Marion Miñano OS 204 Portfolio Note 2 Skull and Mandible foramina 9 – Medial pterygoid

Supraorbital Nerves and BV will also come out here 11 – Mylohyoid

Skull and Infraorbital 16 - Temporalis
foramina Muscles of mastication Medial and lateral pterygoid, Masseter, Temporalis
Adult skull Maxillary bone Hollow inside for maxillary sinus; Maxillary hiatus – drainage of Maxilla
Top – Intramembranous, Bottom - Endochondral maxillary sinus into nasal cavity Upper jaw; Form anterior nasal spine along inf surface of nasal cavity
Neurocranium Paired – Parietal, Temporal Infraorbital Ophthalmic → Ant and pos ethmoidal arteries →Ethmoid bone (palpable); Contains infraorbital margin and inferior orbital surface
Unpaired – Occipital, Ethmoid, Sphenoid ophthalmic Internal carotid A – supplies eyeball thru central retinal A Infraorbital foramen Passage for infraorbital artery and nerve
Viscerocraniu Paired – Nasal, Inferior nasal conchae, Lacrimal, Palatine, artery Alveolar processes Inferior portions of maxilla; House upper set of
m Zygoma, Maxilla Paranasal sinuses teeth
Unpaired – Vomer, Mandible Air-filled chambers; Mucus lining humidify and warm inhaled air; Provides Hard palate Ant - Palatine process of maxilla
Foramina Supraorbital, Infraorbital, Mental, Foramen magnum resonance; Need a way to drain into nose Pos – Palatine bone
Sutures Lambdoid, Coronal, Sagittal Frontal and Maxillary sinus drains into maxillary hiatus (Palpable)
Pterion Meeting of frontal, sphenoid, squamous temporal and parietal Maxillary Maxillary sinus Lateral to nasal cavity in each maxilla
bones Ethmoid Right next to eyeballs Zygomatic process Lateral articulation of maxilla w/ zygomatic bone
Asterion Meeting of parietal, occipital and temporal bones Sphenoid Most posterior Frontal process Superior articulation of maxilla w/ frontal bone
Neonate skull Bony septum Formed by perp plate of ethmoid and vomer
Many suture still open; Ossifies late in 2nd month; Frontal bone = fusion of 2 frontal Vomer – divides posterior part of nasal cavity
bones connected by metopic suture; Mandible + Frontal bones start as 2 halves Landmarks of Cranial Fossa Sella turcica Houses pituitary gland; Easier to go trans-
then fuse sphenoidal
Fontanelles Foramen Passing Structures Medial and lateral Extensions of sphenoid bone
Fibrous CT; Allow overlap to lessen transverse and anteroposterior diameters Anterior Cranial Fossa pterygoid plates
during childbirth; Cover unfused sutures; Allows skull to flex during birth = more Foramen cecum Emissary vein fr/ superior sagittal sinus Incisive fossa Depression behind incisors
pliable for passage into birth canal Foramina of cribriform Olfactory nerve (CN I ) bundles Incisive foramen Near ant margin of fused palatine processes; Lies
Lateral Overlain by temporalis muscle; Fuse at infancy; Sphenoid plate in hard palate directly behind incisors; Carries
fontanelle fontanelle, Mastoid fontanelle – Closes 18 months after birth Middle Cranial Fossa sphenopalatine artery and nasopalatine nerve
Anterior Largest, becomes bregma; Closes 18 months after birth Optic Canal Optic nerve (CN I); Ophthalmic artery Palatine bone
fontanelle Superior Orbital Oculomotor nerve (CN III); Trochlear nerve (CN IV); Small; Distinct L shape; Form part of hard palate, nasal cavity and orbit
Posterior Triangular, becomes lambda, Closes 1-2 months after birth Fissure Abducens (CN VI); Lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary Horizontal plate Contains greater and lesser palatine foramina – NV
fontanelle branches of ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve ( CN supply of upper teeth; Forms pos portion of hard
Sutures V1); Superior ophthalmic vein palate
Synathroidal (immovable), Formed thru ossification Foramen Rotundum Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (CN V2) Perpendicular plate Forms part of lateral wall of nasal cavity and
