SNT CA Class 1

Scientists and Contributions
Homi J Bhabha
• Went to the University of Cambridge, England, in 1927.
• Worked along side Neil Bohr , Pauli and gave theories of electron-positron scattering, cascade
theory of electron showers.
• At the behest of physicist Sir CV Raman, director of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
(Bengaluru), he joined the institute.
• Indian nuclear research : Set up the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945 and also
the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948. He was the first chairman of the Commission.
• Energy Security: He envisioned three stage nuclear programme which focused on extracting
power from thorium reserves in 1950s.
• Strategic defence: Started research on nuclear weapons in 1944.
• Nuclear safety: Bhabha represented India in IAEA and in 1955, was also the President of the
United Nations Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva.
• Space: Instrumental in setting the space programme, gave its charge to Sarabhai.
• Science Policy: main contributor to the Science Policy resolution of 1958.
Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya.
• Civil engineer, also served as the 19th Diwan of Mysore from 1912 to 1919.
• An expert in irrigation techniques and flood disaster management
• Chief engineer - construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam in Mysore
• ‘block system’ - Patented and installed an irrigation system with water floodgates at the
Khadakvasla reservoir near Pune. Also installed at Mysuru’s Krishnaraja Sagara (KRS) dam.
• Education: Foundation of Government Engineering College at Bangalore in 1917 (University
Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE)
• Coast protection: system to protect Visakhapatnam port from sea erosion.
C V Raman
• Indian physicist known for his work in light scattering -Raman Effect. (Nobel prize 1930)
• Education: Joined Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore as its first Indian Director.
Works:
• Raman Effect: research about scattering of light in gases, liquids and solids; inelastic scattering
strong confirmation of quantum theory; Led experiment on the scattering of light - discovered
Raman Effect - further proof of the quantum nature of light.
• Raman Spectroscopy: energy of photons scattered inelastically serves as fingerprint for the
substance; investigate living cells and tissues, even detecting cancer without causing harm;
• Work On Acoustics: acoustics of musical instruments; first to investigate the harmonic nature
of the sound of Indian drums;
• RAMAN-NATH THEORY: correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect; enabled
optical communications components based on laser systems
• Promotion of science: Established the Indian Journal of Physics, Joined Indian Academy of
Sciences in 1934, started publishing the proceedings of the Academy; established the Raman
Research Institute in Bangalore in 1949;
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SNT Common Points
India Year Book
Data
• Aadhaar/DBT: 18.05 crore Aadhaar seeded ration cards- DBT; De-duplication - Removed 2.33
crore fake ration cards.
• Pahal: 15.12 crore beneficiaries received LPG subsidy in bank accounts.
• Ujjwala: 2.5 crore connections issued to BPL women.
• Tele density: World’s second largest subscriber base of one 1.2 billion; tele density of 86.89%
(November 2 021); rural tele density-59.31%; urban density-138.79%.
• Internet and broadband Penetration: Internet subscribers-825.30 million; Broadband
subscribers - 794.88 million.
Organisations
• Department of science and technology
• National informatics Centre-prime builder of each government and government applications.
• Centre for development of advanced computing-CDAC: premier RND organisation in IT&E.
• CSIR: Council for scientific and industrial research: Network Of 38 national laboratories, 3
innovation complexes, 4000 scientists.
Schemes and initiatives

