Modelo Enseñanza Aprendizaje Futbol

^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf
8

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
AHUKFQ HKEJU]F ÈKTHUF MJ IJQÙQ

ÈKTHUF
JACJTJUU\ GZULKKF
GZULKKF BÑGJY BHUAÌQ
Ohalmf jo Kh ]jehlmh, Xulomçf, Afkfgelh, Ohalmf jo ûjrtf Ejrrlf, Hotlfqulh, jo

jo 8<25. Jotrjohmfr ]ltukhmf mj Kh Jsaujkh 8<:>. Klajoalhmf jo Jmuahalño Dçslah afo
Qupjrlfr mj Jotrjohmfrjs mj Dùtefk, Klgh ‑ jspjalhklzhalño jo Jotrjohmfr mj Dùtefk,
^jrù. ]ìaolaf ^rfdjslfohk jo Hmglolstrhalño Jsaujkh Ohalfohk mjk Mjpfrtj.
y Gjrahmjf, afo jstumlfs ajrtlahmfs jo Qj ch mjsjgpjøhmf afgf mfajotj uolvjrslthrlf
Jmuahalño Dçslah y Ujomlgljotf Mjpfrtlvf. jo kh Qurafkfgelhoh jo Ojlvh, Culkh y Kh
Jsaujkh Ohalfohk mjk Mjpfrtj jo Ahkl, Thkkj
Qj ch mjsjgpjøhmf afgf dutefklsth mj hktf mjk Ahuah.
olvjk
ohk joafgpjtltlvf, kfbrhomf Xulomçf
^rlgjrh A Mjpfrtjs uo tçtukfjoOhalf-
8<<5
Afgf jotrjohmfr mjk dùtefk halfohmf
vloaukhmf mjsmj jk høf 8<2< chsth 8<3<.
afo hsajosf h ^rlgjrh E y uo suetçtukf jo jk Qu lolalf afgf mlrjatfr tìaolaf jo jk dùtefk
Dùtefk ^rfdjslfohk afo jk Akue Dlfrjotloh D.A. prfdjslfohk afkfgelhof duj afo jk Mjpfrtjs
Xulomçf jo 8<<>, mlrlbljomf hmjgès akuejs
Dfrghmfr y Mlrjatfr ]ìaolaf mj jqulpfs, afgf9 Foaj Ahkmhs, Dlfrjotloh D.A. Hklhozh
akuejs y sjkjaalfojs mjphrthgjothkjs mjsmj Kkhofs, Htkìtlaf Culkh. Ajothurfs Tlk
Tlkkhvl-
khvl-
jk høf 5>>5. ajoalf, ^htrlfths D.A., Aùauth Mjpfrtlvf,
Ujhk Ahrthbjoh, Mjpfrtlvf ^hstf, Afrpfrh-
Mlrjatfr ]ìaolaf mj akuejs jo khs ahtj- alño Mjpfrtlvh Lthbûç, Htkìtlaf Euahrhgho-
bfrçhs Que 82 Mldutefk y Que 5> Djmjrhalño
Djmjrha lño bh, Èbulkhs ^jrjlrh y mlrjatfr mjpfrtlvf jo
Afkfgelhoh mj Dùtefk, jo kfs ùktlgfs 8> jk Akue Ihbuhrjs.
høfs. H
mj olvjk lotjrohalfohk
kfs Homjs h mlrlblmf
‛Z. K. H.‗ Gìrlmh, hZolño
Zolvjrslmhm
Glohs,
Afodjrjoalsth hatlvf jo kh jspjalhklmhm ‛Mj- Ajrrf mj ^hsaf, Gjkbhr mj Hrjqulph, Gl-
shrrfkkf j Lotjklbjoalh phrh jk Iujbf mjk Dùt- ojrfs mj Buhyhoh y mfs phrtlalphalfojs jo
efk‗. Afph Klejrthmfrjs mj Hgìrlah.
Jo su jxajkjotj ahrrjrh prfdjslfohk h fetjolmf
fetjolmf
Arjhmfr mjk Gfmjkf mj Josjøhozh-Hprjo- trjs hsajosfs mj kh ^rlgjrh E h kh ^rlgjrh H
mlzhij ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf phrh jk jo jk dùtefk afkfgelhof9 AJO]HZUFQ TL-
Dùtefk Ehsj. KKHTLAJOALF D.A. 5>>5, AZAZ]H MJ-
^FU]LTF 5>>: j L] L]HBZL
HBZL 5>8>.
Hsjsfr mjpfrtlvf jo akuejs mj mldjrjotjs Qu brho jxpjrljoalh kf prjsjoth cfy
mjphrthgjotfs mj Afkfgelh y Hslstjotj afgf uof mj kfs mfs arjhmfrjs mjk
]èatlaf jxtjrof jo vhrlfs prfyjatfs mj ìkl- Gfmjkf mj Josjøhozh-Hprjomlzhij,
tj jo jk Dùtefk ^rfdjslfohk Afkfgelhof. ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf phrh jk Dùtefk
Ehsj.
5

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Hkejrtf Jacjvjrry Gurlkkf
Èkvhrf Mj Ijsùs Bñgjz Bhraìs
GFMJKF MJ
JOQJØHOYH - HÛJOMLYHIJ
UFAJQF
UFAJQF
^ A FBOL]LTF
] ÈA]LAF-
ÈA]LAF- FBOL]LTF
Kh ghojrh prèatlah phrh dfrghr

dutefklsths 8>>% lotjklbjotjs.
1


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
Kh ghojrh prèatlah phrh dfrghr
dutefklsths 8>>% lotjklbjotjs.
AHUKFQ HKEJU]F JACJTJUU\ GZULKKF

ÈKT
ÈK THUF MJ IJQÙQ BÑGJY BÈUAJQ
sjmjdutefk8>Ncftghlk.afg
Of jstè pjrgltlmh kh rjprfmuaalño tfthk f phralhk mj jsth ferh ol su trhthgljotf f trhosglslño pfr auhkquljr
gjmlf f gìtfmf slo hutfrlzhalño mjk hutfr mjk Afpyrlbct.
Mjrjacfs rjsjrvhmfs
Efbftè M. A. - Afkfgelh
^rlgjrh jmlalño, Fatuerj mj 5>84

^rfmuaalño 5>> jijgpkhrjs.
LQEO
Ferh Lomjpjomljotj9 <23-<:3-33>8-13-=
Mlsjøf y Mlhbrhghalño
Chrfk Afrtìs Ufmrçbujz
Lgprjslño
Hktjrohtlvh Brèah
=

MJMLAH]FULH
MJMLAH]FULH AHUKFQ
AHU KFQ
‛H gl jspfsh Qhomrh Glkjoh, h gls clifs Ahrkfs Ghurf y Iuho Ifsì,

pfr su hafgphøhgljotf jo tfmf jstj vlhij.
H gl ghmrj Lrgh pfr tfmf jk hgfr y su brho hpfyf‗.
MJMLAH]FULH ÈKTHUF
‛H gl clih Kulsh Djrohomh y gl oljth Thkjrlh,

h mlrjatlvfs, pjrlfmlsths, afkjbhs, mlrlblmfs
y dhglklh mjk dùtefk quj gj cho
heljrtf sus pujrths jo jsth ahrrjrh,
pjrgltljomf quj oujstrf hprjomlzhij dujrh pjrghojotj‗.

pjrghojotj‗.
:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
4

ÛÑKFBF
Kfs tljgpfs gfmjrofs feklbho h uoh ahphalthalño pjrghojotj jo tfmfs kfs
olvjkjs. Jk dùtefk of jstè hk ghrbjo pfr sjr uoh hatlvlmhm mj tfmfs y phrh
tfmfs. Kh clstfrlh ofs mlaj quj chaj hkbuofs høfs jk dùtefk jrh gès kjotf, jk
iubhmfr tjoçh gès
gès tljgpf phrh gholferhr
gholferhr y kh josjøhozh jrh rjhklzhmh
rjhklzhmh pfr
jxiubhmfrjs mj dùtefk jo su brho ghyfrçh.
Hkbuofs pjrsfohijs jgpjzhrfo h rjhklzhr uo trhehif sjrlf jo mlvlslfojs

lodjrlfrjs, afgf Ahrkfs ^juajkkj jo jk Mjpfrtlvf Ahkl, Ihlgj Hrrfyhvj jo
Glkkfohrlfs, Hkdfosf Qjpùkvjmh jo Qhoth Dj y Hkdfosf Ghrrfquço afo kfs
sjkjaalfohmfs hotlfqujøfs, jotrj ftrfs. ^faf h pfaf sj dujrfo vloaukhomf
kfs prjphrhmfrjs dçslafs y jk prfajsf josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij gjifrñ
susthoalhkgjotj. Hmjgès, kfs jxiubhmfrjs eusahrfo rjhklzhr aursfs mj
ahphalthalño jo mldjrjotjs kubhrjs jk guomf.
Cfy jk dùtefk js mldjrjotj, kh prjphrhalño dçslaf-htkìtlah js duomhgjothk

pfrquj sj iujbh h uoh vjkfalmhm vjrtlblofsh, thotf dçslah afgf gjothkgjotj,
kfs jsphalfs sj rjmuajo, lgpjrh kh ghrah j lodfrtuohmhgjotj kh ghblh js
prfpljmhm mj hkbuofs pfafs iubhmfrjs quj jstèo pfr joalgh mj kfs prfgjmlfs.
H prloalplfs mj kfs høfs <> afofaç hk prfdjsfr Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs Bñgjz Bhraìs.
Cheçh trhehihmf afo guacf ìxltf jo jk mjphrthgjotf mjk Culkh afo kh
Qjkjaalño Que-51, duj jkjblmf jk gjifr jotrjohmfr
jotrjohmfr..
2


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Brhalhs h su jxajkjotj bjstlño jo tljrrhs –fplths“, sj kj sfklaltñ uo pkho

aurrlaukhr quj kj pjrgltlñ vloaukhrsj h kh Jsaujkh Ahrkfs Qhrgljotf Kfrh mj
Ahkl. Jstuvf pfaf tljgpf jo kh Qhrgljotf, yh quj sj kj mlf kh fpfrtuolmhm
mj trhehihr pfr prlgjrh vjz jo uo jqulpf prfdjslfohk. Kfs mlrjatlvfs mjk
Mjpfrtjs hkXulomçf
pjrgltlñ prfdjsfrsfklalthrfo kh afkhefrhalño
Bñgjz lolalhr jxltfsh mj
su jxltfsh mlachhkJsaujkh,
ahrrjrh drjotj mjkfjqulpfs
quj kj
mj kh prlgjrh y sjbuomh mlvlslño jo oujstrf phçs.
Qu trhyjatfrlh afotlouñ jo Foaj Ahkmhs, Ajothurfs mj Tlkkhvlajoalf,

Tlkkhvlajoalf, Aùauth
Mjpfrtlvf, Ujhk Ahrthbjoh, Mjpfrtlvf ^hstf, Lthbûç, Euahrhghobh, Culkh y
Èbulkhs, jo Afkfgelh0 Zolño
Zolño Glohs y DEA
DEA Gjkbhr jojo ^jrù0 Zolvjrslmhm
Zolvjrslmhm mj
kfs Homjs y Glojrfs mj Buyhoh jo Tjojzujkh0 tfmfs jkkfs jo ^rlgjrh H. H. Jo
^rlgjrh E mlrlblñ h Dlfrjotloh,
Dlfrjotloh, Hklhozh
Hklhozh Kkhofs y ^htrlfths. Duj ahgpjño jo
kh ^rlgjrh E afo Ajothurfs (5>>5), Aùauth (5>>:) j Lthbûç (5>8>). Ujhklzñ
gùktlpkjs aursfs kh
mjiñ kh mfajoalh, mjauhk
ahphalthalño jo Afkfgelh
jijralñ murhotj tfmh suy vlmh
jk jxtjrlfr0 hmjgès, ouoah
prfdjslfohk.
Jk prfdjsfr Ahrkfs Hkejrtf Jacjvjrry Gurlkkf js jbrjshmf mj kh Jsaujkh mj

Hmglolstrhalño y Gjrahmjf mj Hrgjolh. Hmjgès, sj brhmuñ afgf tìaolaf mj
dùtefk jo Klgh (^jrù) y afgf tìaolaf jo Jmuahalño Dçslah y hktf rjomlgljotf
mjpfrtlvf. Ujhklzñ aursfs mj ahphalthalño murhotj tfmh su ahrrjrh mjpfrtlvh.
Duj iubhmfr mj khs Qjkjaalfojs mj su mjphrthgjotf, mjk Mjpfrtjs Xulomçf
y Dlfrjotloh D.
D. A. Jotrjohmfr mj khs sjkjaalfojs
sjkjaalfojs mjk Xulomçf, rjhklzñ
rjhklzñ tfmf
su prfajsf dfrghtlvf jo khs mlvlslfojs lodjrlfrjs mj kh jsauhmrh ahdjtjrh,
mlrjatfr tìaolaf
jotrjohmfr mj Kh ]jehlmh
y dfrghmfr D. A.prfyjatfs
jo mldjrjotjs Que 5>, Klejrthm D. A.
mj kh rjblño. ^frjomjgès,
^rlgjrh A,
sj ch
jspjalhklzhmf jo jk mjshrrfkkf j lotjklbjoalh mjk iujbf0 tjgh quj kj hphslfoh.
Mjotrf mj sus prloalphkjs kfbrfs mjpfrtlvfs jstèo9 ahgpjño ohalfohk mj
^rlgjrh A hsajosf
hsajosf afo Mjpfrtjs Xulomçf0 Queahgpjño mj kh ^rlgjrh E afo
Dlfrjotloh D.
D. A.0 ahgpjño lodhotlk y prj iuvjolk mj kh klbh Xulomçf0 ahgpjño
Afph Alumhm Glkhbrf afo ]lbrjrfs D. D. A.0 ahgpjño Afph Alumhm Glkhbrf afo
Xulomçf Iuvjolk y ahgpjño Afph Alumhm mj ^jrjlrh afo Xulomçf Iuvjolk.
Hatuhkgjotj js Affrmlohmfr mj mjpfrtjs mj Kh ]jehlmh, afodjrjoalsth j
lovjstlbhmfr sferj tjghs mj mjshrrfkkf y dfrghalño jo jk dùtefk ehsj.
3

Khs jxpjrljoalhs vlvlmhs murhotj thotfs høfs jo kh rhgh prfdjslfohk y

halfohmhh kjs pjrgltjo prjsjothr jstj jxajkjotj trhehif
halfohm t rhehif sferj jk hprjomlzh
hprjomlzhij
ij
y kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk. Kfs tjghs dujrfo aulmhmfshgjotj sjkjaalfohmfs
phrh kkjbhr h prfdjsfrjs, jotrjohmfrjs y hkugofs jo tfmfs kfs hspjatfs quj
dhalkltho kh josjøhozh feijtlvh y jdjatlvh mj jstj mjpfrtj.
Js uo trhehif afo vlsth hk duturf,

d uturf, duturf jo jk quj sjburhgjotj tfmf sjrè gès
mldçalk y afgpjtltlvf jo eusah mj kh jxajkjoalh.
jxajkjoalh. Kh tjaofkfbçh sjrè
sjrè uo hklhmf
guy lgpfrthotj yh quj mjshphrjajrè kh lgprfvlshalño, jk rjafgjomhmf y
sferj tfmf kfs jgpçrlafs quj pfr jstfs mçhs of kj chajo olobùo dhvfr hk dùtefk.
Bñgjz y Jacjvjrry sfo mfs prfdjslfohkjs h tfmh prujeh, afo vfahalño,

jxpjrljoalh, afofalgljotf y prfdjslfohklsgf quj cho rjhklzhmf jstj trhehif
mjkshqujo
kj auhk sjjkjspjrh
ghyfrquj tfmfs kfs
ejojalf quj tjobho
pfslekj kh fpfrtuolmhm
phrh kfbrhr uoh gjifr mj jstumlhrkfy
josjøhozh
hprjomlzhij mjk gès ejkkf mj kfs mjpfrtjs.
Bulkkjrgf Uulz Efolkkh

Jsthmçbrhdf j Clstfrlhmfr mjk Dùtefk Afkfgelhof
<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
8>

AFO]JOLMF
ÛÑKFBF :
LO]UFMZAALÑO 81
AH^Ç]ZKF 8
GFMJKFQ ]UHMLAL
]UHMLALFOHK
FOHK \ HK
HK]JUOH
]JUOH]LTF
]LTF 82
JK JO]UJOHMFU JO JK ÛFAJQF MJ JOQJØHOYH-HÛJOMLYHIJ MJ
HQ^LUHO]JQ
HQ^LUHO ]JQ H DZ]EFKL
DZ]EFKLQ]HQ
Q]HQ 8<
GFMJKF MJ JOQJØHOYH-HÛJOMLYHIJ 58
JK GFMJKF ]UHMLAL
]UHMLALFOHK
FOHK 55
GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK F ]ÌAOLAF 5:
JK GFMJKF ]UHMLAL
]UHMLALFOHK
FOHK QJ AJO]UH JO KH ]ÌAOLAH 54
JO JK GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK LG^FU]HO GZACF KFQ BFKJQ \ KHQ
TLA]FULHQ 53
JK GFMJKF HK
HK]JUOH
]JUOH]LTF
]LTF 1>
JK GFMJKF HK
HK]JUOH
]JUOH]LTF
]LTF QJ AJO]UH JO JK IZJBF 15
88


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
AH^Ç]ZKF 5
ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF 1:
MJQAULÂLÑO MJK ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF 12
¶XZÌ JQ ZO ÛFAJQF AFBOL]LTF6 =>
UJQLQ]JOALH
UJQLQ] JOALH H AHGELHU MJ ^JOQHG
^JOQHGLJO]F
LJO]F =3
KH ÛÈA]L
ÛÈA]LAH
AH OF
O F JQ HIJOH H OZJQ]UH AFOAJÂ
AFOAJÂLÑO
LÑO ^JMHBÑBL
^JMHBÑBLAH
AH :1
¶^FU XZÌ JQ LG^FU
LG^F U]HO]J JK GFMJKF ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL] LTF6 :1
]È A]LAF-AFBOL]LTF6
AH^Ç]ZKF 1
GJ]FMFKFBÇH ^JMHBÑBL
^JMHBÑBLAH
AH MJK ÛFAJQ
ÛFAJQFF ]ÈA]LA
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL
F-AFBOL]LTF
]LTF 4<
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZU
GLAUFJQ ]UZA]ZUHQ
HQ ^HUH JK ÛFAJQ
ÛFAJQFF ]ÈA]LA
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL
F-AFBOL]LTF
]LTF ^]
^]-A
-A 2=
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ EHQJ 24
KH ]JFUÇH9 KFQ AFO]JOLMFQ 24
AKHQJ JO HZML]FULF \ H\ZMHQ MLMÈA]L
MLMÈA]LAHQ
AHQ 8>8
CHELKLMHMJQ \ MJQ]UJYHQ GF]ULAJQ 8>2
KH ]ÌA
]ÌAOLA
OLAH
H LOM
LOMLTL
LTLMZHK
MZHK \ AFKJ
AFKJA]L
A]LT
TH 885
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ MJQHUUFKKF 85<

KHQ JAZHALFOJQ 85<
KFQ UFOMFQ 815
UFOMFQ + IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO 813
KFQ IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO 81<
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ AFG^KJILMHM 8==
DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF 8=:
DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU 8=3
85

DÙ]EFK AFUUJA]LTF 8:2

DÙ]EFK AFG^J]L]LTF 8:3
FUMJOHGLJO]F MJ KHQ GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ ^]-A ^HUH JK
JO]UJOHGLJO]F 8:3
JIJG^KF DLACHQ GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ 84>
AFOAKZQLFOJQ 84<
ELEKLFBUHDÇH 828
RJE-BUHDÇH 82=
81


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
8=

LO]UFMZAALÑO
^ fr gès mj 1: høfs cjgfs tjolmf kh dfrtuoh mj trhehihr y vlvlr mj

ajrah afo jstj ejkkf y hphslfohotj mjpfrtj, vloaukhmfs jo jqulpfs
mjk ehrrlf, sjkjaalfojs guolalphkjs, akuejs mjpfrtlvfs, sjkjaalfojs
mjphrthgjothkjs, jqulpfs phrtlalphotjs mj khs ahtjbfrlhs rjsjrvhs f prlgjrh
p rlgjrh
A mjk dùtefk halfohmf y prlgjrh E prfdjslfohk0 hmjgès jo jk dùtefk mj kh
ahtjbfrçh H h olvjk
jo jk gèxlgf ohalfohk
ahgpjfohtf mjjakuejs
lotjrohalfohk, kkjbhomf
mjk afotlojotj, loakuslvj
kh Afph h phrtlalphr
Klejrthmfrjs mj
Hgìrlah.
Jo tfmf jstj tljgpf vlslthgfs brho ahotlmhm mj jsajohrlfs y prfyjatfs

dfrghtlvfs, lotjrhatuhomf afo afkjbhs, dutefklsths, halfohmfs, pjrlfmlsths,
mlrjatlvfs mj akuejs, klbhs y djmjrhalfojs0 ofs cjgfs ahphalthmf afo lkustrjs
ghjstrfs mjk dùtefk y hkbf guy mjsthahmf, cjgfs tjolmf jk prlvlkjblf mj
afofajr h dfomf kh ghojrh afgf sj lgphrtj kh josjøhozh mj jstj mjpfrtj jo
sus mldjrjotjs olvjkjs.
Jk trhehif f gfmjkf mj josjøhozh quj jotrjbhgfs jo jstj mfaugjotf, js jk

rjsukthmf mj kh jxpjrljoalh y jk afofalgljotf
afofalgljotf hmqulrlmf h trhvìs mj mldjrjotjs
ghojrhs, afgf kh lovjstlbhalño, kfs prfajsfs bjstlfohmfs afo jxajkjotjs
rjsukthmfs mjpfrtlvfs, kh fesjrvhalño, jk sjbulgljotf y kh jvhkuhalño
mjthkkhmh mj guacfs hspjatfs quj joaljrrh jk dùtefk.
Jstj tljgpf ofs ch kkjvhmf h jotjomjr jk dùtefk mj hyjr, ch jstumlhr jk dùtefk

mj cfy y hmjkhothrofs hk dùtefk mj ghøhoh, chsth jk puotf mj htrjvjrofs
hgfmjkfs
afoakulr quj jk dùtefk
y kfsfdçh mjk ghøhoh
phrh ahmh sjrè
jotrjohmfr gès
guy tèatlaf ymjjstrhtìblaf,
mjolmfs, afo
gjofr drlaalño,
8:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
tìaolahgjotj gjifr jijauthmf y afo iubhmfrjs kkjofs mj lodfrghalño y

afofalgljotf, prjphrhmfs phrh uo ñptlgf mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf.
Jk
mj èrjh tfthk mjk ytjrrjof
jotrjohmfrjs quj sj
jk jqulpf, hehrah jk ahgpf
utlklzhrè mj dùtefk
mj gjifr sjrèjkuo
ghojrh brho hklhmf
jsphalf, chsth
jk puotf quj kh DLDH jo uohs mjahmhs pfmrè jvhkuhr phrh rjmualrkf0 kfs
prloalplfs,, sueprloalplfs y khs haalfojs tèatlahs sjrèo jo dfrgh mjoltlvh jk
prloalplfs
añmlbf f ghouhk phrh uoh jxajkjotj hpklahalño j lotjrhaalño, mlrjathgjotj
rjkhalfohmf afo jk rjsukthmf mjpfrtlvf. Jk jotrjohgljotf sjrè uo khefrhtfrlf
afosthotj phrh hpklahr afoajptfs jo prf mj uo guy eujo mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf.
Kh tjfrçh y kh jmuahalño mjpfrtlvh lgphrtlmh hk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth sjrèo
kh akhvj duomhgjothk phrh dfrghr prfdjslfohkjs jo jstj mjpfrtj0 jk prfyjatf
quj lovljrth jo ahphalthr h sus iubhmfrjs afgf sl dujrho jotrjohmfrjs, jo
vjz mj jotrjohrkfs afgf sl dujrho htkjths, jsthrèo gès ajrah hk ìxltf.
Jk dfrghmfr tjomrè kh feklbhalño mj mlsjøhr aurrçaukfs hahmìglafs mfomj

jk oløf f ifvjo quj hsplrh h sjr dutefklsth gjifrj sljgprj kh pjrajpalño mjk
iujbf y kfbrj
kfbrj feijtlvfs0
feijtlvfs0 jk iubhmfr
iubhmfr mfglohrè
mfglohrè kfs afoajptfs
afoajptfs tìaolaf-tèatlafs
tìaolaf-tèatlafs mj
jstj mjpfrtj phrh sjr hmgltlmf. Jsthgfs ajrah h uoh rjvfkualño dfrghtlvh
mhmh h trhvìs mjk pfmjr afboltlvf lgpkjgjothmf phrh kh jaljoalh y jahalh
jo ejojalf mjk feijtlvf trhzhmf. Jk vlmjf, jk sfdtwhrj y khs afguolahalfojs
sjrèo cjrrhgljoths lomlspjoshekjs mjotrf mjk `lt mj ahmh hsplrhotj
hsplrhotj h
dutefklsth y jqulpf, tho lomlspjoshekjs afgf jk ehkño glsgf. Kh jsthmçstlah
kkjbhrè h khs ahoachs pfpukhrjs phrh kh sjkjaalño mj thkjotfs y jk fif akçolaf
sjrè rjjgpkhzhmf
jspjalhklzhmf pfr pujstf.
jo ahmh kh prfmuaalño f jk rjomlgljotf mjpfrtlvf mjk iubhmfr
Cfy pfmjgfs mjalr slo tjgfr h jqulvfahrofs quj kh akhvj mj jstj mjpfrtj
phrh hkahozhr jk ìxltf jsthrè afkghmh pfr gùktlpkjs dhatfrjs, pjrf pfr joalgh
mj tfmf, sjrè kh lodfrghalño lomlvlmuhk y afkjatlvh
afkjatlvh kh quj ghrahrè
ghrahrè kh phuth.
^fr khs afoakuslfojs h khs quj cjgfs kkjbhmf jo tfmf jstj vlhij, qujrjgfs
jotrjbhr jo jstj klerf hspjatfs mj kh josjøhozh trhmlalfohk, gfmjkf mj
jotrjohgljotf ehshmf jo kh jxpjrljoalh, jk gfmjkf hktjrohtlvf quj chaj
84

rjdjrjoalh h kh josjøhozh y hprjomlzhij pfr mjsauerlgljotf h trhvìs mjk

iujbf y jk gfmjkf ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF afgf uoh oujvh
pfslelklmhm mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij, afkfaèomfkf h mlspfslalño mj tfmfs
ustjmjs, jspjrhomf sjh mj brho hpklahelklmhm y hpfrtj phrh sjbulr afo kh
jvfkualño
mjahmhs. dfrghtlvh jo jsth mlsalpkloh mjpfrtlvh mj ahrh h khs prñxlghs
Cjgfs mlsdruthmf jstj iujbf afovjrtlmf jo mjpfrtj, jstj mjpfrtj afovjrtlmf jo

jspjatèaukf y jk jspjatèaukf afovjrtlmf jo afgpjtjoalh0 hcfrh jotrjbhrjgfs
uo hpfrtj slbolahtlvf mj kf quj h oujstrf iulalf pujmj jgpkjhrsj afgf uoh
brho cjrrhgljoth phrh kh josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij mjk dùtefk jo pjrghojotj
ahgelf.
¡Eljovjolmfs!
Jo jk prjsjotj trhehif jgpkjhgfs kfs tìrglofs bjojrhkjs «jotrjohmfrjs°, «iubhmfrjs°, «hkugofs°, «oløfs°, «phmrjs°,
jta., afo kfs quj ofs jsthgfs rjrljomf sljgprj quj of sj lomlquj kf afotrhrlf h jotrjohmfrjs y jotrjohmfrhs, iubhmfrjs y
iubhmfrhs, hkugofs y hkugohs, oløfs y oløhs, jta. Cjgfs
Cjgfs tfghmf jsth mjalslño afo jk o mj dhalklthr kh kjaturh mjk tjxtf,
slo prjtjomjr afo jkkf utlklzhr uo kjobuhij sjxlsth f mlsarlglohtfrlf
mlsarlglohtfrlf..
82


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
83

A
H^Ç]ZKF
8
GFMJKFQ
]UHMLALFOHK
]UHMLAL FOHK \ HK
HK]JUOH
]JUOH]LTF
]LTF
8<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
5>

JK JO]UJOHMFU
JO JK ÛFAJQF MJ
JOQJØHOYH-HÛJOMLYHIJ
MJ HQ^LUHO]JQ H DZ]EFKLQ]HQ
h prèatlah mjpfrtlvh ch vjolmf loarjgjotèomfsj murhotj khs
K
ùktlghs
mj brhomìahmhs jo jk guomf,
trhsajomjoalh kf auhksfalhk,
jmuahtlvh, ch prfplalhmf
prfplal hmf uo djoñgjof
jafoñglah, djoñg jof
pfkçtlah,
jotrj ftrhs. Mj tfmfs kfs mjpfrtjs, js jk dùtefk
dùtefk jk quj
quj aujoth
aujoth afo
ghyfr oùgjrf mj prhatlahotjs.
Jo jstj sjotlmf y mj haujrmf afo tfmf jk hoèklsls mjthkkhmf, cjgfs
kkjbhmf h kh afoakuslño mj quj jstj mjpfrtj of jstè sljomf josjøhmf
hmjauhmhgjotj, jo kh ghyfrçh mj kfs ahsfs, pjsj h sjr jk mjpfrtj gès
pfpukhr jo guacfs phçsjs mj oujstrf pkhojth, thotf jo jk olvjk mj akuejs
afgf jo jk olvjk jsafkhr. Jsth sltuhalño, ofs ch cjacf rjjxlfohr sferj
jk brho oùgjrf mj aclafs y aclahs lgpklahmfs y sferj sus afosjaujoalhs
duturhs. Jotjomjgfs afgf hmjauhmh, hqujkkh dfrgh mj josjøhr afgf kf
gès jmuahtlvh pfslekj, js mjalr, quj rjspjth khs ahrhatjrçstlahs mjk quj
hprjomj, kh jstruaturh lotjroh mjk afotjolmf quj sj josjøh y sferj tfmf,
hquìkkh quj
quj dhvfrjaj uoh dfrghalño lotjbrhk mj kh pjrsfoh. Jsth mjej chajr
rjdjrjoalh h kfs mlstlotfs ègeltfs mjk dutefklsth9 afboltlvf, hdjatlvf, sfalhk
y gftfr, slo fkvlmhrofs mj kh jmuahalño jo vhkfrjs (hxlfkfbçh). Qfgfs
mj kh fplolño, mj quj jk dùtefk afgf mjpfrtj tljoj brhomjs pfslelklmhmjs
jmuahtlvhs, khs auhkjs cho mj hprfvjachrsj hk gèxlgf (shkum gjothk y
dçslah, mjshrrfkkf gftfr,
gftfr, mjshrrfkkf mj kfs rjaursfs afboltlvfs, sfalhklzhalño,
vlvjoalh mj jxpjrljoalhs, jgfalfojs, jta.). ^fr jsth rhzño, pjoshgfs quj
js vlthk jstumlhr y shejr gès hajrah mj kh pjrsfoh joahrbhmh mj josjøhr
jk dùtefk h oløfs y oløhs, kh auhk of js ftrh quj jk dfrghmfr.
58


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Afgjozhgfs oujstrf trhehif afo kfs duomhgjotfs tjñrlafs mjk glsgf.

Kfs hphrthmfs, afgf pfmjgfs afgprfehr, sj rjjrjo h mfs jkjgjotfs
akhvjs mj oujstrh prfpujsth afgf gfmjkf, kfs auhkjs sfo9 8- jk afotjolmf
mj jstumlf afgf uoh pfslelklmhm jmuahtlvh, 5- kh jthph h kh quj ofs
rjdjrlgfs jo jstj mfaugjotf js jsjoalhkgjotj jk dùtefk ehsj.
^hrh jk mjshrrfkkf mj oujstrh prfpujsth afgf gfmjkf, prjtjomlgfs
jo prlgjrh losthoalh afofajr kh rjhklmhm mj kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk h
trhvìs mjk jstumlf mj kh dfrghalño mj kfs jotrjohmfrjs mj dùtefk ehsj
mj mldjrjotjs rjblfojs mjk phçs y ohalfojs ajrahohs h Afkfgelh, afo jk
hpfrtj mj afkjbhs jxpjrtfs jo jk glsgf ahgpf.
^hrh jstj o kkjvhgfs h ahef uo hoèklsls, jo jk quj afgelohgfs kh
gjtfmfkfbçh auhotlthtlvh y kh auhklthtlvh, quj ofs slrvlñ phrh prfajmjr h
dfrgukhr jk prjsjotj gfmjkf jmuahtlvf afgf hpfrtj h kh dfrghalño mjk
jotrjohmfr, rjmuomhomf pfsltlvhgjotj jo jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth.
Hohklzhgfs hspjatfs afgf kh aukturh chalh jk mjpfrtj, kh jxpjrljoalh
mjk dfrghmfr, su dfrghalño lolalhk, su dfrghalño hatuhk, afoajpalño jo kh
josjøhozh mjk dùtefk, gjtfmfkfbçh, ojajslmhmjs y mjghomhs mj dfrghalño.
Jstj hoèklsls kf rjhklzhgfs mj dfrgh prjsjoalhk jo mldjrjotjs alumhmjs y
guolalplfs mj Afkfgelh y phçsjs vjalofs, afgfa fgf yh kf mlilgfs,
mlilgfs, rjafplkhomf
rjafpl khomf
uoh lgpfrthotj y vhklfsçslgh lodfrghalño kh auhk ofs gftlvñ h lolalhr
jstj trhehif afgf prfpujsth gjtfmfkñblah. Ofs jotrjvlsthgfs afo uo
eujo brupf mj pjrsfohs jxpjrths jo jk dùtefk ehsj y jo kh dfrghalño mj
jotrjohmfrjs mj dùtefk,
dùtefk, lodfrghalño
lodfrghalñ o quj ofs slrvlñ mj sfpfrtj
sfpf rtj duomhgjothk
duomhgjothk
phrh jk afotjolmf quj h afotlouhalño prjsjothgfs.
Jo auhotf h kfs hspjatfs gès mjsthahmfs, pfmjgfs mjalr, jotrj ftrfs,
quj jk pjrk mjk jotrjohmfr mj dùtefk ehsj jo Afkfgelh afrrjspfomj afo
jk slbuljotj9 cfgerj f gu guijr
ijr jotrj 55 y :> høfs mj mj jmhm, afo jstumlfs
sjauomhrlfs,, ehaclkkjrhtf, tìaolaf jo jotrjohgljotf
sjauomhrlfs jotrjohgljotf mjpfrtlvf f klajoalhmf
jo jmuahalño dçslah, quj iujbh f ch iubhmf hk dùtefk
dùtefk y quj kkjvh trhehihomf
trhehihomf
jo jk dùtefk ehsj jotrj > y 85 høfs jo prfgjmlf. ^fr ftrf khmf ofthgfs
quj jxlstjo guacfs
guacfs jotrjohmfrjs
jotrjohmfrjs (kh brho ghyfrçh)
ghyfrçh ) slo tltukhalño prjalsh
prj alsh
mjofglohmh ]ìaolaf
]ìaolaf Mjpfrtlvf jo Dùtefk.
Zoh mj
ehsj khs prloalphkjs
sj mjmlaho rhzfojs pfr
h jsth prfdjslño khs kh
js pfr quj kfs jotrjohmfrjs
shtlsdhaalño pjrsfohkmjf dùtefk
pfr kh
phslño quj jstj mjpfrtj kjs mjphrh.
55

Jk jotrjohmfr jotrjvlsthmf rjafofaj quj mjej rjuolr uoh sjrlj mj

ahrhatjrçstlahs, khs auhkjs
auh kjs mjejo sjr9 jmuahmfr afo dfrghalño y chelklmhmjs
pjrsfohkjs y sfalhkjs phrh kh josjøhozh mjk glsgf, sltuhalño quj kfs
jstè kkjvhomf h gfvlklzhrsj jo thk sjotlmf. Jo auhotf h kh ahphalthalño
pjrghojotj, kfs jxpjrtfs
aursfs, sjglohrlfs, arjjo quj
mlpkfghmfs khs tfmf,
(sferj jstrhtjblhs gès hmjauhmhs
afo frljothalño sfo9
prèatlah),
lotjrahgelf mj jxpjrljoalhs, brupfs afkhefrhtlvfs, hprjomjr mjk mçh h mçh
y kh kjaturh f jk vlmjf (klerfs, rjvlsths y ghtjrlhkjs fo-kloj). Jo rjkhalño
afo kfs afotjolmfs mj kfs aursfs jk dfrghmfr rjakhgh rjltjrhmhgjotj kfs
quj tjobho quj vjr afo kh gjifrh mj gìtfmfs mj josjøhozh chaljomf
guacf ìodhsls jo jk hspjatf tèatlaf f mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf.
Qj jvlmjoalñ thgelìo quj kh afoajpalño mj kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk quj
tljojo kfs dfrghmfrjs, jstè guy klbhmh y afo mjghslhmh lgpfrthoalh h
kh afgpjtlalño, prjmfglohomf hsç kfs feijtlvfs mj rjomlgljotf sferj kfs
dfrghtlvfs y jmuahtlvfs.
Dlohkgjotj,
Dlohkgjot j, ofs hajrahgfs jo oujstrf hoèklsls h kh ojajslmhm
ojajs lmhm mj prjsjothr
uoh prfpujsth phrh kh gjifrh mjk prfajsf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij
mjk dùtefk jo rjkhalño afo kh dfrghalño mj kfs jotrjohmfrjs mj dùtefk
ehsj, prfpfoljomf mj jsth ghojrh jk gfmjkf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij
^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf, jk auhk afoslmjrhgfs uo hpfrtj susthoalhk
phrh afotlouhr afo kh jvfkualño jo jk mjshrrfkkf
mjshr rfkkf mjk iujbf mj jstj mjpfrtj
mj guktltumjs.

GFMJKF JOQJØHOYH - HÛJOMLYHIJ
Z
o gìtfmf js uoh phkherh quj prfvljoj mjk tìrglof Brçjbf gjtcfmfs
(‛ahglof‗ f ‛vçh‗)
‛vç h‗) y quj
quj sj rjjrj hk gjmlf utlklzhmf phrh kkjbhr h uo
o. Qu slbolahmf
slbol ahmf frlblohk sjøhkh jk ahglof quj afomuaj h uo kubhr.
Zo gfmjkf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij js uo pkho jstruaturhmf quj
pujmjj ushrsj phrh afoburhr uo aurrçaukug, phrh mlsjøhr ghtjrlhkjs
pujm ghtjrlhkjs mj
josjøhozh y phrh frljothr kh josjøhozh
josjøho zh mj ghojrh lomlvlmuhk f jo brupfs.
ûjstf quj of jxlstj olobùo gìtfmf ahphz mj chajr drjotj h tfmfs kfs
tlpfs y jstlkfs mj hprjomlzhij, of klglthrjgfs oujstrh prfpujsth h uo
gfmjkf ùolaf, pfr htrhatlvf quj sjh h prlgjrh vlsth. Josjøhr mjsmj uoh
pjrspjatlvh guy bjojrhk, js afguolahr hkbùo afofalgljotf, chelklmhm f
hatltum. Kfs jkjgjotfs duomhgjothkjs
duomhgjothkjs mj jstj gfmjkf sfo9 ¶Xuì josjøhr6,
¶Añgf josjøhr6 y ¶Añgf gjmlr kfs feijtlvfs hkahozhmfs6
51


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Js pfr thk sjotlmf quj jstj tjxtf tjomrè rjkhalño mlrjath afo kf quj h
oujstrf gfmf js uo gfmjkf, jk auhk prjtjomj jotrjbhr cjrrhgljoths
sualjotjs phrh josjøhr y hprjomjr jstj mjpfrtj mj uoh ghojrh guacf
gès kñblah, hkahozhomf
hkah ozhomf hktfs olvjkjs mj jaljoalh y jahalh, mjgfstrhomf
rjsukthmfs afotuomjotjs
ìk lotjrvljojo, kkjbhomf hsçjohahmh uof mjfeijtlvfs
afoqulsthr kfs iubhmfrjs y jqulpfs
jo rjkhalño qujafo
mlrjath jo
kh jxpjrljoalh pfsltlvh jo jk mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf mj jstj mjpfrtj kkhghmf
dùtefk.
^hrh jstj vlhij vhgfs h afovfahr mfs mj kfs gfmjkfs gès ushmfs jo kfs
ùktlgfs tljgpfs, phrh
ph rh kujbf jxpfojr y rjarjhr jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf
^rfaj sf ]èatlaf-
]èatlaf-
Afboltlvf.
]joljomf afoslmjrhalño afo jk tljgpf y khs fauphalfojs mjk kjatfr, vhgfs
vh gfs
h jotrjbhr kh lodfrghalño mj dfrgh mlrjath, thk afgf kf afoajelgfs y kf
vlvlgfs h jo
utlklzhmhs mlhrlf,
mlhrlf
kh josjøhozh-hprjoml
josjøh
, rjhklzhomf
ozh-hprjomlzh
mfs mjsarlpalfojs
mfs zhij
ij jo jstj mjpfrtj,
sferj gfmjkfs
gphrh
fmjkfs
kujbf
f afrrljotjs
afrrljot
hefrmhr
js
kh lmjh ajotrhk mjk mfaugjotf, jk ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf0 gfmjkf quj
jspjrhgfs sjh mj brho hpklahelklmhm y ahgelf susthoalhk jo kfs prfajsfs
dfrghtlvfs y afgpjtltlvfs mjk dùtefk hatuhk.
JK GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK
k jodfquj trhmlalfohk sj ch ahrhatjrlzhmf pfr prlvlkjblhr khs
hatlvlmhmjs mj hprjomlzh
hp rjomlzhij
ij quj prfgujvjo kh hutfgh
hutfghtlzhalño
tlzhalño mj kfs
duomhgjotfs tìaolafs mjk dùtefk, mj dfrgh quj sj ch frljothmf sfkf
J
chalh jk kfbrf mj feijtlvfs jo kh jsdjrh gftrlz.

Mlacfs hvhoajs dujrfo hpklahmfs afo ìxltf jo khs gfmhklmhmjs lomlvlmuhkjs
y pfstjrlfrgjotj afkjatlvhs, pjrf slo
s lo tfghr jo aujoth quj jk dùtefk pfsjj
uoh jstruaturh duoalfohk0 pfr jsth rhzño kh haalño tèatlah js afoslmjrhmh
afgf uo jkjgjotf hlskhmf mjk afotjxtf, mj hcç quj tfmfs kfs gjmlfs sfo
utlklzhmfs phrh hkahozhr uo bjstf tìaolaf.
]fmf kf hotjrlfr afokkjvh h kh sjphrhalño mj kh prèatlah afo kh tjfrçh y kh
tìaolah afo kh tèatlah. Js
J s pfr jkkf
jk kf quj sj pkhotjh quj jk hefrmh
hefrmhij
ij jxakuslvf
mj kh jsdjrh gftrlz y pfr jomj mj kh tìaolah mjpfrtlvh js lohprfplhmh,
pfrquj hk of tjojr
khs ahphalmhmjs mj jo
kfs aujoth kh jsdjrh
hsplrhotjs afboltlvh
y pfrquj of sj mjshrrfkkho
sj mjsafofajo tfmhs
ftrfs hspjatfs
5=

quj afoburho kh kñblah lotjroh mjk iujbf, afgf jk tljgpf, jk jsphalf,

kh afguolahalño, jk rjbkhgjotf y kh tèatlah mjpfrtlvh0 quj mj ftrf khmf
rjsuktho lgprjsalomlekjs phrh jk hprjomlzhij y afgpjtltlvlmhm jo jstj
mjpfrtj.
Zof mj kfs jkjgjotfs quj afoburho kh kh jstruaturh mjk dùtefk dfrghtlvf js quj
jo jstj gfmjkf pfaf sj loakuy
loakuyjj kh tèatlah mjpfrtlvh. Kh of loakuslño sj mjej
h vhrlhs rhzfojs9 uoh mj jkkhs js afoslmjrhr quj quj kh tèatlah mjej hefrmhrsj
hefrmhrsj jo
jthphs pfstjrlfrjs
pfstjrlfrj s h kh lolalhalño0 ftrh rhzño
rhz ño js quj kh tèatlah
tèatlah jqulvfahmhgjotj
jqulvfahmhgjotj
sj jotljomj afgf slstjghs mj iujbf f jstrhtjblh, js mjalr, kh ghyfrçh mj khs
pjrsfohs hsugjo kh tèatlah afgf kh uelahalño y gfvlgljotfs sloarfolzhmfs
mj kfs iubhmfrjs mjotrf mjk tjrrjof mj iujbf f kh pkhojhalño mj iubhmhs mj
pjkfth quljth,
quljth, afgf kfs tlrfs klerjs y kfs tlrfs mj jsquloh. H kf hotjrlfr,
hotjrlfr, sj uoj
kh of lmjotlahalño mjk bìojrf y tlpf mj hprjomlzhij (gftrlz y/f afboltlvf)
quj kj afrrjspfomj h kh josjøhozh mj kh tèatlah, jstf ch lgpjmlmf quj sj
prfgujvh kh tfgh mj mjalslfojs y kh hutfofgçh mjk iubhmfr phrh rjsfkvjr khs
mlvjrshs sltuhalfojs mjk iujbf mj uoh ghojrh kñblah y frmjohmh.
Mj ftrf khmf, tljoj brho loalmjoalh jk cjacf mj quj kfs prfdjsfrjs mj dùtefk
mlrliho su josjøhozh mjsmj su prfplh jxpjrljoalh y afo kh utlklzhalño mj
prèatlahs quj ahrjajo mj uoh brho ehsj aljotçah. Js pfr jsf quj sj
ch prlvlkjblhmf h kh jxpjrljoalh afgf ùolah vçh mj hmqulslalño mj kfs
afofalgljotfs tèatlafs, gjmlhotj uoh dfrghalño prèatlah quj prlvlkjblh
jk chajr sferj
lohprfplhmf jk afgprjomjr
mjshrrfkkf y quj trhj afgf
mjk afgpfrthgljotf afosjaujoalh
y afgprjoslño mjkuo kjotf j
iujbf.
5:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jk mjshrrfkkf
mjshrrfkk f kjotf mjk afgpfrthgljotf tèatlaf sj mjej h quj kfs iubhmfrjs
mjejo lovjrtlr guacf tljgpf prhatlahomf, js mjalr, mjejo lr haugukhomf
jxpjrljoalh phrh mjsauerlr khs rjbkhs tèatlahs quj kjs pjrglth rjsfkvjr
hmjauhmhgjotj
hmjauhmhgjo tj khs sltuhalfojs mj iujbf afrrjspfomljotjs,
afr rjspfomljotjs, hmjgès, pfrquj
jk jotrjohmfr of sj khs prjsjoth mj ghojrh jxpkçalth, afgf afotjolmf mj
hprjomlzhij.
Kfs jotrjohmfrjs loafosaljotjgjotj loajotlvho jk afgpfrthgljotf
tèatlaf mj sus iubhmfrjs mj kh slbuljotj ghojrh9 jkkfs afo ehsj jo su
jxpjrljoalh vhkfrho uoh sjrlj mj afomuaths quj afoslmjrho hprfplhmhs
phrh iubhr hk dùtefk, jo afosjaujoalh, sj khs prjsjotho afotlouhgjotj h
sus iubhmfrjs phrh quj khs rjhklajo
rjhkla jo murhotj jk iujbf, jk jotrjohmfr fesjrvh
khs haalfojs mj sus hkugofs y auhomf afoslmjrh quj sj afgjtlñ uo jrrfr,
lotjrvljoj phrh pjmlr quj chbho kf quj kjs ch mlacf, pfr
p fr jijgpkf9
jijgpkf9 ‛¶pfr
‛¶pf r quì
of tlrhstj jk ajotrf6, ¶of chs hprjomlmf quj auhomf uof kkjbh h kh rhyh
ohk mjej tlrhr jk ajotrf6, augpkh afo su duoalño‗0 ftrh dfrgh quj utlklzh
jk jotrjohmfr js prjsjothr jo kfs jotrjohgljotfs sfkualfojs h sltuhalfojs
mj iujbf quj kfs hkugofs mjejo rjpjtlr vhrlhs vjajs0 bjojrhkgjotj jo
jsths sltuhalfojs mj iujbf, arjhmhs pfr jk prfdjsfr, of chy hmvjrshrlfs
y jk hkugof of tfgh olobuoh mjalslño, slgpkjgjotj rjpltj kh sfkualño h
trhvìs mj uoh jijaualño.
Jo auhotf h kh loafgprjoslño mjk iujbf chy quj mjalr, quj pfr gjmlf
mj kh jxpjrljoalh kfs iubhmfrjs hprjomjo h iubhr pjrf of joaujotrho
jxpklahalfojs rhalfohkjs sferj jk iujbf, afgf sfo, khs ofalfojs, khs
prfpfslalfojs y jxpjrljoalh,
jxpklahalño mj kh afoajptfs, quj akhrhgjotj
jo jstj pfslelkltho
ahsf, mjk iujbf kh kjaturh
mjk dùtefk. Kh dhkthy
mj prfgfalño mjk hoèklsls rjjxlvf slbolah kh loafgprjoslño mjk iujbf.
Kh pfah tjfrçh hpfrthmh pfr jk jotrjohmfr hsç afgf kh utlklzhalño
jxakuslvh mj kh jxpjrljoalh afgf vçh mj hmqulslalño mjk afofalgljotf
tèatlaf, kkjvho hk iubhmfr h joghrahrsj jo uo prfajsf mj hprjomlzhij pfr
rjpjtlalño, ehshmf jo jk joshyf/jrrfr, quj trhj afgf afosjaujoalh uoh
kjoth jvfkualño mjk afgpfrthgljotf tèatlaf, pfrquj jk iubhmfr tljoj quj
lovjrtlr guacf tljgpf phrh hslglkhr hkbuofs prloalplfs quj kj pjrgltho
iubhr mj haujrmf afo kh kñblah
kñb lah mjk dùtefk, afo jk hbrhvhotj mj quj
quj auhomf
kf chaj, of kfyjotljomj.
jsqujgètlaf ^fr mjk
mjpjomljotj jsthjotrjohmfr.
rhzño, su afgpfrthgljotf tljomj h sjr
54

Js hsç
mj hsfalhr
afgfkhjojmhm
jstj ygfmjkf,
jk oùgjrf
jqulvfahmhgjotj
mj phrtlmfs iubhmfs
sj tljojafo
kh dhksh
jk mfglolf
arjjoalhy
afgprjoslño mjk iujbf, js mjalr, quljo gès jxpjrljoalh tljoj, js quljo
gès shej, pfr kf thotf, js quljo pujmj iubhr y chekhr mj dùtefk.
GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK F ]ÌAOLAF

oh mj khs rhzfojs pfr khs auhkjs jstj gfmjkf prjvhkjaj jo oujstrf
gjmlf sfo khs arjjoalhs bjojrhklzhmhs mj khs pjrsfohs joahrbhmhs
mj bulhr kfs prfajsfs mj josjøhozh mjk ehkfgplì, pfr kf thotf, js
Z
hprfplhmf gjoalfohr hkbuohs mj jshs arjjoalhs9
• Qj hprjomj h iubhr dùtefk iubhomf guacfs phrtlmfs.
• Jk iubhmfr quj ch iubhmf guacfs phrtlmfs js gjifr quj ftrf quj ch
iubhmf gjofs.
• ^hrh hprjomjr h iubhr dùtefk sfkf sj ojajslth jotrjohr afo jk ehkño.
• Js sfkf eujo iubhmfr hqujk quj ghojih eljo jk ehkño.
• Jo jk dùtefk jk quj afrrj js jk ehkño.
• Jk dùtefk of chy quj jstumlhrkf0 ehsth afo prhatlahrkf.
• Jo jk dùtefk yh tfmf jstè lovjothmf.
• Kh prèatlah chaj hk ghjstrf.
• Zo
^hrhtìaolaf
sjr tìaolaf
js eujof
js ojajshrlf
auhomf sutjojr
jqulpf
dùtefk
bhoh
mj guacfs
ahgjrlof.
phrtlmfs.
52


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Khs arjjoalhs mj guacfs jotrjohmfrjs jstèo tho hrrhlbhmhs jo oujstrh

aukturh, quj loakuslvj jo khs achrkhs prjvlhs hk jotrjohgljotf f h uo
joaujotrf
joaujo trf mj dùtefk prfgfalfoho y afosfklmho
afos fklmho drhsjs rjpltljomf y chaljomf
jaf mj khs afoslmjrhalfojs hotjrlfrjs0 phrh afgprfehr jstf, fesjrvhgfs
mjthkkhmhgjotj
phçsjs mj Hgìrlahkfs jotrjohgljotfs
jotrjohgljotfs mjJauhmfr,
afgf Afkfgelh, 1> jsaujkhs
js aujkhs mj dùtefk
Qhkvhmfr, jo mldjrjot
Jsthmfsml djrjotjs
js
Zolmfs,
Tjojzujk
jojzujkhh y ^jrù.
JK GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK QJ
AJO]UH JO KH ]ÌAOLAH
k gfmjkf utlklzh jk gìtfmf hohkçtlaf duomhgjo
duomhgjothmf
thmf jo jk hprjomlzh
h prjomlzhij
ij
J
mj kh tìaolah afo ehkño (ahejajhr, phtjhr, afomualr jk ehkño, jotrj
ftrfs) mj dfrgh rjpjtltlvh, eusahomf afosjbulr
afosjbul r hutfghtlzhalño
hutfghtlzhalño jo jk
hkugof, phrh quj jstj kf rjplth mj lbuhk dfrgh, jo kh afgpjtjoalh.
Mj haujrmf afo kf hotjrlfr ofs surbljrfo uoh sjrlj mj prjbuoths9 ¶^fr
quì tfmfs
tfmfs kfs oløfs
ol øfs afrrjo mjtrès mjk ehkño6,
e hkño6, ¶Xuì mjej hprjomjr uo oløf
phrh gfmlahr jstj afgpfrthgljotf6
Jstj gfmjkf sj ajotrh prloalphkgjotj jo jk hprjomlzhij rjpjtltlvf y kh
josjøhozh pfr rjajpalño,
rjajp alño, js mjalr, of tljoj jo aujoth kfs afofalgljotfs j
lodfrghalño phrh jk iubhr, jk afotjolmf sj kjs prjsjoth mj dfrgh hahehmh,
pfr lostruaalño mlrjath, frljothmh chalh jk kfbrf mj feijtlvfs mjk ègeltf
gftrlz.

