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    Springer Chapter 2

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    Springer Chapter 2

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    MANDEEP SINGH
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    Springer Chapter 2

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    MANDEEP SINGH

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    Chapter 2 ® Design of Wideband MIMO Patch Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave-Based 5G Wireless Communications ‘Mandeep Singh and Simranjit Singh 2.1 Introductions ‘The modem lifestyle is fully changed with the commencement of wireless commu: nication. The advanced use of data starving devices like computers, mobiles, tablets, and sensors leads to a shortage in bandwidth (1, 2]. Due to the lack of frequency spectrum bandwidth, there is a requirement of high-frequency, wide bandwidth for higher data rates. To solve such problems, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands are recommended by the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) for a fiflh-generation (5G) mobile application. The 5G technology will utilize millimeter-wave bands to provide large data abilities for transferring multi-Gbps [3, 4}. In various developed countries like the USA, China, Japan, ctc., many research groups are intensively forwarding toward 5G technologies. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) settled its first SG band auction for 24 GHy and 28 GH band spectrum, and in the future, FCC will auction the higher 3 7 Gila, 39 GHz, and 47 GHz frequency bands for future wireless communications [5]. AT & T and Qualcomm the major giants in wireless technology are testing the Wireless equipment at 24 GHz (6, 7], so world is moving forward to develop new devices which support these high-frequency bands. Antenna plays an important role for wireless devices, so there is a need to develop a cost-effective antenna that can support high-frequency bands for next-generation technology. ‘A major issue for high-frequency wireless communication, however, isthe path loss owing to low wavelength and environmental circumstances that can be over- come with the use of fully developed and effective MIMO patch antenna [8]. MIMO M. Singh (E3)-S, Singh Department of Electonics and Communication Enginering, Punjabi University Patiala, Patil, Punjab, Inia {© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzertand AG 2022 a S, Singh etal. (ds), Broadband Connectivity in 3G and Beyond, ‘pedo. org/10.1007978-3-031-06866-9.2 2 1M. Singh and S. Singh antennas can deliver several benetits for future networks because itis single-chip antenna that can be operated at wideband frequencies with high gain. Moreover, it can also minimize the multiple path loss and interference between signals. MIMO patch antenna has low-profile, lightweight, and simple assembly to ensure reliability, flexibility, and high efficiency. Despite the reality that the MIMO antenna has countless benefits, in the current situation, there are some enormous downsides. Similarly, the structure must be reliable with future wireless frameworks, and there ‘must be little mutual coupling due to the closeness of radiating components to the ordinary substratum, MIMO has a channel solution for non-line of sight track circumstances and reduces the loss of distortion and various way losses [9-13], so there is a need to develop such devices which also do not have a bad impact on human body. Recently, researchers proposed mm-wave antennas for next-generation Wireless applications, although some researchers achieved the eflicient bandwidth and gain but on the cost of complexity and cost of design where several layers of substrate are implemented [14-17], §. Faleh [18] proposed a wideband MIMO antenna but at the cost of low gain, and Hala M. Marzouk [19] presented a dual- band MIMO antenna with high-performance parameters, but the proposed antenna has large size. M.S. Sharawi [20], H. Aliakbari (21], and Md. Hassan [22] proposed patch antennas suffer from low bandwidth and low gain which need to be increased for next-generation wireless communications. M. I. Khattak [23] proposed a patch antenna array, but the antenna had narrow bandwidth. So, there is need to develop a low-profile patch antenna that can cover the desired bands, ic., 24 GHz and 28 GHz. To achieve this aim, in this work, a patch antenna having low profile and wide ‘bandwidth is designed, optimized, and tested for next-generation wireless applications. ‘The early reported antennas suffer from low gain, low efficiency, narrow band- width, and large size issues, as discussed in the literature. Some researchers success- fully attain much better performance but at high cost and more system complexity Some designs are not practically possible to integrate within devices. So, in this research, @ novel approach to design a wideband millimeter MIMO antenna is proposed. First, anew patch antenna is designed and optimized by using the PSO technique which covers 28 GHz. frequency, in a 5G band. The DGS is deployed across the ground of antenna to achieve wider bandwidth and higher gain, Further- mote, the low-profile 22 MIMO antenna is designed, and the performance of such antenna is investigated to validate the diversity of MIMO antenna system. This research paper is divided into sections as discussed below. In Sects. 2.2 and 2.3, the mathematical modeling and optimization of the proposed antenna are done. In Sect.2.4, a 2x2 MIMO patch antenna is designed by using an optimized patch antenna element, and also, the various performance parameters of the MIMO antenna are discussed and compared with the recently reported MIMO patch antenna for next-generation wireless communications (Table 2.1). 2 Design of Wideband MIMO Patch Antenna Amay for Milimeter Wave-Based 3 ‘Table 2.1 Optimized parameters of proposed antenna using PSO Rectangular | Parameters nial value [Decision space [Optimized patch antenna evinimum to value maximum) Pe (wii of patch) 440 7 1s 350 (length of patch) 3.0 2 7 354 Geng of ground plane) [20 0 20 inst Fe (width offeedine) [1.23 1 5 2.658 Sp diameter of ground io) 3 2 2.2. Mathematical Modeling of Patch Antenna ‘A rectangular patch antenna is designed by using the transmission line model. The performance of an antenna depends upon its dimensions of antenna, So, the dimen- sion of an antenna is computed by using below equations (24]. The width of the rectangular patch (Py) is computed by using: 4 4 W2XE x om ‘where ¢, is the substrate materials diolectric constant, jis the resonating frequency, and vis the velocity of ight. To calculate an effective dielectric constant (Fy) OF the substrate material having height b, the following equation is use "0 741 2xfVaqrl @1) Pe (22) Due to fringing effects, the length ofthe rectangular patch appears wider than the actual length of P.. The length increase due to fringing impact is calculated using Eq. 2.3). Therefore, the length tise AL is calculated by Ab oat ae (23) The actual length (P,) ofthe patch antenna i calculated by Py =L+2aL (2.4) Pp =4-2aL 5) The transmission line within Z, impedance is performed using the following ‘equations, where the conducting line has Fy width and the substrate material u 1M. Singh and S. Singh thickness is A. The eis the zero-frequency value provided by equation of the cfticient dielectric constant of conducting line (25) etl ent fe = EG ES 2.6) Here, a and b are given by Eqs. (2.7) and (2.8) ong Bo ats nl Gt} 7) 93) os os) b= ose(' F035, ‘The realization of the characteristic impedance Z, is given below: When Zo ye > 89.91, that is,A > 1.52: Fw __8exp(A) n= apo es) When Zo fq < 89.91, that is,A < 1.52: sie is given by Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10) and the value of B and Ais given by Eqs. (2.11) and 2.12) ine) + »—

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