• e-governance competency framework: Identify and define competencies through a
competency-based system.
• e-Kranti: utilise emerging technologies and focus on integration of services.
• myGov.in: citizen engagement in decision making; share views directly with prime minister.
• Rapid assessment system(RAS): continuous feedback for e-services services
• e-districts: electronic delivery of identified high-volume citizen centric services; Launched in
634 districts along with 1012 e-services.
• Common service centres: ICT enabled front-end service delivery outlets across rural areas.
• State-wide area network SWAN: extent connectivity to block level
• Digital literacy: (DISHA) digital saksharta abhiyan; Digi shaala;
• BHIM app: downloads crossed 20 million; transaction worth 3000 crore.
• Umang: single mobile platform to deliver major government services.
• Pragati: brings secretaries (GoI) and chief secretary (state) with PM.
Women scientist:
• KIRAN: knowledge involvement in research advancement through nurturing
Young talent:
• MANAK: Million minds augmenting national aspiration and knowledge
• INSPIRE: innovation in science pursuit for inspired research.
Challenges Facing S&T
Financing: ES 2018 → Govt. spending in R&D stagnant from 2 decades → 0.67% of GDP; Private Sector→
0.2%
Human resources: Poor global ranking of HE institutes of India; QS World Rankings – only 3 in top 200
Research: Population – 2nd rank, in terms of Patent rankings – 10th; Global innovation index:
IPR: Section 3d (ever-greening); section 56(compulsory licensing) →deter FDI
Commercialization: Industry academia linkage, Innovation ecosystem, start up ecosystem, EoDB
Gender: Largely male dominated from higher institutes, research institutes to scientists; Women’s
participation in extra mural R&D projects has increased significantly from a mere 13% in 2000-01 to 29
% in 2014-15.
Brain drain:
Regulatory: ** write sector specific body if possible
Governance: tardy implementation, scientific community not consulted during policy making;
• Data Source: Economic survey; National Science and Technology Management Information
System (NSTMIS)
Solutions:
• Policy: The Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy, 2013 includes a thrust for
innovations in science and technology sector.
• Institutional support: Science & Engineering Research Board: Statutory body: supporting basic
research in emerging areas
• Gender/Women: KIRAN (Knowledge Involvement in Research Advancement through
Nurturing) - provides opportunity to women scientists who had break in their career of R&D
primarily due to family or personal reasons.
• Attract youth: Million Minds Augmenting National Aspiration and Knowledge (MANAK),
Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE); The INSPIRE awards MANAK
scheme to attract talented school students at an early age (age group of 10-15 year) to study
science and pursue research career.
• Innovation: National Initiative for Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI) - boosting
seamless innovation ecosystem; New IPR policy; AIM ; National innovation foundation;
• Commercialization: Start up India; MSDE; - to promote a culture of innovation and
entrepreneurship; ANIC 2.0 – Atal New India Challenge;
• Awareness and appreciation: Shanti swaroop bhatnagar award;
• Higher education and brain drain: PRIME MINISTER’S RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP SCHEME;
1000 students who have completed B.Tech or integrated M.Tech or M.sc in Science and
technology streams will be offered direct admission in PhD programme in the IITs/IISc with a
fixed amount of fellowship; GIAN-global initiative for academics network; National institutional
ranking framework;
Information technology
National Digital communication policy 2018 : Envisages three Missions:
• Connect India: Creating Robust Digital Communications Infrastructure.
• Secure India: ensuring sovereignty, safety and security of digital communication.
• Propel India: enabling next gen technologies to catalyse 4th Industrial revolution.
5G Technology
What: Fifth generation wireless communication technology; Designed to connect everything including
machines objects and devices.
• National digital communication policy 2018- 5G will open new horizons of opportunities.
• OECD - digital Economic policy, 5G tech will increase GDP, create employment and digitize
the economy.
• “GSMA - Global System for Mobile Communication Association”,
• China is expected to become the world’s largest 5G market with 460 million users by the year
2025
• India - 920 million unique mobile subscribers by 2025, which will include 88 million 5G
connections
• emergence of 5G ecosystem in India will depend on telecom operators’ ability to invest in
network which requires support on policy and regulatory fronts
Keywords: Wireless communication technology, millimeter waves, connection density, real time and
mission critical application, small cell antenna, beamforming, Massive MIMO, latency,
Advantages:
• Spectrum: High frequency in the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz; Bands - Low, medium and high
(futuristic 5G applications like internet of things)
• Millimetre wave spectrum-allows more connection density
• Speed and Data : > 1gbps
• Low latency of up to 1 ms
What are the Applications of 5G technology?