Jk prfajsf mj josjøhozh-hprjoml
josj øhozh-hprjomlzh zhij
ij sj hpfyh jo thrjhs mjolmhs, mfomj
sj mjtjrgloh uo feijtlvf ohk y sj lomlah kh ghojrh jo quj sj pujmj
kfbrhr jsj feijtlvf,
feijtlvf, thgelìo pfr khs prèatlahs jo brupfs,
br upfs, ekfqujs u fkjhmhs,
afo jijralalfs mj kfs bjstfs tìaolafs afo ehkño, mfomj kfs oløfs rjhklzho
vhrlhs rjpjtlalfojs mj uo glsgf bjstf.
Qughmf h kf hotjrlfr, jstj jodfquj sujkj sjbulr uo jsqujgh mj trhehif
qujj afo hkbuoh vhrlhalño, afosth mj mfs dhsjs.
qu
53

8. Dhsj mj josjøhozh lomlvlmuhk.

• Bjstfs tìaolafs afo ehkño hlskhmfs mjk afotjxtf mj iujbf.
• Afgelohalño mj bjstfs tìaolafs afo ehkño.
• Jodrjothgljotfs f mujkfs lomlvlmuhkjs.
5. Dhsj mj josjøhozh afkjatlvh.
• Jodrjothgljotfs f mujkfs jo hthquj.
• Jodrjothgljotfs f mujkfs jo mjdjosh.
• Iujbf tfthk.
]jñrlahgjotj jstj gfmjkf js hprfplhmf, slo jgehrbf, prjsjoth hkbuohs
mjaljoalhs9
8. Husjoalh mj uoh dhsj hmhpthtlvh.
Qj phsh mj uo jodfquj ehshmf jo haalfojs lomlvlmuhkjs h uoh ajotrhmh
jo haalfojs mj jqulpf, slo phshr pfr uoh dhsj lotjrgjmlh quj pjrglth hk
iubhmfr hpklahr afoajptfs phrh rjsfkvjr sltuhalfojs mj dfrgh gès sjoalkkh
quj khs mjk iujbf rjhk.
5. ^fah fpfslalñ
fpfslalñoo tèatlah.
Khs haalfojs lomlvlmuhkjs, yh sjho bjstfs tìaolafs f jodrjothgljotfs, sj
josjøho jo afomlalfojs prjmlsjøhmhs, afo husjoalh mj fpfojotjs y jo
ahsfs pfr fkjhmhs,
fkjhmhs , jijgpkf9
jijgpkf9 shkjo trjs iubhmfrjs, kujbf ftrfs trjs, jtaìtjrh.
1. Heusf mj sltuhalfojs tèatlahs afostrulmhs.
Qj sujkj afoajmjr gès lgpfrthoalh hk pjoshgljotf tèatlaf lomuatlvf
(sltuhalfojs y sfkualfojs arjhmhs pfr jk prfdjsfr y rjpjtlmhs pfr jk
mjpfrtlsth), quj h sfkualfojs arjhmhs pfr kfs hsplrhotjs.
=. Mjsafofal
Mjsafofalgljotf
gljotf mj kh tìaolah
tìaolah slo ehkño.
Qj afoajmj gès lgpfrthoalh h kh tìaolah afo ehkño.

¶Jxlstlrè hkbuoh ghojrh mj hprjomjr h iubhr dùtefk quj
of sjh iubèomfkf6
Kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk jo oujstrf gjmlf, ch prlvlkjblhmf kh hmqulslalño
5<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
mjk afofalgljotf, afo ehsj jo kh jxpjrljoalh0 pfr jsth rhzño,

rhzñ o, su frljothalño
sj ch ehshmf jo jk kfbrf mj feijtlvfs jxakuslvhgjotj mjk ègeltf gftfr,
pfrquj eusah jk gfkmjhgljotf mj afomuaths, jk hprjomlzhij mj mjstrjzhs
y afgpjtjoalhs fesjrvhekjs y jvhkùh afomuaths jspjrhmhs. Eljo phrjaj
pfr tfmf kf hotjrlfr, quj jk duomhgjotf
duomhgjotf prloalphk mjk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk f
tìaolaf js jk afomuatlsgf.
JO JK GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK
LG^FU]HO GZACF KFQ BFKJQ
\ KHQ TLA]FULHQ
trh ahrhatjrçstlah mj jstj gfmjkf, js quj kh pjmhbfbçh quj hmfpth,
F
afoslstj jo lglthr jk mjpfrtj afgpjtltlvf. ^fr jsf, kfs prfpñsltfs
jmuahtlvfs jstèo joahglohmfs h kh fetjoalño mj rjsukthmfs
hkahozhmfs pfr mjpfrtlsths y jqulpfs mj hktf olvjk.
Jk jxajslvf lotjrìs pfr hkahozhr jsfs rjsukthmfs, ch kkjvhmf h afgjtjr
uo lgpfrthotj jrrfr, jklglohr jk pkhajr quj jk iujbf bjojrh y sustltulrkf
pfr kh lostruaalño. Jstf trhosdfrgh kh hatlvlmhm mj iujbf jo trhehif y kh
htgñsdjrh quj sj arjh sj hkjih mj kfs lotjrjsjs kùmlafs mjk oløf.
Mj jsth ahrhatjrçstlah sj mjmuaj uoh jxajslvh prjslño sferj kfs lodhotjs,
pfrquj jo eusah mj kfs
kfbrfs, chy mjghslhmh
rjspfoshelklmhm y jxlbjoalh
phrh kfs oløfs0 thgelìo sj
tfroh mlsarlglohtfrlf, hk
prlvlkjblhr h kfs gès
mfthmfs, mj gfmf quj h
jstfs, sj kjs erlomh ghyfr
phrtlalphalño jo
jotrjohgljot
jotrjo hgljotfs
fs y phrtlmfs.
phr tlmfs.
Mjspuìs mj chejr
ahrhatjrlzhmf jk gfmjkf
trhmlalfohk mj josjøhozh
y gjoalfohr hkbuohs mj khs arjjoalhs quj lgpkçalthgjotj joaljrrh, js
hprfplhmf althr hkbuohs mj khs afosjaujoalhs quj trhj9
1>

• Kfs oløfs gjifrho kh affrmlohalño mj kfs gfvlgljotfs afo ehkño.

• Jk oløf hprjomj h chajr khs afshs slo afgprjomjrkhs.
• Jk oløf auhomf jstè iubhomf, mjpjomj mj khs lomlahalfojs mjk
•
prfdjsfr.
Jk phsf mjghslhmf erusaf mj uoh dhsj lomlvlmuhk h ftrh afkjatlvh,
pujmj ahushr uoh mjsfrljothalño f ekfqujf jo jk iujbf, jstf pfr jk
loarjgjotf mj khs pfslelklmhmjs quj jk glsgf iujbf supfoj.
• Mjej phshr guacf tljgpf phrh quj kfs oløfs afgprjomho kh kñblah
mjk iujbf.
• Kfs oløfs of jxpklaho akhrhgjotj khs haalfojs quj sj mho mjotrf
mjk iujbf.
• Kfs oløfs thrmho jo hmq
hmqulrlr
ulrlr afgprjoslño phrh hatuhr slo ehkño.
• Mjsafohozh, pfr phrtj mj kfs jotrjohmfrjs, chalh kfs iubhmfrjs
iñvjojs pfr ahrjajr mj jxpjrljoalh.
•
• Kh pìrmlmh
Kfs oløfs ofmjaffrmloho
lotjrìs mjkhmjauhmhgjotj
oløf, chalh kh prèatlah
kfs gfvlgljotfs
mjpfrtlvh.slo ehkño.
Kh hpklahalño mj jstj gfmjkf sj afgprujeh mj kh slbuljotj ghojrh9
• Jo kfs pkhojs mj trhehif houhkjs jk prfpñsltf js gjifrhr kh tìaolah
afo ehkño.
• Jo kfs afotjolmfs mj hprjomlzhij sj hslboh uo tljgpf phrh kh
dhglklhrlzhalño afo jk ehkño, rjajpalño, bfkpjf, ahejajf, phsjs,
afomuaalño mjk ehkño.
• Jo jk jstlkf mj josjøhozh prjvhkjaj ghomf mlrjatf, jo jk quj jk
prfdjsfr frbholzh
frbholz h y mlrlbj tfmh kh hatlvlmhm, vhklìomfsj mj kh phkherh
phkherh
y kh mjgfstrhalño, gljotrhs quj jk hkugof fesjrvh, jsauach
jsa uach y rjhklzh
kfs jijralalfs.
• Jo kh jstruaturhalño
jstr uaturhalño y hatlvlmhmjs mj khs uolmhmjs mj jotrjohgljotf9
^hrtj lolalhk9
• Hatlvhalño slo ehkño.
^hrtj ajotrhk9
• ^rlgjrh phrtj9 ]rhehif mj duomhgjothalño tìaolah afo ehkño.
18


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• Qjbuomh phrtj9 prèatlah mj dùtefk.

^hrtj ohk9
• Jstlrhgljotfs.
• Jo kfs ghtjrlhkjs.
• Ehkfojs, afofs, pltfs, pjtfs y fahslfohkgjotj hrfs y aujrmhs.
Hk rjspjatf pkhotjhgfs quj jk gfmjkf ajotrhmf jo kh tìaolah prjsjoth
guachs klglthalfojs, pfrquj mjsafofaj kh jstruaturh duoalfohk mjk iujbf
(afkhefrhalño/fpfslalño), quj sj ahrhatjrlzh pfr kh loajrtlmugerj, kh
vhrlhelklmhm mj khs sltuhalfojs y jspjalhkgjotj
jspj alhkgjotj pfr kh tfgh mj mjalslfojs.
Kjifs jsth
tèatlaf, kh arjhtlvlmhm,
pujs, jk gfmjkf
kh tfgh
trhmlalfohk
mj mjalslño
mj prfgfvjr
y kh hmhpthelklmhm
uo pjoshgljotf
h khs
sltuhalfojs ahgelhotjs, prfplhs mj uo mjpfrtj
mjpfr tj afgf jk dùtefk. Jo kçojh mj
hrbugjothalño ahej althr h Rjlo auhomf hrgñ9 ‛Chejr mhmf prlfrlmhm
h kh tìaolah ch lgpjmlmf h guacfs iñvjojs jotjomjr jk iujbf jo sus
hspjatfs gès eèslafs, mjgfstrhomf
mjgfstrh omf jo jk iujbf uoh jvlmjotj
jvlmjotj lgpfslelklmhm
lgpfslelklm hm
mj hpklahr kf hprjomlmf hotjrlfrgjotj, pfr chejrkf cjacf jo sltuhalfojs
hlskhmhs‗ .
Jo afoakuslño, jk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk mj josjøhozh mjk dùtefk, jo oujstrf
gjmlf, pjrghojaj pfr khs arjjoalhs bjojrhklzhmhs, sj ahrhatjrlzh pfr jk
hprjomlzhij rjpjtltlvf, kh josjøhozh pfr rjajpalño, pfr kh utlklzhalño mjk
gìtfmf
ùolah vçhhohkçtlaf, pfr jk mjk
mj hmqulslalño prlvlkjblf quj kj erlomh
afofalgljotf, h kh
mj hcç su jxpjrljoalh,
ìodhsls afgf
jo kh tìaolah
afo ehkño, jo kh mlgjoslño gftrlz.
gftrlz.
JK GFMJKF HK]JUOH]LTF
J stj gfmjkf afoslstj jo kh utlklzhalño mjk iujbf afgf gjmlf mj
hprjomlzhij,
hprjomlzhij, hprjomlzh
hprjomlzhij
ij quj sj hmquljrj pfr mjsauerlgljotf.
Hotjs mj lolalhr
jstj gfmjkf kh mjsarlpalño
afovljoj hakhrhr quj yjokhsoujstrf
prloalphkjs
gjmlf ahrhatjrçstlahs
ch surblmf pfr mj
kh
15

loujoalh mj uo jodfquj mjshrrfkkhmf lolalhkgjotj jo Jsphøh, jmlahmf

prloalphkgjotj pfr Cfrst Rjlo y guacfs ftrfs aljotçafs mjk dùtefk
jotrj kfs quj sj mjsthaho Bhrbhoth y ^lotf (8<<3), Gfgehjrts (8<<4),
Brjcèlbojj (5>>8).
Brjcèlbo
Jk sfpfrtj jxpklahtlvf mjk jodfquj hktjrohtlvf jstè sustjothmf pfr khs

slbuljotjs lmjhs9
• ^hrtlr mj kh tfthklmhm y of mj khs phrtjs.
• ^hrtlr mj uoh sltuhalño mj iujbf.
• Jodrjothr hk hsplrhotj afo sltuhalfojs prfekjgh hmjauhmhs h su
olvjk mj mjshrrfkkf.
• Kh tìaolah sj mjej hprjomjr mjotrf mjk afotjxtf mj iujbf.
• Jk prfdjsfr mjej prfgfvjr kh haalño.
• Kh hatlvlmhm rjhklzhmh pfr jk hkugof js jk puotf mj phrtlmh.
•
Js gès hmjauhmf prfaurhr sltuhalfojs mlvjrshs quj dhvfrjzaho khs
rjspujsths h jotfrofs mldjrjotjs, quj kh rjpjtlalño hutfgètlah.
• Kh afgpjtlalño js jk jkjgjotf duomhgjothk y h phrtlr mjk auhk sj
jkhefrh tfmf jk prfajsf mlmèatlaf.
• Kfs brupfs rjmualmfs,
rjmualmfs , kfs iujbfs gfmlahmfs sfo kh hatlvlmhm eèslah
mj trheh
trhehif.
if.
Jo jstj gfmjkf sj prfpfoj kh utlklzhalño mj dfrghs iubhmhs y uoh vjz
rjhklzhmh kh haalño murhotj
mu rhotj jk iujbf
iujbf sj phsh h rjjxlfohr
rjjxlf ohr sferj jk rjsukthmf.
]rhth mj hyumhr h kfs hsplrhotjs h rjafofajr kfs prfekjghs, h lmjotlahr
y bjojrhr sus prfplhs sfkualfojs y h jkjblr kh gjifr jotrj jkkhs.
Khs hotjrlfrjs afoslmjrhalfojs afoaujrmho afo khk h sjaujoalh quj prfpfoj
h trhvìs mjk prjsjotj alakf9
^rlgjrh dhsj9 Iujbf bkfehk, mhr hkbuohs rjbkhs y iubhr logjmlhthgjotj.

Qjbuomh dhsj9 ^hrhr mjspuìs mj uofs gloutfs mj iujbf, rjuolño,
mlsauslño y hoèklsls jotrj kfs iubhmfrjs y jk jotrjohmfr.
y]jrajrh dhsj9 T
afoakuslfojs fkvjr h khjo
fetjolmhs p rèatlah
prèatlah mjk iujbf,
kh sjbuomh dhsj. hpklahalño
hpk lahalño mj khs mjalslfojs
mja lslfojs

11


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Auhrth dhsj9 Tujkvj jo uo tljgpf mjtjrglohmf h phrhr jk iujbf, jk

dfrghmfr jxpklah khs mjalslfojs, kfs kfbrfs, trhtho
dfrghmfr trhthomf
mf mj afrrjblr kfs ghkfs
cèeltfs.
Xuloth dhsj9 Jk prfdjsfr gfmlah khs thrjhs sl js ojajshrlf.

Qjxth dhsj9 Qj vujkvj hk iujbf.
Jstj gfmjkf afoslstj slgpkjgjotj jo hpklahr kh lmjh mj utlklzhr iujbfs
slgpklahmfs, afgf
af gf hatlvlmhm eèslah mj trhehif
trhehif jo jk prfajsf
prfajs f mj josjøhozh
mjk dùtefk.
JK GFMJKF HK]JUOH]LTF
QJ AJO]UH JO JK IZJBF
T hgfs h pkhotjhr kh slbuljotj prjbuoth9 ¶Kh klejrthm y kh

jspfothojlmhm jo jk iujbf pjrgltj mjshrrfkkhr kh afgprjoslño mj
kh kñblah lotjroh6
Jk prfajsf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzh
josjøho zh-hprjomlzhij
ij sj rjhklzh pfr
pf r gjmlf mj thrjhs mfomj
sj mjtjrgloh uo feijtlvf ohk h pjrsjbulr y sj lomlah mj ghojrh prjvlh y
eèslah kh ghojrh jo quj sj pujmj kfbrhr jsj feijtlvf.

Jstj tlpf mj thrjhs sj lmjotlah afo kh sfkualño mj prfekjghs, js mjalr,
sltuhalfojs quj ojajsltho mj kh jkhefrhalño y kh frbholzhalño mj uoh
rjspujsth, eusahomf hsç uoh gjifrçh jo kh pjrajpalño y mjalslño mjk
iubhmfr kh auhk rjmuomhrè
pfsltlvhgjotj jo su
lotjklbjoalh mj iujbf.
Jsth sj pujmj jkhefrhr
pfr joshyf y jrrfr quj
afoslstj jo kh vhrlhalño,
hprfxlghalño y afrrjaalño
hkjhtfrlh f slstjgètlah mj
rjspujsths chsth quj surbj
uoh vhrlhotj hajrthmh.
1=

Kh rjspujsth thgelìo pujmj jkhefrhrsj pfr mlsajrolgljotf quj supfoj

uoh mlspfslalño chalh jk mjsauerlgljotf mj uoh rjkhalño slbolahtlvh mj
gjmlfs y ojs quj duomhgjoth kh rjsfkualño0 afokkjvhomf h afgprjomjr
jk ¶pfr quì6
Khs sltuhalfojs prfekjgh sj prjsjotho mj gfmf frbholzhmf y jxpkçaltf y
kh lodfrghalño mjej mjsjqulklerhr khs jstruaturhs jxlstjotjs pjrgltljomf
afgprjomjr kh kñblah hotj mlach sltuhalño.
Jstj gfmjkf prlvlkjblh kh hmqulslalño mjk afofalgljotf afo ehsj jo kh
jxpjrljoalh, pjrf, h mldjrjoalh mjk gfmjkf tìaolaf, sj ajotrh jo kh uolño
mj kh mlgjoslño gftrlz y kh mjk pjoshgljotf, pujstf quj tljoj jo aujoth
kh haugukhalño mj afofalgljotfs hmqulrlmfs
hmqulrlmfs h trhvìs mjk iujbf, pfr gjmlf
mj kh rjpjtlalño, pjraleljomf khs sltuhalfojs, hsç afgf kfs pjoshgljotfs
y haalfojs quj pjrgltjo rjsfkvjrkh0 jotfoajs, kfs afofalgljotfs jstèo jo
rjkhalño afo uo prfekjgh afoarjtf y su hatuhklzhalño sj prfmuaj afo kh
jxpjrljoalh.
Mjspuìs mj chejr mjolmf y jxpklahmf mj ghojrh bjojrhk jstj gfmjkf, js
afovjoljotj gjoalfohr hkbuohs mj sus afosjaujoalhs9
• Jk hkugof hmquljrj afofalgljotfs mjk iujbf.
• Kf hprjomlmf auhklah kh ahphalmhm mj hmqulrlr oujvfs afotjolmfs, yh
quj prfmuaj uoh gjifr frbholzhalño f mldjrjoalhalño mj kfs afoajptfs.
• Kfs hkugofs hprjomjo h sfkualfohr kfs prfekjghs afgprjomljomf jk

¶pfr quì6
• Kfs oløfs kfbrho jxpklahr akhrhgjotj khs haalfojs vlvlmhs murhotj jk
iujbf.
Jo afoakuslño, jk gfmjkf hktjrohtlvf sj ahrhatjrlzh pfr jk hprjomlzhij
hprjomlzhij pfr
mjsauerlgljotf, pfr kh utlklzhalño mj kfs iujbfs, pfr jk prlvlkjblf quj kj
erlomh h kh jxpjrljoalh afgf ùolah vçh mj afosfklmhalño mjk afofalgljotf,
tjoljomf jo aujoth kh mlgjoslño gftrlz y kh mjk pjoshgljotf.
Jstj gfmjkf mj josjøhozh ch trhçmf uo loougjrhekj hpfrtj hk dùtefk

yh quj mjsmj jk lolalf jo jk prfajsf jxlstj uo slstjgètlaf mjshrrfkkf
1:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
mjk pjoshgljotf y afgpfrthgljotf tìaolaf-tèatlaf mjk iubhmfr y uoh

prfbrjslvh jstlgukhalño mj sus ahphalmhmjs pjrajptlvhs j lotjkjatuhkjs,
mjelmf hk cjacf mj quj iuotf afo jk tfquj mjk ehkño sj mjshrrfkkho kfs
afofalgljotfs y kfs pjoshgljotfs mjk iubhmfr y afo jk pjoshr sj mh lolalf
h khs mldjrjotjs dfrghs mjk iubhr.
14

A
H^Ç]ZKF
5
AHUHA]JUÇQ]LAHQ
MJK ÛFAJQF
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
12


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
13

JQAULÂLÑO MJK UFAJQF

M ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
^
¶Hkbuoh vjz tj chs prjbuothmf jo quì afoslstj jk hprjomlzh
hprjomlzhij6,
ij6,
¶Añgff kfbrhgfs
¶Añg kfb rhgfs phshr mj of shejr hesfkuthgjo
hesfkuthgjotj
tj ohmh h shejr
chajr hkbf pjrdjathgjotj6, ¶Xuì faurrj afo uoh pjrsfoh quj
of mfgloh uo hrtj y kujbf sj vujkvj uo jxpjrtf6
uhomf uoh pjrsfoh hmquljrj uoh mjstrjzh f mfgloh uoh
prfdjslño h kh pjrdjaalño js pfrquj ch phshmf pfr uohs dhsjs
A
phrh kkjbhr h jsfs olvjkjs mj prfdjslfohklsgf, jstf faurrj jo
auhkquljr èrjh rjafofalmh pfr kh cugholmhm. Afomualr uo
trhatfahglño mj ghojrh jaljotj y jahz of sj afoslbuj mj
kh ofacj h kh ghøhoh, phrh jstf sj rjquljrj mj uo prfajsf mj josjøhozh-
hprjomlzhij mlrlblmf y bulhmf pfr uo lostruatfr, kkjvèomfkf pfaf h pfaf
chsth afovjrtlrkf jo uoh pjrsfoh hpth, h kh auhk loakusf kj jotrjbho uoh
klajoalh mj fpjrhalño ohalfohk f lotjrohalfohk. Jo jk dùtefk of mjej sjr
ohmh mldjrjotj.
Thgfs h sjr prèatlafs, kf lovlthgfs h ajotrhrofs jo jk afgpfrthgljotf
afgùo pfr jk quj tfmfs ofsftrfs phshgfs auhomf jsthgfs jo pkjof
prfajsf dfrghtlvf f mj jspjalhklzhalño, khs
kh s dhsjs mjk hprjomlzhij,
hprjomlzhij, lkustrhmhs
jo jk slbuljotj ahsf prèatlaf.
Zo oløf h kh cfrh mj lolalhr uo prfajsf jo jk dùtefk, kf gès cheltuhk
js quj sj joaujotrj jo kh prlgjrh dhsj mj hprjomlzhij, jo kh auhk of
afofaj hesfkuthgjotj
hesfkuthgjotj ohmh mj kf quj quljrj y hmjgès thgpfaf js ahphz
mj chajrkf. Faurrj quj jk oløf quljrj, pjrf mjsafofaj añgf duoalfoh
jstj mjpfrtj y hmjgès thgpfaf kf mfgloh, pfr jsf sj joaujotrh jo jsh
prlgjrh
prl gjrh dhsj9 js LOAFOQALJO]
LOAFOQALJO]J J J LOA
LOAHH^HY.
yZoh
bulhomf
vjz quj
h sujk oujvf
dfrghmfr
hprjomlz,
lolalh jstj
uoh jgpljzh
jotrjbh mj
h hmqulrlr
afotjolmfs,
afosaljoalh
jxpklahomf
mj
quj chy hkbf quj mjej hprjomjr, afgljozh h ihrsj jo kfs mjthkkjs quj
1<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
hotjs lbofrheh, pjrf hùo slo mfglohrkfs, yh quj su aujrpf y gjot

hotjs gjotjj of
rjspfomjo h kh afgpkjilmhm
afgpkjilmhm mj jstj mjpfrtj, kkjbhomf hsç h su sjbuomh
s jbuomh dhsj9
js pfaf h pfaf AFOQALJO]J, pjrf hùo LOAH^HY. AFOQALJO]JGJO]J
LOAH^HY.
^fstjrlfrgjotj, afo jk trhosaurrlr mjk tljgpf, mj rjpjtlr uoh ahotlmhm
mj jijralthalfojs quj trhj afoslbf kfs jotrjohgljotfs, mj hslglkhr kh
lodfrghalño rjalelmh mjsmj kh mlrjaalño bulhmh pfr su dfrghmfr, vh
mjsauerljomf kh rjspujsth h prjbuoths thkjs afgf9 ¶^fr quì6, ¶Añgf6,
¶Afo qulìo6 ¶Afo quì6, ¶Auèomf6, ¶Mñomj6, ¶Jo quì kubhr y jsphalf6,
jtaìtjrh, chsth kkjbhr hk puotf mj mfglohrkf tfmf, kkjbhomf hsç h kh
tjrajrh dhsj, hcfrh yh js AFOQALJO]J y hk glsgf tljgpf AH^HY.
AFOQALJO]JGJO]J AH^HY.
Zoh vjz quj mfgloh kh ghyfrçh mj afoajptfs tìaolafs y mjk iujbf afgf
thk, jk mjpfrtlsth jo prfajsf dfrghtlvf jgpljzh h jxtjrlfrlzhr mj ghojrh
erlkkhotj tfmf kf hprjomlmf0 h gjmlmh quj prhatlah vh lotjrlfrlzhomf y
gjgfrlzhomf kfs phsfs chsth afovjrtlrsj jo uo jxpjrtf, jo uo iubhmfr
lotjklbjotj y hkthgjotj afgpjtltlvf. Jo jsth dhsj yh of ojajslth jsthr
tho htjotf h kfs jkjgjotfs quj utlklzñ jo su lolalf, haè yh js uo vjrshmf,
arjhtlvf, mfglohmfr mjk iujbf, kjatfr mj ahmh sltuhalño y rjsfkutlvf
pfsltlvhgjotj mj ahmh prfekjgh quj kj pkhotjh kh afgpjtjoalh, kkjbhomf
hsç h su ùktlgh dhsj9 iujbh mj dfrgh LOAFOQALJO]J y kh vjz js guy
AH^HY. (Jk puotf lmjhk mjk dutefklsth). LOAFOQALJO]JGJO]J AH^HY.
LL 9 Loafosaljotjgjotj loahphz
AL 9 Afosaljotjgjotj loahphz
...............
HÛJOMLYHIJ
...............
A A 9 Afosaljotjgjotj Ahphz
LA 9 Loafosaljotjgjotj Ahphz
=>

]fmfs kfs mjpfrtlsths tljojo ahrhatjrçstlahs mldjrjotjs, ahmh sjr cughof

js ùolaf j lrrjpjtlekj, pjrf mj joafotrhrsj afo uo jxajkjotj dfrghmfr,
kj hyumhrè h mfglohr kh tìaolah mj uoh ghojrh hmjauhmh, pjrf sferj
tfmhs khs afshs kj bulhrè h mfglohr jk iujbf mj ahrh hk hktf rjomlgljotf
dutefkçstlaf, pfr jsf mjej qujmhr eljo akhrf, uoh sltuhalño js jotrjohr y
ftrh guy mldjrjotj js quj jo jk jotrjohgljotf sj jotrjbuj uo afotjolmf
afcjrjotjj y aljotçahgjotj afgprfehmf,
afcjrjot afgprfehmf, phrh kkjvhr
k kjvhr h kfs oløfs
ol øfs y iñvjojs
prhatlahotjs mj jstj mjpfrtj pfr uo rjafrrlmf, pfr uo GJBHALAKF, pfr
jsths auhtrf dhsjs, chsth afovjrtlrkf jo uo iubhmfr hkthgjotj lotjklbjotj
phrh jk iujbf mj ìkltj.

Js hsç afgf hrbugjothgfs y mjsarlelgfs jk ofgerj mj jstj prfajsf
dfrghtlvf mj kh slbuljotj dfrgh9
ÛFAJQF pfrquj jk oløf mjej chajr uo rjafrrlmf h kh phr afo su
arjalgljotf elfkñblaf y afrpfrhk, joghrahmf jo uo pjrlfmf mj tljgpf, jk
auhk mjofglohgfs GJBHALAK
GJBHALAKF F (4 h 8<+
8 <+ høfs mj jmhm).
jmhm) . Jstj prfajsf js kh
lolalhalño, dfrghalño
dfrghalño y kh jspjalhklzhalño0 jsthekjalmf
jsthekjalmf afgf jk phsf pfr khs
mldjrjotjs ahtjbfrçhs
ahtjbfrçhs quj jk oløf trhoslth
tr hoslth mjsmj quj kkjbh h uoh hahmjglh
mj dùtefk chsth quj sj hprfxlgh h kh hkth afgpjtjoalh0 pjrf thgeljo
prfajsf, pfrquj jo ahmh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf f tjgh pkhotjhmf pfr
jk dfrghmfr, jk hsplrhotj mjej phshr pfr khs auhtrfs dhsjs hotjrlfrgjotj
mjsarlths phrh mj jsth ghojrh bhrhotlzhr uo hprjomlzhij slbolahtlvf
pfr khs
kh s mldjrjotjs dfrghs mj hmqulrlr lodfrghalño. ]ÈA]LAF, pfrquj js jk
iujbf jk lostrugjotf jsjoalhk jo khskh s sjslfojs mj jotrjohgljo
j otrjohgljotf, tf, pjrf jstj
iujbf, js uo iujbf jspjalhk, js hqujk quj vh jo kh glsgh kçojh mj kh kfsfdçh
mjk jotrjohmfr, mjk jqulpf f mj kh lostltualño, mjshrrfkkèomfsj h trhvìs mj
jstruaturhs mj iujbf mfomj kfs hsplrhot
hsplrh otjs js hsugjo uofs afgpfrthgljotfs
afgpfrt hgljotfs
jspjalhkjs, eusahomf afosjbulr hofthalfojs y jvlthomf quj kjs ghrqujo
bfk, js pfr jsth rhzño quj jk dfrghmfr afostruyj jsh kfsfdçh ehshmh jo
slstjghs tèatlafs f gñmukfs. ]hgelìo tèatlaf pfrquj auhomf lolalh kh
afgpjtjoalh jk dfrghmfr afofaljomf khs ahrhatjrçstlahs mj ahmh iubhmfr,
mjk jqulpf y mjk jqulpf afotjomfr, sughmf h khs alrauosthoalhs jxtjrohs,
prjphrh uo pkho fpjrhtlvf phrh hsç kfbrhr
kfbr hr afosjbulr kfskf s feijtlvfs
feijtlvfs pkhojhmfs.
^fr jstf y pfr guachs rhzfojs gès, js quj jstj mjpfrtj jo uo hktçslgf
pfrajothij
pfrajoth ij kf mjejgfs jotrjohr thk afgf
a fgf sj iujbh.
iujbh . \ AFBOL]LT
AFB OL]LTF F pfrquj
hk oløf quj sj dfrgh sj kj jotrjbh phsf h phsf afoajptfs j lodfrghalño
akhrh, prjalsh, y mj brho utlklmhm phrh quj sjh jaljotj y jahz h kh cfrh
mj iubhr. Jsth lodfrghalño kh rjalej jk hsplrhotj h trhvìs mj kfs sjotlmfs,
=8


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
prfajsf mjshrrfkkhmf jo jstj gfmjkf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij h trhvìs

mj glarfjstruaturhs, khs auhkjs vjrjgfs gès hmjkhotj.
^fr jsth rhzño y phrh pfmjr hpklahr jstj gfmjkf, jk dfrghmfr mjej afofajr
guy eljo jstj mjpfrtj, jotjomjrkf,
jotjomjrkf, mfglohrkf,
mfgl ohrkf, shejr jotrjbhr kfs afoajptfs
tjñrlafs mj mldjrjotjs dfrghs, phrh quj uolmf h su pjmhbfbçh y kfsfdçh
jotrjbuj dutefklsths mj guy hkth ahklmhm y ahmh vjz gès lotjklbjotjs h kh
cfrh mj rjsfkvjr khs mldjrjotjs sltuhalfojs prfekjgh quj jo jk iujbf sj
prjsjotho.
Mj ftrh ghojrh . .
¶XZÌ JQ ZO ÛFAJQF AFBOL]LTF6
K h mjolalño gès hajrthmh phrh jxpklahr mj quì sj trhth jk gfmjkf
^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf, js kh slbuljotj9
‛Kh ahphalmhm quj pjrgltj mjshrrfkkhr afofalgljotfs rjalej jk ofgerj
mj afbolalño
afbola lño‗.‗.
Qj trhth mj kh chelklmhm phrh hslglkhr y prfajshr mhtfs, vhkfrhomf y
slstjghtlzhomf kh lodfrghalño h kh quj sj haajmj h phrtlr mj kh jxpjrljoalh,
jxpjr ljoalh,
kh pjrajpalño, jk jstumlf u ftrhs vçhs.
Kfs prfajsfs afboltlvfs, pfr kf thotf, sfo kfs prfajmlgljotfs quj kkjvh h
ahef jk sjr cughof phrh loafrpfrhr afofalgljotfs. Jo mlacfs prfajsfs
lotjrvljojo dhaukthmjs guy mlvjrshs, afgf kh lotjklbjoalh, kh htjoalño,
kh gjgfrlh y jk kjobuhij. Jstf chaj quj kfs prfajsfs afboltlvfs pujmho
hohklzhrsj mjsmj mldjrjotjs mlsalpklohs y aljoalhs.
Kh pjrajpalño, pfr uo khmf, kf quj ofs pjrgltj js, h trhvìs mj kfs
sjotlmfs, frbholzhr kfs jstçgukfs y dhvfrjajr kh afotlouhalño mjk prfajsf
afboltlvf jo aujstlño. Jo jstj ahsf, kh pjrsfoh of sfkf jstè loulmh pfr
khs prfpljmhmjs quj mjojo h kfs jstçgukfs jo sç, slof thgelìo pfr su
vfkuothm
vfkuo thm j lotjrjsjs.
=5

H afotlouhalño, tljoj kubhr kh gjgfrlh, quj js uoh dhaukthm quj sj

afgpfoj mj mfs phrtjs mldjrjoalhmhs9 jk hkghajohgljotf mj kh lodfrghalño
pjrtlojotj y kujbf kh rjaupjrhalño mj kh glsgh jo jk gfgjotf quj sjh
ojajshrlf f quj sj mjsjj.
Jk pjoshgljotf thgelìo iujbh uo phpjk duomhgjothk mjotrf mjk prfajsf
afboltlvf. Jo su ahsf, kf quj chaj js prfajshr tfmh kh lodfrghalño y
kujbf jsthekjajr rjkhalfojs jotrj kfs mhtfs quj kh afgpfojo. Jo jstj
j stj ahsf,
kf chaj h trhvìs mj haalfojs thkjs afgf jk hoèklsls, jk rhzfohgljotf, kh
hslglkhalño, kh sçotjsls y kh rjsfkualño mj prfekjghs.
Jk kjobuhij, pfr supujstf, thgelìo js eèslaf mjotrf mj kh dhsj quj
jsthgfs hefrmhomf. \ js quj js kh cjrrhgljoth quj ush jk sjr cughof
phrh pfmjr haugukhr jxpjrljoalhs, prjsjrvhrkhs h kf khrbf mjk tljgpf y
ohkgjotj trhosgltl
trhosgltlrkhs
rkhs h bjojrhalfojs pfstjrlfrjs. Qj joaujotrh jo akhrh
lotjrrjkhalño afo kfs dhatfrjs althmfs, hsç, pfr jijgpkf, jk pjoshgljotf of
pujmj jxlstlr sl of chy kjobuhij y vlajvjrsh.
Mj kh glsgh ghojrh, chy quj jsthr guy htjotfs hk prfajsf afboltlvf of
sfkf phrh pfmjr chajrkj drjotj h khs mlstloths vhrlhotjs y ahrhatjrçstlahs
mjk glsgf slof thgelìo phrh rjsfkvjr
rjsfk vjr kfs prfekjghs quj pumljrho suajmjr.
Jstfs pujmjo sjr afosaljotjs f loafosaljotjs, mj haujrmf afo hkbuofs
jxpjrtfs.
Zo prfajsf afboltlvf pujmj lolalhrsj afo kh pjrajpalño (jk haajsf
h lodfrghalño h trhvìs mj kfs sjotlmfs). Kh pjrsfoh prjsth htjoalño h
hqujkkf quj pjralej y, h trhvìs mj mlstlotfs tlpfs mj pjoshgljotfs y
gjaholsgfs mj lotjklbjoalh, kfbrh bjojrhr afofalgljotfs quj lotjrlfrlzh
y hkghajoh jo kh gjgfrlh. Mlacfs afofalgljotfs, yh hslglkhmfs, pujmjo
sjr jxprjshmfs y afguolahmfs gjmlhotj jk kjobuhij f kh haalño afgf jo
jk ahsf mjk iujbf mjk dùtefk.
Kf quj lgpklah uo prfajsf afboltlvf js quj aljrth lodfrghalño
sjh afmlahmh pfr jk lomlvlmuf y hkghajohmh jo su gjgfrlh. Ahmh vjz
quj uoh sltuhalño kf hgjrltj, jk su
suijtf
ijtf pujmj rjaupjrhr mlach
m lach lodfrghalño
y utlklzhrkh mj haujrmf afo sus ojajslmhmjs.
=1


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
]fgjgfs jk ahsf mj kh pjrsfoh quj hprjomj h jsarlelr. Zoh vjz quj

mjshrrfkkh jk prfajsf afboltlvf ojajshrlf sj afovljrtj jo hkbuljo hptf
phrh jxprjshrsj h trhvìs mj kh phkherh jsarlth, pfmrè rjaurrlr h mlacfs
afofalgljotfs ahmh vjz quj kf mjsjj (phrh jovlhr uoh ahrth, afgpkjthr
uo dfrgukhrlf, jsarlelr uo klerf, rjmhathr uo shkumf mj augpkjhøfs, jta.).
(Loakusf phrh tfmh kh vlmh).
Jo jk ahsf mj kh dfrghalño mj hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths uo prfajsf afboltlvf
afbo ltlvf
jsthrè mjshrrfkkhmf h trhvìs mj jstçgukfs y rjspujsths thk vjz afgf kf
hrbugjoth jk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk, pjrf afo uo dhatfr mjtjrglohotj y
jsjoalhk quj vh jotrj jstfs mfs hspjatfs y js jk afotjolmf f kh lodfrghalño,
lodfrghalño ,
mjshrrfkkèomfsj jo uoh haalño rjhk mj iujbf y of hlskhmhgjotj.
Kh gjgfrlh mj trhehif sj hkghajoh jo oujstrh gjotj h afrtf pkhzf, jo
ahgelf uo prfajsf afboltlvf
af boltlvf sj hkghajoh phrh guacfs høfs yh quj jo ìk
pfmjgfs lgpklahr kh pkholahalño, kh supjrvlslño y jk jsthekjalgljotf mj
feijtlvfs,
feijtlvfs, sljomf kfs rjspfoshekjs jo jk rjomlgljotf mj kfs oløfs h gjmlmh
quj sj chajo ghyfrjs.
Kfs prfajsfs afboltlvfs thrmho tljgpf phrh su afmlahalño, pjrf rjsuktho
sjr hkthgjotj jdjatlvfs. Jo jsj sjotlmf sjrjgfs hdfrtuohmfs yh quj uo
GJBHALAKF thrmh hprfxlghmhgjotj mfaj høfs, tljgpf sualjotj phrh
lotjrlfrlzhr kfs afotjolmfs ojajshrlfs.
==

Jo ahsl tfmf jk guomf jk dùtefk js jk mjpfrtj quj gès sjbulmfrjs htrhj,

hsç kf afosthth jk oùgjrf
oùgjrf mj halfohmfs, prhatlahotjs y kh prfkldjrhalño
mj khs jsaujkhs mj dùtefk, vloaukhomf kh phrtlalphalño mj kh pfekhalño
lodhotlk jo kfs prfajsfs mj lolalhalño y dfrghalño mjpfrtlvh, sljomf kfs
dfrghmfrjs kfs rjspfoshekjs
rjspf oshekjs jo ghyfr f gjofr brhmf mj jotrjbhrkfs guy
hmjkhothmfs
hmjkhothm fs auhomf kkjbujo hk
h k ohk mjk prfajsf
prfajs f dfrghtlvf y hk lolalf mj su
jspjalhklzhalño f prfdjslfohklzhalño mjpfrtlvh. ¡Xuì brho rjspfoshelklmhm
tjojgfs jotfoajs!.
Jo prlgjrh losthoalh jk dùtefk js uo iujbf quj auhkquljr pjrsfoh pujmj
prhatlahr mhmhs sus afomlalfojs
af omlalfojs pfaf afgpkjihs,
afgpkjihs, auhkquljrh,
auhkquljrh , utlklzhomf sus
pljrohs kfbrh jo ùktlgh losthoalh joahihr uo bfk. ^jrf chy quj rjafrmhr
quj h jstj iujbf kj cho afkfahmf rjbkhs mjsmj kh DLDH y hk glsgf tljgpf
kf prfgfalfoho y kf pfslalfoho mjsmj su lolalf h trhvìs mj afgpjtjoalhs,
surbljomf mj hcç jk jotrjohgljotf. Kh kñblah ofs mlaj quj jstj iujbf
ol slquljrh chy quj jotrjohrkf, pjrf phrh afosjbulr rjsukthmfs y kfbrfs
mjpfrtlvfs sl,
sl , yh quj jqulpf quj of kf chbh pujmj sjr supjrhmf
sup jrhmf dèalkgjotj
pfr ftrf quj jstì trhehihomf hrmuhgjotj phrh fetjojr kh mldjrjoalh
mjpfrtlvh0 kf glsgf faurrj afo jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth.
Afgf afosjaujoalh mj kf hotjrlfr, kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk sj ch
afovjrtlmf jo uo dhatfr mj brho lotjrìs jo jk ègeltf mjpfrtlvf0 mlacf
lotjrìs, rhmlah jo rjspfomjr h uoh ojajslmhm y prjfauphalño sfalhk pfr
gjifrhr jk rjomlgljotf y sferj tfmf, pfrquj lovfkuarh kh dfrghalño mj
oløfs y iñvjojs. ^fr jsf, kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk mjej hefrmhrsj afo
gjothklmhm aljotçah, mjsmj jk puotf mj vlsth mj kh afgprfehalño mj khs
lmjhs quj kh sustjotho, mj ghojrh quj pfmhgfs prfgfvjr su auhklahalño
auhkla halño
(prjphrhalño ojajshrlh phrh jk mjsjgpjøf mj uoh hatlvlmhm) y mhrkj
uo oujvf sjotlmf hk prfajsf mj lolalhalño, dfrghalño y jspjalhklzhalño
mjpfrtlvh.
Mlacf kf hotjrlfr pfmjgfs mjtjrglohr quj jk iujbf mjk dùtefk js gès quj
kh jstruaturh quj prjsjoth h slgpkj vlsth,
vlst h, pfr kf thotf mj uoh vjz mjihgfs
mjihgfs
akhrf quj jo jk Gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf jstj sfkf hmquljrj
sjotlmf h phrtlr mjk afotjolmf f pkho aurrlaukhr, hpfyèomfofs jo kh lmjh
mj quj jk hprjomlzhij mj jstj mjpfrtj jo jk GJBHALAKF, js prfmuatf mj
kh pjrajpalño, jk pjoshgljotf, kh htjoalño, kh gftlvhalño, kh gjgfrlh, jk
kjobuhij, khs mjalslfojs, kh haalño y kfs rjsukthmfs.
=:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
]fghgfs jk pjoshgljotf afgf puotf mj phrtlmh, pujstf quj jstj sj

gholjsth jo hatltumjs y afgpfrthgljotfs sljomf phrtj jsjoalhk mj kh
tèatlah0 prjalshomf quj jo jk mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf, phrh kfbrhr su ghyfr
jaljoalh, sj mjej jotrjohr mj dfrgh afosaljotj, frljothmf sljgprj
chalh kh rjsfkualño
murhotj prèatlah
jk iujbf, mfomj phrhmjkkjbhr
khs mlvjrshs sltuhalfojs
h kh jijaualño quj sj
afrrjath prjsjotho
f loafrrjath
phsh feklbhtfrlhgjotj pfr auhtrf dhsjs prjvlhs suajslvhs quj tljojo uoh
brho rjkhalño.
• ^rlgjrh Dhsj9 Lodfrghalño prjvlh mjk hsplrhotj.