Coronal suture Divides frontal and parietal Foramen Ovale Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3); choana (posterior nasal aperture)
Sagittal suture Divides paired parietal Accessory meningeal artery Orbital process Forms part of medial wall of orbit
Lambdoid Divides parietal and temporal Foramen Spinosum Middle meningeal artery and vein
suture Foramen Lacerum Nothing; Internal carotid artery passes over
Bregma Meeting of coronal and sagittal sutures; Bet frontal and parietal Posterior Cranial Fossa Nasal Complex
bones Internal Acoustic Facial nerve (CN VII); Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN
Lambda Meeting of lambdoid and sagittal sutures, Bet occipital and Meatus VIII); Labyrinthine artery/ Internal acoustic artery Roof Cribriform plate; Parts of frontal and sphenoid
parietal Jugular Foramen Glossopharyngeal nerve(CN IX); Vagus nerve (CN X); bones
Ext occipital Bet occiput and subocciput; Landmark at posterior occipital Accessory nerve (CN XI); Sigmoid sinus; Posterior Floor Palatine processes of maxilla; Horiz plates of
protuberance bone, Sometimes form islets meningeal artery palatine bones
Cranial cavity Hypoglossal Canal Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) Lateral walls Ethmoid bone; Maxillae; Inferior nasal conchae;
Internal surface, 3 large depressions from bowl-shaped floor Foramen Magnum Medulla oblongata; Vertebral arteries; Meningeal Perpend plates of palatine and lacrimal bones
Anterior cranial Shallowest; Occ by inferior and anterior parts of frontal lobes branches of vertebral arteries; Spinal roots of accessory Frontal bone
fossa Ant – frontal bone nerves (CN XI) Connected to nasal complex thru opening of cribriform plate and ethmoid
Greater part – Orbital parts of frontal bone sinus; Ethmoid sinus separated to orbit by lamina papyracae
Mid – Ethmoid Nasal bone
Pos – Body and lesser wings of sphenoid Jaw and Roof of Mouth Paired bones; Medial edge of each maxilla articulates w/ lateral edge of bone;
Middle cranial Butterfly shape; Border bet mid and pos cranial fossa Articulates w/ frontal bone (nasion); Commonly fractured
fossa Central – Sella turcica, Sphenoid Mandible Lacrimal bone
Lateral – Greater wings of sphenoid, Squamous parts of Entire lower jaw; Supports inferior teeth; Provides attachment for muscles of Small paired from medial wall of each orbit
temporal bones (lat), Petrous parts of temporal bones (pos) mastication Lacrimal groove Inferior opening for nasolacrimal duct (drains tears
Posterior Largest and deepest; Lodges cerebellum, pons and medulla Horizontal body Contains mental foramen w/c transmits mental into nasal cavity)
cranial fossa oblongata nerve (CN V) for chin Lacrimal fossa Houses lacrimal sac (drains tears into nasal cavity)
Mostly – Occipital bone Rami Ascending vertical posterior; Medial contains not lacrimal gland
Ant and cent – Dorsum sellae of sphenoid mandibular foramen – transmits inf alveolar nerve Lacrimal gland Secrete tears; Travels posteromedially → Lacrimal
AL – Petrous and mastoid parts of temporal bones and BV for teeth sac → Nasolacrimal duct → Inferior nasal concha
Orbit Alveolar process Ridge that contains teeth Vomer
Roof – Orbital part of frontal bone and Lesser wing of sphenoid Angle of mandible Intersection of rami and body Thin, flat forms part of posteroinferior part of nasal septum; Laterally –
Floor – Orbital surface of maxilla, Maxillary process of zygoma and orbital process
Mental protuberance Point of chin triangular (farming plow)
of palatine bone
Condylar process Terminates at the head of mandible for TMJ Articulations of Vomer Midline – maxilla and palatine bones
Lat – Zygomatic process of frontal bone, Orbital process of palatine bone