• Low latency - mission critical applications like remote robotic surgery, autonomous driving
• Enhanced network coverage - Small cell concept - better cell coverage, maximum data
transfer, low power consumption etc.
• Internet of things: collect huge data from millions of connected devices-needs efficient data
transmission, collection processing and real-time analytics.
• Smart cities: Smart city application like traffic management, instant weather update, local area
broadcasting, energy management, smart power grid, smart lighting of street, can use reliable
5G wireless network for its functioning e.g. Smart cities mission
• Agricultural applications: Smart farming - using smart RFID sensors and GPS technology, track
location of livestock; Smart sensors for irrigation control, access control and energy
management.
• Enhanced Security: remote operations, closed circuit cameras - high quality real-time video;
better coordination among various agencies e.g. NATGRID
• Entertainment and multimedia industry: 55% of mobile Internet traffic (2015)- video
downloads; can support up to 120 frames per second video streaming, support immersive
technologies like augmented reality and virtual reality e.g. Multiverse
• Employment generation - greater opportunity for new device manufactures and application
developers - reaping demographic dividend
• Industrial Growth: Smart automated factories -depend on smart wireless technologies like 5G
and LTE advanced for efficient automation of equipment, maintenance, safety, tracking etc.
E.g. Amazon warehouse or Fully automated Ferrari factory
• Good governance: boost e-governance, mobile governance, last mile digital connectivity, faster
delivery of services;
What are the challenges facing 5G technology?
• Spectrum prices: several times higher than global average; Telcos (3G spectrum : 67,000 crore,
accumulated debt – 5 L crore )
• Software: 5G technology standard-India’s 5Gi standard and global 3GPP standard - Impact
launch cost and interoperability
• Hardware: imported; challenge of indigenization; ban on certain foreign telecom OEM
• Technology: limited intellectual property in 5G technologies; largely going to be a buyer of this
technology
• Low fibre footprint lacks strong backhaul; 80% of towers connected through microwave back
haul.
• Consumer cost: replacing old hardware like phones, modems etc.
What initiatives have been taken by Government?

• Standard: supported indigenous standard 5Gi
• Spectrum allocation: 700MHz, 3.5GHz, and 26GHz bands, the Department of
Telecommunications has made preliminary range allocations to Vodafone Idea, Bharti Airtel,
and Reliance Jio
• National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) aims at bringing a broadband revolution in rural areas.
• Department of Telecommunications set up a high-level forum to evaluate roadmaps and create
a strategy to adopt 5G in the country by 2020.
• Private initiatives: Bharti Airtel launched its mid-band 5G testing network in Gurgaon Cyber
Hub, using Ericsson 5G equipment, while Jio launched its own trial network in Mumbai, using
indigenous 5G equipment.
Semi-Conductor Manufacturing
What: materials which have a conductivity between conductors and insulators; silicon or germanium
or compounds; heart and brain of all modern electronics - contemporary automobiles, household
gadgets and essential medical devices
• National Policy on Electronics 2019: India as a global hub for Electronics System Design and
Manufacturing - (ESDM)
Data: Semiconductor Industry Association

Keywords: ESDM, Fab, Cluster, VLSI
What is the need of indigenous SC manufacturing?

• Import: With an annual turnover of $500 billion, most traded products; India currently imports
all chips; market is estimated to touch $100 billion by 2025 from $24 billion.
• Digital transformation: Semiconductors and displays are foundation of modern electronics
driving the next phase of digital transformation under Industry 4.0; Emerging technologies like
AI, IG, automatic cars dependent on it
• Economic growth: impact all industries using smart solutions e.g. electronic parts account
40% of car cost; chip Shortage expected to wipe $ 210 Bn of car sales;
• Domestic Market: electronic manufacturing increased to $75 billion, expected to reach $300
billion in next six years; FDI: attract an investment of 1.67 L cr
• Digital sovereignty: Imported chips may contain malware or backdoors which may be
impossible to diagnose; reduce dependence on countries like China e.g. Chinese phones
sending data to servers in China;
• Defence: Defence communication, command and control, missiles etc. all controlled by
semiconductors.
• Employment: would lead to 35,000 high-quality direct shops and one lakh indirect
employment;
• Secure supply chains: Global events-COVID-19 pandemic, China US trade war – localized
production of strategic products;
What are the challenges facing SC fab in India?

• Highly concentrated global supply chain-US Europe and East Asia; US firms form 47% of global
semiconductor sales in 2020.
• Technology: lacks cutting edge technology, IPR;
• High capital cost: Cost 5 to $7 billion for a unit; technology-intensive sector, huge capital
investments, high risk, long gestation and payback periods, and rapid changes in technology
• Labour: Complex labour requirement –need low skilled affordable labour manufacturing level,
highly skilled workforce at design level;
• Resource intensive: millions of liter of fresh water, 24x7 electricity supply, trained workforce;
What are the steps needed to indigenize SC fab?