• Qjbuomh Dhsj9 ^jrajpalño y hoèklsls mj kh sltuhalño (sj afofaj kh
sltuhalño).
• ]jrajrh Dhsj9 sfkualño gjothk mj kh sltuhalño (sj mjalmj quì
chajr).
• Auhrth Dhsj9 sfkualño gftrlz mj kh sltuhalño (sj rjhklzh kh haalño).
Ql fesjrvhgfs mjtjolmhgjotj jk frmjo jo quj sj gholjstho jsths

dhsjs pfmjgfs mjalr quj jk iubhr ‛mlstlotf‗ rjquljrj mj uoh hatlvlmhm
afboltlvh quj jstè hotjs mj kh haalño gftrlz (^rlgjrh, sjbuomh y tjrajrh
dhsj). ^fr jsth rhzño, jk gfmjkf quj prfpfojgfs sj ajotrh jo gjifrhr jk
afgpfrthgljotf mjk iujbf, pfr gjmlf mj uo haujrmf aukturhk joahglohmf
joahgl ohmf
h eusahr kh lotjrrjkhalño mj kfs slstjghs afboltlvf y gftrlz, h trhvìs
mj kh hslglkhalño, afgprjoslño y pujsth jo prèatlah mj prfpfslalfojs
y afoajptfs, gjmlhotj kh rjhklzhalño mj mldjrjotjs haalfojs f rfkjs
prjvlfs pjrf jo kh mlrjaalño mjk dùtefk hkthgjotj afgpjtltlvf f guy eljo
jijauthmf. ^hrh kfbrhr jstj prfpñsltf
prfpñs ltf kh josjøhozh prfpujsth sj
s j hpfyh jo
kfs slbuljotjs prloalplfs y pjoshgljotfs9
^rloalplfs
• ^rloalplf mj kh dfrghalño tèatlah-tjñrlah y kh dfrghalño tèatlah-
prèatlah. (afboltlvf‑gftrlz).
• ^rloalplf mj kh slstjghtlzhalño mj khs mldjrjotjs dfrghs iubhmhs, js
mjalr, kkjvhr hk iubhmfr y hk jqulpf h kh auhrth jthph mjk hprjomlzhij,
jk sjr loafosaljotjgjotj ahphz.
=4

^joshgljotfs
• Jkhefrhr su prfplf aurrçaukf hahmìglaf, kfs auhkjs mjsarlejo
akhrhgjotj jk gfmjkf mj iujbf, kfs slstjghs mj iujbf y kh jstrhtjblh
j strhtjblh
fpjrhtlvh, jo ahmh ahsf.
•
Josjøhr hk hsplrhotj, jk dùtefk mjsmj kh tjfrçh y kh prèatlah.
• Josjøhr hk hsplrhotj h afgprjomjr kh kñblah lotjroh mjk iujbf.
Jk prfpñsltf mj jstj gfmjkf

gfmjkf js prfgfvjr uo hprjomlzhij
hprjomlzhij guacf gès kñblaf
afo ehsjs tjñrlahs, quj sustjotjo jk ¶pfr quì6 mj kf quj faurrj f jk ¶quì
chajr6 phrh quj faurrh0 jo ftrhs phkherhs
phk herhs josjøhr hk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth
dutefklsth
h kjjr ahmh haalño, loakuslvj glkìslghs mj sjbuomf hotjs mj quj suajmho,
jijautèomfkhs, auhomf
a uhomf afrrjspfomh,
afrrjspfomh , mj kh gjifr
gjifr ghojrh.
ghojr h. Jotfoajs, vjhgfs.
Zo jkjgjotf quj mlohglzhrè sljgprj jstj prfajsf mj hprjomlzhij sfo
kfs afofalgljotfs mjk hsplrhotj, jo afosjaujoalh jk dfrghmfr mjej
lgpkjgjothr khs jstrhtjblhs utlklzhomf kfs gjmlfs hmjauhmfs quj pjrgltho
rjkhalfohr jk afofalgljotf
af ofalgljotf oujvf
oujvf afo jk afofalgljotf
afofal gljotf quj
quj jk hsplrhotj yh
trhj, jotlìomhsj jstj afgf jk quj pfsjj afo guach hotjrlfrlmhm f quj
hmqulrlñ jo akhsjs hotjrlfrjs. Jo jstj sjotlmf Husuejk hrgh ‛Ql tuvljsj
quj rjmualr tfmh kh pslafkfbçh jmuahtlvh h uo sfkf prloalplf, jouoalhrçh
jstj9 jk dhatfr gès lgpfrthotj quj louyj jo jk hprjomlzhij js kf quj
jk hkugof yh shej. ‛Hvjrçbûjsj jstf y josìøjsj jo afosjaujoalh‗. Ql jk
hsplrhotj
uo oujvf afotjolmf,
afo
h dutefklsth
tjolmf, jsyh
kf quj
shejkkhghgfs
hkbf jo jspjalhk
gjgfrlhsjrè
mjpfr
mjpfrtlvh
gèstlvh
dèalk
f jxpjrljoalh
jxpjr
jotrjbhrkj
ljoalh
mjpfrtlvh.
=2


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jk jotrjohmfr jodfahmf jo jk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk, afgf yh kf vlgfs,

afoslmjrh quj jk afofalgljotf quj
quj sj trhosgltj jo kh josjøhozh
josjøh ozh mjk dùtefk
tljoj uo sfkf jsqujgh (jstçgukf y rjspujsth) y js jk quj ìk afoslmjrh
f jklbj afgf jk gès hmjauhmf phrh jsh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf. Js
drjaujotj fesjrvhr
fesjrvhr quj jk dfrghmfr quj sj jodfah jo jk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk
trhmla lfohk
pkholah hsugljomf quj tfmfs kfs afotjolmfs tljojo lbuhk lgpfrthoalh0
pfr jsf kkjbh loakusf h mlsjøhr uoh oujvh akhsj tfthkgjotj mldjrjotj h kh
hotjrlfr. Jijgpkf9 Jo uoh sjslño
sj slño mj jotrjohgljotf rjhklzh uo
u o trhehif
trhehif dçslaf
dçsla f
slo ehkño y jo kh ftrh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf jijauth uoh ifrohmh mj
tìaolah hklojhmh, phrh kujbf joafotrhrsj afo uo oujvf mçh mfomj jo su
pkholahalño afrrjspfomj chajr uoh prèatlah mj dùtefk, kkjbhomf hk o mj
sjghoh afo uoh djach gès mjk ahgpjfohtf mj kh klbh kfahk.
Kh bhohoalh mj uo eujo hprjomlzhij
hprjomlzhij pjrgltj
pjrgl tj hslglkhr oujvfs afofalgljotfs,
jsthekjaljomf afojxlfojs y rjkhalfojs, kkjbhomf h joafotrhr jo jk
hsplrhotj rjspujsths mjk gfmf quj hqujkkf quj hprjomf, kf afgprjomf
y sl kf afgprjomf, kf pujmf jxprjshr afo gls prfplhs phkherhs, mj hcç
kh lgpfrthoalh mj uoh sjaujoalh kñblah y frmjohmh jo tfmf jk prfajsf
rjafgjomhmf jo jk gfmjkf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.

Mj hkkç quj jk hprjomlzh
hprjomlz hij gjaèolaf,
gjaèola f, gjgfrçstlaf, rjpjtlmf ‛thk auhk‗,
a uhk‗, of sjh
mj brho utlklmhm, pfr auhotf of sj rjkhalfoh afo afofalgljotfs prjvlfs y
jk dutefklsth of kf pujmj jstruaturhr, of kf pujmj lotjbrhr afgf uo tfmf,
lotjrprjthomf jk hprjomlzhij afgf prèatlah lotjrgltjotj, prjsjothmh jo
pjqujøhs mfsls dèalkjs mj rjpjtlr pjrf kjihof mj uoh sjaujoalh kñblah y
frmjohmh.
Afosjaujotj afo kf hotjrlfr, jk dfrghmfr tljoj mfs thrjhs lomlspjoshekjs
jo jk prfajsf, uoh afofajr jk prfbrjsf mjk hsplrhotj y ftrh uolr jk
afofalgljotf quj yh jotrjbñ afo jk oujvf. Mj hkkç quj uo dfrghmfr jo jk
^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf kj lotjrjsj gès jk prfajsf quj jk rjsukthmf. Of
js jk rjsukthmf mjpfrtlvf
mjpfr tlvf kf quj tljoj vhkfr, kf vjrmhmjrhgjot
vjrmhmjrh gjotjj lgpfrthotj
js jk prfajmlgljotf quj frlbloh kh rjspujsth.
Mjsmj jk gfmjkf trhmlalfohk, js gès dèalk jspjrhr
jspj rhr rjsukthmfs mj afgpjtjoalh
phrh joghrahr hprfehalfojs, quj mjtjojrofs h gjifrhr kfs ghkfs cèeltfs,
quj jo vjrmhm, ofs mlajo añgf vh jk prfajsf mj hprjomlzhij. ^fr jstj
phrhmlbgh kfs ghkfs cèeltfs sj ghotljojo jo jk tljgpf y sl sj gjgfrlzho
of sj fkvlmho rèplmf, trhyjomf afoslbf uo brho pjriulalf jo jk hsplrhotj.

=3

Kh josjøhozh-hprjoml
josjøho zh-hprjomlzhzhij
ij quj prfpfojgfs rjquljrj
rjquljrj mj aljrths afomlalfojs9
afomla lfojs9

8. Jk ghtjrlhk
ghtjrlhk phrh afostrulr mjej sjr hmjauhmf phrh jk fe
feijtlvf
ijtlvf jsthekjalmf.
jsthekjalmf.
Jk afotjolmf mj kh lodfrghalño quj sj kj prfpfoj hk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth
mjej sjr afcjrjotj, akhrf y frbholzhmf, of hreltrhrlf, lgprfvlshmf, ol
afodusf. Auhomf of augpkj jstj rjqulsltf, kh thrjh mj htrleulr slbolahmf
hk prfajsf of sj augpkj.
Jo jstj sjotlmf kh prjsjothalño mjk afotjolmf
afotjolmf mjej trhjr hkbùo slbolahmf,
slbol ahmf,
mjej tjojr
tjojr uoh utlklmhm, mjej rjshkthr su afcjrjoalh, jstruaturh
jstr uaturh y su kñblah,
yh quj jstj afotjolmf mjej sjr jk afofalgljotf prjvlf phrh pfstjrlfrjs
tjghs tèatlafs f mj iujbf.
Jijgpkf9 Ql jk afotjolmf mj uoh akhsj trhj afgf afotjolmf kh haalño
tèatlah fdjoslvh mjofglohmh kh mjsghrahalño, jsth ofs sjrvlrè phrh
auhomf jstjgfs trhthomf jk tjgh mj kh pfsjslño
pfsjslñ o mjk ehkño f jk afotrfk mjk
iujbf.
5. Ql of
of sj tljojo khs cjrrhgljoths pjrtlojotjs y ojajshrlhs
ojajshrlhs,, mldçalkgjotj
mldçalkgjotj
sj pfmrè afostrulr. Jk hsplrhotj hk pfsjjr afofalgljotfs, kj pjrgltlrèo
jodrjothrsj h kh afostruaalño mj oujvfs tjghs f afoajptfs.
1. Ohmlj afostruyj sl of quljrj afostrulr. Jk hsplrhotj
hsplrhotj h dutefklsth mjej
tjojr uoh hatltum dhvfrhekj hk hprjomlzhij, pujs sljomf uo prfajsf
afgpkjif quj jxlbj jsdujrzf, kh gftlvhalño js lomlspjoshekj.
=. Kh ahklmhm mj kh afostruaalño kh lgpfoj jk afostruatfr. Kh ahklmhm

jo jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf jstè mhmh pfr kh ahklmhm mj kfs
mjthkkjs jo kfs mlstlotfs hspjatfs quj kf afoburho,
afobur ho, ahklmhm jo kh sjkjaalño
mj kfs jsqujghs mj afofalgljotf.
^fr jstf jk gfmjkf sj hpjbh hk hprjomlzhij haugukhtlvf hmgltljomf kh
slbuljotj akhslahalño9
• Glarfjstruaturhs mj ehsj9 hatlvlmhmjs phrh quj jk oløf hsplrhotj
hslglkj f mì kfs prlgjrfs phsfs mjk iujbf. ^rlgjrf hprjomj haalfojs
eèslahs quj rjprjsjotho pjqujøhs jsajohs mjk iujbf, afo ehsj jo iujbfs
prj-mjpfrtlvfs, tjfrçh eèslah,
eès lah, chelklmhmjs y mjstrjzhs, thrjhs afo afotjolmf
tìaolaf.

=<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• Glarfjstruaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf9 hatlvlmhmjs jo khs quj jk hsplrhotj

h dutefklsth, h phrtlr mj jxpjrljoalhs afoarjths, afgprjomj khs mldjrjotjs
jsajohs quj sj prjsjotho jo jk iujbf, jxtrhçmhs mj haalfojs rjhkjs mjk
iujbf afgpjtltlvf. ]hgelìo
]hgelìo sj prjsjoth
prjs joth auhomf kfs dutefklsths lotjrlfrlzho
lotjrlfrlzh o
jk slbolahmf
slbolahmf mj khs haalfojs
haalfojs y kfs prloalplfs
prloalplfs tèatlafs, kfbrhomf hslglkhr
y afgprjomjr afoajptfs aljotçafs y hestrhatfs.
• Glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkjilmhm9 hatlvlmhmjs jo khs quj jk
hsplrhotj afofaj jk slbolahmf mj kfs afoajptfs, pumljomf
pumljomf rjhklzhr thrjhs
tèatlahs y mj prloalplfs, kkjbhomf h afgprjomjr kh kñblah mjk iujbf, chsth
afoajptuhklzhr hrghomf f ojbhomf hkbf. Hsç, uo afoajptf oujvf js
hslglkhmf jo su jstruaturh afboltlvh hk lotjbrhrkf afo kfs afofalgljotfs
quj yh pfsjj, bhohomf jo afotjolmf tèatlaf y jo jxpjrljoalh.
¶UJQLQ]JOALH H AHGELHU MJ ^JOQHGLJO]F6

Jo jk klerf AHUHA]JUÇQ]LAHQ MJK DÙ]EFK \ MJK DZ]EFKLQ]H
LODHO]LK tìaolah, tèatlah, slstjghs mj iujbf, tljgpf mj iujbf y phush,
hspjatfs elfgjaèolafs . Jsarltf pfr Iuho Fsvhkmf Ilgìojz ]ruilkkf, Jk`lo
Hkejrtf Hrlhs Hrlhs, Yhofoy Mhrçf Fkhyh
Fk hyh ^hrjih
^hrjih y Busthvf
B usthvf Uhgño Quèrjz.
Jsarltf jo jk høf (5>>2),
( 5>>2), jo su prjsjothalño tjxtuhkgjotj mlaj ‛Jstj tjxtf
tjxtf
pjrgltj hk kjatfr hajrahrsj hk dùtefk quj prhatlaho kfs oløfs jo sltuhalfojs
rjhkjs mj afgpjtjoalh, hspjatf mjtjrglohotj phrh kh vhkfrhalño y
pfslekj trhosdfrghalño y gjifrh mjk olvjk mj mjshrrfkkf mj ahmh uof mj
kfs jkjgjotfs y vhrlhekjs lovjstlbhmhs y vhkfrhmhs, pfr afoslbuljotj sj
tljoj kh pfslelklmhm mj loarjgjothr jk olvjk mj iujbf mj oujstrfs duturfs
dutefklsths, yh quj jotrj kfs 8> y kfs 81 høfs mj jmhm jstè jk prfyjatf mj
dutefklsth mj rjomlgljotf.
‛Of sj trhth mj uo klerf auhkquljrh, js uo trhehif auyh gjtfmfkfbçh
mjsarlej kf slbuljotj9 ‛Js uo jstumlf mjsarlptlvf, jo jk auhk sj hohklzho
sltuhalfojs, afgpfrthgljotfs y afomuaths prfplhs mj kfs mjpfrtlsths
jo sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf, glmljomf kfs afgpfojotjs mjk djoñgjof
prjsjothmf murhotj kh afgpjtjoalh
afgpjtjoalh‗.‗.
Qjbùo jk tljgpf jo jk quj faurrjo kfs cjacfs, js uo jstumlf mj afrtj
trhosvjrshk, jstumlh khs vhrlhekjs jo kh afgpjtjoalh mjpfrtlvh, jo
uo gfgjotf mjtjrglohmf y ùolaf, mjsarleljomf y hohklzhomf su
afgpfrthgljotf j loalmjoalh.‗
:>

Qu gujstrh duj kh slbuljotj9

‛…15 phrtlmfs jxtrhathmfs hkjhtfrlhgjotj hsç9 84 phrtlmfs mj kh dhsj
akhslahtfrlh, 3 phrtlmfs mj kh dhsj mj fathvfs mj ohk, = phrtlmfs mj
kh dhsj mj auhrtfs mj ohk, 5 phrtlmfs mj kh dhsj sjglohk y 5 phrtlmfs
mj kh dhsj ohk, phrh afofajr kfs = gjifrjs jqulpfs‗. mj uo ahgpjfohtf
Lodhotlk, quj sjbùo jxpjrtfs js afoslmjrhmf afgf jk gjifr mj Afkfgelh.
Mj jsth lgpfrthotj ferh qujrjgfs afgphrtlr hspjatfs mj su ahpçtukf L.
Ahpçtukf L ^hsjs
Mjolalño9
^hsj eujof9 Ajmjr jk ehkño h uo afgphøjrf pfslelkltèomfkj h su jqulpf
afotlouhr afo su pfsjslño. Jstfs phsjs pujmjo sjr jijauthmfs afo
auhkquljr supjralj mj afothatf pjrgltlmh pfr jk rjbkhgjotf.
Lomlahmfr9 Jk jqulpf jo pfsjslño mjk ehkño afotloùh afo ìk mjspuìs mj
quj hkbuof mj sus iubhmfrjs rjhklzh jk phsj.
^hsj ghkf9 Lotjothr ajmjr jk ehkño h uo afgphøjrf y pjrmjr kh pfsjslño
mjk glsgf.
Lomlahmfr9 Jk jqulpf quj jstè jo pfsjslño mjk ehkño kf pljrmj auhomf
hkbuof mj sus iubhmfrjs lotjoth ajmjr jk ehkño h uo afgphøjrf y jstj of
kf rjalej.
Kh ghyfr ahotlmhm mj phsjs :>.4<% dujrfo eujofs y jk rjsthotj =<.18%

dujrfo ghkfs. Jo ahotlmhm y pfrajothij kfs rjsukthmfs mj phsjs eujofs
afo rjkhalño h kfs phsjs ghkfs sfo guy slglkhrjs.
:8

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jo prfgjmlf ahmh jqulpf rjhklzñ pfr phrtlmf 888,1 phsjs eujofs y 8>3,1
phsjs ghkfs.
Jo afgphrhalño afo uo jstumlf slglkhr mjshrrfkkhmf pfr Ilgìojz y
Afks jo jk høf 5>>5, sj ofth mlsgloualño jo kh prjalslño mj kfs phsjs
jijauthmfs pfr kfs oløfs mjpfrtlsths, yh quj jo jsj jstumlf jk pfrajothij
mj phsjs eujofs y ghkfs duj mj :4.:8% y =1.=<% rjspjatlvhgjotj, hsç
afgf thgelìo sj prjsjoth uoh mlsgloualño slbolahtlvh jo jk prfgjmlf
mj phsjs rjhklzhmfs pfr jqulpf jo ahmh phrtlmf, afo uo tfthk mj 8>1.2
eujofs y 2<.22 ghkfs.
Hsç glsgf, tjoljomf afgf rjdjrjoalh uo jstumlf rjhklzhmf pfr Cfyfs
y Afks (8<<3) sferj kfs phsjs eujofs y phsjs ghkfs jo jk guomlhk mj
dùtefk Drhoalh <3“, jk auhk duj mjshrrfkkhmf ehif kfs glsgfs phrègjtrfs y
gjtfmfkfbçh mj kh prjsjotj lovjstlbhalño, sj joaujotrh quj jk prfgjmlf
mj phsjs eujofs duj mj 4:% jo tfmf jk tfrojf, kkhghomf
kkh ghomf pfmjrfshgjotj kh
htjoalño
htjoalño kfs
kf s mhtfs hrrfihmfs
hrrfihmfs pfr Cfkhomh y Erhslk,
Erhs lk, quj dujrfo kfs 5 gjifrjs
gjifrjs
jqulpfs jo kh jaljoalh mj kfs phsjs, afo jk 21% y 28% rjspjatlvhgjotj.
Mjstlof mj phsjs9
Js jk kubhr y kh frljothalño quj sj kj mh h kfs phsjs murhotj kfs phrtlmfs.
Lomlahmfr9 Ujhklzhr uo phsj chalh hmjkhotj, rjhklzhr uo phsj cfrlzfothk,
rjhklzhr uo phsj chalh htrès.
Kh ghyfr ahotlmhm mj phsjs 23.:8% dujrfo rjhklzhmfs prfbrjslvhgjotj,

js mjalr, chalh hmjkhot
hmjkhotjj y jk rjsthotj 58.=< dujrfo jijauthmfs
jijauthmfs pfr kfs
k fs oløfs
mj ghojrh cfrlzfothk y rjbrjslvh.
Jo prfgjmlf, ahmh jqulpf rjhklzñ
rjhklz ñ 823.4< phsjs pfr phrtlmf chalh hmjkhotj.
:5

Jstfs mhtfs sfo guy slglkhrjs h kfs joafotrhmfs pfr Ilgìojz y Afks
jo uo jstumlf slglkhr jo jk høf 5>>5, jo jk auhk kfs phsjs prfbrjslvfs
afrrjspfomljrfo
afrrjspfomljrfo hk 22.3%.
Qlo jgehrbf, jk prfgjmlf mj kh ahotlmhm mj phsjs prfbrjslvfs sl rjsuktñ

guacf ghyfr jo jk prjsjotj jstumlf, afo 823.4< pfr jqulpf jo ahmh
phrtlmf afgphrhmf afo 88= mjk jstumlf hotjrlfr.
Jo prfgjmlf ahmh iubhmfr mj ahgpf (jxakuyjomf hk pfrtjrf) rjhklzh pfr
phrtlmf 82.3 phsjs prfbrjslvfs, 5.3 phsjs cfrlzfothkjs
cfrlzf othkjs y 5 phsjs rjbrjslvfs.
H lolalfs mjk gjs mj Hbfstf mj 5>84 jstuvlgfs prjsjotjs jo jk sìptlgf
djstlvhk mj djstlvhkjs mj kh Afph ^foy Dùtefk Yfoh Ajotrf mj Afkfgelh,
mjshrrfkkhmh jo Kh ]jehlmh Xulomçf (Afk.), afo kh phrtlalphalño mj 5:
jqulpfs jo rjprjsjothalño mj aloaf mjphrthgjotfs, jvjotf quj jotrjbñ
uo aupf phrh khs ohkjs jo jk gjs mj jojrf slbuljotj. Hkkç fesjrvhgfs
mhtfs y afgpfrthgljotfs guy slglkhrjs h kfs yh lovjstlbhmfs jo 5>>2 y
hotjrlfrgjotj jo 5>>5.
Jstf mjtjrgloh h oujstrf arltjrlf quj sj vljojo mhomf mj ghojrh rjltjrhmh
kfs glsgfs afgpfrthgljotfs0 hsuotf quj of tljoj pfr quì prjfauphr
jo kfs høfs vjolmjrfs h quljojs dfrgho oløfs y oløhs dutefklsths jo
tfmf jk guomf0 yh quj afo jk gfmjkf quj jotrjbhgfs ‛^rfajsf ]èatlaf-
Afboltlvf‗ qujmhrè gjifrhmf jstj tlpf mj afgpfrthgljotfs, kfs auhkjs
rjafgjomhgfs loakulr mjsmj cfy glsgf jo kfs jotrjohgljotfs y jo kh
afgpjtjoalh glsgh.
:1

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
¶XZÌ CHUÈ ZOH ^JUQFOH

AZHOMF QJ KJ LOTL]H
H XZJ LG^KJGJO]J
ZO OZJTF GFMJKF
MJ JOQJØHOYH - HÛJOMLYHIJ6
M
j haujrmf
haujrmf afo
pslañkfbf Ijho Rlkklh
y elñkfbf lkklhg
g Drltz
sulzf, ^lhbjt (83<4
afoslmjrhmf(83<4-8<3>,
-8<3>,
afgf jk jplstjgñkfbf,
phmrj mj kh
jplstjgfkfbçh bjoìtlah, dhgfsf pfr sus hpfrtjs hk jstumlf mj kh
lodhoalh y pfr su tjfrçh afostruatlvlsth mjk mjshrrfkkf mj kh lotjklbjoalh)
khs pjrsfohs kjjgfs j lotjrprjthgfs jk guomf afo oujstrhs prfplhs
jstruaturhs
jstruat urhs afboltlvhs, khs auhkjs ofs erlomho uoh sltuhalño mj jqulklerlf,
hk sjrvlr afgf sfpfrtj jxpklahtlvf0 mj jsth ghojrh, kfs lomlvlmufs tljomjo
h afosjrvhr khs cjrrhgljoths afoajptuhkjs quj kj cho prfpfralfohmf jk
jqulklerlf lotjkjatuhk.
Jo afosjaujoalh, phrh kh gfmlahalño mj khs jstruaturhs prjvlhgjotj
dfrghmhs jo oujstrh gjotj js ojajshrlf vjoajrkhs, pfr jsf, pkhotjhgfs
hoèklsls
ahgelfs jjolotjrrfbhotjs
kfs jodfqujs quj lovltho
gjothkjs, h afoslmjrhr
phrh oujstrfs kjatfrjs h hajpthr
kh lgpfrthoalh mj
:=

afgpkjgjothr jk hprjomlzhij gftrlz afo jk hprjomlzhij afboltlvf y mj

lotjrrjkhalfohr kh prèatlah afo kh tjfrçh afgf rjqulsltfs mjk gfmjkf mj
josjøhozh-hprjomlzh
josjøhozh-hp rjomlzhij
ij ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
KH ÛÈA]LAH OF JQ HIJOH H OZJQ]UH AFOAJÂLÑO

^JMHBÑBLAH.
Kh rjjxlño sferj khs prèatlahs dfrghtlvhs, jo jstj ahsf kh josjøhozh
y jk hprjomlzhij jo jk dùtefk jstè joahglohmh h rjsfkvjr jk lotjrrfbhotj
¶quì tlpf mj dutefklsth quljrf dfrghr6 y afgf jsj lotjrrfbhotj sj pujmj
rjsfkvjr mj mldjrjotjs ghojrhs, js afgf surbjo mlstlotfs gfmjkfs quj
hsugj jk prfdjsfr f dfrghmfr y jstf js suprjghgjotj rjspjthekj.
Mjejgfs sjbulr afgphrhomf jk jdjatf mj kfs gfmjkfs gès utlklzhmfs jo
kh josjøhozh mjk dùtefk, pfr uo
u o khmf jk jodfquj trhmlalfohk f tìaolaf, y pfr
ftrf jk jodfquj hktjrohtlvf y rjafofajr quj sj afomuif
afomuif h kh sjphrhalño
s jphrhalño mj
kh tìaolah afo kh tèatlah jo jk prlgjr ahsf y kh prèatlah afo kh tjfrçh jo
jk sjbuomf, afgf yh kf vlgfs.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf sj ehsh jo kh afrrljotj mjk
hprjomlzhij quj jodhtlzh kh uolño jotrj afbolalño y haalño, mj thk dfrgh
quj jk pjoshgljotf
pjoshgljotf dhvfrjaj kh haalño afgf kf cjgfs vjolmf jxpfoljomf,
jxp foljomf,
rjspjthomf tfmhs khs mjgès dfrghs mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij.
¶^FU XZÌ JQ LG^FU]HO]J JK GFMJKF ÛFAJQF

]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF6
• ^frquj
^frquj kh hslglkhalño
hslgl khalño mj afotjolmfs js kh dfrgh prjmfglohotj
prjmfg lohotj mj hmqulrlr
hmqulrlr
afoajptfs y prfpfslalfojs h phrtlr mj kh jmhm jsafkhr y murhotj tfmf jk
GJBHALAKF, pfr jsf, of js afovjoljotj jspjrhr h quj kfs afoajptfs
jvfkualfojo jspfotèojhgjotj afo kh jxpjrljoalh mlrjath.
• ^frquj kfs hsplrhotjs mjejo afgprjomjr kf quj chajo.
• ^frquj kfs hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths mjejo afgprjomjr prfbrjslvhgjotj
quj khmjejo
jkkfs lodfrghalño jsjoalhk jo jstj
shejr lotjbrhr mjpfrtjpjrajptlvf
su ahgpf of vljoj ùolahgjotj
ùolahgjot j mjk ehkño,
oujvfs slbolahmfs,
::

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
khs lodfrghalfojs mj kfs afgphøjrfs y mj kfs afotrhrlfs mj haujrmf afo

kh kñblah lotjroh mjk dùtefk.
• ^frquj
^frquj kh afgprjoslño
afgprjoslñ o kñblah lot
l otjroh
jroh gjifrh
gjifrh kh
k h lotjrprjthalño mjk iujbf,
kh hutfjvhkuhalño mj khs haalfojs prjphrh h kfs iubhmfrjs phrh hatuhr
gjifr.
• ^frquj kh dfrghalño tjñrlah lgplmj quj hkbuofs rhsbfs ojbhtlvfs sj
gholjstjo, afgf pfr jijgpkf9 Kfs afgpfrthgljotfs gjaèolafs y kfs
afofalgljotfs loutlklzhekjs.
• ^frquj kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo sjr hutñofgfs, afo ahphalmhm mj mjalslño
prfplh, mj lotjrprjthr jk iujbf y mj utlklzhr lotjklbjotjgjotj kfs rjaursfs
mjk iujbf, chsth kkjbhr h hatuhr pfsltlvhgjotj mj dfrgh loafosaljotj.
¶MJEJGFQ JOQJØHU H OZJQ]UFQ HQ^LUHO]JQ H

DZ]EFKLQ]HQ H ^JOQHU QFEUJ KHQ QL]ZHALFOJQ MJ IZJBF6
Khs lovjstlbhalfojs mjk gìmlaf pslqulhtrh Qlbguom Drjum (ohalmf jo
^rçefr, Ujpùeklah Acjah, jk 4 mj ghyf mj 83:4) mjsauerljrfo kh jxlstjoalh
jx lstjoalh
mj kf loafosaljotj jo jk pslqulsgf cughof y mljrfo kubhr h uo gìtfmf
phrh jstumlhrkf9 jk slafhohkçtlaf.
slafhoh kçtlaf. Jstf herlñ uo jofrgj ahgpf mj jstumlf
jstumlf h
kh pslafkfbçh,
kfspslafkfb
prfajsfsçh,afosaljotjs,
pujs chsth afgljozfs
afgljo zfs mjk slbkf
mjsafofaljomf SSahrèatjr
kfs mj sj jstumlheho sfkhgjotj
loafosaljotj y kh
loujoalh mj kfs glsgfs jo kh afomuath.
:4

Kfs prfajsfs
prfajsf s afosaljotjs sfo sfkf uoh phrtj f drhaalño mj kh vlmh psçqulah
tfthk, loakusf pujmjo dhkthr, afgf hafot
hafotjaj
jaj hk mfrglr f jo kfs jsthmfs
jsthmfs mj
clpofsls, mfomj kh afosaljoalh mjshphrjaj
mjshp hrjaj y slo jgehrbf, kh vlmh psçqulah
afotloùh.
Kujbf mj lotjosfs jstumlfs, Drjum, kkjbñ h ougjrfshs afoakuslfojs
rjspjatf mjk loafosaljotj, jotjomlmf hsç.
• Jk cfgerj, hk ohajr, trhj tjomjoalhs
tjomjoalhs lostlotlvhs quj pfmrçho ahklahrsj
ahk lahrsj afgf
a fgf
lgpuksfs jo eùsqujmh mj pkhajr. Mlachs tjomjoalhs jxlbjo shtlsdhaalño.
• Jk cfgerj js uo sjr sfalhk y phrh pfmjr vlvlr jo sfaljmhm sj vj feklbhmf
feklbhmf
h sharlahr, jo ghyfr f gjofr brhmf, mlachs tjomjoalhs mj eùsqujmh mj
pkhajr. Jk prlgjr brupf sfalhk hk quj pjrtjojaj jk cfgerj js kh dhglklh,
quj pfr jk prfajszf mj jmuahalño, lrh gfmjkhomf su afomuath h trhvìs mj
ofrghs. Hsç drjaujotjgjot
drjaujotjgjotjj kfs phmrjs hpjkhrèo
hpjkhrè o h prjglfs phrh afosfklmhr
af osfklmhr
aljrths afomuaths jo kfs oløfs y h ahstlbhrkfs phrh jklglohr ftrhs.
• Hsç jo jstj frmjo jk suijtf
suijtf qulthrè mj su afosaljoalh
af osaljoalh aljrtfs
aljr tfs rjaujrmfs f
jxpjrljoalhs quj kj rjsuktjo gfkjsths f pjrturehmfrhs phrh
phr h kh hmhpthalño
hk brupf. Kj rjsukthrè vjothifsf ‛fkvlmhrkhs‗0 pjrf jo rjhklmhm, of khs
fkvlmh ol khs mjstruyj, afotloùho prjsjotjs afo ahrèatjr loafosaljotj. Jsj
‛fkvlmf‗ of js vfkuothrlf, js uo gjaholsgf mj prftjaalño f hutfmjdjosh
mj kh afomuath f thgelìo faurrj pfr kkjbhr h ìk afotlouhgjotj oujvh
lodfrghalño, oujvhs lgèbjojs.
• Jsths jxpjrljoalhs of sj efrrho, slof quj afotloùho hatuhomf dujrtj y
jahzgjotj, mjtjrglohomf oujstrhs dfrghs mj afgpfrthgljotf eljo sjh
pfsltlvhs f loakusf frlblohomf trhstfrofs gjothkjs.
^fr jsth rhzño hotjs mj jotrhr jo jstj hphrthmf mjk tjxtf qujrjgfs
joafotrhr kh mldjrjoalh jo pslafkfbçh jotrj kfs tìrglofs AFOQALJO]J J
LOAFOQALJO]J phkherhs trhthmhs hk lolalf mj jstj ahpçtukf.
AFOQALJO]J9 Qjr
Qjr afosaljotj js mhrsj aujoth mj khs afosjaujoalhs mj
kfs cjacfs y hsuglr mj vjrmhm uoh haalño f uoh mjalslño mjtjrglohmh.
Kh afosaljoalh rjjih kh ghmurjz quj sj hmquljrj afo kh jxpjrljoalh f jk
afofalgljotf. Qjr afosaljotj mj hkbf js afofajr kh vjrmhm mj uo hsuotf
y hsuglr thk ajrtjzh slo mhr
m hr kh jsphkmh h kh rjhklmhm.
:2

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Hmjgès, sjr afosaljotj thgelìo lgpklah ghmurhr uo hsuotf y of hatuhr

pfr purf lgpuksf.
Jk sjr cughof js jk ùolaf sjr mj tfmf jk uolvjrsf quj tljoj afosaljoalh,
js mjalr, js uo sjr lotjklbjotj quj tljoj kh ahphalmhm mj rjjxlfohr sferj
sus hatfs y pjoshr jo prfduomlmhm sferj sç glsgf.
LOQAFOQALJO]J 9 Jo jk olvjk pslafkñblaf js jk afoiuotf mj prfajsfs
gjothkjs quj sj jijautho mj ghojrh hutfgètlah (js mjalr, slo quj sjho
pjoshmfs afosaljotjgjotj). Kh rjsplrhalño, pfr jijgpkf, js uoh haalño
loafosaljotj yh quj jk suijtf of pljosh ahmh vjz quj lochkh f jxchkh.
Fesjrvhomf mfaugjothkjs mj pslafkfbçh y ojurfaljoalh ofs kkhgñ kh
dfrgh jo quj sj tfgho khs mjalslfojs jo kh vlmh, vjhgfs9
Zoh mjalslño js uoh rjsfkualño f mjtjrglohalño quj sj tfgh rjspjatf

mj hkbf. Qj afofaj afgf tfgh mj mjalslfojs hk prfajsf quj afoslstj jo
rjhklzhr uoh jkjaalño jotrj mlvjrshs hktjrohtlvhs.
Kh tfgh mj mjalslfojs pujmj hphrjajr jo auhkquljr afotjxtf mj kh vlmh
aftlmlhoh, yh sjh h olvjk prfdjslfohk, sjotlgjothk, dhglklhr, jta. Jk prfajsf,
jo jsjoalh, pjrgltj rjsfkvjr kfs mlstlotfs mjshdçfs h kfs quj sj mjej
jodrjothr uoh pjrsfoh f uoh frbholzhalño.
H kh cfrh mj tfghr uoh mjalslño, jotrho jo iujbf mlvjrsfs dhatfrjs. Jo
uo ahsf lmjhk, sj hpjkh h kh ahphalmhm hohkçtlah (thgelìo kkhghmh mj
rhzfohgljotf)) phrh jsafbjr
rhzfohgljotf jsa fbjr jk gjifr
gjifr ahglof
ahg lof pfslekj0 auhomf kfs rjsukthmfs
sfo pfsltlvfs, sj prfmuaj
prfm uaj uoh jvfkualño,
jvfkualño, uo phsf h ftrh losthoalh, sj herjo
khs pujrths h kh sfkualño mj afolatfs
afolatfs rjhkjs
rjhkjs y pftjoalhkjs.
Auhkquljr tfgh mj mjalslfojs mjejrçh loakulr uo hgpklf afofalgljotf mjk
prfekjgh quj sj mjsjh supjrhr, yh quj sfkf kujbf mjk pjrtlojot
pjr tlojotjj hoèklsls js
js
pfslekj afgprjomjrkf y mhr afo uoh sfkualño hmjauhmh. Qferh mjalr quj
hotjj aujstlfojs aftlmlhohs (pfr jijgpkf, mjalmlr sl tfghr hbuh f uoh ejelmh
hot e jelmh
clmrhthotj mjspuìs mjk jijralalf dçslaf), jk olvjk mj rhzfohgljotf js guacf
gjofs afgpkjif
afgpkjif y prfduomf, y sj hatùh mj dfrgh ahsl hutfgètlah, mhmf quj
khs afosjaujoalhs
afosjaujoal hs mj uoh mjalslño jqulvfahmh of tljojo ghyfr lgpfrthoalh.
lgpfrthoalh.
Jo ahgelf, hotj mjalslfojs vjrmhmjrhgjotj
vjrmhmjrhgjotj trhsajomjothkjs phrh kh vlmh,
vlmh ,
:3

sj prfajmj mj uoh ghojrh guy gjtlaukfsh, sfpjshomf kfs pftjoalhkjs

rjsukthmfs, y jk tljgpf ojajshrlf
ojajshr lf js guacf ghyfr.
ghyfr. H kf khrbf mjk mjshrrfkkf
mjshr rfkkf
mj uoh pjrsfoh, lomjpjomljotjgjotj mj su pjrsfohklmhm y mj sus bustfs,
ahmh oujvf mçh trhj afoslbf uo oùgjrf arjaljotj mj prfekjghs h
rjsfkvjr y pfaf h pfaf ofs vhgfs afovlrtljomf jo hutìotlahs gèqulohs
jspjalhklzhmhs jo tfghr mjalslfojs.
H slgpkj vlsth, sj pujmj mlstlobulr jotrj lomlvlmufs sjburfs j losjburfs
mj sç glsgfs. Kfs prlgjrfs sujkjo sjr mjtjrglohmfs, tjojr sljgprj akhrfs
sus bustfs y ojajslmhmjs, kf auhk kjs dhalklth kh tfgh mj mjalslfojs0 kfs
ftrfs, jo ahgelf, ahrjajo mj kh hutfafohozh ojajshrlh phrh afoslmjrhr
vèklmhs sus prfplhs lmjhs, y jsf rjpjrautj brhvjgjotj jo kfs gfgjotfs
arçtlafs mj kh vlmh.
Jk hijmrjz js uof
mj kfs iujbfs mj
gjsh (mjpfrtj)
gès pfpukhrjs jo
jk olvjk guomlhk,
ehsh sus rjbkhs jo
uo slstjgh mj tfgh
mj mjalslfojs ahmh
vjz gès arçtlahs h
gjmlmh quj hvhozh kh
phrtlmh. H pjshr mj su
brho afgpkjilmhm y mj
rjqujrlr uo hktf olvjk
mj afoajotrhalño, phaljoalh y jkhefrhalño mj jstrhtjblhs pfr phrtj mj
sus phrtlalphotjs, ch shelmf htrhjr h tfmf tlpf mj pjrsfohs, loakuyjomf h
hqujkkhs quj sj hajkjrho jo iubhr y mjiho hk rjy jxpujstf jo uohs pfahs
iubhmhs.
Qlo mumh hkbuoh, khs pjrsfohs mjejgfs jodrjothrofs afosthotjgjotj h
sltuhalfojs quj ofs jxlbjo tfghr mjalslfojs phrh pjrgltlrofs hvhozhr0
auhomf trhskhmhgfs jsth mloèglah h kfs gfgjotfs mj falf, oujstrfs
kfbrfs rjsuktho guacf gès shtlsdhatfrlfs quj kfs quj fetjojgfs pfr
gjmlf mjk hzhr.
‛Kh mjalslño sj pujmj mlvlmlr jo mfs, pfr uo khmf
k hmf jk prfajsf ajrjerhk,
ajrjerhk, hkbf
quj faurrj jo jk ajrjerf y quj tj kkjvh h jkjblr jotrj uoh afsh u ftrh0 y pfr
:<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
jk ftrf, afosaljotjgjo
af osaljotjgjotj
tj shejs quì quljrjs
quljrjs chajr, hcfrh tfgf uoh mjalslño.
mjalslñ o.
^jrf phrjaj quj hotjs mj jsf, sj prfmuaj uo prfajshgljotf loafosaljotj
jo jk ajrjerf, suajmj hkbf quj prjphrh tu mjalslño, tj afomuaj chsth jkkh
j louyj
lou yj jo kh ghojrh jo quj tu gjotj
gjotj afosaljotj jklbj‗. ^jrf jstf QFKF
QFKF
js vèklmf phrh mjalslfojs slgpkjs, afo 8 f 5 jstçgukfs sfkhgjotj. ‛Khs
sltuhalfojs gès afgpkjihs quj ofs joafotrhgfs khs sfkualfohgfs mj
ghojrh loafosaljotj‗. Ifco-Mykho Chyojs. Tjhgfs jk slbuljotj jijgpkf
phrh trhthr mj mjgfstrhrkf.
Hotjs mj afofajr kfs hotjrlfrjs hafotjalgljotfs jstèehgfs hkthgjotj
afovjoalmfs
afovjo almfs mj quj h kfs iubhmfrjs
i ubhmfrjs mj dùtefk cheçh quj josjøhrkjs h pjoshr,
jotfoajs ofs prjbuotèehgfs ¶Añgf uo dutefklsth quj sj joaujotrh uoh
haalño mj uo phrtlmf js ahphz mj pfojrkj sfkualño mj dfrgh tho rèplmh y
jahz6 ^fr jijgpkf, uo hthahotj rjalej uo ehkño mjotrf mjk èrjh mj khs
84.:> gts. mjk jqulpf rlvhk, y jo drhaalfojs mj sjbuomf mjej ^JUALELU,
MJALMLU \ JIJAZ]HU afrrjathgjotj, jotfoajs, ¶Xuì faurrj jo sus
sjotlgljotfs y pjoshgljotfs phrh quj tfmf shkbh eljo6
Jk loafosaljotj js jk afoiuotf mj sjotlgljotfs y pjoshgljotfs quj sj
bjstho jo oujstrf ajrjerf gjmlhotj kh jxpjrljoalh
jxpjrlj oalh y kh lodfrghalño quj yh
pfsjj jk dutefklsth, jo jstj ahsf, h kfs quj of pfmjgfs haajmjr auhomf ofs
joafotrhgfs jo jsthmfs mj rjsfkualño mj sltuhalfojs
s ltuhalfojs prfekjgh afgf jk quj
prjsjothgfs jo jstj jijgpkf. Jk loafosaljotj sj joahrbh mj hyumhrofs h
jotjomjr
jotjomjr oujstrf jotfrof y h tfghr khs mjalslfojs
mja lslfojs quj gès ofs afovjobho.
‛Js uoh jspjalj mj plkftf hutfgètlaf, uoh buçh mj afomuath quj sjbulgfs
slo mhrofs aujoth‗.
Hohklajgfs kh slbuljotj sltuhalño9
¶Xuì pujmj jsthr pjoshomf ahmh uof

mj jstfs iubhmfrjs, jo uoh haalño
mjtjrglohotj mjk iujbf, drjotj h kh
pfrtjrlh jo pkjoh afgpjtjoalh jo uo
iujbf lbuhkhmf h uo bfk, h pfafs gloutfs
phrh ohklzhr jk joaujotrf, kfs mfs
jqulpfs afo kh
guaclslgfs ojajs lmhm mj bhohr y hotj
ojajslmhm
jspjathmfrjs6
4>

Jk aljotçaf jsphøfk Jmuhrmf ûosjt jo su ahohk mj \fu]uej UJMJQ

prfbrhgh quj kkjvh pfr tçtukf ‛Jk jxpjrtf y shelf loafosaljotj‗ jotrjvlsth
hk pslañkfbf y aljotçaf mj kh Zolvjrslmhm mj \hkj, Ifco Ehrbc. Hkkç
afgjotho quj jk loafosaljotj js rjspfoshekj pfr su aujoth of sfkf mj
kh ghyfrçh mj khs mjalslfojs quj tfghgfs, slof thgelìo mj khs quj
tljojo guach lgpfrthoalh pfr kh afgpkjilmhm mj kfs prfajsfs afboltlvfs
lgpklahmfs. Chsth haè tfmf
tfmf phrjaj jsthr akhrf pjrf ofs surbçh
surbç h ftrf tlpf mj
lotjrrfbhotjs,
lotjrrfbhotjs, afgf pfr
p fr jijgpkf0
jijgpkf0 ¶jotfoajs phrh quì slrvj kh afosaljoalh,
afosa ljoalh,
quì js kh afosaljoalh6 Tjhgfs.
Ujsukth mldçalk prjalshr
prjal shr quì js kh afosaljoalh,
afosaljoalh , yh quj of tljoj uo afrrjkhtf
dçslaf. Qj trhth mjk afofalgljotf rjjxlvf mj khs afshs y mj kh hatlvlmhm
gjothk quj sfkf js haajslekj phrh jk prfplf suijtf.
Kh jtlgfkfbçh mj kh phkherh lomlah quj kh afosaljoalh loakuyj hqujkkf quj
jk suijtf
suijtf afofaj. Jo ahgelf,
ah gelf, khs afshs loafosaljotjs
l oafosaljotjs sfo khs quj hphrjajo
jo ftrf olvjk psçqulaf y quj sfo lovfkuothrlhs f loafotrfkhekjs phrh jk
lomlvlmuf.
^hrh kh pslafkfbçh, kh afosaljoalh js uo jsthmf afboltlvf of-hestrhatf
quj pjrgltj quj uoh pjrsfoh lotjrhatùj j lotjrprjtj afo kfs jstçgukfs
jxtjrofs kf quj afofajgfs afgf kh rjhklmhm.
Ql uoh pjrsfoh of tljoj afosaljoalh, sj joaujotrh mjsafojathmh mj kh

rjhklmhm y of pjralej kf hatuhmf.
48

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
H trhvìs mj kh afosaljoalh uo lomlvlmuf afoslbuj tjojr uoh ofalño

mj sç glsgf y mj su jotfrof0 js uof mj kfs jkjgjotfs quj hsjburh
kh supjrvlvjoalh
supjrvlvjoalh mj uo sjr
s jr vlvf, pujs kj pjrgltj jsthr hkjrth h kfs pjklbrfs
y hatuhr jo afosjaujoalh.
Jstj prfajsf, huoquj rjsukth sughgjotj sjoalkkf h slgpkj vlsth, js jk
rjsukthmf mj vhrlfs djoñgjofs psçqulafs quj tljojo kubhr jo kh gjotj mj
kfs lomlvlmufs h ahmh losthotj slo quj ìk tjobh tfthk ofalño mj jkkf.
^hrh rjsuglrkf, jstj prfajsf afoslstj jo pjralelr jk jotfrof h trhvìs mj
kfs sjotlmfs y hohklzhrkf afo kh lodfrghalño
lo dfrghalño quj sj tljoj (khs auhkjs dujrfo
mjshrrfkkhmhs h phrtlr mj khs jxpjrljoalhs afo khs quj jk lomlvlmuf chyh
tjolmf quj jodrjothrsj), kh gjgfrlh.
Ql kh afosaljoalh mj uo lomlvlmuf duoalfoh mjk gfmf ‛hmjauhmf‗,
khs vhkfrhalfojs quj jstj chrè sferj su rjhklmhm sjrèo akhrhs y kj
pjrgltlrèo kkjvhr uoh vlmh jo jk prfajsf, sljgprj mj dfrgh prfbrjslvh0
sl pfr jk afotrhrlf, auhomf sj hsugj slo uoh gfmjrhmh afoajotrhalño
y hoèklsls, pujmj quj su ghojrh mj jotjomjr jk jotfrof of sjh kùalmh y,
pfr jomj, tfgj mjalslfojs quj ahushrèo dhkkfs h kh cfrh mj jijauthr uoh
haalño.
Jo jstj puotf
puotf pujmj mjalrsj quj kualmjz y akhrlmhm
akhrlm hm sfo phrh kh
k h pslqulhtrçh kfs
hspjatfs quj mjojo uoh afosaljoalh shoh.
Tjhgfs jk slbuljotj jijgpkf9
Zo sjøfr kkjbh h hmglolstrhr
hmgl olstrhr uo cftjk jk auhk aujoth
aujoth afo 8>> chelthalfojs,
plmj jo su prlgjr mçh mj trhehif quj kj phsjo khs kkhvjs mj kh chelthalño
oùgjrf =1 y kh rjajpalfolsth kj phsh tfmf jk ghofif mj kkhvjs, js mjalr
khs aljo kkhvjs, kf quj mlaukth quj jk hmglolstrhmfr pujmh herlr mlach
chelthalño jo pfaf tljgpf.
Jk hmglolstrhmfr gfstrhomf mftjs mj jxpjrljoalh y jaljoalh hmglolstrhtlvh
frmjoh quj kj afostruyho uo acjrf (ahiño mj ghmjrh afgpujstf pfr
ahifojs pjqujøfs) y quj jo ahmh ahiño pjqujøf mjpfsltjo kh kkhvj mj
ahmh chelthalño, jstf phrh auhomf uo cuìspjm f hmglolstrhtlvf sfklaltj
uoh kkhvj mj uoh chelthalño kj sjh jotrjbhmh kh kkhvj afrrjspfomljotj y
hsç sj hcfrrj guacf tljgpf jo herlr kh chelthalño.
45