Coronoid process Insertion of temporalis muscle Horiz pos projection – sphenoid bone
Med – Frontal bone, Frontal process of maxilla, Lacrimal bone, Ethmoid bone
Temporalis – fanlike at side of head; Elevate jaw Vert plate – perpend plate of ethmoid bone
Pos – Sphenoid bone
and close mouth Vomer + perpend plate = bony nasal septum
Supraorbital Transmits supraorbital BV and nerve; Sometimes foramen
Mylohyoid line Attachment of mylohyoid (floor of mouth) Ethmoid bone
notch
Mental spines Attachment for tongue muscles (geniohyoid, Most int hidden bone; Bet nasal (ant), sphenoid (pos) and parts of frontal (lat)
Anterior and Bet frontal and ethmoid bone; Transmits Ant and Pos BV and
genioglossus) Functions of Ethmoid Forms anteromedial floor of cranium; Roof of nasal
posterior nerves coming from Ophthalmic A
Muscle attachment 7 – Lateral pterygoid cavity; Part of nasal septum and medial orbital wall;
ethmoidal
 Ethmoidal air cells Pterygo Bridge bet posterior maxilla (palatine elevated or removed; Adult pericranium has poor bone
Crista galli Most superior; Median ridge of bone projects sup maxillar process) and pterygoid plates forming properties = little regeneration after bone loss;
into ant cranial fossa fr/ lamina perpendicularis y (sphenoid bone); Posteriormost part of Successful when bone is reflected w/ overlying muscle
Cribriform plate Roof of ethmoid bone; Pair of perforated plates on maxilla → pterygoid pits → sphenoid and skin, retaining blood supply; Craniectomy – bone
each side of crista galli bones flap not replaced
Ethmoid sinus Lateral part of nasal cavity and medial to orbit Development of Calvaria and some parts of cranial base - IM ossification;
Middle nasal concha Lateral side of nose and forms lateral walls of nasal Cranium Most parts of cranial base – EC ossification; Neonate –
cavity Horizontal Buttresses Smooth calvaria, Prominent frontal and parietal
Superior nasal concha Smaller projection of bone Transmits impact fr/ midface region to back of skull eminences, Disproportionally large cranium; Adult – face
Paranasal sinuses Divide into frontal, ethmoid and maxillary sinus Type Level Suture is 1/3 of cranium
Inferior concha Midface Buttresses Age Changes in Rapid growth of face = eruption of deciduous teeth; Vert
Inferolateral wall of nasal cavity; Covered with mucosa; Well vascularized; Superior Superior Orbital part of frontal bone; Cribriform plate of Face growth of upper face – dento-alveolar development of
Longest and broadest of all conchae orbital ethmoid alveolar bone; Enlargement of frontal and facial regions
rim linked w/ paranasal sinuses
Middle Inferior Orbital processes of maxilla, infraorbital, Obliteration of Internal surface – 30-40 years; External surface – After 10
Passageways within facial bones Horizontal orbital maxillary; Temporal process of zygoma; Cranial Sutures years; Bregma → Sagittal → Coronal → Lambdoid
rim Zygomatic process of temporal bone Age Changes in Cranial bones thinner and lighter with age; Diploe filled w/
Inferior Maxillary Maxillary teeth; Hard palate Cranium gray gelatinous material; Bone marrow lost blood cells
Passage Location Structures
alveolar and fat = gelatinous appearance
Greater and Palatine bone Palatine vessels; Greater and lesser palatine
process Craniosynostosis Premature closure of suture; 1 per 2000 births; Abnormal
lesser palatine nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular Buttresses and Cranial development → Exaggerated forces on dura mater; More
foramina
Superior Lower Mandible (for both) Malformations common in males than females; Scaphocephaly –
Incisive Pos to incisors Nasopalatine nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular teeth sagittal; Plagiocephaly – coronal/lambdoid on one side
foramen in hard palate
Inferior only; Oxycephaly or Turricephaly – coronal (more
of maxilla