• R&D intensive activities-like electronic design automation, core intellectual property and chip
design; Focus on medium and low and chips; Simultaneously Indian engineers should focus on
high-end chip design
• Assembly, testing and packaging segment (ATP): captures 10% of the value, China is the current
leader, needs low-cost skilled technical manpower.
• Role of Public Sector Enterprises (PSEs): India’s PSEs such as Bharat Electronics Ltd or
Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd can be used to set up a semiconductor fab foundry with the help of
a global major.
• Foreign policy: seek international collaboration; leveraging QUAD’s ‘Quad Semiconductor
Supply Chain Initiative’; push for Quad Supply Chain Resilience Fund; bilateral deals to secure
Transfer of technology;
What initiatives have been taken by government?

• India semiconductor mission – under MeitY, outlay of 76,000 crore.
o Scheme for setting semiconductor fabs
o Scheme for setting display fabs
• Semi-conductor Laboratory (SCL): MeitY will take requisite steps for modernization and
commercialization of Semi-conductor Laboratory (SCL).
• Production Linked Incentives: Incentive support upto Rs.55,392 crore (7.5 billion USD) have
been approved; Total incentive 2.3 L Cr
• Design linked incentive scheme: Design linked incentive scheme: nurture at least 20 domestic
companies in semiconductor design (VLSI and embedded system design) -turnover of more
than 1500 crores in next 5 years;
• Semicon India 2022 Conference, Bangalore: Catalyze India’s semiconductor ecosystem.
• Chips to start-ups programme: develop 85,000 well trained engineers;
Quantum Computers
Definition
• Type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of quantum states, such as
superposition and entanglement, to perform calculations.
Basics
• Qubits: basic unit of quantum computing; can contain both values “1” and “0” simultaneously.
• Superposition: ability to be in multiple states simultaneously → provides exponential speed.
• Entanglement: ability of two members of a pair (Qubits) to exist in a single quantum state.
• Quantum supremacy: state when a quantum device can solve a problem that no classical
computer can solve in any feasible amount of time (irrespective of the usefulness of the
problem).
Advantages of quantum computing

• Speed: perform quick and easy calculations that are time consuming on conventional
computers.
• Storage: drastically bring down the space needed to store data.
• Simulation: doing data simulation involving multiple parameters like weather forecasting,
chemical simulation.
• Privacy: impossible to break the security of quantum computers
What are the applications of Quantum Computing?

• Secure Communication: quantum cryptography → significant to satellites, military and cyber
security; promises unimaginably fast computing and safe, unhackable satellite communication
to its users. E.g. China demonstrated secure quantum communication between terrestrial
stations and satellites; E.g. March 2021 ISRO demonstrated free space Quantum
communication
• Research: solving some of the fundamental questions in physics related to gravity, black hole
etc; could give a big boost to the Genome India project. E.g. CERN (God particle)
• Agriculture: precision agriculture – predicting rainfall, type of soil, crop and fertilizers; make
precise long-term large-scale production plans and helps to increase yield and efficiency;
detecting weed through an invasive weed optimization algorithm.
• Pharmaceutical: Enhanced data processing abilities - develop vaccines faster, predict
epidemics, simulate drug/vaccine responses/side effects, genome analysis and gene-editing;
could reduce the time frame of the discovery of new molecules; E.g. Covid 19 variants
• Augmenting Industrial revolution 4.0: Quantum computing is an integral part of Industrial
revolution 4.0.; help leveraging other IR 4.0 technologies like the Internet-of-Things, machine
learning, robotics, and AI.
• Artificial intelligence and big data: could empower machine learning by enabling AI programs
to search through the gigantic datasets, consumer behavior, financial markets, etc.
• Weather: Forecasting and Climate Change: Enhancing weather system modeling allowing
scientists to predict the changing weather patterns with excellent accuracy; meteorologists
can generate and analyze more detailed climate models - will provide greater insight into
climate change and ways to mitigate it.
• Disaster Management: collection of data regarding climate change can be streamlined;
overlaying this weather modelling data; Tsunamis, drought, earthquakes and floods may
become more predictable.
What are the challenges/Issues facing Quantum computing?
• Quantum physics – programmers will also need to know and learn particle physics;
• Quantum states – Quantum decoherence : the Qubits loose the quantum state easily
• Designing quantum algorithm – Need specialized algorithm, totally different from
conventional algorithm.
• Cyber Security: QC can decrypt all the data on cyber space
• Limited working: The tasks like word processing and email are not suitable for quantum
computers.
Quantum computing and India