Kfs afostruatfrjs uoh vjz ohklzhmf jk acjrf mjeljrfo jougjrhr ahmh

ahslkkh.
^rjbuothgfs ¶Auèoths vjajs utlklzhrfo jkkfs jk oùgjrf < phrh jougjrhr
tfmf jk acjrf
a cjrf66
Jijgpkf
Jijgpkf <, 8<, 5<, 1<, jta.
Jspjrhgfs su rjspujsth jo 8> sjbuomfs.
¶Auèk duì su rjspujsth <…8>…88…6
¶Xuj pumf chejr faurrlmf phrh quj ustjm lolalhkgjotj (h kf gjifr) of
mljrh afo kh rjspujsth afrrjath6 Xulzè of kf arjjrè, pjrf faurrlñ, quj
auhomf h ustjm sj kj mlf jk jijgpkf <, 8<, 5<, 1<, jta. kf prfbrhghgfs mj
ghojrh rèplmh0 duj pfr jsf quj ustjm slbulñ jk ahglof. ¶Xuì thk quj jo
jk jijgpkf sj kj cueljrh mlacf hmjgès69 <>, <8, <5, jta., f quj suajmjrçh
sl of sj kj cueljrh prjsjothmf jk jijgpkf <, 8<, 5<, 1<. Hsç glsgf faurrj
afo kfs hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths, kjs mhgfs uohs phuths y jkkfs pfr sus
afofalgljotfs prjvlfs mjmuajo guachs pfslelklmhmjs. ¶Xuì faurrlrçh
jotfoajs sl jsh lodfrghalño of js kh afrrjath6
Xujrjgfs afothrkj quj kh rjspujsth js vjlotj.
]joljomf yh akhrf quj js kf afosaljotj y kf loafosaljotj kkjbhgfs h kh
afoakuslño mj quj jo jk mjpfrtj mjk dùtefk, pfr rjuolr jo ahmh haalño
mldjrjotjs sltuhalfojs thotf mjk iujbf, afgf mjk guomf jxtjrlfr, jsths sj
rjsujkvjo jo ghyfr prfpfralño jo jsthmfs loafosaljotjs
l oafosaljotjs jo drhaalfojs mj
sjbuomf0 thk afgf kf lkustrh jk jijgpkf hotjrlfr.
¶MJ MÑOMJ QZUBLUÇHO KHQ UJQ^ZJQ]HQ

GÈQ HMJAZHMHQ6
Khs rjspujsths gès hajrthmhs surblrèo mj chejr jotrjbhmf hk hsplrhotj
h dutefklsth, hk jqulpf, guachs sltuhalfojs jo jsthmf mj afosaljoalh y
jsth h su vjz jo oujstrfafoslstj
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF gfmjkf jo
mj jotrjohr
josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij ÛFAJQF
mjsmj kh vhrlhelklmhm quj
41

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
jotrjbh khs glarfjstruaturhs mj ehsj,

ehs j, mjshrrfkkf
mjshrrfkk f y afgpkjilmhm,
afgpkjilmhm, h kh ghyfr
lotjoslmhm pfslekj, jotrjohr mjsmj jk afofalgljotf, afo kh lodfrghalño
aljotçah y rjsfkvljomf kfs lotjrrfbhotjs quj pujmho surblr mj ahmh
haalño, phrh mj jsth ghojrh lr joafotrhomf jo jk prfajsf uo eujo iubhr
f jk puotf ñptlgf mjk hsplrhotj y jk jqulpf.
Haalfojs afosaljotjs jo jk jotrjohgljotf prfgfvlmhs pfr jk dfrghmfr
ofs mhrèo gjifrjs rjspujsths loafosaljotjs h kh cfrh mj iubhr jo gfmf
afgpjtjoalh.
Oujstrf ajrjerf js uo ñrbhof pkèstlaf (vjr ojurfpkhstlalmhm), quj sj
gfmlah mj dfrgh jspfotèojh
js pfotèojh y sj hmhpth h su
s u jotfrof bjojrhomf oujvhs
oujvhs
afojxlfojs sloèptlahs ojurfohkjs, hsç jsthrè prjmlspujstf h rjhklzhr y
sfkualfohr sltuhalfojs afgpkjihs afo ghyfr dhalklmhm0 y of phrh afosjbulr
afosjbul r
kh hutfghtlzhalño mj kh quj guacfs chekho.
Of pfmjgfs sjbulr jotrjohomf phrh hutfghtlzhr, slof gès eljo, phrh
chajr hk iubhmfr y hk jqulpf gès afosaljotj, fetjoljomf rjspujsths
ñptlghs mj dfrgh loafosaljotj, khs quj sj prjsjotho h ahmh losthotj jo
kh afgpjtjoalh glsgh, jo ahmh haalño mj iujbf.
Oujstrf loafosaljotj js ahphz mj prfajshr chsth 88 glkkfojs mj elts pfr
sjbuomf, quj kkjbho h trhvìs mj kfs : sjotlmfs mjalmljomf quì chajr hotj
ahmh sltuhalño, pjrf of ofs mhgfs aujoth mj jstf. Qlo jgehrbf, oujstrf
afosaljotj sfkf js ahphz mj prfajshr :> elts pfr sjbuomf. ^fr jijgpkf, sl
guktlpklahgfs mfs oùgjrfs prfajshgfs 85 elts/s. Ql kjjgfs jo slkjoalf
uofs 1> elts/s. y jo vfz hkth ahsl =: elts/s. (Jmuhrm ûosjt ‑ UJMJQ).
Hsç quj, hotj uoh sltuhalño afgpkjih mj tfgh mj mjalslño jo uo phrtlmf,
sl tuvlìrhgfs quj bjstlfohr uoh tfgh mj mjalslfojs mj dfrgh afosaljotj,
pfmrçhgfs thrmhr gès mj uo mçh jo rjsfkvjrkh y gljotrhs jstf faurrj kf
gès sjburf js quj jk phrtlmf mj dùtefk yh chyh tjrglohmf.
Zoh pjrsfoh quj jstè fesjrvhomf uoh ahsh phrh afgprhrkh, jo pfaf
tljgpf su loafosaljotj pujmj kkjbhr h prfajshr chsth 4.>>>.>>>.>>>
glkkfojs mj elts mj lodfrghalño. Ql hpjkèrhgfs h oujstrh afosaljoalh of
tjomrçhgfs quj lr tho rèplmf jo tfghr uoh mjalslño. Js
J s pfr jstf quj jo jstj
jstj
ahsf js gjifr pjbhrofs mj kfs mjthkkjs, mjk hoèklsls, mj khs afgphrhalfojs,
js mjalr, mj kh afosaljoalh yh quj tjojgfs sualjotj tljgpf phrh mjalmlr.
4=

Ql pfr jijgpkf, ejejgfs uo iubf mj ghrhauyè slo hzùahr, auhomf kf quj

jspjrèehgfs jrh slgpkjgjotj tfghrkf afo eujoh ahotlmhm jomukzhotj,
ofs sfrprjomjrè su shefr
s hefr jo kh efah. ^jrf sl shejgfs auèk js jk afotjolmf
a fotjolmf
y añgf vljoj prjphrhmf, oujstrf ajrjerf sj hotlalphrè y prjphrhrè kh
efah phrh quj of rjhaalfoj afo sfrprjsh
sfrprjs h auhomf rjaleh su shefr hghrbf.
Mj kh glsgh ghojrh, sl duìsjgfs afosaljotjs mj oujstrf prfplf aujrpf
murhotj tfmf jk tljgpf, ofs mlstrhjrçhgfs
mlstr hjrçhgfs mj kf quj vjrmhmjrhgjotj mjej
mjej
kkhghrofs kh htjoalño. Jsth js kh rhzño pfr kh quj of pfmjgfs chajrofs
afsqulkkhs ofsftrfs glsgfs y rjçrofs. Oujstrf ajrjerf sj hotlalph
loafosaljotjgjotj y shej añgf sj gfvjrèo oujstrfs mjmfs pfr oujstrh
pljk. Jo ahgelf, of pujmj prjmjalr añgf kf chrèo kfs mjmfs mj ftrh
pjrsfoh. Oujstrf ajrjerf loafosaljotj ofs prjphrh.
¶Jsfmjgfs
¶^ pfslekjhgpklhr
¶^fmjgfs jstlgukhr jk loafosaljotj
jk heholaf mj hkbuoh
mj rjspujsths ghojrh6
loafosaljotjs
loafosaljotjs
quj oujstrf ajrjerf prfpfoj6
Qjbùo kf jstumlhmf, jotjomjgfs quj kh jijralthalño mj sltuhalfojs rjhkjs
mj iujbf, jo khs quj jk iubhmfr afovlvh afo prfekjghs slglkhrjs h kfs
joafotrhmfs murhotj kh afgpjtlalño, jorlqujaj jk ehbhij hugjothomf
hsç jk oùgjrf mj ‛hoakhijs‗ h kfs quj oujstrf loafosaljotj pfmrè jachr
ghof auhomf sj joaujotrj jo kh sltuhalño rjhk mj iujbf. Xujrjgfs mjalr
jotfoajs quj h ghyfr y gjifr lodfrghalño haugukhmh fetjomrjgfs
auhomf sjh ojajshrlf gjifrjs
gjifrjs rjspujsths jxtrhçmhs
jx trhçmhs mj oujstrh jstruaturh
loafosaljotj.
^fr tfmf kf hotjrlfr y afgf yh kf cjgfs afgprfehmf jo rjltjrhmhs
fpfrtuolmhmjs, kh hatlvlmhm ajrjerhk y jk rjomlgljotf mjpfrtlvf afodfrgho
uo brho jqulpf.
\h shejgfs jotfoajs quj khs lgèbjojs quj sj fetljojo mj kh rjhklmhm
mjk guomf jxtjrlfr sfo afosaljotjs, sfo loafosaljotjs khs lgèbjojs mj
sltuhalfojs vlvlmhs hotjrlfrgjot
hotjrlfrgjotjj y quj jk suijtf
suijtf trhj hk prjsjotj mj dfrgh
ohturhk arjyjomf chejr fkvlmhmf.
Jo rjhklmhm, jsths lgèbjojs f jsajohs of sj fkvlmho, pfr jk afotrhrlf jstèo

prjsjotjs jo kh vlmh psçqulah jo dfrgh khtjotj, louyjomf jo kh vlmh hatuhk.
4:


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Hohklajgfs jk slbuljotj ahsf9 Thgfs h pjmlr

pjm lr quj kjh jstj
j stj pèrrhdf trhthomf
tr hthomf
mj afgprjomjrkf.

¶Js aljrtf quj ch pfmlmf afgprjomjrkf slo olobùo prfekjgh6
Loakuslvj sl chajgfs uo pfaf mj jsdujrzf kkjbhgfs h afgprjomjr jstj
ftrf tjxtf.
¶Qhej ustjm pfr quì kkjbhgfs h afgprjo

¶Qhej afgprjomjr
mjr mj dfrgh sjoalkkh
sjoalkkh jstfs mfs tjxtfs,
tjoljomf jo aujoth quj olobuof mj kfs mfs jstè jsarltf mj dfrgh afrrjath6
Kh afgprjoslño
lotjrlfrlzhmf sj mh pfrquj
afo hotjrlfrlmhm, pfryh tfmhs sljsths
jijgpkf, phkherhs
oujstrf lmlfgh khs cjgfs
dujrh ftrf
44

sjrçh lgpfslekj afgprjomjr quj lmjh trhjrçh jstj brupf mj kjtrhs y

oùgjrfs0 pjrf kf quj faurrj js quj tfmhs khs afo
afoiubhalfojs
iubhalfojs jotrj kjtrhs y
oùgjrfs jstèo uelahmhs mj kh dfrgh jo quj khs rjafrmhgfs f hsfalhgfs
afo lodfrghalño quj yh cjgfs fetjolmf jo hkbùo gfgjotf mj oujstrh
jxlstjoalh afosaljotj, js hquç mfomj jk loafosaljotj iujbh uo phpjk
duomhgjothk, yh quj sj joahrbh mj trhjrofs hk prjsjotj tfmf kf brhehmf
f gjgfrlzhmf vfkuothrlh f lovfkuothrlhgjotj afo hotjkhalño, qujmhomf
mjgfstrhmf quj lodfrghalño quj lotjrlfrlzhgfs jo oujstrh gjotj of sj
pljrmj, slof quj sj buhrmh phrh auhomf sjh mj utlklmhm, rjspfomljomf h
sltuhalfojs mlvjrshs jo oujstrf afgpfrthgljotf.
¶JK GFMJKF
EZQAH QZ^JUHU
JK GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK \ JK HK]JUOH]LTF6
J k gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf eusah supjrhr

kh afoajpalño tjaolalsth, pfoljomf
mj gfmf quj
s upjrhr khs
k hs mjsvjothihs
mjsvjothihs mj
p foljomf ìodhsls jo jk afgpfojotj tèatlaf,
quj sj rjafgljomho kfs iujbfs, kfs iujbfs tèatlafs
tèatlaf s gjofrjs,
kfs iujbfs slgpklahmfs y gfmlahmfs f sltuhalfojs mj jotrjohgljotf
quj rjprjsjotjo pjqujøhs jsajohs mj iujbf0 mhomf kubhr h prfajsfs
afboltlvfs lgpklahmfs jo kh haalño (pjoshgljotf, pjrajpalño, hoèklsls
y sfkualño gjothk) mfomj jk iubhmfr hprjomj pfr kh rjhklmhm mjk iujbf
uolmf h kh lodfrghalño suglolstrhmh y kh jxpkfrhalño afo jk jotfrof mj
jsj iujbf.
Hquç afovljoj prjbuothrsj sl ¶hprjomjr pfr kh afodrfothalño hatlvh y
jxpkfrhtfrlh afo jk jotfrof rjhk mjk iujbf, afokkjvh h kh afgprjoslño mj
su kñblah lotjroh6
Kh rjspujsth js quj hùo dhkth uo afgpfojotj y js kh tjfrçh, kfs afoajptfs
prfplfs mj kh tèatlah mjshrrfkkhmfs h trhvìs mj prloalplfs y haalfojs
tèatlahs, kfs auhkjs
auh kjs sj jotrjbho prlgjrf mj dfrgh tjñrlah y pfstjrlfrgjot
pfstjrlf rgjotjj
sj loakuyjo jo jk iujbf f jo sjotlmf afotrhrlf.
Jstj
jk hoèklsls
gfmjkf y kh
of jijaualño
ch surblmfmjmjk
mldjrjotjs
hzhr, js prfajsfs
jk rjsukthmf
mjpfrtlvfs0
mj kh lovjstlbhalño,
mj rjhklzhr
prfyjatfs aurrlaukhrjs afo jqulpfs quj phrtjo mj uo puotf (mlhboñstlaf),
(mlhboñstlaf),
42


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
kujbf lgpkjgjothgfs jk Gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf phrh

joafotrhrofs afo uoh gjifrçh hkthgjotj afoslmjrhekj jo jk mjshrrfkkf
mj iujbf, jstf afosjbulmf jo pfaf tljgpf. Kf quj chajgfs js quj kj
lgphrtlgfs hk lomlvlmuf y hk jqulpf tfmf uo afgpfojotj tjñrlaf, uoh
dfrgh mjshbrjbhmh mj jotrjbhrkjs kh lodfrghalño phrh lr afostruyjomf
jk iujbf mjsmj jk jotjomlgljotf y su kñblah, trhehihomf sljgprj afgf yh
kf cjgfs gjoalfohmf sferj jk gfmjkf mj iujbf, kfs slstjghs tèatlafs y kh
jstrhtjblh fpjrhtlvh.
^fr thk rhzño y phrh quj sj ofs dhalkltj guacf gès kh lgpkjgjothalño
mjk gfmjkf, cjgfs loakulmf jo jstj mfaugjotf mldjrjotjs gjmlfs
rjprjsjothmfs jo glarf jstruaturhs afgf ehsj duomhgjothk mjk prfajsf,
kkjvhomf h kfs iubhmfrjs y hk jqulpf h kh afgprjoslño j lotjrlfrlzhalño
mj kfs prloalplfs y khs haalfojs tèatlahs mj jstj mjpfrtj, joahgloèomfkfs
phsf h phsf h uo mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf bkfehk, ùtlkjs j lomlspjoshekjs phrh
kh jaljoalh y jahalh.
Haè ahmh iubhmfr yh hatùh afo phrtlturh, kh auhk loakuslvj kfbrh jo kh
ghyfrçh mj kfs ahsfs uoh lgprfvlshalño kñblah y prfmuatlvh
prfm uatlvh quj dhvfrjaj
dhvfrjaj
ofthekjgjotj jk mjsjgpjøf, phshgfs pfr khs mldjrjotjs dhsjs mjk
hprjomlzhij,
hprjomlzh ij, chsth jotrjbhrkfs jo kh ùktlgh dhsj, jk dutefklsth
dutefklsth quj hatùh
hatùh
‛loafosaljotjgjotj ahphz‗.
43

Ujspjatf mjk hspjatf gftlvhalfohk, hrbugjothgfs

hrbu gjothgfs qujquj jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf
]èatlaf-Afboltlvf pfr jsthr frljothmf hk iujbf, prfpfralfoh ghyfrjs
jkjgjotfs
jkjgjot fs phrh jk mlsdrutj y kh mlvjrslño, uoh vhkfrhalño pfsltlvh hk prfajsf
mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij mj jstj mjpfrtj y uoh hatltum quj lrrhmlh
afohozh y gftlvhalño, kf quj lovlth h afotlouhr afo su lgpkjgjothalño.
Mjej qujmhr akhrf quj oujstrh hrbugjothalño of lgplmj rjafofajr quj
kfs gfmjkfs trhmlalfohk y hktjrohtlvf afomuajo chalh uoh jahalh y tljojo
uo jdjatf sferj jk mfglolf pfr phrtj mjk prloalplhotj.
prloal plhotj. Oujstrh
Oujstrh lotjoalño js
rjjxlfohr sferj kh pfslelklmhm mj uoh loofvhalño gjtfmfkñblah quj jstì
sustjothmh pfr kh rjsfkualño mj ftrfs dhatfrjs mj prlgjr frmjo, afgf sfo9
jk prfpñsltf jmuahtlvf, kfs afotjolmfs, kh sjaujoalh y kh jvhkuhalño. Kh
rjsfkualño mj jstfs dhatfrjs mjtjrgloh jk tlpf mj mjpfrtlsth
mjpfrtl sth quj qujrjgfs
qujrjgfs
dfrghr, jk jqulpf quj qujrjgfs tjojr, kf quj mjejgfs josjøhr y kh dfrgh
mj gjmlr jk hprjomlzhij.
4<


Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
2>
A
H^Ç]ZKF
1
^JMHBFBÇH MJK
28

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
25
^JMHBFBÇH
MJK ÛFAJQF
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
J
k feijtlvf quj pjrslbuj jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf js
mjshrrfkkhr kh lotjklbjoalh mjk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth y mjk jqulpf
afgf thk, h trhvìs mjk vlhij quj sj rjhklzh pfr khs jthphs mjk
hprjomlzhij mj uoh ghojrh kñblah y frmjohmh. Js pfr jstf quj
jotrjbhgfs uoh sjrlj mj cjrrhgljoths khs auhkjs cjgfs mjofglohmf
glarfjstruaturhs mj jotrjohgljotf, afgf gjtfmfkfbçh jo kh jijaualño
mjk gfmjkf.
Oujstrf pkhotjhgljotf ofs kkjvh h hrbugjothr quj hqujk hsplrhotj h

dutefklsth
jo ghojfifjqulpf
jk ghojif qujglarfjstruaturhs,
mj jsths sj afovljrth
glarfj jo jxpjrtf
jxjs
struaturhs, pjrtf i(loafosaljotjg
(loafosa
ubhmfr fljotjgjotj
uo iubhmfr jqulpfjotj ahphz)
hkthgjotj
prjphrhmf j lotjklbjotj
lotjklbjotj phrh jk iujbf mj ìkltj.
ìk ltj. ^hrh mjshrrfkkhr jstj gfmjkf
mj jotrjohgljotf, prjsjothgfs khs mldjrjotjs glarfjstruaturhs quj jk
jotrjohmfr y jk hsplrhotj mjejo utlklzhr afgf cjrrhgljoth lomlspjoshekj
phrh sjr hkthgjotj jaljotj y jahz h kh cfrh mjk iujbf mjk dùtefk.
Hotjs mj jotrhr jo ghtjrlh vjhgfs uo phr mj jijgpkfs prjklglohrjs, kfs
auhkjs lkustrho kh gjifrh jo kh afgprjoslño mjk iujbf h trhvìs mj uoh
glarfjstruaturh, kh quj kj pjrgltlrè hk iubhmfr phshr pfr khs auhtrf jthphs
mjk hprjomlzhij. Jijgpkfs phrh lolalhr kh afgprfehalño mjk gfmjkf ^]-A9
21

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jijgpkf 8.
GLAU
GLAUFJ
FJQ]
Q]UZ
UZA]
A]ZU
ZUH9
H9 UF
UFOM
OMF
F (5 vs 8) ]L^F
]L^F MJ ]HU
HUJH
JH99 AF
AFFU
FUML
MLOH
OH]L
]LT
TH
MJQAULÂLÑO \ ]HUJHQ9 Mfs iubhmfrjs

pfsjjmfrjs gjifrho jk phsj y kh rjajpalño
trhthomf quj jk rjaupjrhmfr of kjs lotjrajptj
jk ehkño. Ql jk rjaupjrhmfr kf chaj, jstj phshrè
h sjr pfsjjmfr y jk pfsjjmfr quj afgjtlñ jk
dhkkf phshrè h sjr rjaupjrhmfr.
rjaupjrhmfr. Kfs afothatfs
sjrèo mj ghojrh klerj pfr phrtj mj kfs
pfsjjmfrjs. ^fr thotf jstfs
jstfs jstèo jo dhsj
fdjoslvh y ùolahgjotj pfmrèo mjspkhzhrsj
chsth sus mfs pkhtfs gès ajrahofs.
ÈUJH
GH]
GH]JU
JULH
LHKK IZ
IZBH
BHMF
MFUJ
UJQ
Q MZU
ZUH
HALÑ
LÑO
O UJA
UJAZ^
Z^JU
JUH
HAL
ALÑ
ÑO
FUBHOLYHALÑO (H x K)
Ehkño, 85g x
1
^khtfs 8>g
Jijgpkf 59
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH9 UFOMF
]L^F MJ ]HUJH
HUJH99 AFFUMLO
AFFUMLOH]LT
H]LTH
H
(5+8 vs 8)
MJQAULÂLÑO \ ]HUJHQ9 Mfs iubhmfrjs
pfsjjmfrjs, trhtho mj gjifrhr jk phsj y kh
rjajpalño
of kjs lotjrajptj
trhthomfjk ehkño,
mj qujsl jk rjaupjrhmfr
kf chaj, jstj phshrè h sjr pfsjjmfr y jk
pfsjjmfr quj afgjtlñ jk dhkkf phshrè h
sjr rjaupjrhmfr. Kfs afothatfs sjrèo mj
ghojrh klerj pfr phrtj mj kfs pfsjjmfrjs.
Kfs pfsjjmfrjs mjk ehkño jstèo jo dhsj
fdjoslvh y ùolahgjotj pfmrèo mjspkhzhrsj
chsth sus mfs pkhtfs gès ajrahofs. Auhomf
kfs mfs pfsjjmfrjs of tjobho dhalklmhm
phrh rjhklzhr sus phsjs, pfmrèo rjaurrlr h uo
tjrajr iubhmfr quljo sjrvlrè mj jokhaj.
ÈUJH
GH]J
]JUL
ULHK
HK IZ
IZBH
BHM
MFU
FUJQ
JQ MZUHALÑO UJAZ^JUHALÑO
(H x K)
FUBHOLYHALÑO Ehkño, = 85g x
Afofs 8>g
2=
^rlgjrh Dhsj9
hsj9 Auhomf
Auhomf jk hsplrhotj vj kh brèah mjk jijralalf, ol kf afofaj
ol shej añgf sj jijauth.
Qjbuomh Dhsj9 Auhomf jk prfdjsfr kjj kh mjsarlpalño mjk jijralalf y khs
thrjhs, jk hsplrhotj yh sj chaj h uoh lmjh bjojrhk mjk jijralalf, pjrf of
shej hùo jijauthrkf
jijauthrkf afrrjath
afrrjathgjot
gjotj.
j.
]jrajrh Dhsj9 Lolalh jk jijralalf y jdjatlvhgjotj kh prlgjrh y kh sjbuomh
jthph sj jvlmjoalho, jotfoajs vljojo uoh sjrlj mj dhkkfs, mj ghkfs
cèeltfs, mj mjshaljrtfs. Ùolahgjotj sj kkjbh h kh tjrajrh dhsj auhomf kfs
hsplrhotjs yh chajo slguktèojhgjotj guacfs phsjs slo quj jk ehkño
sjh lotjrajpthmf pfr jk rjaupjrhmfr. ^jrf jstf aujsth mjghslhmf, js hcç
mfomj kkjbh jk dfrghmfr phrh mhr cjrrhgljoths f afoajptfs tèatlafs h
sus iubhmfrjs pfsjjmfrjs
pfsjjmfrjs,, kjs gujstrh añgf jobhøhr hk rjaupjrhmfr
aforjaupjrhmfr
jk uoh oth, kjs
ofjosjøh
lotjrajpth
quj sç
thochy
dèalk
gfvlklmhm
jk ehkñobjojrhomf
y hsç suajslvhgjotj.
kçojhs mj phsj
Js
ofrghk quj jo kfs prlgjrfs gloutfs jk jijralalf of sjh mjshrrfkkhmf h kh
pjrdjaalño, pjrf sj kfbrh afosjbulr eujohs jijaualfojs, phsf sjbulmf sj
mh tljgpf phrh quj slbho prhatlahomf y, jo ùktlgh losthoalh, kkjbho h kh
auhrth dhsj mjk hprjomlzhij.
Auhrth Dhsj9 Haè ahmh hsplrhotj pfsjjmfr mjk ehkño utlklzh su prfplh
jxpjrljoalh y kh lodfrghalño mjk dfrghmfr, jotfoajs kfbrho afo oths,
mrleklob, gfvlklmhm, phsjs hk jsphalf klerj, ghojif mj khtjrhklmhmjs, jta., jk
mjshrrfkkf mj uo jijralalf afo guach jahalh, kkjbhomf h iubhr loakuslvj
mj ghojrh loafosaljotj, js mjalr, afo guach sfkvjoalh.
Ql ofthgfs jo kh mjsarlpalño
mjsarlpalñ o mjk jijralalf
jijralalf mlaj
mla j ‛mfs iubhmfrjs pfsjjmfrjs
gjifrho jk phsj y kh rjajpalño‗ (thrjh affrmlohtlvh) y mj cjacf quj
kf kfbrho, pjrf phrh kfbrhrkf mjejo afofajr ftrfs afoajptfs tjñrlafs,
duomhgjotfs
duomhgjo tfs tìaolafs y tèatlafs, afgf
af gf sfo, kh oth, jk mrleklob,
mrl eklob, ghojif
ghojif mj
khtjrhklmhmjs, gfvlklmhm, jk ahgelf mj mlrjaalño, kçojhs mj phsj, jsphalfs
klerjs, affrmlohalño y afguolahalño jotrj kfs mfs pfsjjmfrjs.
Jotfoajs, jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf
Jotfoajs, ^rfaj sf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf
]èatlaf-Afboltlvf kkjvh hk hsplrhotj h mfglohr
jk iujbf pjrf afo lodfrghalño, afoajptfs quj hk gèxlgf mjej hpfrthr jk
dfrghmfr y quj jk iubhmfr vh haugukhomf phrh prñxlghs sltuhalfojs
sjgjihotjs.
2:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
¶Ofthgfs kh mldjrjoalh quj chy afo jk gìtfmf trhmlalfohk, mfomj phrh

gjifrhr jk phsj y kh rjajpalño sj utlklzho jijralalfs slo rjhklmhm mj iujbf
y slo lodfrghalño tjñrlah6
¶Qjrvlrè jk jijralalf mjk jijgpkf 8 phrh lr gjifrhomf jk mjshrrfkkf mjk

iujbf6, ¶Qj chrè afo jstj oujvf jijralalf (jijgpkf 5) gès dèalk jk iujbf6
¶Jk prlgjr jijralalf jotrjbh uoh rjspujsth guy ajrahoh h kh sfkualño mj
jstj sjbuomf
chajrkf rjaujrmj
jijralalf6
oujvhgjotj
Qhqujquj
susjkprfplhs
feijtlvfafoakuslfojs,
quj sj eusaheh
pjrfjohotjs
kfs mfs
mj
jijralalfs js kh gjifrh mjk phsj y kh rjajpalño. Js haè mfomj mjolgfs
jstj gfmjkf afgf uo ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ ^HUH
JK ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF ^]-A
afotlouhalño vhgfs h jotrjbhr khs glarfjstruaturhs quj utlklzh jk
gfmjkf
prèatlaf,^]-A, kf quj ofsmfomj
elj o jijauthmf,
eljo jijauthmf, pjrgltj
ahmhmjshrrfkkhr uo glarfjstruaturhs
uoh mj jsths iujbf lotjklbjo
glarfjlotjklbjotj,
tj,
struaturhs
H 24
sj rjkhalfoho jotrj sç mj dfrgh trhosvjrshk, js mjalr, uoh js afgpkjgjotf

mj kh ftrh slo lgpfrthr uo frmjo ijrèrqulaf jo quj sj trhehijo, slrvljomf
loakusf auhomf sjh ojajshrlf mj jokhaj mj ftrh glarfjstruaturh. Jsths
glarfjstruaturhs khs vhgfs h joghrahr jo trjs brhomjs brupfs, mfomj
mj ghojrh afgprfehmh afo hotjrlfrlmhm cjgfs jsthekjalmf quj tfmhs
sfo mj suprjgh lgpfrthoalh y sj afostltuyjo jo jk pkho aurrlaukhr mjk
^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
^fmjgfs hrghr afo afofalgljotf
^fmjgfs afofal gljotf mj ahush, quj sç uo hsplrhotj y jqulpf
kkjbho h mfglohr jsths glarfjstruaturhs sjrè uo dutefklsth mj ìkltj f
uo jqulpf afo ghyfr pfslelklmhm mj sjr hkthgjotj afgpjtltlvf, jo ftrhs
phkherhs, dfrghrjgfs iubhmfrjs y jqulpfs hkthgjotj lotjklbjotjs h kh
cfrh mj hatuhr, iubhr y afgpjtlr.
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ ^]-A
22

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ EHQJ
KH ]JFULH9 KFQ AFO]JOLMFQ
^ hrh hpklahr f jijauthr jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf js

lomlspjoshekj afofajr kh lodfrghalño jsjoalhk quj mjej ghojihr
mj ghojrh jspjalhk jk dfrghmfr, sljomf kh ehsj phrh pfmjr kfbrhr
mjshrrfkkhr uo gjifr iujbf. Jsth tjfrçh ahrbhmh mj afoajptfs mjej sjr
jotrjbhmh afosthotjgjotj hk hsplrhotj phrh su ejojalf, jo jk prfajsf
lomlvlmuhk y afkjatlvf. Jsth tjfrçh pfmrçh sjr suprjghgjotj hgpklh y
duomhgjothmh, pjrf phrh jk mjshrrfkkf mjk gfmjkf ofs ajotrhrjgfs jo jk
rjbkhgjotf mjkmjk iujbf, jk hspjatf tèatlaf y jk hspjatf tìaolaf, duomhgjothkjs
y eèslafs jo jk mjshrrfkkf mjk gfmjkf ^]-A. Zolmf h jstfs hspjatfs
vjomrèo
hmhpthmfs kfsjohspjatfs
jk gfmjkf dçslaf
^]-Ay pslafkñblaf kfs auhkjs
ehif kh supjrvlslñ
ehif o mj rjafgjomhgfs
sup jrvlslño kfs jxpjrtfs sjho
jxpjr tfs jo ahmh
ghtjrlh.
KFQ AFOAJ^]FQ ^HUH H^KLAHU JK GFMJKF

¶Xuì mjejo mfglohr kfs dfrghmfrjs y hsplrhotjs mjsmj jk
puotf mj vlsth mjk afotjolmf6
¶Añgf chajr quj jk hsplrhotj mfgloj jk iujbf afo jaljoalh y jahalh6
Jo jk iujbf afgf thk (jotlìomhsj jk iujbf afgf khs afodrfothalfojs afo
rjbkhgjotf
rjbkhgjo tf quj lolalhgfs mjsmj jk 8 vs >, kkjvèomfkfs prfbrjslvhgjotj
prfbrjslvhgjotj chsth
jk 88 vs. 88) phrh afgprjomjr y jijauthr gjifr jk mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf jo jk
gfmjkf ^]-A sj mjejo tjojr jo aujoth prloalplfs y haalfojs tèatlahs, yh quj
jsths haalfojs y prloalplfs sjrèo
s jrèo kfs añmlbfs
a ñmlbfs quj jgpkjhrjgfs
jgpkjhrjgfs phrh quj kfs
iubhmfrjs sj afguolqujo jo uo sfkf mlhkjatf. Ql jk dfrghmfr y jk iubhmfr
mfgloho, jotljomjo y hpklaho jsths rjbkhs akhrhs, lomlspjoshekjs h kh cfrh
mj iubhr, sj kj shahrè jk vjrmhmjrf prfvjacf hk iujbf, fetjoljomf jxajkjotjs
rjsukthmfs, eljo sjh jo khs prèatlahs afgf jo kfs joaujotrfs mjpfrtlvfs.
23
Jsths haalfojs tèatlahs sjrèo jk vfaheukhrlf mjk mçh h mçh jo jk gfmjkf

quj prjsjothgfs, gjifrhomf kh jaljoalh y kh jahalh dutefkçstlah.
Kh jaljoalh jstè vloaukhmh h utlklzhr kfs gjmlfs mlspfolekjs mj ghojrh
rhalfohk phrh
uo feijtlvf kkjbhr
ihmf afoh hotjrlfrlmhm
uoh gjth. Qjjotrhth mj kh tljgpf
jk gjofr ahphalmhm mj hkahozhr
pfslekj y afo jk
gçolgf usf pfslekj mj kfs rjaursfs,
rjaurs fs, kf quj supfoj uoh fptlglzhalño. Js pfr
jstf quj jgpkjhrjgfs glarfjstruaturhs afgf gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf.
Kh jahalh js kh ahphalmh
ahphalmhmm mj hkahozhr jk jdjat
jdjatff quj sj jspjrh f sj mjsjh
trhs kh rjhklzhalño mj uoh haalño.
Jotfoajs, kh jaljoalh jo jk ^]-A sjrè jk prfvjacf quj sj kj shahrè h khs
glarfjstruaturhs mj jotrjohgljotf utlklzhomf khs haalfojs y kfs prloalplfs
prloal plfs
mj iujbf y kh jahalh sjrè kfbrhr kh lotjklbjoalh mj iujbf hk gfgjotf jo
quj jk iubhmfr y jk jqulpf
jqulpf rjhklajo khs
kh s mlvjrshs afodrfothalfojs mjpfrtlvhs,
mlach lotjklbjoalh mjej jsthr guy ajrahoh
a jrahoh hk feijtlvf
feijtlvf afgpjtltlvf, jk bhohr.
bhoh r.
Mjejgfs jotjomjr quj kf quj jk hsplrhotj eusah pfr ohturhkjzh js sjr
jahz, js mjalr eusah afosjbulr jk bfk h afgf mì kubhr, eusah vjoajr. ^fr
jsth rhzño js quj hk hsplrhot
hsplrh otjj sj kj jotrjbho afoajptfs, ahglofs, ghojrhs
ghojrh s
mj mjshrrfkkhr jk iujbf pjrgltljomf kfbrhr jsj rjsukthmf. Lbuhkgjotj faurrj
jo kh dhsj mjdjoslvh.
mjdjoslvh.
Jsfs afoajptfs kfbrho quj jk oløf haugukj lodfrghalño y jsh lodfrghalño
js kh afboltlvh. ^fr thotf, sj afoslbuj afo jsh lodfrghalño gès jaljoalh,
pfmrè mhr gjifrjs rjsukthmfs jo jk mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbfiuj bf y, pfr afoslbuljotj,
sj tjomrè gèsmjpfslelklmhmjs
hrbugjothmf mj sjr jahz.
dfrgh loafosaljotj Hatuhomf
jo guachs mj susafgf yh kf cjgfs
jijaualfojs, chsth
kkjbhr hk ahsf f h kh drhsj guy ofgerhmh
ofgerhmh pfr jxpjrtfs y halfohmfs
halfohmfs ‛iubhr
mj gjgfrlh‗.
Jo jk dùtefk y su jvfkualño, jsh lodfrghalño, kh glsgh fetjolmh pfr kh
lovjstlbhalño, pfr jk jstumlf y pfr kh pujsth jo prèatlah mj jstj gfmjkf
phrh su afgprjoslño y jotjomlgljotf, jstè joahglohmh h rjsfkvjr mj
uoh ghojrh kñblah y prèatlah vhrlfs lotjrrfbhotjs quj surbjo h kh cfrh
mjk iujbf, prjbuoths afgf9 ¶^fr quì6, ¶Añgf6, ¶Afo qulìo6, ¶Auèomf6,
¶Mñomj6, ¶H quì kubhr y jsphalf6, ¶Mj quì gfmf6, ¶Afo quì6, jtaìtjrh,
sjrèo rjsujkths afo ehsjs aljotçahs jo jk mjshrrfkkf mj jstj gfmjkf y of
hk hzhr f pfr kh jxpjrljoalh hmqulrlmh jo guacfs høfs mj iujbf.
2<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth jo prfajsf mjej kkjbhr

kkjbh r h jotjomjr y rjsfkvjr tfmf
tlpf mj lotjrrfbhotjs quj kj surbjo h kf khrbf mj su rjafrrlmf y js haè
mfomj jotrh kh dfrghalño y kh jxpjrljoalh mjk ‛dfrghmfr‗ quj mjtjath kfs
ghkfs cèeltfs
]hotf jk tèatlafs
hsplrhotj mjk hsplrhotj
h dutefklsth f mjkdfrghmfr
y jk glsgf jqulpf. sj mjej hpjbhr h uofs
añmlbfs yh uolahmfs y jsthomhrlzhmfs, kfs auhkjs hyumho h gjifrhr kh
afgprjoslño mj ahmh sltuhalño mj iujbf. Jsfs añmlbfs sfo9
KHQ UJBKHQ MJ IZJBF

Jk dùtefk js uo mjpfrtj quj sj iujbh afo uo ehkño, jo jk quj phrtlalpho aljrth
alj rth
ahotlmhm mj iubhmfrjs pfr jqulpf, quj sj mlvlmjo jo pfrtjrf, mjdjoshs,
gjmlfs
ghof hky ehkño
mjkhotjrfs, sj sj
slo quj prhatlah afo jk uoh
kj shoalfoj plj ylodrhaalño
jk ùolaf quj pujmj
js jk gjtjr kh
buhrmhgjth,
pjrf sfkf jo uoh zfoh jspjalhk mjk tjrrjof mj iujbf.
Jk tjrrjof mj iujbf mjejrè sjr rjathobukhr, afo uoh pfrtjrçh jo ahmh
kçojh mj gjth. Jk jqulpf quj afoslbh gès bfkjs jo uo tljgpf mj <>
gloutfs sjrè jk bhohmfr, huoquj sj pjrgltjo jgphtjs y jo ahsf mj quj
sjh ojajshrlf uo vjoajmfr, pujmj chejr uoh prñrrfbh mj 1> gloutfs,
loakusf chsth kkjbhr h mjolr jk bhohmfr pfr aferfs mjsmj jk puotf pjohk,
rjsukthomf bhohmfr jk jqulpf quj gès hofthalfojs afoslbh.
Khs 82 rjbkhs mj iujbf hvhkhmhs

pfr kh Djmjrhalño Lotjrohalfohk mj
Dùtefk
Dùtefk Hsfalhmf (DLDH)
(DLDH) mj ghojrh
rjsuglmh sfo khs slbuljotjs9
8. Jk tjrrjof mj iujbf
Kfs phrtlmfs pfmrèo iubhrsj jo
supjraljs ohturhkjs
ohturhkjs f hrtlalhkjs,
mj haujrmf afo jk rjbkhgjotf
mj kh afgpjtlalño.
iujbf Jk tjrrjof
sjrè rjathobukhr, mj
mlvlmf jo
3>
mfs glthmjs y jsthrè ghrahmf afo kçojhs. Mlachs kçojhs pjrtjojajrèo h

khs zfohs quj mjghraho. Kh kfobltum mj kh kçojh mj ehomh mjejrè tjojr
uo gçolgf mj <> gjtrfs y gèxlgf mj 85> y mjejrè sjr supjrlfr h kh
kfobltum mj kh
gèxlgf <>kçojh
gjtrfs.
mj gjth,
Hmjgès,
quj sj
tjomrè
mjejrè
uo trhzhr
gçolgfuomjèrjh=: gjtrfs
mj gjth,
pfrafo
uo
mfs kçojhs pjrpjomlaukhrjs h kh kçojh mj gjth, h 84.: gjtrfs mj kh phrtj
lotjrlfr mj ahmh pfstj mj kh pfrtjrçh rjspjatlvh, jsths
j sths kçojhs sj hmjotrhrèo
84.: gjtrfs jo jk tjrrjof mj iujbf. \h afo jk èrjh mj iujbf mjghrahmh sj
uelaho khs gjths, quj js jk ofgerj falhk quj kh DLDH
DLDH kj mh h khs pfrtjrçhs,
p frtjrçhs,
quj afoslstjo jo uo phr mj pfstjs afkfahmfs h uoh mlsthoalh jotrj sç mj
2.15 gjtrfs, afo uoh hkturh mj 5.== gjtrfs mfomj vh uo trhvjshøf, phrh
dfrghr uo rjatèobukf pfr mfomj mjejrè phshr jk ehkño phrh ghrahrsj uo
bfk f hofthalño. (Dùtefk 88).
5. Jk ehkño
Ahrhatjrçstlahs y gjmlmhs
• Qjrè jsdìrlaf.
• Qjrè mj aujrf f auhkquljr ftrf ghtjrlhk hmjauhmf (slotìtlaf).
• ]jomrè uoh alrauodjrjoalh of supjrlfr h 2> ag. y of lodjrlfr h 43 ag.
(Orf. :).
• ]jomrè
]jomrè uo pjsf of supjrlfr
sup jrlfr h =:> br.
b r. y of lodjrlfr h =8>
=8 > hk afgljozf mjk
phrtlmf. (Dùtefk 88).
1. Jk oùgjrf mj iubhmfrjs.
Jk phrtlmf sjrè iubhmf pfr mfs jqulpfs dfrghmfs pfr uo gèxlgf mj foaj
iubhmfrjs ahmh uof, mj kfs auhkjs uof iubhrè afgf buhrmhgjth. Jk phrtlmf
phrt lmf
of afgjozhrè sl uof mj kfs jqulpfs tljoj gjofs mj sljtj iubhmfrjs. ^hrh
kfs phrtlmfs falhkjs mj sjkjaalfojs ohalfohkjs H, sj pjrgltj uo gèxlgf
mj sljtj supkjotjs y uo kçgltj mj trjs sustltualfojs, pjrf khs klbhs kfahkjs
pujmjo sjr jxlekjs
jxl ekjs jo auhotf hk oùgjrf mj supkjotjs y sustltualfojs. Zo
iubhmfr sustltulmf of pfmrè vfkvjr h lobrjshr y auhkquljr iubhmfr pujmj
tfghr kh pfslalño mjk pfrtjrf, sfkf sj mjejrè hvlshr hk èreltrf.
=. Jk jqulphgljotf
jqulphgljotf mj kfs iubhmfrjs.
iubhmfrjs.
Jk jqulphgljotf eèslaf feklbhtfrlf mj uo iubhmfr sj afgpfoj mj khs
slbuljotjs pljzhs9
38

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• Zoh ahglsjth. Ql sj ush rfph lotjrlfr, khs ghobhs mj jsth rfph mjejrèo
tjojr jk afkfr prloalphk mj khs ghobhs mj kh ahglsjth.
• ^hothkfojs afrtfs9 Ql sj usho ghkkhs tìrglahs afrths f khrbhs, jsths
•mjejrèo
Gjmlhs9 tjojr
Ql sj ush
jk afkfr
alothprloalphk
hmcjslvhmj
f uo
kfsghtjrlhk
phothkfojs
slglkafrtfs.
slglkhr
hr jo kh phrtj jxtjrlfr,
mjejrè sjr mjk glsgf afkfr quj kh phrtj mj khs gjmlhs sferj s ferj kh quj sj ush.
• Aholkkjrhs9 Mjejrèo sjr mj ahuacf, pkèstlaf f mj uo ghtjrlhk slglkhr
hprfplhmf phrh fdrjajr uoh prftjaalño hmjauhmh y tjomrèo quj jsthr
aueljrths
aueljrths pfr khs gjmlhs.
• Ahkzhmf9 Jk ahkzhmf mjejrè sjr jk hmjauhmf mj haujrmf afo kh supjralj
mfomj sj iujbuj.
:. Jk èreltrf.
Zo phrtlmf
phrh chajr sjrè
saugpklr
jrè afotrfkhmf
khs rjbkhs
rjbk hs
pfrmjuo
iujbf
è reltrf,
èreltrf,
jo mlacf
quljojoaujotrf.
tjomrè kh hutfrlmhm
Qus mjalslfojs
tfthk
sfo mjoltlvhs jo auhotf sj rjhoumj jk iujbf, sl pujmj rjatlahr uo jrrfr,
mjejrè sjr hotjs mj quj jk phrtlmf slbh su aursf.
Mjotrf
Mjo trf mj khs prloalphkjs mjalslfojs
mjalslfojs jstè hvhkhr kfs bfkjs, ghrahr khs dhkths
y shoalfohr khs lodrhaalfojs, loakusf afo hgfojsthalfojs f jxpukslfojs.
^hrh thk jdjatf, utlklzh thrijths hghrlkkhs f rfihs, rjspjatlvhgjotj.
Mfs thrijths hghrlkkhs hgjrltho shahr kh thrijth rfih, phrh sjøhkhr quj uo
iubhmfr duj jxpukshmf.
4. Kfs èreltrfs hslstjotjs.
Qj pfmrè mjslbohr h mfs f gès èreltrfs hslstjotjs quj tjomrèo kh thrjh
mj lomlahr9 sl jk ehkño shklñ mjk tjrrjof mj iujbf f chy tlrfs mj jsquloh,
dujrh mj kubhr, hvlshr mj kfs ahgelfs, oftlahr lodrhaalfojs quj of vjh jk
èreltrf, murhalño mjk phrtlmf, bfk ghrahmf y shqujs mj gjth, jotrj ftrhs.
2. Kh murhalño
murhalño mjk phrtlmf.
Jk phrtlmf murhrè mfs tljgpfs lbuhkjs mj =: gloutfs ahmh uof, shkvf quj
pfr gutuf haujrmf jotrj jk èreltrf y kfs mfs jqulpfs phrtlalphotjs sj
afovjobh
afovjo bh ftrh afsh.
afs h. Jotrj ahmh tljgpf cherè uo mjsahosf
mjsa hosf quj of mjejrè
jxajmjr
mj iujbfmj 8: gloutfs.
pfmrè Mj haujrmf
sjr lodjrlfr afo supjrlfr.
pjrf ouoah khs ahtjbfrçhs gjofrjs jk tljgpf
35
3. Jk lolalf y kh rjhoumhalño
rjhoumhalño mjk iujbf
Jk shquj mj shklmh js uoh dfrgh mj lolalhr f rjhoumhr jk iujbf9
• Hk afgljozf mjk phrtlmf.
• ]rhs chejr ghrahmf uo bfk.
• Hk afgljozf mjk sjbuomf tljgpf mjk phrtlmf.
• Hk afgljozf mj ahmh tljgpf supkjgjothrlf, mhmf jk ahsf.
Qj pfmrè hofthr uo bfk mlrjathgjotj mj uo shquj mj shklmh. Jo ahsf mj
quj jk èreltrf lotjrrugph jk phrtlmf pfr uo gftlvf quj of sj lomlquj jo
khs Ujbkhs mj Iujbf, sj mjej mjihr ahjr jk ehkño h tljrrh phrh rjlolalhr jk
joaujotrf.
<. Jk ehkño jo iujbf f dujrh

dujrh mj iujbf.
Kh ofvjoh rjbkh phrjaj guy kñblah, jk ehkño jstè jo iujbf gljotrhs of
sj ghrquj dhkth y jstì mjotrf mjk tjrrjof mj iujbf. Of sj lotjrrugpj jk
phrtlmf sl rjefth jo uo pfstj f ehomjrço mj jsquloh f sl rjefth jo jk
èreltrf.
Jsthrè dujrh mj iujbf sl aruzh pfr
p fr afgpkjtf uoh kçojh mj ehomh f mj gjth
y sl jk phrtlmf js lotjrrugplmf pfr jk èreltrf.
8>. Jk bfk ghrahmf.
Qj kçojh
kh cherèmj
ghrahmf uo bfkkfs
gjth jotrj au homf
auhomf jk ehkño
pfstjs ehkñ o chyh
y pfr htrhvjshmf
mjehif afgpkjthgjotj
mjk trhvjshøf, sljgprj
quj jk jqulpf hofthmfr of chyh afgjtlmf prjvlhgjotj uoh lodrhaalño h
khs rjbkhs mj iujbf. Jk jqulpf quj ghrquj ghyfr oùgjrf mj bfkjs sjrè
jk bhohmfr, sl hoftho kfs glsgfs bfkjs f of hoftho, jk iujbf tjrgloh
jgphthmf.
88. Jk dujrh
dujrh mj iujbf.
Zo iubhmfr jsthrè jo pfslalño mj dujrh mj iujbf sl sj joaujotrh gès
ajrah mj kh kçojh mj gjth afotrhrlh y jk pjoùktlgf hmvjrshrlf, pjrf of
jsthrè slrlvhk
jqulpf s j joaujotrh
sj joaujo
uo tlrftrh jo lomlrjatf.
klerj su glthm mjk ahgpf.
Jk dujrh mjJk
Jiujbf
k èreltrf mjejrè
js uoh mj ftfrbhr hk
khs rjbkhs
gès afgpkj
af gpkjihsihs phrh jot
jotjomjr.
jomjr.
31

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
85. Dhkths j loafrrjaalf

loafrrjaalfojs.
ojs.
Khs dhkths dujrh mjk èrjh sj shoalfoho afo tlrf klerj y khs quj sfo mjotrf
mjk èrjh
Chy lodrhaalfojs
afo uo tlrf
qujpjohk
sj shoalfoho
(jxajptfafo
khs tlrf
qujlomlrjatf,
loml
sforjatf,
jo afotrh).
pfr jijgpkf,
jijgpkf, jk iujbf
pjklbrfsf, festhauklzhr jk hvhoaj mj uo hmvjrshrlf f auhomf jk pfrtjrf
thrmh gès mj sjls sjbuomfs jo mjspjihr jk ehkño.
Mj haujrmf afo kh brhvjmhm mj kh lodrhaalño, jk èreltrf pfmrè mjalmlr
sl sfkf sj ghrah kh dhkth, sl shah thrijth hghrlkkh phrh hgfojsthr f rfih
phrh jxpukshr hk iubhmfr. Mfs hgfojsthalfojs sfo shoalfohmhs afo uoh
jxpukslño.
81. ]lrfs klerjs.
Kfs tlrfs klerjs sj mlvlmjo jo mlrjatfs, quj afo uo sfkf afothatf sj
pujmj hofthr bfk f jo ahsf mj quj sjh jo prfplh gjth sj ghrahrè tlrf
mj jsquloh0 y tlrf klerj lomlrjatf, jo jk quj jk èreltrf mjej ghotjojr uoh
ghof kjvhothmh y afoslstj jo mfs tfqujs hotjs mj quj jk ehkño aruaj kh
gjth, sl sfkf chy uo tfquj sj afoajmjrè shquj mj gjth. Jk jqulpf rlvhk
tljoj mjrjacf h afkfahr uoh ehrrjrh mj iubhmfrjs, phrh rjsbuhrmhr hk
pfrtjrf y afgpklahr jk phofrhgh phrh jk aferhmfr, pjrf mlach ehrrjrh
mjejrè jsthr h uoh mlsthoalh gçolgh mj <.8: gjtrfs.
8=. Jk tlrf pjohk.
Qj afoajmjrè uo tlrf pjohk afotrh jk jqulpf quj afgjth uoh lodrhaalño
quj hgjrltj tlrf klerj mlrjatf, mjotrf mj su prfplh èrjh pjohk y gljotrhs
jk ehkño jstì jo iujbf. Jk ehkño sj afkfah jo jk puotf pjohk, quj jstè h 88
gjtrfs mj kh kçojh mj gjth y js uo ghof h ghof jotrj jk aferhmfr y jk
buhrmhgjth h uo sfkf rjghtj. Kfs mjgès iubhmfrjs pjrghojajrèo dujrh
mjk èrjh h pfr kf gjofs <.8: gjtrfs mj mlsthoalh mjk puotf pjohk.
8:. Jk shquj mj ehomh.
Jk shquj mj ehomh js uoh dfrgh mj rjhoumhr jk iujbf y sj afoajmj h kfs
hmvjrshrlfs
mj ehomh pfrmjktljrrh
ùktlgff iubhmfr
pfr hlrj.quj
Oftfañ jk ehkño
sj pfmrè hotjsuo
hofthr mj bfk
htrhv
htrhvjshr
jshr kh kçojh
kç ojh
mlrjathgjotj
mj uo shquj mj ehomh. Jk shquj mj ehomh sj slrvj afo khs ghofs, jk
3=
ehkño sj khozh mjsmj htrès pfr joalgh mj kh ahejzh, afo hgefs pljs eljo
afkfahmfs sferj kh kçojh mjsmj jk sltlf mfomj shklñ mjk tjrrjof mj iujbf.
84. Jk shquj mj gjth.

