the reading becomes negative) because the temperature difference
results in net radiation away from the radiometer (radiation is emitted by the
radiometer to its surroundings which eventually reduces the body to ambient
temperature).
The increase and decrease in the radiometer reading is repeated when the
radiometer is used to measure the radiation from the heated grey plate. In this case
the temperature difference between the radiometer and its surroundings results in an
offset in the reading when viewing the heated grey plate.
For stabilisation to occur the radiation emitted by the radiometer body must match
the radiation absorbed by the body. This is Kirchoff's Law. If the absorptivity and
emissivity of the body were different then stabilisation would not occur.
Note: The emissivity and absorptivity of a body may vary with the wavelength of the
radiation. The demonstration of the effect of wavelength is beyond the scope of this
equipment.
Note: Exercise G should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
71
Exercise G: Exchange of Radiant Energy between
Surfaces
Objective
To demonstrate that the exchange of radiant energy from one surface to another is
dependent upon their interconnecting geometry, i.e. a function of the amount that
each surface can see of the other.
Method
By introducing a variable aperture between the heated plate and the radiometer to
show how the radiation received by the radiometer depends on the shape of the plate
which is visible.
Equipment Required
Steel rule
or
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
plate.
72
Exercise G
Attach the aperture plate holder to the left hand carriage and position the carriage
300 mm away from the heat source. Do not install the aperture plates at this point.
Theory
The radiant exchange of heat between one radiating black surface and another is
dependent on the amount that each surface can 'see' of the other surface (each
surface absorbs some of the radiation emitted by the other).
In order to solve radiant heat transfer problems, an area factor F (geometric or

configuration factor) is introduced where F is defined by the fraction of energy
emitted per unit time by one surface that is intercepted by the other surface.
Considering the simple case where a small hot surface at temperature Ta and area
Aa is surrounded by a relatively large cold surface at temperature Tb and area Ab
then the radiant heat exchange (Q ab ) between two black surfaces is given by:
Q ab = A a F ab  (Ta4 - Tb4)
This simple equation Ii
s applicable to the case of radiation from the heated plate (Ta/Aa) to the surrounding
room at ambient temperature (Ta). The radiometer is effectively a small area of the
surroundings at temperature Ta.
73
When aperture plates are introduced between the heated plate and the radiometer
the view changes and the factor F accounts for this change. The area factor F
includes any effect due to emissivity (the room is not a true black body).
Note: In more complex arrangements, area factors are found by analysis, numerical
approximation and analogy, and results for common configurations have been
published in graphical form.
Procedure
CAUTION: The heat source and used in this exercise will become extremely hot in
operate it).
Switch on the front Mains switch (If the panel meters do not illuminate check the RCD
at the rear of the service unit, the switch should be up).
Monitor the temperature T10 on the software screen (or if operating the equipment
manually use the selector switch and display on the HT10X/HT10XC console). When
the temperature T10 is stable locate the aperture plates in the holder with the cork
insulated side facing the radiometer. Clamp the plates as far apart as possible in the
holder.
Position the radiometer 300 mm away from the heated plate (do not hold the
radiometer body while moving it) wait for 90 secs for the radiometer to stabilise then
select the icon on the software toolbar to record the following:
Aperture width W (= 0) (m)
Radiometer reading R0 (Wm-2)
(If operating the equipment manually then use the lower selector switch/display on
the console to display the value of R, and record the required values manually).
Slide the aperture plates apart to create a gap of 5 mm, measured using a steel rule.
Wait for the reading from the radiometer to stabilise for approximately 90 seconds
then record W and R.
74
Exercise G
Repeat the procedure moving the aperture in steps of 5mm until the radiometer
reading remains constant.
After taking the last reading set the Voltage Control to zero (heat source off) and
move the radiometer away from the heat source.
Results
Voltage (constant) V (Volts)
Temperature of heated plate (constant) T10 (oC)
Corrected radiometer (no aperture plate) R0 (Wm-2)
For each setting of the aperture plate:
Width of aperture W (m)
measurements.
headings:

values for F.
Plot a graph of area factor F against width of aperture W.
75
Your graph should be similar to the diagram below.
Account for the profile of the curve in terms of the area factor between the black
heated plate and the radiometer.
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how the amount of heat radiated from one surface to
another depends on the shape / area visible.
Note: Exercise H should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
76
Exercise H: The Inverse Square Law for Light
Objective
To show that the illuminance of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance of the surface from the light source (To demonstrate the Inverse Square
Law for light).
Method
By measuring the light radiation received by the light meter (the surface) at different
distances from the light source.
Equipment Required
or
Equipment Setup
Note: This exercise uses visible light and must be performed in subdued light. A
darkened room is preferable but satisfactory results can be obtained in subdued light
by measuring the ambient light with the light source switched off and deducting this
reading from the actual reading obtained with the light source switched on.
as follows:-
bench.
Attach the light source to the left hand end of the track. Ensure the bracket is located
on the dowels then secure it using the thumb screw. Ensure that the front of the light
source is square to the track with the angle indicator set to 0 degrees.
Attach the lightmeter to the right hand carriage and secure it using the thumb screw.
Position the carriage with the lightmeter at a distance of 200 mm from the light
source (index mark on carriage aligned with 200 mm on scale).
Connect the lead from the lightmeter to the socket marked L on the front of the

selector switch to MANUAL then connect the power lead from the light source on the
77
Theory
If a pencil (a narrow parallel beam) of radiation is considered then the intensity of
radiation along the pencil, in the absence of scatter or absorption, is constant.
However, radiation from a surface does not behave as a pencil. At a distance x from
the illuminated surface the radiation is effectively distributed over the surface of a
hemisphere of radius x and as this distance is increased to 2x the surface area of the
hemisphere increases by a factor of four times. The lightmeter can be considered to
be located on the surface of a hemisphere where the distance from the light source
to the radiometer is the radius of the hemisphere. As the radiometer is moved away
from the light source the radius increases and the reading on the lightmeter will
therefore reduce by the inverse square of the distance.
Note: The distribution of the radiation from an illuminated surface is described by

Lamberts Cosine Law which will be demonstrated in Exercise I.
Procedure
CAUTION: The light source used in this exercise will become hot in operation. Take
not to burn yourself on the hot surfaces.
operate it.
78
Exercise H
Monitor the lightmeter L on the software mimic diagram screen. If operating the
equipment manually using the HT10X/HT10XC console then monitor L using the
upper selector switch/meter.
Adjust the voltage supply to the light source until the lightmeter output (monitored on
the software screen or manually on the HT10X/HT10XC console) indicates 230 Lux.
The voltage may be adjusted using the control box on the software screen, or
manually with the HT10X/HT10XC console using the VOLTAGE CONTROL
potentiometer. (NOTE: The highest accurate reading of the lightmeter is 234 Lux,
and this should therefore be considered the full scale reading).
When the reading L is stable (almost immediately) select the icon on the
software toolbar to record the following:
Distance from light source to lightmeter x (m)
Light meter reading L (Lux)
(If operating the equipment manually then use the HT10X/HT10XC console to display
the lightmeter output, and record the value manually).
Move the lightmeter 100 mm away from the light source.
Enter the new distance from light source to lightmeter, x, on the mimic diagram.
Wait for the reading from the lightmeter to stabilise then record x and L.
Repeat the procedure moving the lightmeter in steps of 100 mm until the lightmeter is
900 mm away from the light source. If using a computer then remember to enter the
distance x for each set of results.
After taking the last reading set the Voltage Control to zero (light source off).
CAUTION: As the light source will be hot following operation DO NOT attempt to
remove it from the end of the track until it has cooled sufficiently.
Results
79
Voltage V Volts
Distance from light source x (m)
Lightmeter reading L (Lux)
measurements.
headings:
Log L
Log x

values for Log L and Log x.
Plot a log-log graph of light meter reading L (illuminance) against distance x from the
light source and draw the best straight line through the points. Your graph should be
a straight line similar to the diagram below:
Calculate the gradient of the line.
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how the illumination on a surface (radiation received by the
lightmeter) decreases with distance from a source of light.
The gradient of -2 obtained from the graph of log L versus log x shows that the
relationship is the inverse square (doubling the distance reduces the intensity
received by a factor of four times, four times the distance reduces the intensity
received by sixteen times).
Note: Exercise I should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
80
Exercise I: The Lambert Cosine Law
Objective
To show that the energy radiated in any direction at an angle with a surface is equal
to the normal radiation multiplied by the cosine of the angle between the direction of
radiation and the normal to the surface (To demonstrate the Lambert Cosine Law for
light).
Method
By measuring the light radiation received by the light meter with the light source
rotated through different angles relative to the light meter.
Equipment Required
or
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
Attach the light meter to the right hand carriage and secure it using the thumb screw.
Position the carriage with the light meter at a distance of 200 mm from the light
source (index mark on carriage coincides with 200 mm on scale).
Connect the lead from the light meter to the socket marked L on the front of the