Mandibular common in females; No effect on brain development
Infraorbital Inferior to orbit Infraorbital artery; Infraorbital nerve (CN V2)
foramen in maxilla
Lacrimal Lacrimal bone Nasolacrimal duct
groove Clinical Correlates (add from Moore)
Mandibular Med surface Inferior alveolar blood vessels; Inferior alveolar
foramen of ramus of nerve (CN V3) Head Injuries Disturbance in the level of consciousness – most
mandible common symptom; Almost 10% of all deaths in US –
Mental Inf to 2nd Mental blood vessels; Mental nerve (CN V3) caused by injury (1/2 involve brain); Occur mostly in
foramen premolar on young persons 15-24 years; Commonly caused by motor
AL surface of accidents
mandible Headaches and May indicate serious intracranial problem; Neuralgias –
Facial Pain severe throbbing and stabbing pain along course of nerve
caused by demyelinating lesion
Other bones of skull Injury to Superciliary arches – sharp bony ridges; May lacerate
Superciliary skin and cause bleeding; Bruising of skin surrounding
Zygomatic Bone Arches orbit → fluid and blood accumulation in CT → upper
Forms part of orbit and cheeks; Prom zyg arch is formed by articulation w/ eyelid around eye (black eye)
temporal bone; Processes form tripod structure; Many sutures (synarthrodial) Malar Flush Redness of skin covering zygomatic process = rise in
found at end of processes temp in fevers (TB, lupus)
Frontal process Articulates w/ frontal bone (via frontozygomatic Fractures of Maxillae and Associated Bones
suture) Le Fort I Horizontal fractures of Maxillae → Maxillary process→
Maxillary process Articulates w/ maxillary bone Fracture Nasal septum → Pterygoid plates of sphenoid
Temporal process Articulates w/ temporal bone Le Fort II PL parts of maxillary sinuses →Infraorbital foramina,
Temporal Bone Fracture lacrimals or ethmoids → Nose bridge; Entire central part
Facial (CN VII) and Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerve pass thru int acoustic of face separated fr/ cranium
meatus; Susceptible to motor accidents Le Fort III Horizontal fractures thru sup orbital fissures, and ethmoid
Sphenoid Bone Fracture and nasal bones → Greater wings of sphenoid and
Under skull; Articulates with ethmoid, palatine and ethmoid at front; Pterygoid frontozygomatic structures
plates are extensions for muscle attachment Fractures of Usually 2 fractures (1 on each side); On coronoid
Occipital Bone Mandible process – uncommon and single; On neck of manible –
transverse and TMJ dislocated; On angle of mandible –
oblique and involve bony socket/alveolus of 3 rd molar
Buttresses of the face – transmit impact; prevent collapse of two structures tooth; On body of mandible – pass thru socket of canine
tooth
Resorption of Caused by teeth extraction; Tooth begins to fill in w/ bone
Bilateral Vertical Buttresses
Alveolar Bone and alveolar process begins to resorb; In some, mental
Type Location Suture
foramina disappear – expose mental nerves to injury;
Nasom Most medial; Bridge bet ant hard palate Nasal bone to frontal Loss of all teeth → decrease in vert facial dimension and
axillary and frontal bone; Midface to frontal area; Nasofrontal mandibular prognathism
bone suture
Fractures of Hard blows in thin areas produce depressed fractures;
Zygom Lateral part of midface; Fr/ 2nd molar Nasal bone to frontal Calvaria Linear calvarial fractures – fracture lines often radiate
aticom (inf) to side of orbital (lat) to frontal area; away in 2 or more directions; Comminuted fractures –
axillary bone (sup); Bridge bet lateral maxilla, Zygomaticomaxillary bone broken into several pieces, if thick, may bend
zygomatic process and frontal bone suture; inward; Contrecoup fracture – no fracture at point of
Zygomaxillaryfronto impact but occurs on opposite side of cranium
suture
Bone Flaps Craniotomy - section of neurocranium (bone flap) is