Jk shquj mj gjth js uoh dfrgh mj rjhoumhr jk iujbf, auhomf jk ehkño
chyh htrhvjshmf afgpkjthgjotj kh kçojh mj gjth, yh sjh pfr tljrrh f
pfr hlrj, mjspuìs mj chejr tfahmf pfr ùktlgf h uo iubhmfr mjk jqulpf
hthahotj y of sj chyh ghrahmf uo bfk afodfrgj h kh Ujbkh 8>. Qj pfmrè
hofthr uo bfk mlrjathgjotj mj uo shquj mj gjth, pjrf sfkhgjotj afotrh
jk jqulpf hmvjrshrlf.
82. Jk shquj
82. shquj mj jsquloh.
Qj afoajmjrè uo shquj mj jsquloh auhomf jk ehkño chyh htrhvjshmf kh
kçojh mj gjth, yh sjh pfr tljrrh f pfr hlrj, mjspuìs mj chejr tfahmf pfr
ùktlgf h uo iubhmfr mjk jqulpf mjdjosfr y uo bfk of sj chyh ghrahmf
afodfrgj h kh Ujbkh 8>. Qj pfmrè
pfmr è hofthr uo bfk mlrjathgjot
mlrjat hgjotjj mj uo shquj
mj jsquloh, pjrf sfkhgjotj afotrh jk jqulpf afotrhrlf.
3:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
KFQ AÑMLBFQ MJK GFMJKF ÛFAJQF ]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
Kh ]èatlah js kh mlrjaalño y jk jgpkjf mj kfs iubhmfrjs phrh mjshrrfkkhr

haalfojs fdjoslvhs f mjdjoslvhs, mj pfsjslño f rjaupjrhalño y sus
trhoslalfojs, hmhptèomfkhs h mlvjrshs alrauosthoalhs, eusahomf hkahozhr
uo feijtlvf
feijtlvf murhotj
m urhotj jk jotrjohgljotf f joaujotrf mj dùtefk.
Jo jk dùtefk ch jxlstlmf jk phrhmlbgh mj quj kh tèatlah ùolahgjotj sj

mjej josjøhr h phrtlr mj aljrth jmhm, phrh ofsftrfs jsh lmjh of js mjk
tfmf aljrth yh quj kfs prloalplfs tèatlafs jotrho jo iujbf jo auhotf jk
hsplrhotj jotljomj
jotljomj añgf afkfahrsj jo jsphalfs heljrtfs. ^hrh ìk, jk phrtlmf
js mj sugh lgpfrthoalh y tfmhs sus mjalslfojs sj ehsho jo hthahr phrh
ghrahr bfkjs y mjdjomjr phrh quj of kj ghrqujo.
Jo jk ^]-A, of sj pujmj sferjvhkfrhr jsth phrtj, yh quj kfs hsplrhotjs
h dutefklsths h gjoumf of sfo ahphajs mj prjvjr kf quj phshrè mjspuìs
mj uoh sltuhalño mjtjrglohmh. Iubhr hk dùtefk hyumh hk iubhmfr h
hafstugerhrsj h utlklzhr kh lghblohalño y mjshrrfkkhr uoh arjhtlvlmhm slo
kçgltjs, kf auhk loakuyj fevlhgjotj jo arjhr jsphalfs.
Jk tlpf mj phrtlmf quj sj iujbh pjrgltj hk hsplrhotj tjojr aljrtf brhmf
mj pjrajpalño y hoèklsls, kf auhk gjifrhrè kh tfgh mj mjalslfojs y su
ahphalmhm pslafgftfrh. Jo afosjaujoalh, mjspkhzhrsj afo jk ehkño f slo
ìk arjh kh lmjh mj ‛tèatlah‗. Jsth afgljozh h mjshrrfkkhrsj jo auhotf jk
hsplrhotj hprjomjjoh jk
chkkhr sfkualfojs kjjr y afgprjomjr
iujbf afkjatlvf. sltuhalfojs eèslahs phrh mjspuìs
34
Jk mjspkhzhgljotf y kh afrmlohalño prfbrjslvh mj kfs iubhmfrjs arjh

uo iujbf ulmf y mj hthquj auyf feijtlvf js quj jk jqulpf gujstrj su
supjrlfrlmhm ghrahomf bfkjs. ^fr kf thotf, jk iubhmfr quj ahrjzah mj kh
pjrajpalño
jkkf ghrahrèsjburhgjotj
kh mldjrjoalhjsjotrj
pfr ìkkh yhusjoalh
uo eujo mj jstçgukfs
iubhmfr f uofafrrjatfs
jxajkjotj,y
mlacf mj ftrh ghojrh, uof quj sj joaujotrj jo uoh dhsj mjk hprjomlzhij
AFOQALJO]J pjrf LOAH^HY y ftrf quj chyh kkjbhmf h kh dhsj
AFOQALJO]J y AH^HY.
Hk iubhmfr quj sj dfrgh, loakusf hk iubhmfr ìkltj jo guacfs ahsfs sj kj
mjejo jotrjbhr phsf h phsf jsfs jstçgukfs phrh quj ahmh mçh sjh gès
afosaljotj mj uoh sjrlj mj haalfojs jo jk mjshrrfkkf mj uo jijralalf, uoh
prèatlah mj dùtefk f uoh afgpjtjoalh jo jstj mjpfrtj.
Jk iujbf mjk dùtefk js guy
guy slglkhr
slglk hr h uoh bujrrh, ahmh jqulpf jsj s afgphrhmf
afo uo jiìraltf, mfomj jstj mjej jsthekjajr gjths guy akhrhs phrh kfbrhr
vjoajr hk ‛afotjomfr‗, pfr jsth rhzño kfs sfkmhmfs mj ahmh jiìraltf mjejo
sjr jotrjohmfs
jotrjohmfs phrh supjrhr aljrths alrauosthoalhs, mj kf afotrhrlf kfs
feijtlvfs jsthrèo pjrmlmfs y sl hmjgès ahmh brupf mj sfkmhmfs of sj
afguolah pfr sjøhs mj tfmf tlpf y utlklzhomf añmlbfs, tfmfs jotjomjrèo
khs lomlahalfojs mj ghojrh mldjrjotj, pjrmlìomfsj tfmf jsdujrzf, chsth
kkjbhr hk puotf mj pjrmjr mlach bujrrh jo pfaf tljgpf.
Qupfobhgfs quj phrh kfbrhr uo u o feijtlvf
feijtlvf jo kh ehthkkh js
j s ojajshrlf aruzhr
ar uzhr
uo khbf, jstj prfpñsltf sjrè ahsl lgpfslekj mj kfbrhr sl kfs sfkmhmfs of
shejo ohmhr.
Mj jstj gfmf, lovjstlbhmfrjs y hohkçtlafs cho arjhmf añmlbfs jo jk iujbf
mjk dùtefk, añmlbfs jo kfs auhkjs
au hkjs qujrjgfs chajr guacf ìodhsls, eusahomf
sljgprj gjifrhr jk rjomlgljotf mjpfrtlvf jo ahmh uoh mj khs haalfojs
mj iujbf, khs auhkjs sj prjsjotho jo afgpjtjoalh f slgpkjgjotj jo khs
prèatlahs rjhklzhmhs murhotj tfmf jk GJBHALAKF jo jk ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-
Afboltlvf.
Jstfs añmlbfs mj kfs quj yh chekhrjgfs sfo afgphrhmfs afo jk ghouhk
mj lostruaalfojs quj trhj afoslbf uo hphrhtf jkjatrñolaf auhomf kf
hmqulrlgfs, jk auhk sl kf
k f kjjgfs afo mjtjolgljotf y kf kkjvhgfs h kh jijaualño
jijaualño
pfmrjgfs shahrkj jk ghyfr prfvjacf, ahsf afotrhrlf faurrj auhomf hkbuljo
gholpukh
mhmf glkjsjsjmjhphrhtf
ahsfs mfomjjkjatrñolaf slo mj
pfr dhkth olobùo tlpf mj lodfrghalño.
jsj afofalgljotf Qjjach
prjvlf sj cho
32

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
h pjrmjr. Kf glsgf faurrj afo jk dùtefk. ]jomrè uo gjifr mjsjgpjøf

quljo jotljomh y sjph jijauthr kfs ghouhkjs tjñrlafs quj sj joaujotrho
h mlspfslalño mj ghojrh bkfehk pjrf quj hùo of sj kjs jxtrhj kh ghyfr
utlklmhm jo guacfs ahsfs.
Jo jstj frmjo mj lmjhs jo jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf sj mh kh
fpfrtuolmhm mjpfrtlvh mj jotrjbhr uoh sjaujoalh kñblah y frmjohmh kh
auhk cjgfs
cjgfs mjofglohmf
mjofgl ohmf GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ Q MJK JO]UJO
JO]UJ OHGLJ
GLJO]F,
O]F,
phrh pfmjr mjsbkfshr tfmf uo ghouhk tèatlaf.
Zoh vjz kkjvjgfs h oujstrfs iubhmfrjs h mfglohr jstj
j stj ghouhk utlklzhomf
jsths glarfjstruaturhs, pfmjgfs hrghr quj iubhr hk dùtefk js guacf
gès sjoalkkf y tfmf rjsukthrè gès mlvjrtlmf y vlstfsf. Qjrçh, jotfoajs, jsj
iubhr kh ghojrh lmjhk phrh erlomhr jk jspjatèaukf quj tfmfs jspjrhgfs
mj kfs jqulpfs quj prhatlaho y afgpltjo jo jstj mjpfrtj. Jo gùslah afgf
af gf
mhr uo jxajkjotj afoaljrtf hotj glkjs mj dhos.
^hrh iubhr eljo hk dùtefk prlgjrf mjejgfs shejr añgf duoalfoh y jstf kf
vhgfs h mjgfstrhr afo jijgpkfs guy sjoalkkfs9
^hrh rjphrhr uo vjotlkhmfr quj ch mjihmf
mjihmf mj duoalfohr afrrjathgjotj,
af rrjathgjotj, jstè
jsthekjalmf quj kf prlgjrf quj chaj jk tìaolaf quljo kf vh h rjphrhr js
afofajr su duoalfohgljotf, sl mjsafofaj su duoalfohgljotf j lotjrvljoj
sferj jk vjotlkhmfr afo kh ghyfr vfkuothm, js guy prfehekj quj tjrgloj
hbrhvhomf jk mhøf.
Jk gìmlaf
afofaj f jspjalhklsth
añgfjspjalhkl sth ofs
duoalfoh pujmj aurhr
jk aujrpf uoh jodjrgjmhm
cughof, f mfkjoalh
mfkjoalh
mj kf afotrhrlf pfrquj
jgpjfrhrçh
kh jodjrgjmhm. ^hrh lkustrhr uo pfaf gès, trhjgfs jk ahsf mj uoh
pjrsfoh quj sudrçh mj bfth f èalmf ùrlaf y sljgprj sj hutfgjmlañ phrh
trhthr jk mfkfr quj kj prfmuaçh, pjrf ouoah kf clzf phrh hthahr jk èalmf
ùrlaf, mjshrrfkkèomfsj kh jodjrgjmhm afo jk tljgpf, jo uoh hrtrfsls
lrrjvjrslekj.
Hsç glsgf jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf mjgujstrh añgf

aljotçahgjotj sj kfbrh dfrghr iubhmfrjs hkthgjotj ahklahmfs phrh jstj
mjpfrtj
quj trhjyafoslbf
afgprujeh mjsmj phrh
jk gfmjkf kh prlgjrh sjslño mj
kh dfrghalño jotrjohgljotf
jaljotj y jahz kfs
mj hkahoajs
glkjs mj
hsplrhotjs
hsplrhotjs jo jk guomf jotjrf,
jotjrf, loakuslvj hpklah jo jk dùtef
dùtefkk mjofglohmf mj ìkltj.
33
Kfs prloalplfs
prloalp lfs tèatlafs f mj iujbf sfo mjolmfs afgf lmjhs duomhgjothkjs,
eèslahs y jsjoalhkjs, khs auhkjs sj cho hbruphmf jo gìtfmfs mj trhehif
quj pjrslbujo ohklmhmjs eèslahs.
8. ^rjphrhr hk hsplrhotj h mjsjovfkvjrsj
mjsjovfkvjrsj afo ìxltf hotj
hotj khs mlvjrshs
sltuhalfojs quj sj prjsjotho murhotj jodrjothgljotfs mjpfrtlvfs f jo
khs glsghs prèatlahs mjpfrtlvhs (jotrjohgljotf).
5. Dfrghr jo jk hsplrhotj uoh gjothklmhm
gjothklmhm mj iujbf quj
quj kj pjrglth tfghr
lolalhtlvhs mj haujrmf afo jk hafotjajr mj kfs jodrjothgljotfs mjpfrtlvfs
f khs prèatlahs, mjshrrfkkèomfsj pfr gjmlf mj auhtrf dhsjs (lodfrghalño
prjvlh-pjrajpalño-mjalslño-jijaualño), auyh sughtfrlh mjofglohgfs
lotjklbjoalh mj iujbf.
Kfs auhtrf prloalplfs y kh lodfrghalfo prjvlh jstèo mlvlmlmfs jo prloalplfs
prl oalplfs
mjdjoslvfs y fdjoslvfs, sjbùo jk gfgjotf bjojrhk mjk iujbf. Qj cho
suemlvlmlmf jo brupfs kfs auhkjs kkjvho afgf tçtukf kh dhsj mj iujbf afo
uo frmjo kñblaf y joahmjohmf.
Kfs prloalplfs tèatlafs mjdjoslvfs sj cho suemlvlmlmf jo jk brupf mj
kh UJ]HUMHALÑO, yh quj mjspuìs mj pjrmjr kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño js
kh haalño quj sj mjej rjhklzhr. Kujbf sj eusah uo JXZLKLEULF jo khs
thrjhs mjdjoslvhs (brupf mjk jqulklerlf), phrh kujbf eusahr UJAZ^JUHU
kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño (brupf mj kh rjaupjrhalño).
rjaupjrhalño).
Kfs prloalplfs tèatlafs fdjoslvfs jstèo suemlvlmlmfs jo jk brupf
mjofglohmf AFO]UFK-HG^KL]ZM, yh quj kujbf mj rjaupjrhr jk ehkño
3<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
mjejgfs eusahr uo mfglolf jo kh lolalhalño mj kh dhsj fdjoslvh. Josjbulmh

mjejgfs eusahr uoh
u oh GFTLK
GFTLKLMLMH
HM, of sfkf
s fkf lomlvlmuhk
lomlvlmu hk slof afkjatlvh (brupf
( brupf
mj kh gfvlklmhm). Jsth gfvlklmhm ofs afomualrè h uoh ^JOJ]UHALÑO jo
khs kçojhs
brupf mj khmjdjoslvhs
LGÛF
LGÛ FTLQ
TLQH
mjk
HALÑ
ALÑO,
rlvhk
O, yh
(brupf
quj jkmj
dùtefk
kh pjojtrhalño).
p fr sjr
pfr s jr uo mjpfrtj
^fr ùktlgf,
haçaklajkf
haçaklaf
y mj afkhefrhalño/fpfslalño, jk iubhmfr mjej jsthr jo afomlalfojs y
mlspujstf phrh ahgelhr mj haalño jo jk gfgjotf quj sjh ojajshrlf.
Kfs prloalplfs y haalfojs tèatlahs f mj iujbf gès ushmfs sfo kfs quj
rjkhalfohgfs h afotlouhalño. Jstfs afrrjspfomjo hk feijtf prloalphk jo
jk mjshrrfkkf mj jstj gfmjkf phrh kh afgprjoslño mjk iujbf mjk dùtefk, mj
haujrmf afo khs rjbkhs y glarfjstruaturhs jo pjrghojotj mjshrrfkkf.
ÛLOAL^LFQ \ HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ MJDJOQLTHQ

KH UJ]HUMHALÑO9
Kh khefr quj kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo rjhklzhr mjspuìs mj uo hthquj slo
ìxltf, js prjvjolr jk mjshrrfkkf y jvfkualño slstjgètlah mj uo hthquj mjk
hmvjrshrlf jo jk glsgf sltlf mfomj sj pjrmlñ kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño, mlach
khefr mjej sjr jijauthmh pfr kfs iubhmfrjs gès ajrahofs h mlach zfoh.
Khs haalfojs tèatlahs mj jstj brupf sfo9
HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ9
Jk Ujpkljbuj9
Qfo hqujkkfs gfvlgljotfs mj rjtrfajsf f rjtfrof (trhoslalño hthquj-
mjdjosh) quj rjhklzho kfs iubhmfrjs mj uo jqulpf jk auhk pjrmlñ kh
pfsjslño mjk ehkño jo su haalño hthahotj, phrh vfkvjr kf gès rèplmf
pfslekj y frmjohmhgjotj h fauphr sus pfslalfojs
pfsla lfojs mj phrtlmh f uelahalfojs
mjdjoslvhs.
Kh ]jgpfrlzhalño9
Js hbuhothr
pjrmlmf kh pfsjslño
f mjtjojr
mjkkhehkño,
prfbrjslño
mlach fdjoslvh
haalño sjmjk
rjhklzh
rlvhk sferj
mjspuìs
jk pfsjjmfr
mj chejr
mjk ehkño y js
j s jijauthmh
jijauthmh pfr jk iubhmfr gès prñxlgf.
p rñxlgf. Jk feijtlvf
feijtlvf prloalphk
prl oalphk
<>
mj kh ]jgpfrlzhalño, hphrtj mj mjtjojr jk hvhoaj fdjoslvf mjk rlvhk, js

jk mj mhrkj tljgpf h kfs mjgès iubhmfrjs mj rjpkjbhrsj rèplmhgjotj y
rjtfghr sus pfslalfojs y thrjhs mjdjoslvhs.
JK JXZLKLEULF9
Auhomf jk hmvjrshrlf sj hajrah h kh gjth mjk jqulpf mjdjosfr sj mjej
hpklahr uoh ghrahalño jstrjach y kfs mjdjosfrjs mjejrèo jsthekjajr uo
jqulklerlf jotrj kfs hthahotjs y jkkfs glsgfs. Jotjomljomf quj jk jqulpf
hmvjrshrlf jo su dhsj fdjoslvh trhthrè mj fetjojr uoh supjrlfrlmhm
ougìrlah quj kj pjrglth kfbrhr uoh vjothih jo jk hthquj0 kfs mjdjosfrjs
mjejrèo rjhklzhr gfvlgljotfs lomlvlmuhkjs y afkjatlvfs kfs auhkjs kjs
pjrgltjo tjojr uo jqulklerlf mjdjoslvf.
HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ9
Kh Ghrahalño9
Js kh haalño tèatlah mjdjoslvh quj rjhklzho kfs iubhmfrjs mjk jqulpf
quj of pfsjj jk ehkño afotrh sus hmvjrshrlfs, afo jk o mj jvlthr quj jk
rlvhk sj pfsjslfoj mjk glsgf y, sl kf chaj, trhthr quj sjh jo afomlalfojs
loañgfmhs.
^fslalño eèslah phrh ghrahr9
8. Kh pfslalño eèslah
eèslah phrh ghrahr
ghrahr js afkfahrsj
afkfahrsj mj plj afo uoh
uoh pljroh
hmjkhotj y kh ftrh klbjrhgjotj chalh htrès, f sjh, jo sjgljxlño, ehihomf
jk ajotrf mj brhvjmhm y ajmljomf klbjrhgjotj jk phsf hk rlvhk, chalh jk
khmf gès dujrtj mjk ghrahmfr (f afgf kf mjtjrgloj jk jotrjohmfr).
5. Jk ghrahmfr mjejrè sjbulr khs slbuljotjs
slbuljotjs ofrghs9
ofrghs9
• Ql jk ghrahmfr js kjotf mjejrè jsthr gès sjphrhmf mjk rlvhk phrh
afrrjr afo vjothih
vjothih hk gfgjot
gfgjotff quj quljrh phshrkf.
• Ql jk ghrahmfr js gès rèplmf kh ghrahalño mjej chajrsj gès
jstrjach yh quj kh vjkfalmhm sjrè mldçalk quj kf phsj.
•
Kh hstualh
kkjvhr hk rlvhkmjkh zfohs
ghrahmfr hprfvjachomf
mfomj kh pfslalño
gjofs mhøf pujmh mj ghrah js
fahslfohr.
<8

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
1. Jo jk tjrrjof mj iujbf jk ghrahmfr

ghrahmfr mjejrè
mjejrè sjbulr khs slbuljotjs
afoslmjrhalfojs9
• Jk ghrahmfr mjejrè afkfahrsj jotrj kh pfrtjrçh y jk fpfojotj,
rjspjthomf
pfrtjrçh y jkkhehkño.
elsjatrlz mjk èobukf dfrghmf pfr kfs mfs phkfs mj kh
• Gljotrhs gès prñxlgf jstì jk rlvhk h uoh pfrtjrçh, kh ghrahalño
mjejrè sjr gès jstrjach.
Ghrahijs9
Js kh pfslalño quj hmfpth uo iubhmfr auhomf jstè augpkljomf uoh thrjh
mjdjoslvh, yh sjh phrh prjvjr, hotlalphr y afotrhrrjsthr
a fotrhrrjsthr kfs gfvlgljot
gfvlgljotfsfs f
haalfojs mjk rlvhk. Jk feijtlvf
feijtlvf prlghrlf
prl ghrlf mjk ghrah
gh rahij
ij afoslstj
afosl stj jo ojutrhklzhr
khs haalfojs mjk rlvhk, yh sjh afo ehkño, trhthomf mj mjspfihrkf mj kh
pfsjslño mjk glsgf f eljo sjh slo ehkño, trhthomf mj prjmjalr y prjvjr
khs haalfojs quj vhyho h mjshrrfkkhr.
Jxlstj auhtrf tlpfs mj ghrahalfojs, khs auhkjs sfo9
Ghrahalño Lomlvlmuhk9
Qfo khs haalfojs mj ghrahalño
quj jijraj uo mjdjosh sferj uo
iubhmfr jo phrtlaukhr. ]ljoj
pfr feijtlvf ojutrhklzhr tfmhs
khs haalfojs mj hthquj mj uo
iubhmfr pfr gjmlf mj uoh
ghrahalño jstrlath, prjslfohotj
y jstrjach, phrh kfbrhr klglthr y
rjmualr jk ahgpf mj haalño mjk
rlvhk. Mjghomh uoh logjifrhekj
afomlalño dçslah y mlspfslalño mj
kuach y sharlalf pfr phrtj mjk
iubhmfr phrh su hpklahalño.
<5
Ghrahalño Yfohk9
Afgf
mj su ofgerj
iujbf opfr
fgerj kf lomlah,
zfohs afoslstj
y thgelìo jo duoalfojs
mj khs uoh mlstrleualño
mlstrl eualño rhalfohk
mjdjoslvhs. mjkiubhmfr
Ahmh tjrrjof
ghotljoj su pfslalño y ghrah h auhkquljr hmvjrshrlf quj mjhgeukj
jo su zfoh, sl jk iubhmfr hk quj ghraho sj mjspkhzh chalh ftrh zfoh,
logjmlhthgjotj sj trhsjrjo khs feklbhalfojs mjdjoslvhs h su afgphøjrf.
Kh afguolahalño y jotjomlgljotf jotrj kfs iubhmfrjs mjdjosfrjs mjej
sjr akhrh j logjifrhekj yh quj kh hpklahalño mj jstj tlpf mj ghrahalño
js ojthgjotj bruphk, tjoljomf afgf prloalplf kh afkhefrhalño gutuh y
rjaçprfah yh quj jk thkño mj Hqulkjs mj kh ghrahalño zfohk js afgehtlrkh
pfr gjmlf mj uo 5 afotrh 8 jo zfoh, f sjh, trhthr mj haugukhr h mfs
hthahotjs
hthaho tjs jo uoh glsgh zfoh prfmualjomf
prfm ualjomf hsç uoh supjrlfrlmhm
supjrlfr lmhm ougìrlah.
^fr jstf, mjej
afotrhrjsthr jxlstlr
mlach uoh eujoh afguolahalño jotrj kfs mjdjoshs phrh
sltuhalño.
Ghrahalño Afgelohmh9
Js kh gjzakh f afgelohalño mj kfs mfs tlpfs mj ghrahalño hotjrlfrgjotj
ofgerhmfs, f sjh, sj trhth mj uoh ghrahalño
ghrahalñ o lomlvlmuhk, cfgerj h cfgerj
jo zfoh. Jstf quljrj mjalr quj ahmh mjdjosfr tljoj su zfoh mjtjrglohmh
mj haalño, pjrf mjej jijrajr uoh ghrahalño lomlvlmuhk sferj jk rlvhk quj
pjojtrj jo su jsphalf. Qu hpklahalño js mj tlpf bruphk.
<1

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Ghrahalño Glxth9
Js kh lotjrhaalño mj kfs trjs
t rjs tlpfs mj ghrahalño ofgerhmfs hotjrlfrgjotj
hotjrlfrgjotj
f sfkhgjotj
quj mfs uo
pfr jijgpkf
jijgpkf sjbùo khs ojajslmhmjs
jqulpf quj hpklah uomjk Ml rjatfr
Mlrjatfr
s lstjgh
slstjgh mj ]ìaolaf.
]ìaolaf.
iujbf Jstf slbolah
8-=-1-8 s-5lbolah
8-=-1-8-5 pujmj
rjhklzhr uoh ghrahalño afgelohmh afo sus auhtrf mjdjoshs, rjhklzhr uoh
ghrahalño zfohk afo sus trjs vfkhotjs, uoh ghrahalño lomlvlmuhk afo
su vfkhotj mj arjhalño y uoh ghrahalño zfohk afo sus mfs mjkhotjrfs.
Ahej hakhrhr quj jstj tlpf mj ghrahalño sj hpklah sjbùo ojajslmhmjs y
feijtlvfs tèatlafs quj tjobh jk Mlrjatfr ]ìaolaf, prjvlf hoèklsls mjk rlvhk
y mj su prfplf jqulpf. Qu hpklahalño js mj jqulpf.
Afejrturhs9
fJsjkumlmf
jsthr jopfr
sl tuhalño
sltuhalño mj hyumhr
jk hmvjrshrlf. Jshchajr
uo afgphøjrf quj
kh jsphkmh pujmj
pujmj
phrh sjr mjsefrmhmf
htjomjr auhkquljr
sltuhalño quj sj kj prjsjotj h uo afgphøjrf, pfslalño sljgprj jo
prfduomlmhm rjspjatf h su prfplh pfrtjrlh.
^jrguths9
Js auhomf uo iubhmfr mjsefrmhmf prfaurh, kf gès rèplmhgjotj pfslekj,
fauphr jk kubhr
ku bhr mjihmf
mjihmf pfr jk afgphøjrf
a fgphøjrf quj jo su hyumh shklñ hk joaujotrf
mjk hmvjrshrlf.
Ujkjvfs9
Qfo haalfojs rjaçprfahs, jo mfomj jo dhsj fdjoslvh uo iubhmfr sj khozh hk
hthquj y uof mj sus afgphøjrfs kf klejrh mj sus feklbhalfojs mjdjoslvhs
fauphomf sus duoalfojs phrh kujbf, sl sj rjhklzh uo hthquj rlvhk, jk iubhmfr
quj sj khozñ hk hthquj faupj khs duoalfojs mjk iubhmfr quj kf rjkjvñ chsth
quj ohklaj kh iubhmh. Qj rjquljrj mj uoh afguolahalño logjifrhekj.
Tlblkhoalhs9
Js kh haalño mj ghrahalño of tho jstrlath sferj uo rlvhk jk auhk sj
joaujotrh
tljoj hkjihmfmjkmjkehkño.
kh pfsjslño ehkño y mj kh zfoh mj hthquj auhomf su jqulpf
<=
Ehsaukhalfojs9
Qfo kfs gfvlgljotfs frmjohmfs quj
quj rjhklzh jk jqulpf
j qulpf f uo brupf mj iubhmfrjs
phrh
mj uolgpjmlr
khmf hk quj
ftrfjkmjkehkño sjh mj
tjrrjof pjojtrhmf
iujbf y, fpfr
ktrhmf. Jstfsjsfs
kf bjojrhk, gfvlgljotfs vho
gfvlgljotfs
sj jijautho mj haujrmf afo jk ahgelf mj frljothalño quj kj vhyh mhomf jk
jqulpf rlvhk hk ehkño, phrh prjtjomjr chajr prfbrjslño jo su hthquj.
KH UJAZ^JUHALÑO9
Auhomf sj kfbrh rjthrmhr jk hthquj y kh prfbrjslño mjk rlvhk y hmjgès mj
jkkf sj kfbrh fetjojr uo jqulklerlf jo khs thrjhs mjdjoslvhs. Jk slbuljotj
phsf js jk mj trhthr mj rjaupjrhr kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño pfr gjmlf mj kfs
slbuljotjs prloalplfs9
HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ
Mfekhij9
Js kh haalño
haalñ o mjdjoslvh quj sj jijauth
jijauth mj ghojrh lot
l otjklbjotj
jklbjotj y prjvlsth jo
mfomj mfs iubhmfrjs jijrajo
jijrajo uoh ghrahalño lotjosh sferj jk pfsjjmfr
pfsj jmfr mjk
ehkño mj ghojrh sloarfolzhmh afo jk ùolaf feijtlvf mj qulthrkj jk ehkño.
Hotlalphalño9
Js jk gfvlgljotf quj rjhklzh jk mjdjosfr chalh jk ehkño prjvljomf kh
haalño quj vh h jijauthr jk hmvjrshrlf quj kf vh h rjalelr.
Lotjrajpthalño9
Js lgpjmlr quj jk ehkño khozhmf pfr jk hmvjrshrlf kkjbuj h su mjstlof,
afrthomf su trhyjatfrlh,
trhyjatfrlh , chalìomfsj h kh pfsjslño
pfsjs lño mjk glsgf f mjspjihomfkf.
mjspjihomfkf.
Ahrbh9
Js kh haalño quj rjhklzh

rjbkhgjorlhgjotj jk mjdjosfr
afo jk cfgerf, sferj
auhomf jk sj
jstj hmvjrshrlf
joaujotrjjgpuièomfkj
jo pfsjslño
mjk ehkño f lotjoth hpfmjrhrsj mjk glsgf.
<:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jotrhmh9
Js kh lotjrvjoalño quj jijauth jk mjdjosfr sferj jk rlvhk jo pfsjslño
mjk ehkño mj
hrrjehthrkj uoh dfrgh
jk ehkño, yh sjh sloarfolzhmh y mjalmlmh,
chaljomf uo rjachzf afof kh
mlrlblmf lotjoalño
eljo mj
chalìomfsj
afgpkjthgjotj h kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño. Kh jotrhmh sj pujmj rjhklzhr mj
mfs dfrghs9
Jotrhmh drfothk9
Auhomf jk mjdjosh y jk rlvhk sj joaujotrho ahrh h ahrh.
Jotrhmh khtjrhk9
Auhomf jk mjdjosh vljoj jo pjrsjaualño mjk rlvhk (qultj mjsklzhotj).

ÛLOAL^LFQ \ HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ FDJOQLTHQ
JK AFO]UFK - HG^KL]ZM
Kfs prloalplfs tèatlafs fdjoslvfs quj joafotrhgfs mjotrf mjk brupf
mjk afotrfk-hgpkltum jstèo sljgprj jodfahmfs h mjshrrfkkhr y fetjojr
uo mfglolf
jqulpf. jo prloalplfs
Mlacfs kh lolalhtlvh
of jo
sfkfkhs haalfojs
jstèo fdjoslvhs
frljothmfs chalhquj
kfs jijauth jk
iubhmfrjs
quj phrtlalpho hatlvhgjotj jo kh haalño fdjoslvh, slof thgelìo chalh
<4
kfs iubhmfrjs quj of phrtlalpho mlrjathgjotj jo jk hthquj. Jstf ofs mh

uo jqulklerlf jo kh dhsj mj trhosdjrjoalh mjdjosh-hthquj
mjdjosh-hthquj y hmjgès
hmjgès ofs
prfpfralfoh uo afotrfk sferj kh mloèglah mj kh haalño fdjoslvh. Kfs
prloalplfs mj jstj brupf sfo9
HAALFOJ
AALFOJQ Q ]ÈA]
A]LAHQ
LAHQ
Afotrfk mjk phrtlmf9
Js tfmf hqujkkf quj, lomjpjomljotjgjotj mjk ehkño, chaj jk jotrjohmfr
tèatlah y jstrhtjblahgjotj hotjs y murhotj jk phrtlmf lotjothomf quj su
jqulpf sjh supjrlfr hk hmvjrshrlf jo jk iujbf.
Afosjrvhalño mjk ehkño9
Qu jijaualño
jijaualño jaljotj y jahz sj duomhgjo
duomhgjoth
th jo kh gfvlklmhm pjrghojotj
pj rghojotj
mj tfmfs, hesfkuthgjotj
hesfkuthgjotj tfmfs kfs iubhmfrjs mjk jqulpf quj sj joaujotrho
jo pfsjslño mjk ehkño. ]fmfs kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo joafotrhrsj prjstfs y
mlspujstfs h hpfyhr hk afgphøjrf quj tljoj jk ehkño.
Ahgelfs mj frljothalño9
Qj ahrhatjrlzho pfr tfmfs kfs jovçfs khrbfs f afrtfs
afr tfs mjk ehkño quj ahgelho
ahgelho
su trhyjatfrlh f mlrjaalño mj uoh dfrgh lotjklbjotj. Hk pfmjr rjhklzhr
jovçfs khrbfs, gjmlhofs y afrtfs ofs mho uoh lmjh mj tfmh kh bhgh mj
haalfojs
mlvlmlr jo9quj sj pujmjo jdjatuhr. Kfs ahgelfs mj frljothalño sj pujmjo
Mj hgpkltum9
Mfomj kh mlrjaalño mjk ehkño jstè jodfahmh chalh khs zfohs khtjrhkjs mjk
tjrrjof mj iujbf, mj dfrgh cfrlzfothk, h kf hoacf mjk ahgpf.
Mj prfduomlmhm9
Kh mlrjaalño mjk ehkño jstè frljothmh
fr ljothmh chalh jk hraf rlvhk, mj dfrgh
dfrgh vjrtlahk,
h kf khrbf mjk tjrrjof pfr gjmlf mj phsjs f jovçfs khrbfs f gjmlhofs.
<2

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Afotrfk
Afotrfk mjk iujbf9
Js kh haalño quj rjhklzho tfmfs kfs iubhmfrjs mjk jqulpf phrh of pjrmjr
dèalkgjotj
rltgf jk ehkño
mj iujbf, y sferj
yh sjh afo tfmf phrh lgpfojr,
kh lotjoalño mj of ghotjojr
fdrjajr kh ylolalhtlvh
ahgelhr jkhk
hmvjrshrlf, eljo mj ghotjojr uo rjsukthmf f mj bhohr tljgpf, jta.
Tlblkhoalhs9
Js kh ghrahalño of tho jstrlath mj uo rlvhk auhomf jk ehkño jstè jo pfmjr
mjk jqulpf quj hthah, prjvljomf y afotrfkhomf uoh shklmh rèplmh jo ahsf
mj quj jk jqulpf afotrhrlf rjaupjrj jk ehkño.
KH GFTLKLMHM9
Js kh ehsj y jk afgljozf phrh mjsfrbholzhr kh haalño mjdjoslvh
mjk rlvhk. Gljotrhs gès sj hajrquj uo jqulpf h kh kçojh mjdjoslvh
hmvjrshrlh, gès jstrjach sjrè kh ghrahalño mjk rlvhk y gès hkjrth jsthrèo
kfs iubhmfrjs rlvhkjs. Gfvlklmhm afo jk ehkño f slosl o ìk, hgefs afgpfojotjs
sfo lgpfrthotjs pjrf kh gfvlklmhm slo ehkño mjejrçh sjr afoslmjrhmh gès
lgpfrthotj y jahz quj kh gfvlklmhm afo jk ehkño (mrleklob) yh quj uo
iubhmfr quj trhtj
trhtj mj mrlekhr jo zfoh
zf oh mjdjoslvh afotrhrlh sjrè gès dèalk mj
ojutrhklzhr, jstf of quljrj mjalr quj of sj mjeh rjhklzhr, slof quj jk iubhmfr
quj vh h jijauthr
jijauthr jsth
jst h haalño tìaolah mjej sjr guy lotjklbjotj
lotjklbjotj phrh shejr
s hejr
jo quì kubhr rjhklzhrkh. Kh gfvlklmhm slo ehkño ofs mh kh pfslelklmhm mj
arjhr jsphalfsfsklerjs
pfr afgphøjrfs
afgphøjr quj h duturf
mjk glsgf jqulpf.mjejrèo sjr fauphmfs
Kfs prloalplfs mj jstjybrupf
hprfvjachmfs
sfo9
HAALFOJ
AALFOJQQ ]ÈA]
A]LAHQ
LAHQ
Mjsghrahalño9
Js jvhmlr f mjspf
mjsp fihrsj mj kh ghrahalño mj uo hmvjrshrlf auhomf
au homf uo iubhmfr
mj oujstrf jqulpf
jqulpf sj joaujotrh jo pfsjslño
pfsjslñ o mjk ehkño. Js kh haalño
haalñ o prjvlh
mj tfmf iubhmfr hk fauphr jsphalfs klerjs. Kfs tlpfs mj mjsghrahalño sfo
kfs slbuljotjs9
<3
Mj Hpfyf9
Afgf su ofgerj kf lomlah, sj rjhklzh phrh hpfyhr hk afgphøjrf jo pfsjslño
mjk ehkño. Jkafo
afgphøjrf iubhmfr qujQjsjpujmj
jk ehkño. mjsghrah
rjhklzhrsjjomjspkhzh
mlrjaalñojokhtjrhk,
mlrjaalño h su
mlhbfohk,
pfstjrlfr f drfothk chalh jk iubhmfr jo pfsjslño mjk ehkño.
Mj Uupturh9
Js auhomf jk iubhmfr quj sj mjsghrah trhth mj eusahr prfbrjslño jo jk
hthquj pfr gjmlf mj kh fauphalño mj jsphalfs klerjs. Kh lmjh mj jstj tlpf
mj mjsghrahalño js qujerhr f qujerhothr kh kçojh mjdjoslvh mjk rlvhk.
Hpfyfs9
Js kh haalño quj mjejo rjhklzhr tfmfs kfs iubhmfrjs mj uo jqulpf jo
tfroff mjk pfsjjmfr mjk ehkño, auhomf jstè jo mlspfslalño mj rjsphkmhrkf y
tfro
erlomèomfkj kh pfslelklmhm mj prfbrjshr jo jk hthquj. Kfs hpfyfs pujmjo
sjr9
Khtjrhkjs-Mlhbfohkjs-Jo prfduomlmhm-Mjsmj htrès-Mjsmj hmjkhotj.
Ahgelfs mj rltgf9
Js uoh haalño mj tlpf lomlvlmuhk y sj ahrhatjrlzh pfr kh mlvjrslmhm mj
gfvlgljotfs jo auhotf h kh vjkfalmhm (kjotf ‑ rèplmf).
Ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño9
Mloèglah mj tlpf lomlvlmuhk, kh auhk sj ahrhatjrlzh pfr kfs ahgelfs jo
kfs gfvlgljotfs mj mjspkhzhgljotf quj rjhklzho kfs iubhmfrjs (mjrjach-
lzquljrmh- htrès- hmjkhotj- mlhbfohk y khtjrhk).
KH ^JOJ]UHALÑO9
Mjotrf
kh mloèglah
mj jstj
fdjoslvh
brupf joafotrhgfs
jo mlrjaalñotfmhs
vjrtlahk
hqujkkhs
f chalh
haalfojs
jk hrafquj
rlvhk,
prfgujvho
tjoljomf
afgf ehsj jk feijtlvf mj fetjojr supjrlfrlmhm ougìrlah jo kh zfoh mj
<<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
sjburlmhm mjk rlvhk, afo kf auhk kfbrhrjgfs lobrjshr y qujerhr kh haalño

mjdjoslvh mjk hmvjrshrlf, fetjoljomf uoh haalño mj rljsbf h dhvfr afo
pfslelklmhm mj bfk. Mlachs haalfojs sj ahrhatjrlzho pfr su hkth vjkfalmhm
y jxajkjotj gfvlklmhm9
HAALFOJ
AALFOJQ Q ]ÈA]
A]LAHQ
LAHQ
^hrjmjs9
Qj afofaj afgf kh jotrjbh y mjvfkualño rèplmh mjk ehkño jotrj mfs f
gès iubhmfrjs mj uo jqulpf. Khs phrjmjs sfo iubhmhs mj haalño rèplmh
jo mfomj jk iubhmfr quj rjalej jk ehkño tljoj afgf ojajslmhm rjkjvhotj
mjvfkvjrkf gjmlhotj uo sfkf afothatf.
Jsphalfs klerjs9
Kubhrjs mjk ahgpf

uo afgphøjrf quj sj joaujotrho
mjk pfsjjmfr mjk ehkño mjsfkhmfs pfr prjvlfquj
y pfr jk hmvjrshrlf hehomfof mj
kj ghrah.
Kh haalño afosjaujotj mj uo iubhmfr quj sj mjspkhzh h uo jsphalf klerj
ofs mjgujstrh su fauphalño. ^fr kf hotjrlfr, js jvlmjotj quj sj arjñ
y faupñ uo jsphalf klerj, pjrf phrh quj jstj sjh eljo hprfvjachmf js
feklbhtfrlf quj jk ehkño kkjbuj jo mjelmhs afomlalfojs hk iubhmfr quj kf
faupñ. Jotfoajs, mjejgfs hakhrhr quj kfs phsfs mj uo jsphalf klerj sfo9
Arjhrkf (hrrhstrhr
(hrrhst rhr ghrah) - Fauphrkf (pfr
(p fr uo iubhmfr) - Hprfvjachrkf
Hprfvjachrkf (jk
hrrlef mjk ehkño)
8>>
Mjsmfekhgljotfs9
Afgf kh phkherh kf lomlah sfo uoh sjrlj mj mjspkhzhgljotfs quj pjrgltjo
hotj tfmf
fauphr of pjrmjr
kh jsphkmh mjkkhafgphøjrf
fauphalñofdjoslvf
rhalfohkauhomf
mjk tjrrjof mjprfmualjomf
sj jstè iujbf, auerlruo
y
hthqujj pfr pfslalfojs f uo afotrh-hthquj.
hthqu a fotrh-hthquj. Qj pujmjo mldjrjoalhr mfs tlpfs
mj mjsmfekhgljotfs9
Lomlvlmuhkjs9
Qj prfmuajo auhomf uo iubhmfr sj sugh hk hthquj quj lolalhrfo sus
afgphøjrfs.
Afkjatlvfs9
Kfs iubhmfrjs quj of jstèo louyjomf mlrjathgjotj jo jk hthquj sj
mjsmfekho afo jk feijtlvf mj rjmualr kfs jsphalfs jotrj ahmh uoh mj khs
kçojhs y jotrj kfs iubhmfrjs mj ahmh kçojh (lmjh mj ekfquj).
^rfbrjslño9
Kh prfbrjslño jo jk iujbf sfo tfmhs hqujkkhs haalfojs, thotf lomlvlmuhkjs
afgf afkjatlvhs, khs auhkjs pjrgltjo kkjvhr f jovlhr jk ehkño jo sjotlmf h
kh pfrtjrçh afotrhrlh.
KH LGÛFTLQHALÑO9
Qlbolah mj aljrtf gfmf slo prjphrhalño, pjrf mjotrf mjk mjpfrtj mjk
dùtefk tljoj uo slbolahmf hkbf mldjrjotj. Qu slbolahmf rhmlah jo shejr
hmhpthrsj h khs sltuhalfojs, sjho ojbhtlvhs f pfsltlvhs, quj sj prjsjotho
murhotj jk trhosaursf mjk phrtlmf. Mlach hmhpthalño tljoj afgf ehsj
prloalphk kh lotjklbjoalh y gjgfrlh tèatlah mj ahmh iubhmfr. Qu jxpjrljoalh
jxpjrlj oalh
y afofalgljotf sfo kfs hspjatfs gès lgpfrthotjs quj kj hyumhrèo h shejr
jkjblr kh rjspujsth afrrjath h kfs mlstlotfs prfekjghs quj sj kj prjsjotjo
murhotj jk phrtlmf. Zo iubhmfr afo jxpjrljoalh hatùh mj ghojrh feijtlvh,
pjrf jo kh ghyfrçh mj kfs ahsfs
ahsf s mj ghojrh loafosaljotj, afgf yh kf vlgfs
jo jk ahpçtukfsltuhalño,
mjtjrglohmh 5. Haè jk pfrquj
iubhmfr,yhjokhguacfs ahsfs,
ch vlvlmf yh shej quì
prjvlhgjotj. F chajr jo
jo ftrhs
phkherhs, jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf trhehih phrh jkkf.
8>8

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
HAALFOJ
AALFOJQQ ]ÈA]
A]LAHQ
LAHQ
Hthqujs9
Js lotjothr kkjbhr h kh pfrtjrçh hmvjrshrlh afo jk ehkño, uoh vjz pujstf
jstj jo iujbf f uoh vjz sj ch rjaupjrhmf. ^hrh jstf, rjquljrj kh haalño mj
tfmf jk jqulpf. ^fmjgfs mlstlobulr mfs akhsjs mj hthqujs9
Hthquj pfr ^fslalfojs9
Js uoh haalño frbholzhmh y afgpkjih, ahrhatjrlzhmh pfr haalfojs
afgelohmhs jo duoalño mj vukojrhr kh mjdjosh y jk hraf rlvhk, jo mfomj
hatùh kh brho ghyfrçh mj kfs iubhmfrjs mj uo jqulpf.
Afotrh-Hthquj9
Fpalño jstrhtìblah
jstr htìblah mj hthquj
hthquj quj
quj lgpklah uoh shklmh rèplmh
r èplmh mjsmj jk kubhr
mfomj sj rjaupjrj jk ehkño, mj thk dfrgh quj jk rlvhk of pujmh rjpkjbhrsj
ol frbholzhrsj mjdjoslvhgjotj jxpkfthomf kfs jsphalfs klerjs quj mjiñ
jo su haalño fdjoslvh (]rhoslalño mjdjosh-hthquj). Ujquljrj kh haalño mj
pfafs jkjgjotfs.
Ultgf mj Iujbf9
Js uoh haalño
kjotltum f mloèglah
y vjkfalmhm, iujbf afkjatlvh kh auhktfmf
afrtf y khrbf, sj gholjsth
jkkf jo prfpfr
mj hktjrohr
fetjojr
hkbuoh vjothih
vjothih sferj jk rlvhk.
rlvhk .
8>5
AKHQJ JO HZML]FULF \ H\ZMHQ MLMÈA]LAHQ
Khs akhsjs jo humltfrlf sfo sjslfojs

s jslfojs mj jotrjohgljotf mfomj
mfomj jk afgpfojotj
prloalphk js kh tjfrçh, kh mjgfstrhalño f jk hoèklsls, phrh afgprjomjr mj
gjifr
gj ifr ghojrh khk h kñblah mjk iujbf f uo hspjatf
h spjatf jo phrtlaukhr
phrtla ukhr mjk glsgf. Qj
chaj guacf ìodhsls jo kfs prloalplfs mj iujbf y sus haalfojs vlstfs afo
hotjrlfrlm
hot jrlfrlmhm.
hm. Haè
Haè sj pujmjo jgpkjhr tfmf tlpf mj hyumhs mlmèatlahs thkjs thk js
afgf9 vlmjfs, sfdtwhrj, hpklahalfojs, lgèbjojs, thekjrf, buçhs, mlhpfsltlvhs,
mlhpfsltlvhs ,
thkkjrjs, afodjrjoalhs, jta.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf chaj rjdjrjoalh mj ghojrh
slbolahtlvh h tfmhs khs hyumhs mlmèatlahs pfslekjs khs auhkjs pjrgltjo
hk dfrghmfr mjshrrfkkhr su pkho aurrlaukhr, chaljomf ìodhsls jo quj jk
dutefklsth of sfkf sj lostruyj afo jk ehkño jo kfs pljs, f jo jk tjrrjof mj
iujbf.
Hohklajgfs jk slbuljotj
s lbuljotj jijgpkf9
jijgpkf9
H auhtrf pjrsfohs khs jovçho jo uoh alumhm gjtrñpfkl h afgprhr uo
rjpujstf pfaf afofalmf, phrh uo vjcçaukf, ahmh pjrsfoh jo uoh gftfalakjth.
H kh prlgjrh pjrsfoh jo khs lostruaalfojs kj mlajo quj jk rjpujstf kf
afoslbuj jo jk ajotrf mj kh alumhm, jo uo kfahk mj afkfr hghrlkkf afo
ojbrf,
rfif. H josjbulmh
kh sjbuomhmjpjrsfoh
uo jmlalf hzuk quj
kj mlajo y quj jk hvlsf js
jk rjpujstf kf brhomj mj jo
joaujotrh afkfr
kh
mlrjaalño ahrrjrh 85, oùgjrf 8<-52. H kh tjrajrh pjrsfoh kj jotrjbho
8>1

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
uoh lghbjo afo uo ghph quj lkustrh mjsmj jk kubhr mjsmj mfomj lolalh
chsth jk kubhr mfomj jstè uelahmf jk hkghaìo. H kh auhrth pjrsfoh kj
losthkho y kj prfbrhgho uo B^Q (Bkfehk ^fsltlfol
^fsltlfolob
ob Qystjg
Qystjg ‑ Qlstjgh
hmjkh^fslalfohgljotf
mlrjaalño afrrjath.
Bkfehk)
¶Xulìo
h sumjgftfalakjth,
khs auhtrf phrh
pjrsfohs
kkjbhrtljoj
afo kh
prjalslño
ghyfr
prfehelklmhm mj trhjr jk rjpujstf jo jk gjofr tljgpf pfslekj6 Kh ghyfrçh,
js mjalr jk <3% mj kfs joaujsthmfs ofs rjspfomlñ quj kh auhrth pjrsfoh
js quljo afoslbuj trhjr jk rjpujstf jo jk gjofr tljgpf pfslekj.
Hsç glsgf faurrj afo khs hyumhs mlmèatlahs. Jsths sfo khs cjrrhgljoths
lomlahmhs phrh sjr utlklzhmhs mj dfrgh afrrjath afo jk prfpñsltf mj
lotjrlfrlzhr kfs afotjolmfs jo ahmh uof mj kfs hsplrhotjs h dutefklsth f hk
jqulpf, jo jk mjshrrfkkf mjk ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf (^]-A), eusahomf
hafrthr jk tljgpf jo kh lotjrlfrlzhalño mjk afotjolmf jo su jstruaturh
afboltlvh.
Tjhgfs mfs hyumhs mlmèatlahs guy lgpfrthotjs.
MLMÈ
MLMÈA]
A]LAH
LAH MJ KHQ LGÈBJOJ
LGÈBJOJQQ
Xujrjgfs jo jstj hphrthmf
mjsthahr kh utlklmhm mj khs
lgèbjojs, khs auhkjs tljojo uo
phpjk duomhgjothk jo jk ^]-
A, pujs sfo mj brho utlklmhm
mjelmf h qujmj
ftrf guomf afopfslelklmhmjs
jkkhs jxlstj
h kh cfrh mj josjøhr. Chy quj
hbrhmjajr kfs hvhoajs mj kh
tjaofkfbçh, kh auhk ofs erlomh
kh hktjrohtlvh mj pfmjr utlklzhr
hyumhs tho slbolahtlvhs
afgf kh prfyjaalño mj lgjbjojs, jotrj ftrfs.
Kh lghbjo afo duoalño mlmèatlah sj ch utlklzhmf h kf khrbf mj kh clstfrlh
h trhvìs mj klerfs, lgprjslfojs, mleuifs, jta..
Thgfs h mjsthahr khs prloalphkjs vjothihs quj tljoj kh lghbjo sferj kh
jmuahalño jo jk ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf9

8>=
8. Jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth tljoj uo phpjk hatlvf, of sfkf jsauach y prjsth

htjoalño, thgelìo phrtlalph, tljoj lolalhtlvh j lotjrhatùh.