81
Theory
Lamberts Law of diffuse radiation states that the intensity of radiation along a ray is
proportional to the cosine of the angle between the ray and a line perpendicular to
the radiating surface.
i.e.
where:
I 0 = Intensity of radiation in the direction normal to the surface, i.e.
= Intensity of radiation in a direction at an angle to the
normal (Lux)
Procedure
operate it.
82
Exercise I
Monitor the lightmeter output, L. If using a computer then L can be monitored on the
software mimic diagram screen. If operating the equipment manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console then L may be monitored on the upper display panel with
the upper selector switch set to Lux.
When the reading L is stable (almost immediately) select the icon on the software
toolbar to record the following:
Angular position of light source (degrees)
Light meter reading L (Lux)
(If operating the equipment manually then use the HT10X/HT10XC console to
display the lightmeter output, and record the value manually).
Rotate the body clockwise by 10 degrees.
Enter the new angular position of the light source in the data entry box on the
software mimic diagram screen.
Wait for the reading from the light meter to stabilise then record and L.
Repeat the procedure rotating the light source clockwise in steps of 10o until the light
source is at 90o to the light meter. If using a computer then remember to enter the
new angular position each time.
Return the light source to the 0o position then repeat the readings rotating the body of
the light source anti-clockwise.
Results
83
Voltage V (Volts)
Angular position of light source (degrees)
Light meter reading L at angle (Lux)
measurements.
headings:
cos

values for .
Plot a graph of lightmeter reading L against the angular position of the light source
from = -90o to +90o. Plot the graph of I 0 cos against and show that your
results follow the cosine relationship.
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how the illumination from a surface (radiation received by
the light meter at different angles to the surface) changes in a cosine relationship.
Note: Exercise J should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
84
Exercise J: Lamberts Law of Absorption
Objective
To show that light passing through non-opaque material is reduced in intensity in
proportion to the thickness and absorptivity of the material (to demonstrate Lamberts
law of Absorption).
Method
By measuring the light received by the lightmeter, the light from the source having
passed through different combinations of filter plates with different absorption
characteristics.
Equipment Required
or
Equipment Setup
as follows:
bench.
Attach the light meter to the right hand carriage and secure it using the thumb screw.
Position the carriage with the lightmeter at a distance of 200 mm from the light
source
Connect the lead from the lightmeter to the socket marked L on the front of the
Attach the filter plate holder to the left hand carriage and position the carriage at a
distance of 100 mm from the light source (central index mark on carriage aligned with
100 mm on scale).
85

Theory
Lamberts Law of absorption states that:
The luminous intensity (I f ) after having penetrated the absorbing filter material is
given by:
I f = I 0 e-t
where:
I 0 = Original luminous intensity (Lux)
I f = Luminous intensity after filter (Lux)
t = Thickness of filter material (m)
 = Absorptivity of the filter material (Dimensionless)
i.e. the luminous intensity is reduced by absorption of the light within the material, the
amount of absorption depending on the thickness t and the absorptivity .
86
Exercise J
In practice, part of the light is reflected at the front surface of the filter and does not
pass through the filter. It is necessary therefore to deduct this reflected light when
considering absorption within the filter.
The above equation must be amended to include this reflected loss (I r ) as follows:
I f = (I 0 - I r )e-t
For any setting of the light source, the value of I r can be estimated from the readings
taken using three filter plates of the same thickness and same optical density
(absorptivity). The technique is described below.
Procedure
operate it.
RCD and circuit breakers at the rear of the service unit, all switches at the rear
should be up.)
Monitor the lightmeter output, L. If using a computer then L can be monitored on the
software mimic diagram screen. If operating the equipment manually using the
HT10X/HT10XC console then L may be monitored on the upper display panel with
the upper selector switch set to Lux.
When the reading L is stable (almost immediately) select the icon on the
software toolbar to record the following:
Lightmeter reading (no filter installed) L (= I 0 )
(If operating the equipment manually then use the HT10X/HT10XC console to
display the lightmeter output, and record the value manually).
Obtain readings for filters with the same optical density (absorptivity) but increasing
thickness as follows:
87
Record the lightmeter reading L (= I f ) with one of the medium filters (t = 3 mm).
Repeat the reading (= I f ) with two of the medium density filters (t = 6 mm).
Repeat the reading (= I f ) with three of the medium density filters
(t = 9 mm).
Obtain readings for filters with increasing optical density (absorptivity) but constant
thickness as follows:
Record the lightmeter reading L (= I f ) with the lightest filter only
(t = 3 mm).
Repeat the reading (= I f ) with one of the medium filters only
(t = 3 mm).
Repeat the reading (= I f )with the darkest filter only
(t = 3 mm).
Results
Voltage (V must be constant) V (Volts)
Light meter reading L with no filters I0 (Lux)
Light meter reading L with one medium filter If (Lux)
Light meter reading L with two medium filters If (Lux)
88
Exercise J
Light meter reading L with three medium filters If (Lux)
Light meter reading L with one light filter If (Lux)
Light meter reading L with one medium filter If (Lux)
Light meter reading L with one dark filter If (Lux)
measurements.
If a computer is available use the HT13 software to obtain suitable values for I r and 
(for the medium density filter) which give calculated results for I f , (med density) I f and
I f which compare with your measured values.
If a computer is not available then an approximate result can be obtained using a