• Quantum-Enabled Science & Technology (QuEST), 2018
o Department of Science & Technology - investing Rs. 80 crore over the next three.
o Vision: Development and demonstration of quantum computers, quantum
communication and cryptography.
• National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) project has been
finalized.
o Union Budget 2020-21 proposed to spend 8,000 crore ($ 1.2 billion)
Way forward
• Silicon chips can be replaced by quantum computers the same way as the vacuum tube was
once replaced by the transistors. However, it is a long way down.
• Envisioned by National Mission on Quantum Technology and Applications (NMQTA) project:
With a solid research base and workforce founded on significant and reliable government
support, it can lead to the creation of innovative applications by industries, thereby stimulating
economic growth and job creation, which will feed back into a growing quantum-based
economy.
Blockchain Technology
Definition
• It is a digitized, decentralized, public ledger; incorruptible digital ledger; allows digital
information to be recorded and distributed, but not edited.
• Transaction are secure and anonymous, peer-to-peer and without need of third party.
Technologies powering Blockchain

1. P2P Network (Peer-2-Peer); Private Key Cryptography; Program (the blockchain’s protocol
Key advantages
• Immutability; decentralized; encrypted; transparent; traceability/auditing; removes middle
men;
What are the Applications of Blockchain?

• Currency: Blockchain forms the bedrock for cryptocurrencies E.g. Bitcoin.
• Banking and finance: Financial institutions only operate during business hours, five days a
week. Blockchain works 24X7; Check frauds and scams E.g. PNB fraud
• Inventory/supply chain management: Whenever value or asset change - Blockchain is ideally
suited for managing the process. E.g. IBM has created its Food Trust Blockchain to trace the
journey that food products - can help in tracking the source of food infections or
contamination.
• Healthcare: leverage Blockchain to securely store their patients’ medical records - Digital
health management system. E.g. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM)
• Records of Property: Manual stamps, register entries, resolving dispute claims etc. - costly and
time-consuming; Eliminates need for stamp papers, scanned documents, physical storing and
verification of files and resolving disputes. E.g. National Land Records Modernization
Programme (NLRMP)
• Smart contracts: Blockchain provides indisputable way to update, manage, track and secure
contracts; any industry heavily reliant on contracts, such as insurance, financial institutions,
real estate, construction, entertainment, and law, would benefit.
• Asset protection – protect assets by creating an indisputable record of real-time ownership -
IPR's, royalties e.g. Music companies.
• Good governance: Creating public records, certificates, census data; Making CAG audit faster,
transparent. E.g. IndiaChain
• Corruption: Recording government finances, budgets, DBT’s, procurements – provide quick
and verifiable audit – bring transparency.
What are the challenges facing blockchain technology?

• Infrastructure- High power computers; continuous electricity; High speed internet; powerful
servers; Initial installation →expensive.
• Security and Privacy – Entire Blockchain data is stored on every node on the network; and
hence privacy is not an inherent feature
• Transaction speed -As the Blockchain grows it is difficult to modify the stored data →requires
resources for modification. E.g. bitcoin takes 10 minutes to add a block
• Technological Skillset and Awareness – Manpower with Domain knowledge & Technological
expertise is lacking
What initiatives have been taken by Government?

• Government launched the Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Technology in Bengaluru.
• IndiaChain - proposed by NITI Aayog - a blockchain system meant for India's public records
• MeiTy: Draft of National Strategy on Blockchain 2021- evolved in consultation with various
stakeholders including academia, industry and government.

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Scientists and Contributions

Schemes and initiatives

What are the Applications of 5G technology?

What initiatives have been taken by Government?

Data: Semiconductor Industry Association

What is the need of indigenous SC manufacturing?

What are the challenges facing SC fab in India?

What are the steps needed to indigenize SC fab?

What initiatives have been taken by government?

Advantages of quantum computing

What are the applications of Quantum Computing?

Quantum computing and India

Technologies powering Blockchain

What are the Applications of Blockchain?

What are the challenges facing blockchain technology?

What initiatives have been taken by Government?

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