5. Jk hsplrhotj
prfajsf dfrghtlvf.
h dutefklsth js prfthbfolsth y rjspfoshekj mj su prfplf

1. ^jrgltj rjhklzhr jxpjrlgjot
jxpjr lgjotfs,
fs, slo kh ojajslmhm mj haajmjr h ghtjrlhkjs
afstfsfs y mldçalkjs mj afosjbulr.

=. Kh lghbjo hyumh h afgprjomjr, rjdfrzhr kh lodfrghalño, gftlvhr y
dhvfrjajr kh afoajotrhalño.

:. Kh lghbjo fdrjaj uoh jofrgj bhgh mj pfslelklmhmjs mlmèatlahs y
jorlqujajmfrhs.

4. Kh lghbjo sj joaujo
joaujotrh
trh jstrjachgjotj vloaukhmh h kh rjhklmhm.

2. Kh lghbjo aferh vlmh jo sç glsgh, tljoj slbolahalño, fdrjaj lodfrghalño.
3. Mjspljrt
Mjspljrthh jk lotjrìs
lotjrìs pfr hprjomjr, gftlvh kh hatlvlmhm mjk afofalgljotf
y mjshrrfkkh kh arjhtlvlmhm.

<. Hugjoth kh hatlvlmhm afboltlvh y jgfalfohk
jgfalfohk mjk iubhmfr, jo jk
jk prfajsf
mj hprjomlzhij.
8>. Hajkjrh jk rltgf mj kh akhsj y prfplalh hcfrrf mj tljgpf
tljgpf jo jk prfajsf
mj
josjøhozh.
88. Jk usf mj khs lgèbjojs jo kh jmuahalño afotrleuyj mj mj dfrgh feijtlvh
feijtlvh h
quj jk hsplrhotj h iubhmfr pujmh pjojtrhr j lotjrlfrlzhr
lotjrlfrlzh r jo uo afofalgljotf
af ofalgljotf
mjtjrglohmf.

85. Dèalk haajsf h guach lodfrghalño mj tfmftfmf tlpf.

81. Haajsf h gùktlpkjs rjaursfs jmuahtlvfs y jotfrofs
jotfrofs mj hprjomlzhij.
hprjomlzhij.

8=. Kh lghbjo js uo brho hpfyf phrh kh jmuahalño
jmuahalño jspjalhk,
jspjalhk , afgf jo jstj
ahsf kh josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij mjk prfajsf tèatlaf-afboltlvf.
8>:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
MLMÈA]LAH MJK TLMJF.

Kh mlvjrslmhm mj gjmlfs
humlfvlsuhkjs
dfrghmfr pujmjqujutlklzhr jk
rjpjrautjo jo kh arjhalño
mj oujvfs jotfrofs, tlpfs
y dhalklmhmjs phrh kh
josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij jo
jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-
Afboltlvf, chsth hcfrh guy
pfaf utlklzhmf, mjièomfkf
ùolahgjotj afgf uoh
fpalño. Jo oujstrf ahsf kf
loakulgfs mj ghojrh jsjoalhk mhmhs sus vjothihs y fpfrtuolmhmjs.
Kfs gjmlfs humlfvlsuhkjs ofs jotrjbho hspjatfs quj vho mjsmj kh
gfmlahalño mj kh lotjrhaalño afguolahtlvh jotrj dfrghmfr-hsplrhotj,
chsth kh uelahalño dçslaf-jsphalf-tjgpfrhk
dçslaf- jsphalf-tjgpfrhk mj kfs jsajohrlfs
jsajoh rlfs mj hprjomlzhij,
hprjomlzhij,
hmjgès mj khs pfslelklmhmjs quj pujmjo fdrjajr phrh jk hutfhprjomlzhij
y hprjomlzhij afkjatlvf f bruphk.
^hrh arjhr uo gjmlf humlfvlsuhk sj rjakhgh uoh gçolgh dfrghalño
tìaolah, jstìtlah y mj mlsjøf pfr phrtj mjk dfrghmfr.
Js lgpfrthotj,
kj afoajmj of sjgjoalfohr
joaujotrhquj jk vhkfr
thotf pjmhbñblaf
jo jk prfmuatf y jmuahtlvf
gjmlètlaf quj sj
quj kkjbujo
h afosjbulr, slof jo jk prfajsf quj mjej mj sjbulrsj, quj vh mjsmj jk
trhehif mj uoh akhsj f sjslño mj trhehif chsth kh jkhefrhalño mj uo bulfo
afo uoh sjaujoalh kñblah y frmjoh
frmjohmhmh phrh mjshrrfkkhr uo tjgh.
Kh loafrpfrhalño mjk vlmjf afgf gjmlf duomhgjothk phrh kh jotrjbh
mj afotjolmfs jo jk ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf of js hijof h oujstrh
vlmh aftlmlhoh, yh quj jk oløf sj mjmlah pfr kf bjojrhk jo su tljgpf mj
rjarjhalño y tljgpf klerj phrh lotjrhatuhr afo khs mldjrjotjs hktjrohtlvhs
rjkhalfohmhs afo jk vlmjf, afgf
af gf sfo kfs vlmjfiujbfs,
vlmjfiujbfs, kfs vlmjfs guslahkjs,
guslahkj s,
kh tjkjvlslño, kfs gp=, jotrj ftrfs.
Kf lgpfrthotj jo oujstrf ahsf phrh kh loakuslño mjk vlmjf jo jk prfajsf
8>4
dfrghtlvf js kh ghojrh afgf sj prfajsh kh lodfrghalño

lodfrghalñ o y jk usf mlmèatlaf
quj sj chaj mj ìk.
Afgf prloalphkjs feijtlvfs jo kh utlklzhalño mjk vlmjf joafotrhgfs9

8. Dhalklthr jk trhehif
trhehif jo jqulpf.
jqulpf.
5. ^rfpfralfohr uoh vlslño gès bjojrhk
bjojrhk mjk tjgh jxpujstf.
1. Gftlvhr y mjspjrth
mjspjrthrr jk lotjrìs
lotjrìs mjk hsplrhotj
hsplrhotj jo jk prfajsf mj josjøhozh-
hprjomlzhij.
=. Lotjbrhr jo uoh mloèglah hatlvh, pjrsfohklzhmfrh y phrtlalp
phrtlalphtlvh
htlvh jotrj
tfmfs kfs gljgerfs mjk prfajsf.
^FQLEKJQ ZQFQ MJK TLM

TLMJF
JF
Tlmjf Kjaalño
K jaalño

Js uo prfbrhgh jo jk quj sj jxpfojo uofs afotjolmfs mj dfrgh
slstjghtlzh
slstjg htlzhmh
mh y afgpkj
afgpkjth.
th. Qjrçh afgf uoh akhsj ghblstrhk, pjrf mhmh pfr
jk vlmjf.
^rfbrhgh gftlvhmfr9
Js uo prfbrhgh
pfstjrlfr uoh vjzmjstlohmf
vlstf. Gès
duomhgjothkgjotj
quj jxpfojr uofs h prfgfvjr
afotjolmfs,uojktrhehif
vlmjf
gftlvhmfr prfvfah, lotjrpjkh, aujstlfoh, susalth jk lotjrìs sferj hkbùo
tjgh jo phrtlaukhr.
Zo eujo prfbrhgh
prf brhgh gftlvhmfr tljoj mfs vjothihs9
vjothihs9 bhrhotlzh
bhr hotlzh kh gftlvhalño
(slo gftlvhalño of chy hprjomlzhij) y sj losjrth jo jk ghraf mj uoh
pjmhbfbçh hatlvh.
Tlmjf hpfyf9

Js uo afoiuotf
dfrghmfr.
afoiuotf
Qjrçhmj
jk lgèbjojs
jqulvhkjotj
quhj khs
quj slrvjo
mlhpfsltlvhs
phr h lkustrhr
phrh mj hpfyf,
jk mlsaursf
mlsaur
pjrf
sf jo
vjrehk
jk ahsf
a hsf
mjk
mjk vlmjf-hpfyf sj trhehih afo lgèbjojs jo gfvlgljotf.
8>2

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Tlmjf prfajsf9
Kh aèghrh js kh quj chaj pfslekj kh mloèglah
m loèglah mj hprjomlzh
hprjoml zhij,
ij, haè pujmjo sjr
kfs hsplrhotjs
trhehifs h dutefklsths
f hatlvlmhmjs. Jk kfs prfthbfolsths
rjsukthmf pujmj ysjr
arjhmfrjs
vlstf y mj brhehalfojs,
afgjothmf jo
humltfrlf, mhomf pfslelklmhm h mjshrrfkkhr gùktlpkjs chelklmhmjs jo jk
brupf, hsç afgf rjkhalfohr duoalfojs afgf kh kùmlah, tìaolah, tèatlah,
dçslah f pslafkñblah.
Tlmjf gfofafoajptuhk9

Qj mjojo afgf prfbrhghs erjvjs, quj mjshrrfkkho uo sfkf afoajptf, uo
hspjatf phralhk y afoarjtf mj uo tjgh. Afo uoh murhalño jotrj : y 8>
gloutfs. Kh lodfrghalño quj trhosgltj of sujkj ojajslthr mj kh phkherh
ytìaolafs
sljgprjphrh
mhmh pfr jk mlach
jxpfojr dfrghmfr quljo hprfvjach
lodfrghalño y chajrkhmjkkjbhr
tfmfshkkfs rjaursfsf
hsplrhotj
hk brupf (afobjkhalño mj lghbjo, rjpjtlalño mj drhbgjotfs, fesjrvhalño
rjltjrhmh mj hkbùo hphrthmf, jta.).
Tlmjf Lotjrhatlvf9
Ohaj mjk joaujotrf
joaujotrf mj kh lodfrgètlah y jk vçmjf, quj sj jotljomj afgf
uo gjmlf afoburhmf jotrj uo frmjohmfr y uo vçmjf, quj gjmlhotj uo
prfbrhgh lodfrgètlaf hmjauhmf y uoh sjaujoalhklzhalño mj afotjolmfs
(jmlalño), prjsjothmfs gjmlhotj lgèbjojs, sfolmf y tjxtf jsarltf, pjrgltj
pj rgltj
hk hkugof
vlmjf lotjrhatuhr
lotjrhatlvf afo ìkahrbhr
sj pujmj kkjvhomf
h kfssutjkìdfofs
prfplf rltgf mj hprjomlzhij.
gñvlkjs lotjklbjotjsJky
sjr jovlhmf slo olobùo prfekjgh h trhvìs mj khs rjmjs sfalhkjs. Js mjalr,
jk dfrghmfr pujmj jotrjbhr lodfrghalño ahmh quj kf prfbrhgj y h tho
sfkf h uo akla.
8>3
CHELKLMHMJQ \ MJQ]UJYHQ GF]ULAJQ
Jk afoajptf mj Chelklmhm
Chelklmhm Gftrlz Eèslah jo
j o Jmuahalño Dçslah vljoj h afoslmj-
afos lmj-
rhr tfmh uoh sjrlj mj haalfojs gftrlajs quj hphrjajo jo kh jvfkualño
cughoh, thkjs afgf ghrachr, afrrjr, blrhr, shkthr, khozhr, rjajpalfohr.
Jsths chelklmhmjs eèslahs joaujotrho uo sfpfrtj phrh su mjshrrfkkf jo khs
chelklmhmjs pjrajptlvhs, lomlspjoshekjs jo jk prfajsf mj kh lodfrghalño0
khs auhkjs jstèo prjsjotjs mjsmj jk gfgjotf mjk ohalgljotf.
ohalgljotf.
Chelklmhmjs gftrlajs9
^fr chelklmhmjs gftrlajs eèslahs jotjomjgfs hqujkkfs hatfs gftfrjs
quj sj kkjvho h ahef mj dfrgh ohturhk y quj afostltuyjo kh jstruaturh
sjosfgftfrh eèslah, sfpfrtj mjk rjstf mj khs haalfojs gftrlajs quj jk sjr
cughof mjshrrfkkj.
Mjstrjzhs gftrlajs9
Afgf cjgfs mlacf hotjrlfrgjotj, jk tìrglof mjstrjzh gftrlz jstè guy
rjkhalfohmf afo jk mj chelklmhm, loakusf ougjrfsfs hutfrjs kkjbho h
jgpkjhr jk js
kh mjstrjzh tìrglof
hqujk mj chelklmhmjs
gfvlgljotf y mjstrjzhs.
f haalño ^fmrçhgfs
hprjomlmh quj pfrhghr quj
kf bjojrhk
lgpklah kh gholpukhalño mj uo feijtf f jkjgjotf.

8><

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
]lpfs mj chelklmhmjs
Hkbuofs hutfrjs afloalmjo jo afoslmjrhr khs Chelklmhmjs Gftrlajs
Eèslahs, jobkfehomf
afoarjths tfmhs
(Uulz ^ìrjz, khs haalfojs pfslekjs jo trjs hphrthmfs
8<32)9 hphr thmfs f èrjhs
Kfafgftrlajs9 Qu ahrhatjrçstlah prloalphk js kh kfafgfalño. Jotrj jkkhs
tjojgfs9 homhr, afrrjr, shkthr, bhkfphr, mjsklzhrsj, rfmhr, trjphr, jta.
Of kfafgftrlajs9 Qu ahrhatjrçstlah prloalphk js jk ghojif y mfglolf mjk
aujrpf jo jk jsphalf. Jijgpkfs mj jsths chelklmhmjs sfo9 ehkhoajhrsj,
blrhr, rjtrfajmjr, afkbhrsj, jta.
^rfyjaalño/pjrajpalño9 Ahrhatjrlzhmhs pfr kh prfyjaalño, gholpukhalño
gholpukhalño
ykhozhr,
rjajpalño mj gñvlkjs
rjajpalfohr, y feijtfs.
ehtjhr, htrhphr,Jstèo
jta. prjsjotjs jo thrjhs thkjs afgf
CHELKLMH
CHELKLMHMJQ
MJQ GF]ULAJQ EÈ
EÈQLAHQ9
QLAHQ9
KFAFGF]ULAJQ9
Khs chelklmhmjs kfafgftrlajs sfo tfmh prfbrjslño mj uo puotf h ftrf mjk
jotfrof quj utlklaj afgf gjmlf ùolaf jk gfvlgljotf afrpfrhk, tfthk f
phralhk. Ji. Kkjbhr h uo puotf
puotf mj mjstlof, kkjbhr h uo puotf
puotf mj mjstlof jo
uo tljgpf mjtjrglohmf, jsahphr mjk quj pjrslbuj... ^fmjgfs mlstlobulr9
Kh ghrach9
Homhr js uoh dfrgh ohturhk mj kfafgfalño
Homhr kfa fgfalño vjrtlahk. Qu phtrño gftfr jstè
ahrhatjrlzhmf pfr uoh haalño hktjrohtlvh y prfbrjslvh mj khs pljrohs y
uo afothatf afotlouf afo kh supjralj mj hpfyf. Jo kh lodhoalh sj phsh
mj hrrhstrhrsj h homhr h bhths, mj hcç h homhr afo hyumh, chsth kkjbhr h
chajrkf mj uo gfmf ofrghk.
Afrrjr9
Afrrjr js uoh hgpklhalño ohturhk mj kh chelklmhm dçslah mj homhr. Afrrjr
js uoh phrtj mjk mjshrrfkkf kfafgftfr cughof quj hphrjaj h tjgprhoh
jmhm. Hotjs mj hprjomjr h afrrjr, jk oløf hprjomj h ahglohr slo hyumh y
88>
hmquljrj khs ahphalmhmjs hmlalfohkjs ojajshrlhs phrh jodrjothrsj h khs

jxlbjoalhs mj jsth oujvh chelklmhm.
Qhkthr9
Qhkthr js uoh chelklmhm gftfrh jo kh quj jk aujrpf sj suspjomj jo jk hlrj
mjelmf hk lgpuksf mj uoh f hgehs pljrohs y ahj sferj uof f hgefs pljs.
Jk shktf rjquljrj afgpklahmhs gfmlahalfojs mj kh ghrach y ahrrjrh,
jotrhomf jo haalño dhatfrjs afgf kh dujrzh, jqulklerlf y affrmlohalño.
Kh ahphalmhm dçslah ojajshrlh phrh shkthr sj hmquljrj hk mjshrrfkkhr kh
chelklmhm mj afrrjr. Qlo mumh jk shktf js uoh chelklmhm gès mldçalk quj kh
ahrrjrh, pfrquj lgpklah gfvlgljotfs gès vlbfrfsfs, jo kfs quj jk tljgpf
mj suspjoslño js ghyfr.
OF KFAFGF]ULAJQ
Jqulklerlf9
^fr jqulklerlf pfmjgfs jotjo
jotjomjr,
mjr, kh ahphalmhm mj hsuglr
hs uglr y ghotjojr uoh
mjtjrglohmh pfsturh jo afotrh mj kh brhvjmhm. Dhatfrjs afgf kh ehsj,
hkturh mjk ajotrf mj brhvjmhm, oùgjrf mj hpfyfs, jkjvhalño sferj jk sujkf,
jsthelklmhm mj kh prfplh ehsj, mlohglsgf mjk jijralalf, jta., pujmjo vhrlhr
kh mlaukthm mj khs thrjhs jqulklerhmfrhs. Jk jqulklerlf js uo dhatfr mj kh
gftrlalmhm lodhotlk quj jvfkualfoh afo kh jmhm y quj jstè jstrjachgjotj
klbhmf h kh ghmurhalño mjk Qlstjgh Ojrvlfsf Ajotrhk. ^fmjgfs chekhr mj
mfs tlpfs mj jqulklerlf9 Mloèglaf y Jstètlaf.
Blrf9
Jk blrf js hqujk gfvlgljotf
afrpfrhk quj lgpklah uoh
rfthalño h trhvìs mj kfs jijs
lmjhkjs quj htrhvljsho jk sjr
cughof (vjrtlahk, trhosvjrshk
y shblthk).
Kfs blrfs, mjsmj jk puotf mj
vlsth
uoh mjduoalfohk afostltuyjo
khs chelklmhmjs mj
888

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
utlklmhm jo kh frljothalño y sltuhalño mj kh pjrsfoh, dhvfrjaljomf kh

ahphalmhm mj frljothalño jsphalhk.
^fmjgfs
•
jsthekjajr
Qjbùo vhrlfs
kfs trjs jijs tlpfs mj blrfs9
afrpfrhkjs9 Ufthalfojs, Tfktjrjths, Uujmhs.
•Blrfs jo afothatf afo jk sujkf.
•Blrfs jo suspjoslño.
•Blrfs afo hbhrrj afosthotj mj ghofs (ehrrh ih).
•Blrfs afo hpfyfs y suspjoslño gùktlpkjs y suajslvfs.
ÛF\JAALÑO/UJAJÂLÑO9
Khozhgljotfs9
Ho
Hotj
tj mlvjrslmhm
erjvjgjotj mj khozhgljotfs
pfmjgfskhozh gljotfsmfs
mlstlobulr y hotj
hotj kh lgpfslelklmhm
tlpfs lgpfsl elklmhm mj jxpklahr
mj khozhgljotf9 jx pklahr tfmfs
Khozhgljotf mj mlsthoalh
Khozhgljotf mj prjalslño.
Ujajpalfojs9
Afbjr, afgf chelklmhm eèslah, supfoj jk usf mj uoh f hgehs ghofs y/f
mj ftrhs phrtjs mjk aujrpf phrh phrhr y afotrfkhr uoh pjkfth u feijtf
hìrjf f jo rjpfsf. Mlstlobulg
Mlstlobulgfs
fs mfs tlpfs mj rjajpalfojs9
rjajpalfojs9
Ujajpalfojs prfplhgjotj mlachs9 ^hrhmhs, Afotrfkjs, Mjspjijs.
Ujafblmhs9
Jk feijtf h rjajpalfohr sj joaujotrh phrhmf.
CHELKLM
CHELKLMHM
HMJQ
JQ GF
GF]ULAJQ
]ULAJQ JQ^JAÇ
JQ^JAÇDLAH
DLAHQ
Q
^fmjgfs mjolr chelklmhmjs jspjaçahs afgf tfmh hatlvlmhm dçslah
quj prjtjomj afosjbulr uo feijtlvf afoarjtf phrh kf auhk utlklzh uofs
afomlalfohgljotfs prjalsfs y eljo mjolmfs rjspjatf h su rjhklzhalño.
ûjstf quj sj eusaho feijtlvfs afoarjtfs, jsths chelklmhmjs mjejo mj
rjhklzhrsj afo uoh tìaolah jahz. Jsths tìaolahs ofrghkgjotj jstèo
jstumlhmhs pfr kh elfgjaèolah, prfehmhs y hiusthmhs hk rjbkhgjotf
mjk mjpfrtj afoarjtf.
afgelohalño mj hkbuohs]fmhs khs chelklmhmjs
mj khs chelklmhmjsdçslahs
jspjaçahs rjsuktho
eèslahs. Mj hcçpfr
kh
lgpfrthoalh mj su trhehif jo dhsjs hotjrlfrjs.
885
Akhslahalño mj khs chelklmhmjs gftrlajs jspjaçahs9

^fmjgfs joauhmrhr khs chelklmhmjs jspjaçahs jo = brupfs9
Chelklmhmjs htkìtlahs9
]ljoj jk feijtlvf
feijtlvf mj trheh
t rhehihr
ihr kfs
kf s khozhgljotfs,
kho zhgljotfs, shktfs, blrfs y mjspkhzhgljot
mjspkhzhg ljotfs.
fs.
Jo jstj gfstrhgfs kf quj sfgfs ahphajs mj chajr.
Chelklmhmjs blgoèstlahs9
Js kh ahphalmhm rjsukthotj mj affrmlohr y suefrmlohr jotj sç, kh haalño mj

hspjatfs auhklthtlvfs mjk gfvlgljotf, jo eusah mj uoh rjspujsth jahz h
kfs jstlgukf mjk gjmlf.
Chelklmhmjs mj kuach9
Qfo khs chelklmhmjs quj sj pujmjo mjshrrfkkhr h trhvìs mj khs chelklmhmjs

mj kuach, jstfs dfrgho afoajptfs afgf supjrhalño, vhkfrjs mjk cfgerj,
jsdujrzf y sharlalf.
Chelklmhmjs mj mjpfrtjs afkjatlvfs9
Lgpklaho
gjaholsgf lodfrghalño guy vhrlhmh
mj pjrajpalño. y pfr kf
Jsths pujmjo thotf
mhrsj hsç9jxlbjotjs afosfo
khs thrjhs jk
heljrths, mfomj kh lodfrghalño vlsuhk js duomhgjothk hk prjsjothr uoh
loajrtlmugerj jofrgj, kh afkfahalño mj afgphøjrfs, mj kfs hmvjrshrlfs y
mjk gñvlk vhrçho.
881

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
KH ]ÌAOLAH LOMLTLMZHK \ AFKJA]LTH
Kh prjphrhalño tìaolah js duomhgjothk jo auhkquljr mjpfrtj y sj

afoslbuj afo ehsj jo jk sharlalf, jsdujrzf, afosthoalh y jotrjbh jo kfs
jotrjohgljotfs. Jo jkjodùtefk
thrjh dèalk, tjoljomf ofquj
aujoth js mldjrjotj, su hprjomlzhij
jstè rjkhalfohmf afo kfs of rjsukth
gljgerfs
gès tfrpjs mjk iubhmfr, h jxajpalño mjk pfrtjrf,
pf rtjrf, quj pujmj ushr khs ghofs
hmjgès mj khs pljrohs.
Qj hmquljrjo khs tìaolahs mj dùtefk auhomf sj kfbrh uo pjrdjatf mfglolf
mjk ehkño afo tfmhs khs supjraljs mj afothatf mjk aujrpf mj uoh ghojrh
pjrsfohk. Hk sjr uo mjpfrtj mj afoiuotf, auhotf gès tìaolah tjobho kfs
iubhmfrjs h olvjk lomlvlmuhk, gès ejojalhmf
ejoj alhmf sj vjrè jk jqulpf, pujs cherè
ghyfr affrmlohalño, gjifr sloarfolzhalño y ghyfr prjalslño jo tfmhs sus
haalfojs. Khs tìaolahs mj dùtefk tljojo uoh lgpfrthoalh eèslah phrh jk
afofalgljotf
jijauthmfs afomj jstj mjpfrtj,
jk ehkño. Hmjgès,sferj
mjejotfmf kh tìaolah
tjojrsj mj kfs
jo aujoth kfs gfvlgljotfs
gfvlgljotfs
gfvlgljotfs
slo ehkño (afrrjr, ahgelhr mj mlrjaalño, jk shktf y kh oth).
88=
Kh prjphrhalño tìaolah josjøh auèkjs sfo kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs jo

kfs quj mjej prjphrhrsj hk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth, hsç afgf khs dfrghs y
kfs gjmlfs afo kfs auhkjs mjejo prhatlahrsj phrh uo gjifr y gès rèplmf
hprjomlzh
hprjomlzhij.
mjej tjojrij.afo
K h tìaolah
Kh jk ehkño,jsafo
jk mfglolf afgpkjtf
tfmhs khs qujaujrpf
phrtjs mjk tfmf iubhmfr mj dùtefk
pjrgltlmhs pfr
jk rjbkhgjotf. Jk mfglolf afgpkjtf mjk ehkño sj mh h trhvìs mjk hmjauhmf
usf quj sj chaj mj kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs murhotj jk iujbf.
DZOMH
DZOMHGJO]FQ ]ÌAOLAFQ9
Qfo tfmhs khs haalfojs quj sj rjhklzho jo jk iujbf, yh sjh afo ehkño f slo
ìk. Jsths haalfojs sj prjsjotho guy pfahs vjajs sjphrhmhs jotrj sç, jo
su ghyfrçh vljojo jokhzhmhs. Qfo khs slbuljotjs9 jk phsj, kh afomuaalño,
jk mrleklob, jk rjghtj, kh rjajpalño, jk shquj khtjrhk, jk iujbf mj ahejzh, jk
iujbf mjk pfrtjrf.
Kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs sj akhslaho jo9
DZOMHGJO]FQ ]ÌAOLAFQ AFO EHKÑO
• Jk phsj
• Kh afomuaal
afomuaalño
ño
• Jk mrleklob
• Jk rjghtj
• Kh rjajpalño
• Jk iujbf mj ahejzh
•• Mfglolf
Jk shquj mjk ehkño
khtjrhk
• Jk iujbf mjk pfrtjrf.
DZOMHGJO]FQ ]ÌAOLAFQ QLO EHKÑO9
• Kh oth
• Khs ahrrjrhs afo ahgel
ahgelfs
fs mj mlrjaalño
• Kfs shktfs.
JK ^HQJ9
Jk phsj js kh
afgphøjrf h jxpkfthalño mj kh pfsjslño
ftrf. Qlo lgpfrthr hk trhosdjrlr
su prfpñsltf, jk ehkño
kfs phsjs sljgprjmj sfo
uo
jijauthmfs afo jk
j k mjsjf mj ghot
gh otjojr
jojr kh pfsjslño
pfsj slño mjk ehkño. Js jk duomhgjotf
88:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
tìaolaf jsjoalhk
jsj oalhk phrh jkj k iujbf jo afo
afoiuot
iuotf,
f, jk glsgf
g lsgf quj afoslstj jo jovlhr
j ovlhr
jk ehkño mj uo iubhmfr (phshmfr) h ftrf (rjajptfr). Ql of jxlstj uoh eujoh
tìaolah mjk phsj, jk
j k iujbf jo afoiuotf
afoiuotf afo ehkño sjrè loùtlk y of sjrè pfslekj
kh hpklahalño
hpkla halño mjk gfmjkf ÛFAJQF ]È
]ÈA]LAF-AFBOL]LT
A]LAF-AFBOL]LTF
F afgf kfsfdçh.
^rloalplfs Bjojrhkjs
Jk phsj js uoh chelklmhm quj ojajslth mj uo eujo bjstf tìaolaf, of sfkf mjk
quj hmglolstrh jk ehkño, slof mj quljo kf rjalej. Kfs prloalplfs afkjatlvfs
mjk phsj, mlstrleuyjo jk jsdujrzf,
jsdujrzf , jxlbjoalh y rjspfoshelklmhm, gès f gjofs
mj ghojrh jqulthtlvh jotrj kfs iubhmfrjs mjk glsgf jqulpf.
^rjalslño
H jmhm tjgprhoh,
afgphøjrfs kfs aclafs
slo pjoshrkf tljomjojsh mjalr,
mjghslhmf, phtjhr
mja jk ehkño
lr, sfkf jo slo
jijautho
jijautho mlrjaalño
rjhklz hrh uoh
rjhklzhr sus
eujoh pjrajpalño y mjalslño. ^jrf hk lrsj afostltuyjomf kh lotjklbjoalh mj
iujbf jo jk Gfmjkf ^]-A, kfs iubhmfrjs
i ubhmfrjs jgpljzho h glrhr y tjojr prjsjot
prjsj otjsjs
h sus afgphøjrfs hotjs mj chajr uo phsj. Mj ghojrh afrrjspfomljotj, kfs
quj rjalejo jk phsj vho h rjspfomjr afo uo afothatf vlsuhk phrh hsjburhr
quj quljrjo
quljrjo jk phsj mjk ehkño.
ehkño . Jk phsj phshrè h sjrs jr gès uoh rjspfoshelklmhm
y kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo hestjojrsj mjk phsj auhomf khs kçojhs mj phsj sfo
lohmjauhmhs phrh sus chelklmhmjs. Jk phsj js uoh cjrrhgljoth afo uo brho
pftjoalhk arjhtlvf y of sljgprj sj mlrlbj h kfs pljs mjk afgphøjrf. Kfs
iubhmfrjs lghblohtlvfs hpuotho jk ehkño h kubhrjs jo mfomj jk afgphøjrf
pujmh hkahozhrkf hotjs quj jk afotrhrlf.
Zo iubhmfr pujmj phshr jk ehkño eljo sjh h kfs pljs mjk afgphøjrf f h uo
jsphalf heljrtf mfomj pujmh sjr tfghmf. Kfs mfs gìtfmfs sfo jdjatlvfs
y hpklahekjs h sltuhalfojs phrtlaukhrjs. Jk phsj hk drjotj mj uo iubhmfr
jo gfvlgljotf js rjqujrlmf auhomf jstj jstè h kh glthm mj uoh ahrrjrh.
Auhomf uo afgphøjrf jstè logñvlk, jk ehkño sfkf pujmj mlrlblrsj
mlrlblrs j h sus pljs.
Js guy afgùo vjr jo uo phrtlmf phsjs slo mlrjaalño, eljo sjh pfrquj jk
rjajptfr dhkkh jo gfvjrsj f pfrquj jk phshmfr ghklotjrprjth kh lolalhalño
mj uoh ahrrjrh. ¶Mj qulìo js kh dhkth6 js lrrjkjvhotj jo jstfs ahsfs, pjrf
mjejgfs fauphrofs mj kh sltuhalño y rjmualr jk ghrbjo mj jrrfr.
884
]ljgpf
Mjpjomljomf mj kh prjslño uo iubhmfr mjej jsthr klstf h chajr uo rèplmf
phsj
afo jkhk ehkño,
prlgjrjstj
tfquj.
kf Ql chyphshr
mjej gès mj
(f uoh
shklrpjrsfoh prjslfohomf
mj ìk pfr hk iubhmfr
auhkquljr gjmlf) mj
logjmlhtf. ]ljoj pfaf sjotlmf jk afotrfkhr
afotrfkhr jk ehkño sl
s l jk afotrhrlf jstè pfr
qulthrkf.
Zoh dfrgh mj hcfrrhr tljgpf js shejr quì chajr afo jk ehkño hotjs mj
rjalelrkf, hk mjtjrglohr mñomj jstèo kfs afgphøjrfs hotjs mj rjalelr jk
ehkño y sjbulr sus gfvlgljotfs gjothkgjotj, hcfrrhomf tljgpf vhklfsf
y gjofr rljsbf mj pjrmjr kh pfsjslño mjk ehkño thotf lomlvlmuhk afgf
afkjatlvhgjotj.
Ohturhkjzh
Ohturhkjzh mjk ^hsj
Kh mlrjaalño mjk phsj afgf thk of mjtjrgloh su ohturhkjzh. Kh sltuhalño
f kh iubhmh, quj js jo afosjaujoalh mjshrrfkkhmh pfr jk phsj, kj mh su
ohturhkjzh. Kfs phsjs mjdjoslvfs sfo jijauthmfs afo jk ùolaf prfpñsltf
mj ghotjojr kh pfsjslño y gltlbhr kh prjslño mjk afotrhrlf. Jk phshr jk
ehkño chalh htrès pfr jijgpkf hsjburh kh pfsjslño y drjoh jk iujbf. Jsths
mfs vjothihs sfo jspjalhkgjotj ejoìahs sl jk afotrhrlf jstè jijraljomf
sualjotj prjslño afgf phrh ahushr prjfauphalño pfr uoh hofthalño. Ql
jk jqulpf afotrhrlf ch ajrrhmf tfmhs khs vçhs mj phsj, kfs phsjs
phs js mjdjoslvfs
sfo kh gès
jqulpf. Hkjihsjburh dfrgh mj
hk afotrhrlf mj su
prjsjrvhr jk afotrfk
hklojhalño mjk yehkño
afgphath pfr trhehihr.
kfs chaj phrtj mjk
Kfs phsjs mjdjoslvfs sljgprj sj mlrlbjo
m lrlbjo h zfohs quj of jstìo
jstìo afoajotrhmhs
882

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
mj iubhmfrjs afotrhrlfs. Kh mjdjosh sj ehsh jo kh afgphathalño prfmualmh

pfr uoh rjmualmh prfduomlmhm y hgpkltum. ^fr kf thotf, jk jklglohr kh
prjslño mj uo jqulpf h kh mjdjoslvh sj chaj afo phsjs hgpklfs y chalh
htrès.
]fmfs kfs phsjs fdjoslvfs mjejo rjsukthr jo uoh sltuhalño fdjoslvh gès
vjothifsh. Jsf quljrj mjalr quj jk ehkño mjej sjr phshmf h uo iubhmfr jo
uoh pfslalño quj bjojrj rljsbf hk afotrhrlf. Jxlstj vhrlhs fpalfojs jo
kf quj sj rjjrj h kh bjojrhalño mj phsjs fdjoslvfs. Hkbuofs jqulpfs sj
mlrlbjo hk hraf fpfojotj afo jk gçolgf oùgjrf mj phsjs, ftrfs jqulpfs
sfo ahutjkfsfs y chajo brho ahotlmhm mj phsjs hahehomf afo kh phaljoalh
y kh jojrbçh mjk afotrhrlf.
Kfs phsjs afrtfs sfo gès sjburfs, jo tìrglofs mj lotjrajpthalño pfr

phrtj mjk afotrhrlf y prfvjjo gès afotrfk jo jk iujbf. ^fsjjr jk ehkño
mj uo khmf h ftrf afo phsjs afrtfs kf ghotljoj kjifs mjk rlvhk, jvlthomf
quj jstj bjojrj pfslelklmhmjs fdjoslvhs. Kfs hthqujs mlrjatfs afo pfafs
phsjs (pfr kf bjojrhk khrbfs) jstèo ehshmfs jo kh vjkfalmhm y pujmjo
kfbrhrsj afo kh phrtlalphalño mj pfafs iubhmfrjs. Zo gjofr oùgjrf mj
iubhmfrjs rèplmfs sj rjquljrj phrh uo hthquj mlrjatf (kfs afotrhhthqujs
sfo jijgpkfs akèslafs mj hthqujs mlrjatfs).
Mldjrjotjs tlpfs mj phsjs jo jk dùtefk9
^hsj h uo iubhmfr
Jk phsj jxhatf h kfs pljs mjk afgphøjrf js rjafgjomhekj h mlsthoalh
afrth. Kfs iubhmfrjs gès hvhozhmfs hpuothrèo hk plj mfglohotj mj su
afgphøjrf. Auhomf sj phsh h uo afgphøjrf quj tljoj ghrah, jk ehkño
mjejrçh mlrlblrsj hk plj quj jstè gès kjifs mjk ghrahmfr.
883
^hsj h uo jsphalf
Jk phsj h uo jsphalf mjej sjr eljo afoajelmf, yh quj sj usho auhomf jk
iujbf js huoh
chaljomf brho vjkfalmhm.
ahrrjrh Jk iubhmfr
hk jsphalf klerj. Jkslo jk ehkño mjej
t rhospfrthmfr
trhospfrthmfr mjklolalhr
ehkño kh
tljhaalño
tljoj
oj quj
quj
glrhr hkrjmjmfr y ghotjojr afguolahalño phrh sjbulr kfs gfvlgljotfs
y hvhoajs mj sus afgphøjrfs. Jk iubhmfr quj chaj jk phsj mjej tjojr
prjsjotj kh ghrach y frljothalño mjk rjajptfr jkjblmf y ahkaukhr y
mlrlblr jk phsj mj ghojrh hafrmj. Jk gfgjotf afrrjatf y kh prjalslño sfo
jsjoalhkjs. Ql jk afgphøjrf sj gujvj chalh ustjm, jk pfsjjmfr mjk ehkño,
jstè trhthomf mj mjalrkj quj quljrj jk ehkño.
^hsjs mj ^hrjm
Kfs phsjs mj phrjm (haalño tèatlah) sfo afgelohalfojs mfomj uof mj kfs
iubhmfrjs hthahotjs
hthahotjs chaj jk phsj h uo afgphøjrf mlrlblìomfsj
mlr lblìomfsj h uo jsphalf
klerj jo prfbrjslño, phrh rjalelr oujvhgjotj jk phsj mj su afgphøjrf y
hsç supjrhr rlvhkjs. Jxpklaèomfkf mj ftrh dfrgh jk iubhmfr quj rjalej jk
ehkño kf jotrjbh hk jsphalf oujvhgjotj fauphmf pfr jk prlgjr phshmfr
mhmh su gfvlklmhm. Kfs phsjs mj phrjm pujmjo h gjoumf mjsjqulklerhr h
khs mjdjoshs. Khs gjifrjs fpfrtuolmhmjs mj phsjs mj phrjm faurrjo jo jk
èrjh mj khs 84.: gts.
^hsjs mj ^rfduomlmhm
]hgelìo afofalmfs afgf phsjs hk vhaçf quj sj jijautho, pfr kf bjojrhk
mj ghojrh jspfotèojh, rjqulrljomf eujoh affrmlohalño mj tljgpfs y
gfvlgljotfs.
gfvlgljot fs. Jk gfvlgljotf mjk ehkño afokkjvh h kh afosjaualño
afosja ualño mj kçojhs
mj phsj. Zoh mjdjosh frbholzhmh sj gfvjrè afgf uoh sfkh uolmhm, mj
haujrmf afo jk ehkño. Ql sj kjs mh jk tljgpf hmjauhmf, sj afgphathrèo,
sljomff ahsl lgpfslekj supjrhrkfs afo jk ehkño. Qlo jgehrb
sljom jgehrbf,
f, sl jk ehkño js
iubhmf h kf hoacf chaljomf ehsaukhr mlach mjdjosh, khs fpfrtuolmhmjs mj
phsjs mj pjojtrhalño vho h surblr afo ghyfr dhalklmhm. Jo kh prèatlah, jk
gfvlgljotf mjk ehkño pujmj rjstrloblrsj pfr kh prjslño mjk afotrhrlf. ^fr
kf thotf, oujstrh
thgelìo jo jvlthrhtjoalño of mjk
kh prjslño sfkfjqulpf
mjej jsthr jo pjojtrhr kh mjdjosh slof
afotrhrlf.
88<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
MJ HAZJUMF AFO KHQ YFOHQ MJ AFO]HA]F MJK AZJU^F

^hsj afo kh phrtj lotjroh mjk plj9
Js jk phsj quj sj jdjatùh afo kh phrtj quj afgprjomj kh zfoh mjk hraf mjk
plj, loakuslvj chsth kh ehsj mjk mjmf bfrmf. Js
J s jk tlpf mj phsj quj hsjburh
prjalslño jo mlsthoalhs mj 8> h 8: gjtrfs. Js kh gjifr dfrgh mj mhr uo
phsj afo ghyfr prjalslño, afo jsth tìaolah sj kj mh hk ehkño uo ‛jdjatf‗
jo su rfthalño, js mjalr, sj kj pujmj mhr uoh trhyjatfrlh aurvlkçojh.
^hsj afo kh phrtj jxtjroh mjk plj9

Jstj tlpf mj phsj sj ush auhomf sj eusah sfrprjsh y vjkfalmhm jo kh
haalño, of ushrsj
plj. ûjmj sljomf phrh
tho prjalsf
rjhklzhrafgf jk rjhklzhmf
phrjmjs afo kh
y phrh phsjs phrtjHklotjroh
khrbfs. mjk
lbuhk quj
afo kh phrtj
phr tj lotjroh,
lotjroh, afo jsth
j sth tìaolah sj kj mh hk ehkño
ehkñ o uo jdjatf afotrhrlf
jo su rfthalño.
^hsj afo jk jgpjloj tfthk mjk plj9

Jstj tlpf mj phsj sj mh afo kh phrtj mjk jgpjloj gjmlf mjk plj, quj
afrrjspfomj h kh zfoh mfomj vho kfs afrmfojs mjk zhphtf mj dùtefk. Qj
jgpkjh ghyfrgjotj
ghyfrgjotj phrh phsjs khrbfs
k hrbfs y rjghtjs gès dujrtjs. Eèslahgjot
Eès lahgjotjj
js kh tìaolah akèslah phrh rjghtjs h kh pfrtjrçh.
Jk phsj jo fahslfojs gjofs usuhkjs js rjhklzhmf thgelìo afo tfmhs khs
phrtjs mjk aujrpf pjrgltlmhs pfr jk rjbkhgjotf.
85>
KH AFOMZAALÑO
Duomhgjotf tìaolaf quj afoslstj jo trhskhmhrsj mj uo kubhr h ftrf afo
jk ehkño mfglohmf afo kfs pljs. Jo kfs lolalfs mjk dùtefk sj kj afoslmjrheh
uof mj kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs gès lgpfrthotjs, yh quj jk quj fetjoçh
jk ehkño kf afomuaçh chalh kh pfrtjrçh rlvhk phrh trhthr mj afosjbulr uo
bfk. Afo jk mjsauerlgljotf mj kh utlklmhm mjk phsj,
phs j, jstj duomhgjotf
duomhgjotf tìaolaf
js afgpkjgjothmf y cfy jo mçh sfkf sj afoslmjrh hajpthekj sl vh eljo
hafgphøhmf mjk mrleklob, yh quj sl sfkhgjotj sj afomuaj js dèalk quj jk
rlvhk kfbrj rjhklzhr uoh jotrhmh y qulthrkj jk ehkño.
]lpfs mj afomuaalño9
Qjbùo khs supjraljs mj afothatf9
• Afomuaalño afo kh phrtj jxtjroh mjk plj
• Afomuaalño afo kh phrtj lotjroh mjk plj
• Afomuaalño afo jk jgpjloj
• Afomuaalño afo kh puoth mjk plj
• Afomuaalño afo kh pkhoth mjk plj.
QjbùoAfomuaalño
•
su trhyjatfrlh9
jo kçojh rjath
• Afomuaalño jo zlbzhb
858

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• Afomuaalño afo ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño

• Afomuaalño afo ahgelfs mj drjotj
• Afomuaalño jo skhkfg.
JK MULEKLOB
Js uoh haalño tìaolah lomlvlmuhk quj ofs pjrgltj sfrtjhr, mjsefrmhr f
jkumlr hk hmvjrshrlf tjoljomf sljgprj jk ehkño. Qu jkjgjotf
jkjgjotf gès lgpfrthot
lgpfrth otjj
js kh oth.
Kh Dloth9
Qfo gfvlgljotfs
aujrpf mj jobhøf
phrh mjsfrljothr y hmjghojs
hk hmvjrshrlf y hsçquj rjhklzh
pfmjr jk iubhmfr afo jk
supjrhrkf.
Ahrhatjrçstlahs mjk mrleklob9
• Js uo duomhgjotf tìaolaf lomlvlmuhk, pjrsfohk y guy frlblohk.
• ^hrh mrlekhr sj ojajslth uo sjotlmf hbumf mj kh lgprfvlshalño.
• Jk mrleklob pjrgltj hvhozhr hk sfrtjhr rlvhkjs.
• Jk mrleklob ahgelh mj haujrmf afo khs afomlalfojs mjk tjrrjof.
]lpfs mj mrleklob
Qjbùo kh afgpkj
afgpkjilmhm
ilmhm mj su jijaualño9
•
•
Mrleklob
Mrleklob slgpkj
afgpujstf.
Qjbùo kh pfslalño mjk hmvjrshrlf9
•Mrleklob mj drjotj.
•Mrleklob auhomf jk rlvhk jstè mjtrès.
•Mrleklob auhomf jk rlvhk jstè hk afsthm
afsthmf.
f.
Qjbùo kh haalño mjk quj mrlekh9
•Mrleklob jo vjkfalmhm
•Mrleklob mj prftjaalño hk ehkño
•
Mrleklob afo jobhø
jobhøf.f.
855
KH UJAJÂLÑO
Js jk jkjgjotf tìaolaf afgpfojotj mjk dùtefk quj sj rjjrj hk hatf mj
hgfrtlbuhr
khs phrtjs mjky aujrpf
afotrfkhr (rjalelr) jk
pj rgltlmhs
pjrgltlmhs pfehkño,
pfr gjmlhotjmj
r jk rjbkhgjotf jk iujbf.
afothatf
iujbf. ^frdçslaf afo
ftrf khmf,
sj joaujotrh ahrhatjrlzhmf pfr olvjkjs mj jaljoalh mj haujrmf afo kh
supjralj mj afothatf afo kh qujquj sj rjalej jk ehkño. Khs phrtjs
phr tjs afrpfrhkjs
lmjhkjs phrh su jijaualño sfo jk plj, auèmrlajps y pjacf.
Ujaursfs ohturhkjs9
• Ujajpalño afo jk plj
• Ujajpalño phrtj lotjroh mjk plj.
• ^hrtj supjrlfr f jgpjloj.
• Ujajpalño afo jk guskf.
•
Ujajpalño afo jk pjacf.
Ujaursfs alrauosthoalhkjs9
• Ujajpalño afo jk plj, phrtj jxtjroh9
• Ujajpalño afo kh phrtj pkhothr.
• Ujajpalño afo kh ahejzh (drfothk)
• Ujajpalño afo jk hemfgjo.
851

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JK UJGH]J
Js uo duomhgjotf tìaolaf lomlvlmuhk quj afoslstj jo bfkpjhr jk ehkño

chalh kh pfrtjrçh afotrhrlh afo jk o mj chajr bfk. Js kh ùktlgh haalño
mjspuìs mj uo hthquj f afotrhhthquj. ^hrh rjhklzhr jk rjghtj auhkquljr
supjralj mjk aujrpf js vèklmh, gjofs khs shoalfohmhs pfr jk rjbkhgjotf
(kfs erhzfs). Khs supjraljs mj afothat
afothatff gès utlklzhmhs sfo khs mjk plj y
mj kh ahejzh.
]lpfs mj rjghtj afo kfs pljs, althrjgfs kfs prloalphkjs9
Mj haujrmf afo khs supjraljs mj afothatf afo jk plj9

• Ujghtj afo jk jgpjloj tfthk
• Ujghtj
Ujgh tj afo jk jgpjloj lot
l otjrof
jrof
• Ujghtj afo jk jgpjloj jxtjrof
• Ujghtj afo kh puoth mjk plj.
Mj haujrmf afo kh hkturh mjk ehkño9
• rjghtj h rhs mjk sujkf
• rjghtj mj vfkjh
• rjghtj mj sjglvfkjh f afotrh eftj
•
•
rjghtj mj tlijrh.
rjghtj mj achkhah
85=
Mj haujrmf afo kh mlrjaalño mjk ehkño9

• rjghtj mj kçojh rjath
• rjghtj jo mlhbfohk (aruzhmf) rjghtj jo aurvh
Mj haujrmf afo kh sltuhalño mjk ehkño9

• rjghtj h ehkño phrhmf
• rjghtj afo ehkño jo gfvlgljotf
JK IZJBF MJ AHEJYH
Duomhgjotf tìaolaf quj afoslstj jo iubhr jk ehkño afo kh ahejzh, yh sjh
phrh mhr uo phsj, phrh rjalelrkh, phrh rjhklzhr uo rjachzf f phrh rjghthr
h kh pfrtjrçh.
Khs phrtjs mj kh ahejzh quj sj utlklzho phrh ahejajhr sfo9

Kh drjotj9 Kh quj gès sj utlklzh pfr sjr uoh supjralj pkhoh.
Kfs phrljthkjs9 Yfohs mj kfs afsthmfs mjk arèojf thotf jo sus zfohs
khtjrhkjs afgf jo khs pfstjrlfrjs.
]lpfs mj ahejajf9
Mj haujrmf afo kh zfoh mj kh ahejzh quj sj bfkpjh jk ehkño.
• ^hrtj ajotrhk mj kh drjot
drjotj.
j.
• ^hrtj khtjrhk mj kh ahejzh.
Mj haujrmf afo kh mlrjaalño mjk ehkño.
• Ahejajf chalh mjkhotj.
• Ahejajf chalh htrès.
• Ahejajf chalh kfs khmfs.
Mj haujrmf h añgf sj rjhklzh jk ahejajf.
•
•
Ahejajf
Ahejajf hafo
pljshktf.
rgj.
• Ahejajf jo pkhoach.
85:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Ahejajf h plj rgj9

Jstj tlpf mj ahejajf
ahejajf sj rjhklzh jo pfslalño
pfsla lño jsthalfohrlh,
jsthalfohrl h, slo shktf y js uoh
mj
h khkhshkturh
tìaolahs
mj kheèslahs ph rh drjotjhr
phrh
ahejzh. drjotjhr jk ehkño auhomf kkjbh
kkj bh cfrlzfothkgjotj
Jstj tlpf mj ahejajf sj ush9

• ^hrh jdjatuhr phsjs afrtfs
• ^hrh rjachzhr jk ehkño
• ^hrh rjghthr h kh pfrtjrçh.
JK QHXZJ KH]JUHK
Jk shqujlgpfrthotj
tìaolaf mj ehomh, jothgelìo kkhghmf
jk mjshrrfkkf mjkshquj
iujbf.khtjrhk, js lolalf
]ljoj su uo duomhgjotf
auhomf jk
ehkño htrhvljsh kh kçojh mj ehomh y chy quj rjlolalhr jk iujbf khozèomfkf
afo khs ghofs
gh ofs oujvhgjotj
oujvhgjotj hk ahgpf. Jstj khozhgljotf
kho zhgljotf jstè rjbkhgjothmf
y ofs mlaj quj jk iubhmfr quj vh h jijauthr
jijauthr jk shquj
s hquj khtjrhk
khtjrhk mjejrè khozhr
kho zhr jk
ehkño afo khs
kh s ghofs y pfr joalgh mj kh ahejzh, uelaèomfsj mj thk ghojrh
quj mjej mhr drjotj hk ahgpf mj iujbf y tjojr uoh phrtj auhkquljrh mjk
plj sferj kh kçojh mj ehomh f hk jxtjrlfr mj jsth kçojh.
MFGLOLF MJK EHKÑO

Kh ahphalmhm phrh gholpukhr jk ehkño y prjphrhrkf phrh ftrhs tìaolahs
(thkjs afgf mlsphrhr f chajr uo phsj) js uoh mj khs gès jsjoalhkjs jo
jk dùtefk. Ahsl tfmfs kfs iubhmfrjs dhgfsfs sfo afofalmfs pfr tjojr uo
brho ghojif mjk ehkño. Kh rjkhalño tho ajrahoh afo jk ehkño sfkf pujmj
kfbrhrsj afo loafothekjs cfrhs mj jotrjohgljotf y rjpjtlalño.
Afgf ghojihr
ghojihr jk ehkño
Jk ghojif mjk ehkño tljoj mfs ahtjbfrçhs prloalphkjs, rjajpalño y afotrfk.
Kh rjajpalño
mrlekhr js rjmlrlblr
jo jk tfquj jk ehkño
slbuljotj, h uo jk
gljotrhs puotf mfomj
afotrfk sj pujmhjk mlsphrhr
js mjtjojr ehkño pfrf
afgpkjtf hgfrtlbuhomf su mjspkhzhgljotf.
854
UJAJÂLÑO

Auhomf jstì afrrljomf h uo kubhr jo phrtlaukhr, js gjifr
gjifr rjmlrlblr
rjmlr lblr jk ehkño
jo su trhyjatfrlh
chajr trafothatf
hyjatfrlh jokhvjz
afo mj mjtjojrkf
phrtj pf r afgpkjtf.
pfr
gjmlh f supjrlfr ]jobh
]jobh
mjk ehkño.
ehkñ afgf
o. Bfkpjj
Bfkpj feijtlvf jk
feijtlvf
j klbjrhgjotj
jk ehkño jo kh mlrjaalño quj quljrj jovlhrkf. Kfs eujofs dutefklsths kkjvho
jk ehkño kjifs mj kfs afotrhrlfs gès ajrahofs. Jstf kjs mh tljgpf jxtrh hk
ghotjojrkfs uo phsf gès kjifs mj khs pfslalfojs.
AFO]UFK

Jk afotrfk sj ush pfr kf bjojrhk auhomf jk ehkño vh guy rèplmf phrh
rjmlrlblrkf afo uo sfkf tfquj. ]rhtj mj ghotjojr su ahmjrh heljrth jo
kh mlrjaalño mjk
trhyjatfrlh mj mfomj vljoj jkkfsehkño.
ehkño. Ujkhij Afkfquj
gùsaukfs mj kh
jshphrtj
phrtjrjajptfrh jo khy
mjk aujrpf,
hgfrtlbûj jk ehkño. Auhomf jstì hgfrtlbuhomf, klbjrhgjotj rjtlrj jk
aujrpf jo kh mlrjaalño fpujsth h kh quj kkjvh jk ehkño.
¶Añgf prhatlahr jk ghojif6

Kh dfrgh gès dèalk mj prhatlahr
prhatlah r jk ghojif
ghojif js afo ftrf iubhmfr. Ìk kj pujmj
khozhr jk ehkño
eh kño afo sus ghofs
gh ofs f phtjèomfkf. Mjspuìs mj ghojihr
ghojihr jk ehkño,
ehkño ,
ustjm mjej phsèrsjkf mj oujvf. Jk ghojif thgelìo pujmj prhatlahrsj
afotrh
y phtjjuoh phrjm. afotrh
jk ehkño Qlgpkjgjotj pèrjsj
jkkh. Zstjm h uofs
mjej 5-1 gjtrfs mj khauhomf
rjalelrkf/afotrfkhrkf phrjm
jstj rjefth. Jstj jijralalf kj mh kh fpfrtuolmhm mj trhehihr hmjgès jo su
tìaolah mj phtjf y ghojif. Gljotrhs sj vh hafstugerhomf, trhtj mj ushr
kfs mfs pljs y jgpljaj h kjvhothr jk ehkño.
852

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JK IZJBF MJK ^FU

^FU]JUF
]JUF
]ìaolah lomlvlmuhk
Js kh dfrgh gès afovjoljotj mj utlklzhr tfmhs khs phrtjs mjk aujrpf phrh
mfglohr f mjsvlhr jk ehkño y rjhklzhr afo jahalh ahmh uoh mj khs haalfojs
quj jk pujstf jspjaçaf rjquljrj.
^hrhmhs ekfahijs9
Afoslstj jo suijthr jk ehkño afo khs ghofs. Jk ehkño pujmj vjolr9
•Drfothk9 ^fr jk sujkf (rhsf), h gjmlh hkturh, pfr joalgh mj kh ahejzh
(hktf).
•Khtjrhk9 ^fr jk sujkf (rhsf), h gjmlh hkturh, pfr joalgh mj kh ahejzh
(hktf).
Mjsvlhalfojs9
Js jk cjacf
jxtrjgfs. mj ahgelhr
Jsths kh trhyjatfrlh
mjs vlhalfojs
mjsvlhalfojs mjk ehkño, ofrghkgjotj
sj chajo bjojrhkgjotj jo ahsfs
afo khs ghofs y afo
kfs pljs, y jo ahsfs jxtrjgfs afo auhkquljr phrtj mjk aujrpf. Kf glsgf
853
quj jo khs phrhmhs ekfahijs pujmjo rjhklzhrsj jo pfslalño mj phrhmfs

(jstètlaf), jo shktf, jo jstlrhmh, y pfr supujstf pfr hgefs khmfs mj kh
pfrtjrçh y pfr joalgh mjk trhvjshøf.
Mjspjijs9
Js jk cjacf mj bfkpjhr jk ehkño phrh hkjihrkf mj su pfrtjrçh. Bjojrhkgjot
Bjojrhk gjotjj
sj utlklzho kfs puøfs, uof f hgefs, y kfs pljs, huoquj jo sltuhalfojs
afgprfgjtlmhs sj pujmj utlklzhr jk guskf, auhkquljrh mj kfs hotjerhzfs
j loakusf, mjspjijs afo kh ahejzh auhomf kh haalño sj prfmuaj dujrh mjk
èrjh.
^rfkfobhalfojs9
Jk pfrtjrf
Jsths hk lbuhk
pujmjo sjr9quj auhkquljr ftrf iubhmfr pujmj jdjatuhr prfkfobhalfojs.
• Jo ejojalf prfplf auhomf sj hpfmjrh mjk ehkño jo uoh sjbuomh
haalño.
• Auhomf sj prfkfobh su trhyjatfrlh jovlhomf h añrojr.
• Auhomf sj prfkfobh h kh k h ehomh fpujsth mj mfomj prfvljoj jk ajotrf.
aj otrf.
Ujachzfs9
Ujachzhr jk ehkño js auhomf sj hotjpfoj jk aujrpf hk of pfmjr mhrkj
uoh mlrjaalño mjtjrglohmh lgplmljomf afo jkkf quj kkjbuj hk mjstlof quj
lotjoth
•
jk hmvjrshrlf.
Auhkquljr supjralj mjk aujrpf.
• Jo pfslalño jstètlah y mloèglah.
• H ehkfojs mj mlvjrshs trhyjatfrlhs y prfajmjoalhs.
• H trhehihr vhkjotçh y hbrjslvlmhm.
85<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
]ìaolah afkjatlvh
^hsjs9
Js tfmf khozhgljotf quj jdjatùh jk pfrtjrf h uo afgphøjrf, afo khs
ghofs f kfs pljs, auhomf jk ehkño sj joaujotrh jo iujbf, kf quj afokkjvh
jo prloalplf uoh lolalhalño mj hthquj.
Qhqujs9
Js tfmf khozhgljotf quj rjhklzh jk pfrtjrf afo jk plj auhomf jk ehkño sj
joaujotrh
joaujo trh phrhmf. Jk
J k pfrtjrf afgf auhkquljr ftrf iubhmfr,
i ubhmfr, pujmj pfojr jk
ehkño jo iujbf jo auhkquljr kubhr mjk ahgpf.
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ ^HUH
JK MJQHUUFKKF MJK IZJBF
Afgf glarfjstruaturhs phrh jk mjshrrfkkf
mjshr rfkkf mjk iujbf tjojgfs uoh sjrlj mj
jijralthalfojs quj of afrrjspfomjo hk dùtefk rjhk afgpjtltlvf, pjrf sç hk
iujbf afo jk ehkño jo kfs pljs, quj mj sjr lotrfmualmfs pfstjrlfrgjotj jo
khs glarfjstruaturhs
glarfjstruaturh s mj kh afgpkjilmhm
afgpkjilmhm ofs mhrèo uo guy eujo mjshrrfkkf
mjshrrfkk f
afgpjtltlvf jo jstj mjpfrtj.
Afo kh utlklzhalño mj jsths glarfjstruaturhs
glarfjstr uaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf pfmjgfs fetjojr
kh gjifrç
gjifrçhh mj kfs duomhgjotfs
duomhgjotfs tìaolafs, khs
k hs ahphalmhmjs dçslahs,
dçslahs , khs haalfojs
y prloalplfs tèatlafs j loakuslvj tfmf jk hspjatf pslafkñblaf rjqujrlmf jo
jstj mjpfrtj. Khs glarfjstruaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf sj ahrhatjrlzho
ahrhatjrlzho pfr of
prjsjothr pfrtjrçhs, kkjbhomf h tjojr uoh brho slglkltum afo khs haalfojs
jo jk iujbf rjhk jo jk iujbf afgpjtltlvf.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf rjafgljomh loakulr jstj tlpf mj
glarfjstruaturhs jo tfmh kh pkholahalño mj kfs prfyjatfs dfrghtlvfs,
loakuslvj mj ìkltj, yh quj kf cjgfs afgprfehmf. Xuljo mfgloj hgpklhgjotj
jstj brupf mj glarfjstruaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf sj brhmuhrè jo jotjomjr
añgf duoalfoh jk dùtefk y quljo afofaj añgf duoalfoh jstj mjpfrtj
sherè mjtjrglohr añgf htjomjr ahmh sltuhalño prfekjgh quj prjsjoth jk
81>
iujbf jo afgpjtjoalh, chsth kkjbhr h loaurslfohr jo jstj mjpfrtj afo uoh

sfkvjoalh ùolah y hsç afgprjomjr mj gjifr ghojrh khs glarfjstruaturhs
mj afgpkjilmhm.
Jotrj khs glarfjstruaturhs phrh jk mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf tjojgfs9
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ MJQHUUFKKF
KHQ JAZHALFOJQ
Qfo jijralalfs quj sj mjshrrfkkho phrh mjspjrthr j lr loarjgjothomf kh
lotjklbjoalh
ijralalfss qujmjafoslstjo
jijralalf iujbf mjjokfstrhthr
hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths.
mj rjsfkvjr Khs jauhalfojs
u oh sltuhalño
uoh pkhotjhmh sfo
pfr
jk dfrghmfr afgf uo prfekjgh, mfomj phrh rjsfkvjrkf jdjatlvhgjotj, jk
brupf mj iubhmfrjs lovfkuarhmfs jo jk jijralalf phshrèo pfr khs auhtrf
dhsjs mjk hprjomlzhij vlsths hk lolalf mjk ahpçtukf hotjrlfr. Kh jauhalño
phrh sjr rjsujkth mjej jotrjbhrsj jo kh ùktlgh dhsj mjk hprjomlzhij, js
mjalr, rjhklzhr jk jijralalf mj ghojrh loafosaljotj y guy ahphz pfr phrtj
mj kfs phrtlalphotjs.
Jo jstj tlpf mj jijralalfs of chy afodrfothalfojs ol gfgjotfs mjk iujbf,
pjrf sç afosjbulgfs uoh hyumh jaljotj jo kh gjifrh mj kh affrmlohalño
bruphk yh quj
jauhalfojs khs lotjrvljojo mjsmj hk
pfmjgfs trhehihr mfs chsth
lolalf gès mj
f ohk mj kfs
foaj iubhmfrjs. Khsj
jotrjohgljotfs
loakusf pfmjgfs eusahr uoh jxajkjotj sloarfolzhalño mj tfmh uoh oñgloh
quj shkmrè mj lolalhklsth hk gfgjotf mj uo jodrjothgljotf mjpfrtlvf.
Jo kh jijaualño mj khs jauhalfojs pfmjgfs trhehihr kh gjifrh jo jk
hspjatf dçslaf (rjslstjoalh, vjkfalmhm, pftjoalh, jta.), sl hsç kf afoslmjrh jk
aujrpf tìaolaf, kf auhk mjej jsthr prjvlhgjot
prjvlh gjotjj pkholahmf pfr kh pjrsfoh
pjrs foh
joahrbhmh mj jijauthrkf, jo kh ghyfrçh mj kfs ahsfs jk prjphrhmfr dçslaf.
818

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jijgpkf mj Jauhalño9
Jsajohrlf9 Zelahalño mj auhtrf pkhtlkkfs f ehsjs (afgf jo jk eìlsefk),
dfrghomf uo auhmrhmf mj 85 gts mj khmf, thk afgf kf gujstrh kh brèah.
Lolalf9 ]fmhs khs ehsjs sj faupho afo uo iubhmfr, mjsmj mfomj phrtj jk
jijralalf pfmrè chejr gçolgf mfs iubhmfrjs
i ubhmfrjs afo jk feijtlvf
feijtlvf mj rjhklzhr kfs
rjspjatlvfs rjkjvfs.
Mjshrrfkkf9 Jk iubhmfr (8) uelahmf mfomj lolalh kh jauhalño chaj uo phsj

h uo iubhmfr (5), jstj h su vjz chaj uo phsj h ftrf iubhmfr (1), quljo
rjhklzh mj dfrgh logjmlhth uoh haalño tèatlah (hpfyf) hk iubhmfr (8)
quljo rjhklzh ftrh
h uo iubhmfr haalñorjhklzh
(=) quljo t èatlahuo(mjsmfekhgljotf),
tèatlah (mjsmfekhgljot f), phrh(1)jotrjbhr
(hpfyf) hk iubhmfr jo phsj
y jstj jotrjbh
oujvhgjotj hk prlgjrf mj kh kh phrh afostltulrsj jo iubhmfr (8) y mhr
oujvhgjotj lolalf h kh jauhalño. Jk iubhmfr (8) qujmh jo pfslalño mjk
iubhmfr
iubhm fr (1) y jk iubhmfr (1) vh chalh kh kh mj lolalf. Kfs iubhmfrjs (5) y
(=) ghotljojo su pfslalño chsth quj jk jotrjohmfr mjalmh ahgelhrkfs. Kh
jauhalño js rjsujkth auhomf jk ehkño alraukh y alraukh y olobùo
olobù o iubhmfr sj
jqulvfah, auhomf jsf faurrj sj jotljomj pfr rjsujkth kh jauhalño (Auhrth(Auhrt h
dhsj mjk hprjomlzh
hprjomlzhij).
ij).
Ofth9 Js ofrghk quj hk gfgjotf mj kjjr jk jijralalf of sj afgprjomh, jo
jstjhpahsf of ij
mjk hprjomlzh sj (loafosaljotjgjo
rjomlzhij prjfaupj, rjaujrmj
(loafosaljotjgjotj quj sj joaujotrh
tj loahphz).
loahphz) . jo kh prlgjrh dhsj
815
Gfmlahalfojs h jstj jijralalf phrh hugjothr su afgpkjilmhm9

• Mjspuìs mj rjsujkth kh jauhalño y kkjbhomf hk loafosaljotjgjotj
ahphz
iubhomf pfmjgfs rjlolalhrkh
jo jk sjotlmf mj khsahgelhomf
ghojalkkhskhmjkehsj
rjkfi.(pkhtlkkf) mj lolalf
Mfomj jstè = vh y8
(pkhtlkkf mj shklmh)
shk lmh) mfomj jstè 1 vh 5 mfomj
mf omj jstè 5 vh 1 y mfomj jstè
8 vh =.
• ^hrh uoh ghyfr afgpkjilmhm sj pujmjo qulthr kfs pkhtlkkfs quj
sjburhgjotj cheçh
cheçh utlklzhmf phrh mjghrahr
mjghrah r jk jsajohrlf
jsajohr lf mjk jijralalf,
jijralalf,..
Afgf pfmjgfs jvlmjoalhr khs jauhalfojs sfo jijralalfs h kfs quj

brhmuhkgjotj pfmjgfs lr hugjothomf su afgpkjilmhm, eusahomf uoh
ghyfr afoajotrhalño mj kfs prhatlahotjs, mfomj sj chrè pfr phrtj mj
ahmh
afgfuof mj jkkfsdhtlbh
rjsukthmf, uo jsdujrzf gèxlgf mj dfrgh afosaljotj joafotrhomf
afboltlvh.
Chy jauhalfojs guy
guy sjoalkkhs,
sjoalkkh s, afgf pfr jijgpkf
jijgpkf rjhklzhr uoh
u oh trjozh f uoh
jstrjkkh, pjrf thgeljo khs prjsjothgfs mjk gfmf quj phrh sloarfolzhrkhs
mjejgfs lovjrtlr eujo tljgpf y phaljoalh, phshomf kjothgjotj y pfaf h
pfaf pfr khs auhtrf dhsjs mjk hprjomlzhij.
Khs jauhalfojs afgf mlhboñstlaf afboltlvf9
Hk rjhklzhr uoh jauhalño afo uoh afgpkjilmhm gjmlh f hkth, sjburhgjotj
ofs joafotrhgfs
kh lmjh afo
mjk jijrala
jijralalf, kh rjhklmhm
lf, sus rjbkhs fmjkhquj vhrlfs iubhmfrjs
jijaualño of joaujotrjo
mjk glsgf, kf quj
quj ofs
ofs
sjrvlrè phrh jvhkuhr f mlhbofstlahr kh lodfrghalño prjvlh, kh pjrajpalño,
khs mjalslfojs y pfr afoslbuljotj khs jijaualfojs mj kfs hsplrhotjs f
iubhmfrjs. Haè pfmrjgfs mjtjrglohr phrtj mj kh lotjklbjoalh mj iujbf mj
kfs hsplrhotjs h iubhmfrjs mj dùtefk.
Ujafrmjgfs quj sl lotjrlfrlzhgfs mj dfrgh afosaljotj, hsç glsgf sjrèo
khs rjspujsths mj dfrgh loafosaljotj
l oafosaljotj y jo jsj gfgjotf yh cherè pfaf pfr
chajr. Ùolahgjotj jspjrhr h quj kkjbujo
kkj bujo oujvfs jotrjohgljotfs mfomj sj
afotloùj afo kh jotrjbh mj afotjolmfs. Js pfr jstf quj khs glarfjstruaturhs
mj mjshrrfkkf sfo duomhgjothkjs jo jk Gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
811

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
KFQ UFOMFQ.
Jo kfs jotrjohgljotfs hatuhkjs jo jk dùtefk sj joaujotrh jk cjacf mj quj
jo kh prjphrhalño f dfrghalño mj dutefklsths sj utlklzho ahmh vjz gès
uoh sjrlj mj jijralalfs mjofglohmfs UFOMFQ. ¶^jrf sjrè quj shejgfs
shahrkj jk ghyfr prfvjacf6
^fmrçhgfs mjolr h jstj gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf afgf jk afoiuotf
mj jijralalfs mjshrrfkkhmfs sferj uo èrjh mjtjrglohmh, mfomj uofs
dutefklsths pfsjjmfrjs sltuhmfs
pfsjjmfrjs sltuhmfs jo su pjrldjrlh, jo pfslalfojs sjglihs
mjejoafosjrvhr
phrh ghtjrlhklzhr afotlouhgjotj
jk ehkño, sfkualfojs
bjojrhkgjotj tìaolaf-tèatlahs
jo supjrlfrlmhm ougìrlah,ñptlghs,
hotj kh
fpfslalño mj uof f gès iubhmfrjs rjaupjrhmfrjs, kfs auhkjs lotjothrèo
lotjrajpthr f rjaupjrhr jk ehkño.
Jk jdjatf mj jstfs jijralalfs sj rjjih sferj jk vfkugjo, vhrljmhm y
jdjatlvlmhm mj khs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs, sferj kh jstruaturh mj kfs
mjspkhzhgljotfs gftfrjs
gftfrjs y hsç glsgf
gl sgf sferj jk afgpfrthgljot
afgpfrthglj otff afboltlvf
jo hptltumjs mj affpjrhalño, arjhtlvlmhm, mjalslño, rljsbf, hutfafotrfk,
afgpjtltlvlmhm, afoajotrhalño, htjoalño, mlohglsgf, gftlvhalño, jta.
Jo kh gjifrh mj kh tìaolah tljojo su loujoalh lomlvlmuhkgjotj sferj
kh rjajpalño,
ftrfs, phrh kfsphsj, afomuaalño,
pfsjjmfrjs. mrleklob, oth,
\ pjrkhalfojs, ahejajf,
mlsthoalhs, khtjrhklmhm,
èobukfs, jotrj
jta. (tìaolah
mj kh tèatlah) phrh kfs rjaupjrhmfrjs.
Jo kh afostruaalño
afostruaa lño tèatlah kfs pfsjjmfrjs
pf sjjmfrjs pujmjo utlklzhr
utlklzh r drjaujotjgjot
drjaujotjgjotjj
kh gfvlklmhm, kh mjsghrahalño, kh afosjrvhalño mjk ehkño, jk ahgelf mj
frljothalño, khs phrjmjs, kfs jsphalfs klerjs, ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño, jta. \
kfs rjaupjrhmfrjs pfmrèo trhehihr kh jotrhmh, afejrturhs, hotlalphalño,
lotjrajpthalño, mfekhijs,
mfekhijs, tjgpfrlzhalño, jotrj ftrhs.
Jstj tlpf mj jijralalfs slrvj oftfrlhgjotj phrh lrofs hmjotrhomf jo khs
glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkj
afgpkjilmhm
ilmhm y ofs vh hkj
hk jihomf mj khs glarfjstruaturhs
glarfj struaturhs
mj ehsj, afgf kh tìaolah lomlvlmuhk
lomlvlmuhk f bruphk, kh auhk sj rjhklzh slo fpfsltfrj
fpfsltfrjs.s.
81=
Kfs jijralalfs mj jstj tlpf kfs pfmjgfs utlklzhr hk lolalf mj kh sjslño

mj jotrjohgljotf f thgelìo kfs pfmjgfs utlklzhr jo kh dhsj ajotrhk mj
haujrmf afo kf pkhotjhmf pfr kh pkholahalño.
Khs thrjhs h trhvìs mj kfs rfomfs9
Zoh thrjh js uoh khefr u fauphalño. Jk tìrglof thrjh chaj rjdjrjoalh h
hqujkkf quj uoh f vhrlhs pjrsfohs mjejo rjhklzhr. Jo jstj sjotlmf, khs
thrjhs sfo
sf o trhehifs
trhehifs f jijralalfs jsthekjalmfs pfr jk dfrghmfr,
dfrg hmfr, jk auhk eusah
gjifrhr uo afoajptf dçslaf, pslafkñblaf, tjñrlaf f tìaolaf-tèatlaf.
Ufomfs afo thrjhs affrmlohtlvhs
Afo kfs rfomfs pfmjgfs trhehihr kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs, jk hspjatf
dçslaf
tlpf mjf jijralalfs
jkhijralalfs
gjifrh mj
gjifrh mj kh
chelklmhmjs y mjstrjzhs,
s lbuljotj ghojrh9
slbuljotj pfr afo
Ufomfs
Ufomfs kf quj kkhghrjgfs
thrjhs h jstj
a ffrmlohtlvhs.
affrmlohtlvhs.
Js mjalr, pfmrjgfs utlklzhr jstj tlpf mj jijralalfs phrh eusahr gjifrçhs
mjk hspjatf tìaolaf, dçslaf f pslafkñblaf.
Ufomfs afo thrjhs mj prloalplfs9
Afo kfs rfomfs pfmrjgfs trhehihr
trhehihr thrjhs phrh
ph rh kh ghyfrçh mj kfs prloalplfs
p rloalplfs
y haalfojs tèatlahs afgf kh gfvlklmhm, kh mjsghrahalño, kfs jsphalfs klerjs, klerjs ,
ahgelfs mj frljothalño, hpfyfs, ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño, jotrj ftrfs, jo kh
phrtj fdjoslvh. \ kh jotrhmh, jk mfekh
mfekhij,
ij, jk ghrah
ghrahij,
ij, kh
k h afejrturh, kh pjrguth,
kh lotjrajpthalño, kh hotlalphalño, jotrj ftrfs, jo kh phrtj mjdjoslvh.
Ufomfs = vs 5
.
s
t
g
5
8
8> gts.
81:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Ufomfs afo thrjhs tèatlahs9

Afo kfs rfomfs pfmrjgfs trhehihr jstruaturhs tèatlahs, jijgpkf9 Afgf
pfsjjmfrjs
mjrjacf y mfsuelahrjgfs h mfs
vfkhotjs mj mjdjoshs
jqulklerlf ajotrhkjs,
y afgf khtjrhk lzquljrmf
rjaupjrhmfrjs pfmrjgfsy
uelahr h mfs mjkhotjrfs y uo vfkhotj arjhtlvf, mjtjrgloèomfkjs kh phrtj
duoalfohk, mj haujrmf hk gfmjkf f kfsfdçh mj iujbf mjk akue f jk jqulpf,
thk afgf gujstrh kh brèah.
Ufomfs 4 vs 1
.
s
t
g
5
8
8> gts.
Loakusf pfmrjgfs jstruaturhr uo slstjgh tèatlaf, afgf vjrjgfs jo kh
slbuljotj brèah, (=-=-5). Haè chy uo mfekj rfomf mfomj kfs vfkhotjs mj
jqulklerlf afojatho hk prlgjr rfomf afo jk sjbuomf.
Qlstjgh tèatlaf
= - = - 5 vs 4
Jstj tlpf mj thrjhs ofs
slrvj phrh lolalhr afo jk
. gfothij mj kfs slstjghs
s
t tèatlafs quj jgpkjhrè
g oujstrf jqulpf h kh cfrh
> mj kh afgpjtjoalh.
5
83 gts.
814
Z]LKLMHM MJK UFOMF

Jo jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf prfpfojgfs kfs rfomfs afgf
jkjgjotf duomhgjothk jo kfs jotrjohgljotfs, eusahomf sjgjihr jk
jijralalf afo sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj afgpjtlalño, pfr jstf kh lotjoslmhm
mjej sjr slglkhr f lbuhk h kh vlvlmh jo kh afgpjtjoalh.
afgpjtjoalh.
Qljgprj chy uo aljrtf mjehtj sferj kh utlklmhm quj tljoj jstj iujbf jo
auhotf h su hpklahalño afgf jkjgjotf mj jotrjohgljotf, yh quj bjojrh
mumhs sferj su trhosdjrjoalh h sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf y sferj khs
jxlbjoalhs dçslahs mjk glsgf. ^jrf of js hsç, jstj
j stj tlpf mj jijralalfs
jijralalfs sfo guy
ùtlkjs phrh mjshrrfkkhr
mjshrrfk khr jk rjomlgljotf mj kfs iubhmfrjs y quj lotrfmualjomf
lotrfmualjomf
vhrlhotjs y mldjrjotjs
mj iujbf, afgf jstçgukfs,h hyumh
mjgfstrhrjgfs h rjprjsjothr sltuhalfojs rjhkjs
afotlouhalño.
¶Xuì jotjomjgfs pfr sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf6

Auhomf chekhgfs mj sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf, ofs rjdjrlgfs h
hqujkkhs sltuhalfojs/jstruaturhs (tìaolaf-tèatlahs, dçslahs, psçqulahs,
afboltlvhs…)) quj sj prjsjotho
afboltlvhs… prjsjotho mj dfrgh lotjbrhmh
lotjbrhmh jo uo phrtlmf/sltuhalño
phrtlmf/s ltuhalño
mj afgpjtlalño.
^hrh
afgfjkmlaj
dùtefk sjbulrjgfs
Qjlruk.kf, althmfh pfr
kh quj oujstrf
Ufah
Uf jotyjomjr
jotjomjr
ah (5>>3) sfo9 arjjgfs gès
Jstruaturh hmjauhmh,
afomlal
afomlalfohk,
fohk,
Jstruaturh sfalf-hdjatlvh, Jstruaturh afboltlvh, Jstruaturh affrmlohtlvh,
Jstruaturh jgftlvf-vfkltlvh, Jstruaturh arjhtlvf-jxprjslvh.
Qlbuljomf jsths jstruaturhs gjoalfohrjgfs añgf louyj jk jijralalf mjk

rfomf h ahmh uoh mj khs mldjrjotjs jstruaturhs mjk iujbf, mjgfstrhomf
hsç quj js uo jkjgjotf ùtlk phrh jk jotrjohgljotf y phrh kh gjifrh mjk
rjomlgljotf mjk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth y mjk dutefklsth afgf thk.
812

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFOMLALFOHK (DÇQLAH)9 Thrlhomf jk jsphalf, jk

tljgpf, jk oùgjrf mj iubhmfrjs, pfmjgfs
p fmjgfs trhehihr
trhehihr kh rjslstjoalh thot
th otff
hjrñelah afgf hohjrñelah, kh dujrzh phrh kh kuach, jk mjspkhzhgljotf
y jk shktf, hsç afgf kh rhplmjz.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFBOL]LTH9 Afosthotjgjotj afo jk iujbf mjk
UFOMF jsthgfs pjraleljomf (jotfrof, rlvhk, ehkño y sltuhalño mj
kfs afgphøjrfs) y tfghomf mjalslfojs. ^fr kf thotf, trhehihrjgfs y
mjshrrfkkhrjgfs kh vjkfalmhm mj prfajshgljotf mj kh lodfrghalño.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFFUMLOH]LTH9 Kh jstruaturh quj tljoj jk iujbf

mjk rfomf, chaj ojajshrlf tjojr uo afotrfk mjk gfvlgljotf (tìaolah)
rjspjatf hk jsphalf, tljgpf, iujbf, ehkño, fpfojotjs y afgphøjrfs
(pjrgltljomf jk mjshrrfkkf mj kh hotlalphalño jo jk pjoshgljotf).
H su vjz pfmjgfs hpklahr mldjrjotjs rltgfs mj iujbf (yh quj uo
phrtlmf of sj iujbh sljgprj hk glsgf rltgf), sjbùo kfs feijtlvfs y
vhrlhotjs pkhotjhmhs.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH QFALF- HDJA]LTH9 Hpklahomf jk iujbf mjk rfomf,

mjshrrfkkhrjgfs
mjshrrfkkhrj gfs kh afgpjojtrhalño jotrj oujstrfs
oujstrfs iubhmfrjs. H kh vjz
quj sl hpklahgfs jk iujbf pfr phrjihs, trçfs f pfr jqulpfs, jsthrjgfs
trhehihomf khs rjkhalfojs sfalhkjs jotrj oujstrfs iubhmfrjs.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AUJH]LTF-JSÛJQLTH9 Jo jk dùtefk js lgpfrthotj

quj jk iubhmfr tjobh arjhtlvlmhm phrh rjsfkvjr mldjrjotjs sltuhalfojs
mj iujbf. Jk iujbf mjk rfomf ‛feklbh‗ h kfs iubhmfrjs h utlklzhr vhrlfs
rjaursfs tìaolafs y tèatlafs (lomlvlmuhkjs y afkjatlvfs).
• JQ]UZA]ZUH JGF]LTF-TFKL]LTH9 Jk iujbf mjk rfomf js uo

jkjgjotf guy ùtlk phrh kfbrhr quj jk iubhmfr hmquljrh afohozh
jo hkbuohs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs. Jsthekjaljomf mldjrjotjs
vhrlhotjs pfmjgfs mjshrrfkkhr kh ahphalmhm afgpjtltlvh mjk iubhmfr
813
y kh vfkuothm chalh mldjrjotjs hspjatfs mjk iujbf quj kj aujstj

mjshrrfkkhr (jijgpkf9 uo iubhmfr quj kj aujsth rjaupjrhr ehkfojs).
JK UFOMF JO QL]ZHALÑO UJHK MJ AFG^J]LALÑO

Khs sltuhalfojs mj iujbf quj gès sj mho jo uo phrtlmf sujkjo sjr mj
lbuhkmhm ougìrlah (5x5), mj lodjrlfrlmhm ougìrlah (8x5) y mj supjrlfrlmhm
ougìrlah (5x8, 1x5). Glrjgfs khs slbuljotjs lgèbjojs.
81<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
UFOMFQ + IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO9
Cjgfs prjsjothmf uoh glarfjstruaturh lomlspjoshekj phrh kh prjphrhalño
f dfrghalño mj dutefklsths mjofglohmh Ufomfs afgf yh kf vlgfs. Jo
jk Gfmjkf ^]-A vhgfs h uolr jsth glarfjstruaturh afo kfs iujbfs mj
pfsjslño phrh mhr phsf h uoh oujvh mjofglohmh Ufomfs + Iujbfs mj
^fsjslño.
^fmrçhgfs mjolr jstj gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf afgf jk afoiuotf mj
jijralalfs mjshrrfkkhmfs sferj uoh supjralj mjtjrglohmh, mfomj uofs
dutefklsths pfsjjmfrjs lrèo
pfsjjmfrjs lrèo sltuhm
sltuhmfs
fs jo kh pjrldjrlh mj kh burh bjfgìtrlah
quj dfrgj jk èrjh mj iujbf, jo pfslalfojs sjglihs (sj mjspkhzho jotrj
jk pkhtlkkf quj tljojo h su mjrjach y h su lzquljrmh) y ftrfs afgphøjrfs
jo jk lotjrlfr mj jsh glsgh èrjh, eusahomf ghtjrlhklzhr afotlouhgjotj
sfkualfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs ñptlghs phrh
phr h afosjrvhr jk ehkño,
ehkño , bjojrhkgjotj
bjojrhkgjotj
jo supjrlfrlmhm ougìrlah, hotj kh fpfslalño mj uof f gès iubhmfrjs
rjaupjrhmfrjs, kfs auhkjs jsthrèo thgelìo jo jk lotjrlfr mjk èrjh, auyh
glslño js lotjothr lotjrajpthr f rjaupjrhr jk ehkño.
Ufomfs 3 vs =
.
s
t
g
:
8
5> gts.
8=>

jdjatlvlmhm mj khs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs, sferj kh jstruaturh mj
kfs mjspkhzhgljotfs gftfrjs y hsç glsgf sferj jk afgpfrthgljotf
jo hatltumjs mjafoajotrhalño,
afgpjtltlvlmhm, affpjrhalño, arjhtlvlmhm, mjalslño, gftlvhalño,
htjoalño, mlohglsgf, rljsbf, hutfafotrfk,
jta.
Jo kh gjifrh
gjifrh mj kh tìaolah tljojo su loujoalh
lo ujoalh lomlvlmuhk sferj kh rjajpalño,
rjajpalñ o,
phsj, afomuaalño, mrleklob, oth, ahejajf, khtjrhklmhm, jotrj ftrfs, phrh kfs
pfsjjmfrjs y pjrkhalfojs, mlsthoalhs, èobukfs, jta. (tìaolah mj kh tèatlah)
phrh kfs rjaupjrh
rjaupjrhmfrjs.
mfrjs.
Jo kh afostruaalño
drjaujotjgjotjj
frljothalño, khs phrjmjs, kfs jsphalfs klerjs, ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño, jta. \
kfs rjaupjrhmfrjs
lotjrajpthalño, pfmrèo
mfekh
mfekhijs, trhehihr kh jotrhmh,
ijs, tjgpfrlzhalño, afejrturhs, hotlalphalño,
jotrj ftrhs.
glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkjilmhm. Kfs jijralalfs mj jstj tlpf kfs pfmjgfs
utlklzhr hk lolalf mj kh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf f thgelìo kfs pfmjgfs
utlklzhr jo kh dhsj ajotrhk mj haujrmf afo kf pkhotjhmf
pkhotjhmf pfr kh pkholahalño.
pkholahalño .
Lbuhkgjotj, afgf jo kh glarfjstruaturh mj kfs Ufomfs jo kfs jijralalfs
quj cjgfs mjofglohmf Ufomfs + Iujbfs mj ^fsjslño sj pujmjo jsthekjajr
thrjhs Affrmlohtlvhs, mj ^rloalplfs y ]èatlahs.
IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO9
Jo kfs jotrjohgljotfs hatuhkjs jo jk dùtefk sj joaujotrh jk cjacf mj quj
jo kh prjphrhalño f dfrghalño mj dutefklsths sj utlklzho ahmh vjz gès
uoh sjrlj mj jijralalfs mjofglohmfs IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO. ¶^jrf sjrè
quj shejgfs shahrkj jk ghyfr prfvjacf6
8=8

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
^fmrçhgfs mjolr h jstj gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf afgf jk afoiuotf mj

jijralalfs mjshrrfkkhmfs sferj uoh supjralj mj èrjh mjtjrglohmh, mfomj
uofs dutefklsths pfsjjmfrjs sltuhmfs jo jk lotjrlfr mj mlach èrjh jo
pfslalfojs u fauphalño
afotlouhgjotj k lerj ytìaolaf-tèatlahs
klerj
sfkualfojs afo gfvlklmhm afosthotj,
ñptlghsmjejo
phrhghtjrlhkl
ghtjrlhklzhr
zhr
afosjrvhr
jk ehkño, bjojrhkgjotj jo supjrlfrlmhm f lbuhkmhm ougìrlah, hotj kh
fpfslalño mj iubhmfrjs rjaupjrhmfrjs, kfs auhkjs lotjothrèo lotjrajpthr
f rjaupjrhr jk ehkño, afsh quj auhomf kf afoslbho sj lovljrtjo kfs rfkjs,
js mjalr, kfs pfsjjmfrjs phshrèo h sjr rjaupjrh
rjaupjrhmfrjs
mfrjs y kfs rjaupjrh
rjaupjrhmfrjs
mfrjs
phshrèo h sjr pfsjjmfrjs0 y hsç afotlouhgjotj
jdjatlvlmhm mj khs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs, sferj kh jstruaturh mj kfs
mjspkhzhgljotfs gftfrjs
gftfrjs y hsç glsgf sferj jk afgpfrthgljot
afgpfrthg ljotff pslafkñblaf
pslafkñb laf
jo hatltumjs mj afoajotrhalño,
afgpjtltlvlmhm, affpjrhalño, arjhtlvlmhm, mjalslño, rljsbf,
htjoalño, mlohglsgf, hutfafotrfk,
gftlvhalño, jta.
Jo kh gjifrh mj kh tìaolah tljojo su loujoalh lomlvlmuhkgjotj sferj
kh rjajpalño, phsj, afomuaalño, mrleklob, oth, ahejajf, khtjrhklmhm, jotrj
ftrfs, phrh kfs pfsjjmfrjs. \ pjrkhalfo
pjrkhalfojs,
js, mlsthoalhs, èobukfs, vjkfalmhmjs
vjkfalmhmjs
mj jotrhmh, jta. (tìaolah mj kh tèatlah) phrh kfs rjaupjrhmfrjs.
Jo kh afostruaalño
drjaujotjgjotjj
frljothalño, afotrfk mjk iujbf, kfs hpfyfs, jk ahgelf mj rltgf, khs phrjmjs,
kfs jsphalfs
trhehihr klerjs, ahgelfs
kh jotrhmh, mj mlrjaalño,
afejrturhs, jta. \ kfs
hotlalphalño, rjaupjrhmfrjsmfekhijs,
lotjrajpthalño, pfmrèo
tjgpfrlzhalño, jotrj ftrhs.
glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkj
afgpkjilmhm
ilmhm y ofs vh hkj
hk jihomf mj khs glarfjstruaturhs
glarfj struaturhs
mj ehsj, afgf kh tìaolah lomlvlmuhk f bruphk
b ruphk f loakusf mjk Ufomf, hsç chbh
phrtj mj khs glarfjstruaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf. Kfs jijralalfs mj jstj tlpf kfs
pfmjgfs utlklzhr hk lolalf mj kh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf f thgelìo kfs
pfmjgfs utlklzhr jo kh dhsj ajotrhk mj haujrmf afo kf pkhotjhmf pfr kh
pkholahalño.
8=5
Khs thrjhs h trhvìs mj kfs iujbfs mj pfsjslño

Iujbfs mj ^fsjslño afo thrjhs affrmlohtlvhs9
Afo kfs iujbfs mj pfsjslño
p fsjslño pfmjgfs trhehihr
trhehihr kfs
kf s duomhgjotfs
duomhgjotfs tìaolafs, jk
hspjatf dçslaf f kh gjifrh
gjifrh mj chelklmhmjs y mjstrjzhs, pfr kf quj kkhghrjgfs
h jstj tlpf mj jijralalfs mj kh slbuljotj ghojrh9 Iujbfs mj ^fsjslño afo
thrjhs affrmlohtlvhs. Js mjalr, pfmrjgfs utlklzhr jstj tlpf mj jijralalfs
phrh eusahr gjifrçhs mjk hspjatf tìaolaf, dçslaf f pslafkñblaf.