graphical analysis. Plot the graph of If against t for the three filters with the same
medium optical density and estimate the best curve through the points. The intercept
on the y axis is the amount of light reflected. Your graph should be similar to the
diagram below
headings:
 light
 med
 dark
Observe that  for the medium density filters is constant for the three plates of equal
optical density and effective increasing thickness. Observe that  for the light filter is
less than  for the medium filter which is less than  for the dark filter i.e.  increases
with increasing optical density.

values for I r and for  for each filter sample.
89
Conclusion
You have demonstrated how light passing through a non-opaque material reduces in
luminous intensity. The amount of light absorbed by the material depends on the
absorptivity of the material and the thickness of the material.
You have also seen that not all of the light incident on the material passes through
the material as some of the light is scattered or reflected at the air/material interface.
The proportion of the light reflected depends on the reflectivity of the material
surface.
Note: Exercise K should be carried out on the completion of this exercise.
90
Exercise K: Project Work
Project Work
The design of the HT13, with the provision of a radiometer (for the measurement of
thermal radiation) and a lightmeter (for the measurement of light radiation) and the
facility to position samples of metal plates between a heat source and the radiometer
or optical filters between a light source and the lightmeter makes the accessory ideal
for student project work. Typical exercises might include:
Emissivity determination (heat):

Analysis of the emissivity of a range of different materials or surface finishes using
the technique described in exercise D. The colour of a surface is not a reliable
indication of its emissivity and a trial of different materials/different surface finishes
would provide interesting project work.
The sample plates of material should be large enough to prevent any part of the heat
source plate from being viewed directly by the radiometer when taking readings.
A hole will be required at the centre of the plate to allow a type K thermocouple to be
attached. If suitable thermocouples are not available then the thermocouple attached
to one of the plates supplied by Armfield can be removed and transferred from
sample to sample as the tests are performed.
Similarly the mounting bracket can be transferred to the samples to utilise the
existing support block if required.
Absorptivity determination (light):

Analysis of the absorptivity of a range of different materials which are not opaque
using the technique described in exercise J.
Samples should be a maximum of 9mm thick to fit into the existing carrier. Materials
in excess of this can be used provided that alternative mounting arrangements are
organised.
The samples of material should be large enough to prevent any part of the light
source from being viewed directly by the lightmeter when taking readings.
Reflectivity determination (Effect of surface finish):

Analysis of the effect of surface finish/roughness on the amount of light reflected from
a surface. Samples of the same optical density should be prepared, each with a
different surface roughness/surface finish. The technique described in exercise J can
be applied to determine the amount of light reflected from each sample.
The radiometer can be used independently from the HT13 for analysis of heat
transfer/heat exchange due to radiation, e.g. heat loss from the walls of buildings.
Note: The reading from the radiometer is a measurement of the thermal radiation
received by the radiometer. To convert this reading into a measurement of radiation
from the surface under evaluation then the emissivity of the surface and the view
factor between the surface and the radiometer must be considered.
The body of the radiometer acts as a reference at ambient temperature. The body
must not therefore be subjected to any heating or cooling (e.g. holding the body will
increase the temperature of the body). If used independently from the HT13 then
91
arrangements should be made to mount the radiometer without the operator touching
the body or allowing other heat sources to affect it.
Use of a Light meter:

The light meter can be used independently from the HT13 for analysis of incident
light provided that the illumination levels are within the range of the lightmeter.
Designing a model to demonstrate heat transfer by radiation

An interesting project for students who have completed the previous training
exercises is to build and test a heat transfer model of their own design.
The HT10X/HT10XC service unit provides the necessary power supplies and
instrumentation to operate such a model. Provided that the model is constructed with
the following principles it can be connected directly to the HT10X/HT10XC service
unit for evaluation:
The heater must operate from a 24 Volt DC electrical supply at a maximum

current of 9 Amps (216 Watts maximum).
The thermocouples must be type K and terminated with a suitable thermocouple

plug for the socket to which they will be connected. Thermocouples measuring
temperatures in excess of 133°C must NOT be connected to channels T1 - T9 on
HT10XC. Thermocouples measuring C must NOT be connected to channels T1 -
temperatures in excess of 200 T9 on HT10X.
Where appropriate, any of the exercises A to G or the project work suggested above
might be applied to the model constructed by the student.
Where a black surface is required the surface can be treated by sooting the surface
using a candle. The adjacent surfaces should be masked then the surface to be
treated moved above the naked flame of the candle until uniformly coated with soot.
92
Contact Details for Further Information
Main Office: Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk
US Office: Armfield Inc.
436 West Commodore Blvd (#2)

Jackson, NJ 08527
Tel: (732) 928 3332

Fax: (732) 928 3542
Email: info@armfieldinc.com
93

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Laws of Radiant Heat Transfer and Radiant Heat

General Overview ....................................................................................................... 2

Important Safety Information....................................................................................... 7

Metal Target Plates ............................................................................................... 10

Light Source .......................................................................................................... 11

Installation Process ............................................................................................... 13

Operating the Software.......................................................................................... 17

Operating the Equipment....................................................................................... 27

Overall Dimensions ............................................................................................... 31

I/O Port Pin Connections ....................................................................................... 31

USB Channel Numbers ......................................................................................... 32

Routine Maintenance ................................................................................................ 35

Laboratory Teaching Exercises................................................................................. 36

Index to Exercises ................................................................................................. 36

Exercise A: The Inverse Square Law for Heat .......................................................... 39

Exercise B: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law.................................................................... 44

Exercise C: Determination of the View Factor .......................................................... 49

Exercise D: Emissivity of Radiating Surfaces ........................................................... 55

Exercise E: Effect of Emissivity on Surface Temperature and Emitted Heat ............ 61

Exercise F: Kirchoff’s Law......................................................................................... 67

Exercise G: Exchange of Radiant Energy between Surfaces ................................... 72

Exercise H: The Inverse Square Law for Light.......................................................... 77

Exercise I: The Lambert Cosine Law ........................................................................ 81

Exercise J: Lamberts Law of Absorption................................................................... 85

Exercise K: Project Work .......................................................................................... 91

Contact Details for Further Information ..................................................................... 93

United Kingdom International

(0) 1425 478781 +44 (0) 1425 478781

Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

Copyright and Trademarks

Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright

Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or

HT13 with Heat Source and Radiometer fitted

HT13 with Light Source and Light Meter fitted

Figure 1: Identification of Components on HT13

Figure 2: HT10X Front View

Figure 3: HT10X Rear View

Figure 4: HT10XC Front View

Figure 5: HT10XC Rear View

To give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current

 Do not touch any surfaces with a ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning label.

 Do not cover or store the equipment until it has cooled.

 Always operate the apparatus according to the Operational Procedures

 The apparatus should not be left unattended while switched on.

Metal Target Plates

Each metal plate incorporates a type K thermocouple, to indicate the surface

The lightmeter is connected to the socket marked L on the HT10X/HT10XC, using

To install the equipment:

Refer to the Equipment Diagrams.

Connect the HT13 to the HT10X/HT10XC service unit as follows:

Temperature Sensors (type K thermocouples)

Connect the miniature thermocouple plugs from temperature sensors T6 and T7

Connect the miniature thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T8 attached to

Connect the miniature thermocouple plug from temperature sensor T9 attached to

DC Voltage to Heated plate or Light source

Set the manual/remote selector switch (27) to the MANUAL position.

The CD should run automatically. If Autorun is disabled, select ‘Run…’ from

Follow the instructions on the screen. The PC will need to be restarted