Ufomfs 4 vs 1
.
s
t
g
5
8
8: gts.
Iujbfs mj ^fsjslño afo thrjhs mj prloalplfs9

Afo kfs iujbfs mj pfsjslño pfmrjgfs trhehihr prloalplfs y haalfojs
tèatlahs afgf kh gfvlklmhm, kh mjsghrahalño, kfs jsphalfs klerjs, ahgelfs
mj frljothalño,
fdjoslvh. hpfyfs,jkahgelfs
\ kh jotrhmh, mjghrahij,
mfekhij, jk mlrjaalño,
kh jotrj ftrfs,kh jo
afejrturh, kh phrtj
pjrguth, kh
lotjrajpthalño, kh hotlalphalño, jotrj ftrfs, jo kh phrtj mjdjoslvh.
.
s
t
g
5
8
8: gts.
8=1

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Kfs Iujbfs mj ^fsjslño afo thrjhs tèatlahs9

Afo kfs iujbfs mj pfsjslño pfmrjgfs trhehihr jstruaturhs tèatlahs,
jijgpkf9
lzquljrmfAfgf pfsjjmfrjs
y mjrjacf, uelahrjgfs
uo vfkhotj ajotrhk y hmfs
mfs mjdjoshs
vfkhot
vfkhotjs ajotrhkjs,
lf ykhtjrhk
js mj jqulklerlf
jqulkler afgf
rjaupjrhmfrjs pfmrjgfs uelahr h trjs mjkhotjrfs y uo vfkhotj arjhtlvf,
mjtjrgloèomfkjs kh phrtj duoalfohk, mj haujrmf afo jk gfmjkf f kfsfdçh
mj iujbf mjk akue f jk jqulpf, thk afgf kf gujstrh kh brèah.
Ufomfs 2 vs =
.
s
t
g
:
8
5> gts.
Jstj tlpf mj thrjhs ofs slrvj phrh lolalhr afo jk gfothij mj kfs slstjghs
tèatlafs quj jgpkjhrè oujstrf jqulpf h kh cfrh mj kh afgpjtjoalh.
Ztlklmhm mjk iujbf mj pfsjslño9
Jo jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf prfpfojgfs kfs iujbfs mj
pfsjslño
dfrghalñoafgf jkjgjotf eusahomf
mj dutefklsths, duomhgjothk jo kfs
sjgjihr jotrjohgljotfs
jk jijralalf y jo kh
afo sltuhalfojs
rjhkjs mj afgpjtlalño. ^fr jstf, kh lotjoslmhm jo kh jijaualño mj ahmh
jijralalf mjej sjr slglkhr f lbuhk h kh vlvlmh jo kh afgpjtjoalh.
Jxlstj uo aljrtf mjehtj sferj kh utlklmhm quj tljoj jstj iujbf jo auhotf
h su hpklahalño afgf jkjgjotf mj jotrjohgljotf, yh quj bjojrh mumhs
sferj su trhosdjrjoalh h sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf y sferj khs
kh s jxlbjoalhs
dçslahs mjk glsgf, sferj tfmf pfr kh of prjsjoalh mj pfrtjrçhs.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf kf prfgujv
prf gujvjj afo jk prfpñsltf
p rfpñsltf mj quj
jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth mjshrrfkkj uoh rjspujsth loafosaljotj pfsltlvh,
mhmf quj jstj tlpf mj jsajohs sj prjsjotho mj ghojrh afosthotj jo
mldjrjotjs sjatfrjs mjk ahgpf mj iujbf jo kh afgpjtjoalh. Jo kfs jijralalfs
8==
mj iujbfs mj pfsjslño jk dfrghmfr pujmj lotrfmualr vhrlhotjs

vh rlhotjs y mldjrjotjs
mldjrjotjs
jstçgukfs, afotrleuyjomf h rjprjsjothr sltuhalfojs rjhkjs mj iujbf.
Auhomf chekhgfs mj sltuhalfojs

chekhgfs
sltuhalfojs/jstruaturhs rjhkjs mj iujbf,
(tìaolaf-tèatlahs, dçslahs,ofs rjdjrlgfsafboltlvhs)
psçqulahs, h hqujkkhs
quj sj prjsjotho mj dfrgh
dfrgh lotjbrhmh jo uo phrtlmf jo pkjoh afgpjtlalño.
af gpjtlalño.
^hrh jk dùtefk sjbulrjgfs h kh quj oujstrf jotjomjr
jotjomjr arjjgfs gès hmjauhmh,
afgf mlaj Qjlruk.kf althmf pfr Ufah (5>>3) y sfo9 Jstruatu
Jstruaturh
rh afomlalfohk,
Jstruaturh sfalf-hdjatlvh, Jstruaturh afboltlvh, Jstruaturh affrmlohtlvh,
Jstruaturh jgftlvf-vfkltlvh, Jstruaturh arjhtlvf-jxprjslvh.
Khs glarfjstruaturhs prjsjothmhs
prj sjothmhs jo jk gfmjkf ^]-A sfo phrh jk dùtefkdùtefk uo
slgukhmfr mj vujkf quj kj prjsjotho
prjsjotho h kfs hsplrhotjs
hspl rhotjs h plkftfs jo jk pjrçfmf mj
hprjomlzhij,
hprjomlzh ij, vjhgfs su mjolalño. Zo slgukhmfr mj vujkf js uo slstjgh
s lstjgh quj
lotjoth
dfrgh gèsrjpklahr, f slgukhr,
prjalsh y rjhklsthkhpfslekj.
jxpjrljoalh mj plkfthrtlpfs
Kfs mldjrjotjs uoh hjrfohvj mj kh
mj slgukhmfrjs
mj vujkf vho mjsmj vlmjfiujbfs
vlmjfiujbfs chsth rìpklahs mj ahelohs jo thghøf rjhk
gfothmhs jo haalfohmfrjs clmrèuklafs (f jkjatrfgjaèolafs), afotrfkhmfs
pfr slstjghs gfmjrofs afgputhrlzhmfs. Kfs slgukhmfrjs mj vujkf sfo guy
utlklzhmfs phrh jk jotrjohgljotf mj plkftfs jo kh lomustrlh mj kh hvlhalño,
jk jotrjohgljotf mj plkftfs glklthrjs, slgukhalño mj mjshstrjs f dhkkhs jo
vujkf y mjshrrfkkf mj hjrfohvjs.
Jk iujbf mj pfsjslño jo sltuhalño rjhk mj afgpjtlalño9
Khs sltuhalfojs
lbuhkmhm ougìrlahmj(5x5),
iujbfmjquj gès sj mho
lodjrlfrlmhm jo uo (8x5)
ougìrlah phrtlmf
y mjsujkjo sjr mj
supjrlfrlmhm
ougìrlah mj uo iubhmfr
iubhmfr (5x8,
(5x8 , 1x5). Glrjgfs
Gl rjgfs kh slbuljotj lgèbjo, kkjbhomf
h joafotrhrofs jo sjatfrjs
sj atfrjs mjk ahgpf mj iujbf afo phshijs
phshijs mfomj sj vjo
lovfkuarhmfs (4x=) y chsth gès iubhmfrjs.
8=:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
G LAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ AFG^KJILMHM
Afgf glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkjilmhm prjsjothgfs uoh sjrlj mj
jijralthalfojs quj afrrjspfomjo hk dùtefk rjhk, mfomj hphrjajo mj
dfrgh mjoltlvh khs pfrtjrçhs, jijralalfs quj mj sjr lotrfmualmfs jo kfs
jotrjohgljotfs ofs mhrèo uo guy eujo mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf mj ahrh h kh
afgpjtltlvlmhm jo jstj mjpfrtj.
Afo kh utlklzhalño mj jsths glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkjilmhm pfmjgfs

fetjojr kh gjifrçh mj kfs duomhgjotfs tìaolafs, khs ahphalmhmjs dçslahs,
khs haalfojs
rjqujrlmf jo yjstj
prloalplfs
mjpfrtj.tèatlafs j loakuslvj tfmf jk hspjatf pslafkñblaf
Khs glarfjstruaturhs mj afgpkjilmhm sj ahrhatjrlzho pfr prjsjothr

pfrtjrçhs afgf yh kf gjoalfohgfs, kkjbhomf h tjojr uoh brho slglkltum
afo khs mj haalfojs jo jk iujbf rjhk, afo sus gfgjotfs f dhsjs mjk iujbf,
tjoljomf afgf ùolah vhrlhotj jk èrjh mj iujbf y jk oùgjrf mj pfrtjrçhs,
afgf jo kh glarfjstruaturh mjk dùtefk rjmualmf.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf loakuyj jstj

jstj tlpf mj glarfjstruaturhs
glarfjstruatur hs
jo tfmf jk GJBHALAKF,
hgpklhgjotj yhglarfjstruaturhs
jstj brupf mj quj kf cjgfs afgprfehmf, quljo
mj afgpkjilmhm mfglojh
sughmf
khs hotjrlfrjs, sj brhmuhrè jo jotjomjr añgf duoalfoh jk dùtefk y quljo
8=4
afofaj añgf duoalfoh jstj mjpfrtj

mjpfr tj sherè mjtjrglohr añgf htjomjr ahmh
sltuhalño prfekjgh quj prjsjoth jk iujbf jo afgpjtjoalh, chsth kkjbhr h
loaurslfohr jo jstj mjpfrtj afo uoh sfkvjoalh ùolah y hsç afgprjomjrkf
mj kh gjifrjsthekjalìomfkf
y prèatlaf ghojrh. Jk gfmjkf
afgf^]-A augpkj,
kh dfrgh jotfoajs,
prèatlah phrh jk feijtlvf
dfrghr tjñrlaf
dutefklsths
8>>% lotjklbjo
lotjklbjotjs.
tjs.
GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ AFG^KJILMHM
DÙ]EFK UJMZ
UJMZALMF
ALMF
Afo jsth mjofglohalño ‛Dùtefk Ujmualmf‗ vhgfs h cfgfkfbhr tfmfs

hqujkkfs iujbfs mj afodrfothalño auyh prèatlah kkjvh lot l otjbrhmfs
jbrhmfs tfmfs kfs
afgpfojotjs mjk rjomlgljotf phrh uo dutefklsth. Jo jkkfs sj prfgujvjo
khs sltuhalfojs y haalfojs gès rjprjsjothtlvhs mjk dùtefk rjbkhgjothmf,
thkjs afgf arjhr/mjstrulr,
arjhr/ mjstrulr, bjojrhr haalfojs f sltuhalfojs
s ltuhalfojs mj bfk, mjdjomjr
kh pfrtjrçh, rjghthr h bfk, trhskhmhmhs h uo jotfrof gès rjmualmf jo
jsphalf y jo iubhmfrjs afo kh lmjh mj bjojrhr ^JOQHGLJO]F arjhtlvf/
mjstruatlvf gès rèplmf, jk auhk mjej trhosdjrlrsj gjmlhotj uoh tìaolah
rèplmh mj khs haalfojs. Haè pfmjgfs pfojr jo prèatlah tfmf oujstrf
afgpfojotjj tìaolaf y gjifrhr
afgpfojot gjifrhr h ahmh losthotj tfmhs khs haalfojs tèatlahs.
Hmjgès, pfmrjgfs
pfmrj gfs mlsjøhr afomlalfojs
af omlalfojs phrh kh gjifrh
gjifrh mj khs ahphalmhmjs
a hphalmhmjs
dçslahs mj kfs hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths.
8=2

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jk Dùtefk Ujmualmf slrvj jo tfmhs khs jthphs mjk dutefklsth pjrf mjej
mj sjr prjmfglohotj jo khs jmhmjs 3-8= høfs, yh quj jk jsphalf (èrjh)
rjmualmf y khs vhrlhotjs pjrgltjo mjspjrthr jk thkjotf loohtf mj kfs
oløfs y hmfkjsajotjs,
jk ajrjerf. cujkkh quj
Jk Dùtefk Ujmualmf mj sjr
afgf eljo jijauthmh
glarfjstruaturh js ihgès fkvlmhrè
jk afoiuotf mj
jijralalfs mjshrrfkkhmfs sferj supjralj mj èrjh mjtjrglohmh, mfomj uo
brupf mj dutefklsths sltuhmfs jo jk lotjrlfr mj jsth sj jodrjotho h ftrf
brupf jo lodjrlfrlmhm, lbuhkmhm f supjrlfrlmhm ougìrlah afo jk feijtlvf
mj ghtjrlhklzhr afotlouhgjotj sfkualfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs ñptlghs phrh
afosjrvhr jk ehkño mj uoh phrtj y rjaupjrhrkf, mj kh ftrh phrtj, afo kh
pfslelklmhm pjrghojotj mj chajr bfkjs, phshomf pjrghojotjgjotj mj
hthquj h mjdjosh y mj mjdjosh h hthquj.
jdjatlvlmhm mj khsgftfrjs
mjspkhzhgljotfs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs,
y hsç glsgf sferj jksferj kh jstruaturhpsçqulaf
afgpfrthgljotf mj kfs
jo hatltumjs mj affpjrhalño, arjhtlvlmhm, mjalslño, rljsbf, hutfafotrfk,
afgpjtltlvlmhm, afoajotrhalño, htjoalño, mlohglsgf, gftlvhalño, jta.
Jo jk hspjatf dçslaf, jk jdjatf slfkñblaf mjpjomjrè mj kh vhrlhelklmhm jo kfs
afomlalfohotjs quj pujmjo
pujmjo mjtjrglohr jk iujbf, thkjs afgf9 èrjh, ahotlmhm
mj iubhmfrjs, tljgpf mj iujbf, jk auhk mjtjrglohrè afo hotjrlfrlmhm jk
dfrghmfr rjspjatlvf, gjifrhomf hsç kh rjslstjoalh hjrñelah, hohjrñelah,
kh vjkfalmhm, kh pftjoalh, kh hblklmhm, kh rjhaalño jta. Jo kh gjifrh mj
kh tìaolah tljojo su loujoalh lomlvlmuhkgjotj sferj kh rjajpalño, phsj,
afomuaalño, mrleklob, oth, mfglolf mjk ehkño, rjghtjs, ahejajf.
Jo kh jvfkualño tèatlah kfs pfsjjmfrjs pujmjo utlklzhr drjaujotjgjotj
kh gfvlklmhm, kh mjsghrahalño, kfs mjsmfekhgljotfs, kh afosjrvhalño
mjk ehkño, jk ahgelf mj frljothalño, khs phrjmjs, kfs jsphalfs klerjs, kfs
hpfyfs, ahgelfs mj mlrjaalño, jta. \ kfs rjaupjrhmfrjs pfmrèo trhehihr kh
jotrhmh, afejrturhs, hotlalphalño, lotjrajpthalño, mfekhijs, tjgpfrlzhalño,
jk prjsslob, kh ghrahalño zfohk, glxth f lomlvlmuhk, jta. Jstj tlpf mj
jijralalfs slrvjo oftfrlhgjotj phrh lrofs hmjotrhomf jo kh rjhklmhm mj
iujbf, mlsthoalèomfofs mj kh tìaolah lomlvlmuhk f bruphk, kfs rfomfs y kfs
iujbfs mj pfsjslño, pjrf hprfxlgèomfofs ahmh vjz gès h kh rjhklmhm
mj iujbf pfr kh hphrlalño mj khs pfrtjrçhs. Kfs jijralalfs mj jstj tlpf kfs
pfmjgfs utlklzhr sferj tfmf, jo kh dhsj ajotrhk mjk jotrjohgljotf, f mj
haujrmf afo kf pkhotjhmf pfr kh pkholahalño.
8=3
Jsth glarfjstruaturh hrrfih uoh ghojrh mj jotrjohgljotf lotjbrhmfrh

mfomj kh lgpfrthoalh mjk ehkño of mjrlvh mjk ahprlacf
ahprla cf ol mjk pjoshgljotf
jqulvfahmf mj mlvjrtlr hk iubhmfr jo khs sjslfojs, slof mj kh rjkjvhoalh
quj
jstj jk glsgf
iujbf hmquljrj
kkhghmf jo kfs duomhgjotfs eèslafs phrh jk mfglolf mj
dùtefk.
Jsth glarfjstruaturh mjofglohmh DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF js uo gjmlf
eèslaf mjotrf mjk jsajohrlf mjk jotrjohgljotf, mèomfkj jk sltlf quj
gjrjaj jo jsh vhkfrhalño mjk iujbf y mjk iubhmfr, sferj kfs prloalplfs mj
kh tìaolah y mj kh tèatlah. Afo kh eujoh jijaualño
jijaualño mj jsth glarfjstruaturh
g larfjstruaturh
pfmjgfs mjshrrfkkhr uo hktf brhmf mj jspjalalmhm, mfthomf hk dutefklsth
mj ougjrfsfs duomhgjotfs y rjaursfs phrh kh afgpjtlalño y dfrghalño
mjk prfplf mjpfrtlsth.
Z]LKLMHM MJK DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF9

Qlbuljomf h Qjlruk.kf althmf pfr Ufah (5>>3) gjoalfohrjgfs añgf louyj
JK DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF jo ahmh uoh mj khs mldjrjotjs jstruaturhs mjk
iujbf, mjgfstrhomf hsç quj js uo jkjgjotf ùtlk phrh jk jotrjohgljotf y
phrh kh gjifrh mjk rjomlgljotf mjk dutefklsth. Glrjgfs.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFOMLALFOHK (DÇQLAH)9 Thrlhomf jk jsphalf, jk

tljgpf, jk oùgjrf mj iubhmfrjs, pfmjgfs trhehihr kh rjslstjoalh
thotf hjrñelah afgf hohjrñelah, kh dujrzh phrh kh mlsputh, jk
mjspkhzhgljotf y jk shktf, hsç afgf kh rhplmjz.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFBOL]LTH9 Afosthotjgjotj afo jk dùtefk
rjmualmf jsthgfs pjraleljomf (jotfrof, rlvhk, ehkño y sltuhalño mj
kfs afgphøjrfs) y tfghomf mjalslfojs. ^fr kf thotf, trhehihrjgfs y
mjshrrfkkhrjgfs kh vjkfalmhm mj prfajshgljotf mj kh lodfrghalño.
LODFUGHALÑO
LODFUGH ALÑO ÛJTLH ‑ ^JUAJÂLÑO ‑ MJALQLÑO
MJALQLÑO - JIJAZALÑO.
JIJAZALÑO.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AFFUMLOH]LTH9 Kh jstruaturh quj tljoj jk Dùtefk
Ujmualmf chaj ojajshrlf tjojr uo afotrfk mjk gfvlgljotf (tìaolah)
afo rjspjatf hk jsphalf, jk tljgpf, jk iujbf, jk ehkño, kfs fpfojotjs
y kfs afgphøjrfs (pjrgltljomf jk mjshrrfkkf mj kh hotlalphalño jo jk
pjoshgljotf).
8=<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• JQ]UZA]ZUH QFALF-HDJA]LTH9 Jstj js uof mj kfs hspjatfs

quj gès sj mjsafofaj sferj jstj iujbf, y js quj hpklahomf jk
dùtefk rjmualmf mjshrrfkkhrjgfs kh afgpjojtrhalño jotrj oujstrfs
iubhmfrjs, kf jk
ahmh uof, jo quj ofs pjrgltlrè
ahgpf mj iujbf. afofajr
H kh vjzgjifr
quj slkhs pfslelklmhmjs
hpklahgfs mj
jk iujbf
pfr jqulpfs,
jqulpf s, jsthrjgfs
jsthrj gfs trhehihomf
trhehihomf kh lgpklahalño
l gpklahalño y hdjatlvlmhm jotrj
oujstrfs iubhmfrjs.
• JQ]UZA]ZUH AUJH]LTF-JSÛJQLTH9 Jo jk Dùtefk Ujmualmf js
lgpfrthotj quj jk iubhmfr tjobh arjhtlvlmhm phrh rjsfkvjr mldjrjot
ml djrjotjs
js
sltuhalfojs mj iujbf. Jk dùtefk rjmualmf ‛feklbh‗ h kfs iubhmfrjs h
utlklzhr vhrlfs rjaursfs tìaolafs y tèatlafs (thotf lomlvlmuhkjs afgf
afkjatlvfs).
•
JQ]UZA]ZUH
jkjgjotf guy ùtlkJGF]LTF-TFKL]LTH9 Jk Dùtefk
phrh kfbrhr quj jk iubhmfr Ujmualmf
hmquljrh js uo
afohozh
jo hkbuohs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs y jsthekjaljomf mldjrjotjs
vhrlhotjs pfmjgfs mjshrrfkkhr kh ahphalmhm afgpjtltlvh mjk iubhmfr
y kh vfkuothm chalh mldjrjotjs hspjatfs mjk iujbf quj kj aujstj
mjshrrfkkhr (j
(jijgpkf
ijgpkf mj uo iubhmfr quj kj aujsth rjaupjrhr ehkfojs).
ehkf ojs).
Jsth glarfjstruaturh pujmj blrhr y vhrlhr mj haujrmf afo jk gfmjkf

mj iujbf, kfs slstjghs mj iujbf y jk pkho fpjrhtlvf mjk jqulpf mj ahrh
h kh afgpjtjoalh. Afo jk dùtefk rjmualmf pfmjgfs trhehihr khs thrjhs
affrmlohtlvhs, thrjhs mj hotjrlfrjs.
jo khs glarfjstruaturhs prloalplfs y, pfr supujstf, thrjhs tèatlahs afgf
DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU.
Jk dùtefk h kh jmhm mjk iubhmfr js hkthgjotj ejojalfsf phrh kfs
k fs hsplrhot
hsplrh otjs
js
h dutefklsths. Kfs jstumlfs rjhklzhmfs y kh jxpjrljoalh gujstrho quj kfs
oløfs sj mlvljrtjo y hprjomjo gès iubhomf afo pfafs iubhmfrjs y afo
rjbkhs hmhpthmhs. ]faho jk ehkño afo ghyfr drjaujoalh, hprjomjo gès
rèplmhgjotj y tfgho gès mjalslfojs murhotj jk phrtlmf (sj loarjgjoth
kh afoajotrhalño, pujstf quj jk ehkño ouoah sj joaujotrh kjifs).
8:>
Jo jsth glarfjstruaturh mj Afgpkjilmhm kfs hsplrhotjs sj lgpklaho gès

jo jk iujbf (gès gfvlgljotfs y jijralalfs) y kf hprjalho guacf gès quj
sl iubhrho sferj brhomjs jsphalfs. Gjofs iubhmfrjs sferj jk tjrrjof mj
iujbf y joloakusf
kfbrhomf uo jqulpf,
gès bhrhotlzho gès mj
fpfrtuolmhmjs htjoalño
ghrahrlomlvlmuhk y afkjatlvh
bfkjs. Kfs pfrtjrfs
hatuhrèo gès. Kfs oløfs thgelìo sj lgpklaho gès jo khs haalfojs mj
hthqujj y mjdjosh, pujstf quj mj jsth dfrgh sj
hthqu s j joaujotrho jxpujstfs gès
h gjoumf h tfmf tlpf mj sltuhalfojs dutefkçstlahs y, jo afosjaujoalh, sj
mlvljrtjo y hprjomjo gès.
Kh jsthmçstlah rjsphkmh kfs ejojalfs mj dutefk h kh gjmlmh mjk iubhmfr

jo afgphrhalño afo jk dùtefk 88. ^rjsjothgfs hkbuohs aldrhs9
• Kfs iubhmfrjs tfaho jk ehkño : vjajs gès jo dùtefk : y uo :> % gès

jo dùtefk 2.
• Kfs iubhmfrjs sj joaujotrho trjs vjajs gès h gjoumf jo sltuhalfojs
mj 8 afotrh 8 jo dùtefk : y mfs vjajs gès h gjoumf jo dùtefk 2.
• Mj gjmlh, jo dùtefk : sj ghrah uo bfk ahmh 5 gloutfs, y uof ahmh
= gloutfs jo dùtefk 2.
• Khs lotjrvjoalfojs mj kfs pfrtjrfs sfo jotrj 5 y = vjajs gès
drjaujotjs jo dùtefk 2 quj jo dùtefk 88.
• Jk ehkño sj joaujotrh mjtjolmf uo 3 % mjk tljgpf jo dùtefk :, uo 8=
% jo dùtefk 2 y uo 1= % jo dùtefk 88.
Jk dùtefk h kh jmhm mjk iubhmfr prfgujvj khs sltuhalfojs y haalfojs
gès rjprjsjothtlvhs mjk dùtefk rjbkhgjothmf, thkjs afgf arjhr/mjstrulr,
trhskhmhmhs h uo jotfrof gès rjmualmf jo jsphalf y jo iubhmfrjs afo kh
lmjh mj bjojrhr ^JOQHGLJO]F arjhtlvf/mjstruatlvf gès rèplmf, jk auhk
mjej mj trhosdjrlrsj gjmlhotj uoh tìaolah rèplmh mj khs haalfojs.
Haè pfmjgfs pfojr jo prèatlah tfmf oujstrf afgpfojotj tìaolaf y
gjifrhr h ahmh losthotj kh pfslelklmhm mj lotrfmualr haalfojs tèatlahs,
hmjgès pfmrjgfs mlsjøhr afomlalfojs
af omlalfojs phrh kh gjifrh
gjifrh mj khs ahphalmhmjs
dçslahs mj kfs dutefklsths.
8:8

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Jk dùtefk h kh jmhm mjk iubhmfr slrvj jo tfmhs khs jthphs mjk dutefklsth,
pjrf mjej mj sjr prjmfglohotj jo khs jmhmjs 3-8= høfs yh quj jk jsphalf
(èrjh) rjmualmf, khs
kh s vhrlhotjs y jk oùgjrf
oùgjrf mj iubhmfrjs pjrgltjo mjspjrthr
jk thkjotf loohtf mj kfs oløfs y hmfkjsajotjs.
Jk gfmjkf ^rfajsf
^rfajs f ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf
]èatlaf-Afboltlvf rjafgljomh
rjaf gljomh sjr guy feijtlvfs
feijtlvfs jo kh
prjphrhalño f dfrghalño mjk dutefklsth yh quj mj jijauthrsj thk afgf kf
rjafgjomhgfs sj fetjomrèo rjsukthmfs guy pfsltlvfs.
^fmrçhgfs mjolr h jsth glarfjstruaturh mj afgpkjilmhm afgf kfs

joaujotrfs afgpjtltlvfs y of afgpjtltlvfs, mjshrrfkkhmfs sferj uoh
supjralj mj èrjh mjtjrglohmh, mfomj uo brupf mj dutefklsths sltuhmfs
jo jk lotjrlfr mj jsth sj jodrjotho h ftrf brupf jo lbuhkmhm ougìrlah,
afo jk fe
feijtlvf
ijtlvf mj ghtjrlhklzhr
ghtjrlhklz hr afotlouhgjotj sfkualfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs
ñptlghs phrh afosjrvhr jk ehkño mj uoh phrtj y rjaupjrhrkf mj kh ftrh
phrtj, eusahomf afovjrtlr bfk y jvltèomfkfs hk glsgf tljgpf.
Jk jdjatf pfsltlvf mjk Dùtefk h kh Jmhm mjk Iubhmfr sj rjjih sferj jk

vfkugjo, vhrljmhm y jdjatlvlmhm mj khs haalfojs tìaolaf-tèatlahs, sferj
kh jstruaturh mj kfs mjspkhzhgljotfs gftfrjs y hsç glsgf sferj jk
afgpfrthgljotf psçqulaf jo hptltumjs mj affpjrhalño, arjhtlvlmhm,
mjalslño, rljsbf, hutfafotrfk, afgpjtltlvlmhm, afoajotrhalño, htjoalño,
mlohglsgf, gftlvhalño, jta.
^faf h pfaf y afo jk phsf mjk tljgpf, jk jotrjohgljotf ch lmf vhrlhomf

sus mlrjatrlajs,
mlrjatrlaj s, hmhptèomfkhs afo sjotlmf aljotçaf mjotrf
mjotrf mj kfs arltjrlfs
quj jk iujbf mjghomh. ^fr jsf, kh prfpujsth mj lr mjsphalf jo jk prfajsf,
mj haujrmf afo jk arjalgljotf mj kfs oløfs y hmfkjsajotjs iubhmfrjs,
pjrgltlìomfkjs hatuhr jo uo tjrrjof mj haujrmf h su jmhm js uo hspjatf
lomlspjoshekj quj prfgujvj jk Gfmjkf ^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
H afotlouhalño prjsjothgfs mfs prfpujsths phrh jdjatuhr uo eujo
mjshrrfkkf jo kh josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij utlklzhomf kh glarfjstruaturh
8:5
DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU.
^rfpujsth 89
prlgjr. OLTJK9 (Jmhm 4-3 Høfs) DÙ]EFK :
ÛLOAL^LFQ FDJOQLT
ÛLOAL^LFQ FDJOQLTFQ9
FQ9
Afoajptf mj hthquj9 Josjøhr h kfs iñvjojs jo quì afoslstj hthahr y phrh
quì slrvj. ^fr jijgpkf jxpklahr quj hthahr js auhomf vho chalh kh ftrh
pfrtjrçh phrh hofthr bfk.
^fslalfohgljotf9 Josjøhr h kfs oløfs afgf sj mjejo afkfahr jo jk ahgpf,
josjøhr quj chy pujstfs phrh ahmh iubhmfr.
ÛLOAL^LFQ MJDJOQLTFQ9
Afoajptf mj mjdjosh9 Josjøhr quj chy quj mjdjomjr phrh quj of kjs
ghrqujo bfk y josjøhr añgf sj mjejo afkfahr phrh quj jstf of faurrh.
Ujphrtf prfpfralfohk mj kfs jsphalfs9 Josjøhr mfomj mjejo afkfahrsj jo
jk ahgpf phrh quj of jstìo tfmfs jo jk glsgf sltlf.
Js kh prlgjrh jthph mjk dutefklsth, jo kh quj hùo of hslglkho kfs afoajptfs,
af oajptfs,
pfr kfjmhm
jsth thotf,
jschy
guyquj mhrkjs
mldçalk gçolghs
chajrkjs ofalfojs mj
afgprjomjr uotèatlah
slstjghbruphk, yh quj
mj iujbf0 h
pjrf
sç sj pujmj lolalhr afo kfs afoajptfs y kjobuhij prfplfs mj kh tìaolah y kh
tèatlah lomlvlmuhk. (T
(Tfaheukhrlf
faheukhrlf dutefkçstlaf).
8:1

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
sjbuomf. OLTJK9 (Jmhm <-8>) DÙ]EFK 29
ÛLOAL^LFQ
ÛLOAL^LFQ FDJOQLT
FDJOQLTFQ9
FQ9
Jo jsth jmhm sj kjs josjøh jo quì afoslstjo kfs hthqujs y afgf sj

rjhklzho. Qj kjs josjøh añgf afosjbulr kh hgpkltum y kh prfduomlmhm jo
jk iujbf, añgf sj afoslbuj y phrh quì slrvj. Js kh jthph jo kh quj sj
kj josjøh jk mjsghrquj mj uo iubhmfr, yh sjh mj rupturh f hpfyf, y sj
kjs josjøh quj uoh mj khs ohklmhmjs mjk mjsghrquj js kh arjhalño mj
jsphalfs klerjs, jkjgjotf eèslaf quj mjejo mj hprjomjr jo jsth jthph. Qj
pujmj yh lotrfmualr tfmfs kfs prloalplfs y haalfojs tèatlahs lomlvlmuhkjs
y bruphkjs h trhvìs mj khs glarfjstruaturhs jo jk ^]-A, lolalhomf afo
afoajptfs sjoalkkfs y tjrglohomf afo lodfrghalño gès afgpkjih.
Jo jstj olvjk sj kjs josjøh quj js uo ghrahij,

ghrahij, añgf
añ gf sj rjhklzh y phrh quì
slrvj. Qj kjs josjøh
j osjøh h rjpkjbhrsj jo
j o afoiuotf.
afoiuotf. \ sj kjs josjøh h mjspkhzhrsj
mjspk hzhrsj
gljotrhs mjjomjo, afo gfvlgljotfs afgf kfs mj pjrguth, afejrturh
f ehsaukhalfojs. Jstfs sfo gfvlgljotfs mjdjoslvfs jo mjspkhzhgljotfs
eèslafs phrh kh mjdjosh jo jk dùtefk. Qj pujmj mjalr quj jo jsth jthph sj
kjs josjøh uoh jvfkualño eèslah jo jk iujbf. Mjejo shejr kh jstruaturh mjk
mjdjomjr-arjhr-hthahr.mjpfJsrtjuoh
tèatlafs prfplfs mjk mjpfrtj jthph
afgf jo khijquj
jk ghrahij
ghrah f jksjrjpkljbuj.
kjs loaukaho
J stfsafoajptfs
Jstfs prlgjrfs
phsfs sfo kh ehsj phrh uo pfstjrlfr mjshrrfkkf gès jxtjosf mj kh tèatlah
y slstjghs mj iujbf, pfr jsf kh lgpfrthoalh mj uo eujo mjshrrfkkf mj khs
glarfjstruaturhs jo jk gfmjkf ^]-A.
tjrajr. OLTJK9 (Jmhm 88-85) DÙ]EFK 29
ÛLOAL^LFQ
ÛLOAL^LFQ FDJOQLT
FDJOQLTFQ9
FQ9
Jo jstj olvjk sj afotloùh kh jotrjbh mj afoajptfs mj ghojrh afosaljotj
y sj kj hbrjbho uofs oujvfs quj sfo, khs phrjmjs, jxpklaèomfkjs añgf sj
8:=
rjhklzho y phrh quì slrvjo0 kfs ahgelfs mj frljothalño, gfstrèomfkjs y

jxpklaèomfkjs jk feijtlvf quj tljojo jstfs ahgelfs mj frljothalño. Qj kjs
jgpljzh chekhr mjk afotrfk mjk iujbf y mj khs hyumhs pjrghojot
pjr ghojotjs.
js. Mjejo
quj afgprjomjr yh ahsl tfmfs kfs prloalplfs fdjoslvfs jxlstjotjs.
Qj vujkvjo h vjr kfs prloalplfs quj sj trhthrfo jo khs jthphs hotjrlfrjs y
sj prfduomlzh jspjalhkgjotj sferj khs afejrturhs y pjrguths. Jxpklaèomfkjs
quì sfo uohs haalfojs mj hyumh mjdjoslvh quj tljojo afgf feijtlvf jk of
mjihr jo pjklbrf uoh zfoh mjdjoslvh y jo fauphr rhalfohkgjotj kfs pujstfs
jo kh mjdjosh. Qj høhmjo kfs afoajptfs mj jotrhmh, rjkjvfs, hotlalphalño j
lotjrajpthalño afgf ehsj mj haalfojs mjdjoslvhs murhotj uo phrtlmf. Jo jsth
jthph sj kjs josjøh quj kh jstrhtjblh sfo haalfojs phrh hprfvjachr, sfrprjomjr
f ojutrhklzhr hk afotrhrlf murhotj jk phrtlmf h ehkño phrhmf. Qj kjs lolalh jo
kh utlklzhalño mj kh jstrhtjblh f pkho fpjrhtlvf0 pjrf jo jstj olvjk of afovljoj
sferjahrbhrkfs guacf mj jstrhtjblhs, js gjifr mhr pjqujøhs ploajkhmhs.
auhrtf. OLTJK9 (Jmhm 81-8=) DÙ]EFK < u 889
ÛLOAL^LFQ
ÛLOAL^LFQ FDJOQLT
FDJOQLTFQ9
FQ9
Qj mjejo afofajr tfmfs kfs prloalplfs

prloalplf s fdjoslvfs. \ tfmf kf quj sj rjjrj h
jkkf afgf utlklzhalño y afgprjoslño. Jo jsth jthph jk iubhmfr mjej shejr
tfmf kf mj khs mfs jthphs hotjrlfrjs y tjojr guy akhrf afoajptfs afgf
mjsghrqujs, hgpkltum y prfduomlmhm, ahgelfs mj frljothalño, phrjmjs,
jta. Jo jsth jthph mjejo yh mfglohr y hatuhr jo jk dùtefk 88 vs. 88 hk
tjrglohrkh.
Jo kfs quj jo jstj olvjk jk iubhmfr yh mjej tjojr hslglkhmfs tfmfs
kfs prloalplfs mjdjoslvfs quj ch lmf hprjomljomf murhotj khs jthphs
hotjrlfrjs, thkjs afgf
hotjrlfrjs, af gf ghrahij,
ghrahij, rjpkljbuj,
rjpkljb uj, afejrturh,
afejrturh , mfekhij,
mfekhij, hotlalphalño,
h otlalphalño,
lotjrajpthalño, pjrguth, ehsaukhalfojs, jta.
8::

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
Qj pujmj hrghr quj

quj jo jsth jthph yh sj afofajo tfmfs kfs prloalplfs mjdjoslvfs
y fdjoslvfs y js jk olvjk jo jk quj jgpljzh h pjrdjaalfohrsj kh jstrhtjblh. Qj
jgpljzh h lotrfmualr h kfs iubhmfrjs jo khs haalfojs tèatlahs afgpkjihs. Jo
jstj olvjk sj pujmjo lgpkjg
l gpkjgjothr
jothr slstjghs tèatlafs mj iujbf quj afomuzaho hk
kfbrf mj feijtlvfs
feijtlvfs akhrfs jo uo phrtlmf afgpjtltlvf (^kho fpjrhtlvf).
fpjrhtlvf).
qulotf. OLTJK9 (Jmhm 8:-84 f +) DÙ]EFK 889

ÛLOAL^LFQ
ÛLOA L^LFQ FDJOQLT
FDJOQLTFQ9
FQ9
Js jk olvjk jo jk quj sj pjrdjaalfoho tfmfs kfs prloalplfs y haalfojs
fdjoslvhs hprjomlmhs jo khs mlstloths jthphs hotjrlfrjs. Js uoh jthph jo
kh quj tfmfs kfs afoajptfs mj hthquj tljojo quj qujmhr guy akhrfs. Kfs
iubhmfrjs
feijtlvfs ymjejo
tfmf kfafofajr kfs hafoajptfs,
rjdjrjotj jkkfs. afgf sj rjhklzho, auèkjs sfo sus
Js jk olvjk jo jk quj sj pjrdjaalfoho tfmfs kfs prloalplfs y haalfojs
mjdjoslvhs hprjomlmhs afo hotjrlfrlmhm. Js uo olvjk jo kh quj tfmfs kfs
afoajptfs mj mjdjosh tljojo quj qujmhrqujmhr guy akhrfs. Kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo
afofajr kfs afoajptfs, afgf sj rjhklzho, auèkjs sfo sus feijtlvfs y tfmf
kf rjdjrjotj h jkkfs.
Js kh jthph jo kh quj jk jotrjohmfr pujmj y mjej hpklahr slo kçgltj tfmf
tlpf mj slstjghs y jsqujghs
pjrdjaalfohgljotf tèatlafs. ^fmjgfs
mj khs jstrhtjblhs. Mjej chajr jspjalhk
mjolrkh cloahplì
afgf jo jk
uoh jthph,
f uo phsf mjk oløf-hmfkjsajotj hk cfgerj jo kf quj sj rjjrj hk dùtefk.
Mjejo pjrdjaalfohr slo kçgltj tfmf kf hprjomlmf hotjrlfrgjotj.
DZ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU

AH]JBFULH ]J]JUFQ DJQ]LTHK ÛJ- LODHO]LK LODHO]LK IZTJOLK
DÙ]EFK 1-: : 2 < 88 88
MZUHALÑO 5 ]ljgpfs mj 5> 5 ]ljgpfs mj 5: = ]ljgpfs mj 8: 5 ]ljgpfs mj 1: 5 ]ljgpfs mj => 5 ]ljgpfs mj =:
^HU]LMF gloutfs gloutfs gloutfs gloutfs gloutfs gloutfs
QZ^JUDLALJ 5> x 5> g. => x 5> g. 4= x =: g. 3: x :: g. 8>: x 43 g. 8>: x 43 g.
MJ IZJBF => x 5> g.
^FU]JUÇH 1 x 5 g. 1 x 5 g. 4 x 5 g. 4 x 5 g. 2,15 x 5.== g. 2,15 x 5.== g.
EHKÑO Orf. 1 Orf. 1 Orf. = Orf. = Orf. : Orf. :
8:4
DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU

AH]JBFULHQ JQAFKHULMHM JMHM (HØFQ)
]J]JUFQ 8-5 4-3
DJQ]LTHK 1-= < - 8>
ÛJ- LODHO]LK :-4 88 - 85
LODHO]LK 2-3 81 - 8=
ÛJ- IZTJOLK < - 8> 8: - 84
IZTJOLK 88 - E 82 - 8<
ÌKL]J Z 5> f gès
^rfpujsth 59
^rlgjrh dhsj9 ^rj-jsafkhr

^rj-jsafkhr (= h 4 høfs)
Jo jsth dhsj jk hprjomlzhij sj hpfyh jo trjs hspjatfs duomhgjothkjs quj
sfo kh phrtj afboltlvh,
afboltlvh , kh jgfalfohk y kh gftlvhalfohk. Jk dfrghmfr kj mjej
erlomhr kh pfslelklmhm hk oløf mj gùktlpkjs jxpjrljoalhs mj gfvlgljotf
phrh quj hsç jk oløf pujmh hugjothr su rjpjrtfrlf mj chelklmhmjs y
mjstrjshs lomlspjoshekjs phrh khs slbuljotjs dhsjs.
Qjbuomh dhsj9 Zolvjrshk (2 h 85 høfs)

Jsth js uoh dhsj eèslah y jsjoalhk phrh
ph rh jk prfajsf mj josjøhozh hprjomlzh
hprjoml zhij
ij
mjk jotrjohgljotf afo vlsth hk dùtefk mj rjomlgljotf. Js kh gjifr jthph
phrh jk hprjomlzhij, pujs sj kfbrh ahsl mj ghojrh losthotèojh. ^joshgfs
quj jsth dhsj uolvjrshk mjej sjr rlah jo jxpjrljoalhs j lodfrghalño,
afo kh jspjrhozh mj kfbrhr uoh ihalño mj afotjolmfs phrh khs dhsjs
slbuljotjs. Qj mjej prfaurhr jk mjshrrfkkf mj tfmhs khs ahphalmhmjs
gftfrhs y affrmlohtlvhs (chelklmhmjs y mjstrjzhs) mj ghojrh bjojrhk,
prloalphkgjot
prloalphk gjotjj h trhvìs mjk iujbf. Jo jsths jmhmjs jk jotrjohgljotf mjej
sjr vhrlhmf (glarfjstruaturhs) h o mj shtlsdhajr kh aurlfslmhm mj kfs
oløfs y sus ojajslmhmjs
ojajs lmhmjs mj gfvlgljotf, afoslmjrhgfs js kh k h gjifr
gjifr ghojrh
gh ojrh
mj mjspjrthr kh gftlvhalño y jk jotuslhsgf pfr jk mjpfrtj.
8:2

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
]jrajrh dhsj9 Frljothalño (81 h 8= høfs)

^hrtljomf mjk cjacf quj jk oløf ch haugukhmf brho jxpjrljoalh mj
gfvlgljotfs y ofalfojs tèatlahs jo kh dhsj hotjrlfr, pfmjgfs jotfoajs
lolalhr hk hmfkjsajotj jo kh frljothalño mjk mjpfrtj jspjalaf. Qferj kh
ehsj mjk olvjk hotjrlfr
hotjrlfr sj pujmj lolalhr
lolalh r jk mjshrrfkkf mjk pjrdjaalfohgljotf
pjr djaalfohgljotf
mj khs ahphalmhmjs dçslahs (gftfrhs y affrmlohtlvhs)
affrmlohtlvhs),, lolalhomf uo prfajsf
mj ihalño mj kh tìaolah mjk mjpfrtj jspjalaf, slo mjihr mj khmf khs
glarfjstruaturhs mj mjshrrfkkf afgf vçh phrh kh josjøhozh.
Auhrth dhsj9 Mlrjaalño (8: h 82 høfs)
Qferj kh ehsj mjk olvjk hotjrlfr sj pujmj afgjozhr jk pjrdjaalfohgljotf
y jspjalhklzhalño tèatlah. Jo jsth dhsj kh tèatlah sj trhehih jo sltuhalfojs
prjsjothmhs afgf jijralalfs gès afgpkjifs, y kh lotjklbjoalh mj iujbf
sj sjbulrè mjshrrfkkhomf h trhvìs mj kh hpklahalño mj kfs afofalgljotfs
hmqulrlmfs jo kh dhsj hotjrlfr. Js guy lgpfrthotj quj jk dfrghmfr jstì
htjotf
htjo tf h hktjrhalfojs quj sj prjsjotho jo jsth dhsj thkjs
th kjs afgf hktjrhalfojs
dçslahs pfr kh jmhm, sj mjspljrth
mjspljrt h kh sjxuhklmhm, hugjotf mj
mj khs prfpfralfojs
dçslahs (pjsf-thkkh).
Xuloth dhsj9 Jspjalhklzhalño
Jspjalhklzhalño (83 h 58 høfs)
Qjrè loarjgjothmf jk trhehif
trhehif jo kh phrtj
phr tj jspjaçah mjk dùtefk. Qj prfaurh
prfaur h
jk pjrdjaalfohgljotf y fptlglzhalño mjk pftjoalhk dçslaf, tìaolaf y tèatlaf
quj slrvj mj ehsj phrh jk afgpfrthgljotf h hktf olvjk.
Qj lolalh phrhkjkhgjotj uo prfajsf mj jsthelklzhalño mj khs ahphalmhmjs
psçqulahs, pujs sj lolalh uo sjoslekj hugjotf jo kh phrtlalphalño jo
afgpjtjoalhs. Kh murhalño mj jsth dhsj pujmj jsthr jotrj 5 y = høfs
mjpjomljomf mjk iubhmfr (ahphalmhmjs), y jk jotrjohgljotf prjsjoth uoh
duslño jotrj kf tìaolaf y kf tèatlaf. Jsth dhsj js mj sugh lgpfrthoalh pujs
jk hsplrhotj mjej phshr h iubhmfr sjgl-prfdjslfohk f prfdjslfohk, hquç sj
jsthekjajo kfs kçgltjs mj rjomlgljotf mjk lomlvlmuf y sus pfslelklmhmjs
mj trluodf h olvjk gèxlgf. Hmjgès mj kh fptlglzhalño mj khs afomlalfojs
dçslahs-tìaolahs-tèatlahs sj mjej mjmlahr brho tljgpf h kh jsthelklzhalño
mj kh phrtj sçqulah y sfalhk.
8:3
Qjxth dhsj9 Hktf olvjk (55 høfs jo hmjkhotj)

Qj prjsjoth kh jsthelklzhalño mj khs ahphalmhmjs hmqulrlmhs jo khs dhsjs
hotjrlfrjs prjsjothomf uo hugjotf slbolahtlvf jo auhotf h khs ahrbhs
mj trhehif y rjspjatf h kh lotjoslmhm-vfkugjo y hspjatfs sçqulaf-dçslafs-
tìaolaf-tèatlafs, hmjgès mj uo hmjauhmf jstlkf mj vlmh phrh uo eujo
mjsjgpjøf h uo hktf olvjk.
DÙ]EFK AFUUJA]LTF.
Qfo jijralalfs f trhehifs mfomj sj rjhklzh dùtefk ofrghk (prèatlah mj
dùtefk), mfomj su prloalphk ahrhatjrçstlah
ahrhatjrçst lah js quj
quj jk jotrjohmfr
jotrjohmfr f dfrghmfr
dfrghmfr
lotjrvljoj mj ghojrh rjltjrhmh afo jk feijtlvf
feijtlvf mj gjifrhr
gjifrhr kh sloarfolzhalño
sloarfo lzhalño
mjk iujbf f thgeljo phrh hakhrhr, gfmlahr f loakulr afoajptfs mhmh su
kfsfdçh, gfmjkf mj iujbf, slstjghs tèatlafs y pkho fpjrhtlvf.
Js lgpfrthotj mjihr phrtlalphr h kfs iubhmfrjs, phrh quj jkkfs afo sus
fplolfojs afkhefrjo jo kh afostruaalño mjk rjpjrtfrlf mjk jqulpf, jk auhk
sj prjphrh phrh jodrjothr kfs mldjrjotjs afgprfglsfs mjpfrtlvfs.
8:<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
DÙ]EFK AFG^J]L]LTF.
Ofs joafotrhgfs afo uo afgprfglsf jvhkuhmfr y js kh afgpjtjoalh,
haè tjojgfs kh fpfrtuolmhm mj fesjrvhr jk afgpfrthgljotf mj ghojrh
rjhk mj oujstrf jqulpf. Kf afoslmjrhgfs gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf pfrquj
mj jstj dùtefk afgpjtltlvf, uoh vjz jvhkuhmf, pfmjgfs mlsjøhr kfs
jotrjohgljotfs slbuljotjs. Js akhrf quj jo ìk joafotrhrjgfs mjaljoalhs
y vlrtumjs mj oujstrf jqulpf, kf quj ofs slrvj phrh gjifrhrkhs, hiusthrkhs
f sl js ojajshrlf jklglohr hkbuofs afoajptfs
afoajptfs y ahgelh
ahgelhrkfs
rkfs pfr ftrfs jo jk
trhosaursf mjk prfajsf.
Js guy lgpfrthotj jstj gfgjotf phrh jk aujrpf tìaolaf yh quj h jstj
dùtefk jo afgpjtjoalh kj pfmjgfs jxtrhjr uo slo oùgjrf mj mhtfs quj mj
utlklzhrkfs mj ghojrh jdjatlvh, lrèo jo mlrjath rjkhalño afo jk mjsjgpjøf
jo jk duturf logjmlhtf, mj gjmlhof pkhzf f h khrbf pkhzf.
FUMJOHGLJO]F MJ KHQ GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUHQ ^]-A ^HUH

JK JO]UJOHGLJO]F
Jk frmjo mj lgpfrthoalh jo kh utlklzhalño mj khs glarfjstruaturhs phrh
jk
uohmjshrrfkkf
jxajkjotjmjk iujbf jo jkafo^rfajsf
pkholahalño, ]èatlaf
jk prfpñsltf mjAfboltlvf, mj feijtlvfs
hkahozhr kfs drjotj h
pkhsghmfs jo uo prfajsf afgf jk prfpujstf, js jk slbuljotj9
84>
Khs glarfjstruaturhs pkhotjhmhs jo jk ^]-A pujmjo sjr utlklzhmhs mj

dfrgh hktjrohmh f trhosvjrshk js mjalr jo uoh sjslño mj jotrjohgljotf
pfmjgfs trhehihr,
trhehihr, jo kh phrtj
phr tj lolalhk, afo uoh glarfjstruaturh
glarf jstruaturh mjofglohmh
jauhalfojs, jo kh phrtj ajotrhk afo dùtefk rjmualmf y tjrglohr afo dùtefk
h kh jmhm mjk iubhmfr.
Jo jstj sjotlmf js jk aujrpf tìaolaf jk quj mjalmj quì mçh, quì
glarfjstruaturhs, quì tljgpfs, afo auhotfs iubhmfrjs, jo quì jsphalf, quì
thrjhs, jk tlpf mj pfrtjrçhs
pfr tjrçhs y afo quì rjbkhs sj jijauth
jijauth ahmh glarfjstruaturh
pkhotjhmh. Kf afoslmjrhgfs hsç, yh quj sjrçh lrrjspfoshekj jsqujghtlzhr
uoh pkholahalño y mjolrkh afgf ùolah.
Ql jstuvlìrhgfs jo uoh afodjrjoalh f afgf jo jstj ahsf jo jstj klerf,

kh mjsarlpalño tljoj uo frmjo kñblaf hsajomjotj, mj kf gjofs afgpkjif
h kf gès afgpkjif. ^jrf jo kh rjhklmhm mjk prfajsf of pfmjgfs jspjrhr
jvhauhr uoh glarfjstruaturh phrh afotlouhr afo ftrh. ^fr jk afotrhrlf, kh
rjafgjomhalño js trhehihrkhs jo jk sjotlmf jo quj jk aujrpf tìaolaf f jk
prfyjatf mjk akue kf afoslmjrjo ojajshrlf. ]rhosvjrshklmhm.
• ]JFUÇH
• AKHQJQ JO HZML]FULF.
• CHELKLMHMJQ \ MJQ]UJYHQ.
• ]ÌAOLAH LOMLTLMZHK.
•
•
JAZHALFOJQ.
KFQ UFOMFQ.
• UFOMFQ + IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO.
• IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO
^FQJQLÑO..
• DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF.
• DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU.
• DÙ]EFK AFUUJA]LT
AFUUJA]LTF.
F.
• DÙ]EFK AFG^J]L]LTF.
848

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JIJG^KF9 DLACH ^HUH ]JFUÇH

AKHQJQ JO HZML]
HZML]FULF
FULF ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9
]HUJH9 ÛLOAL^LFQ
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 Jk prfdjsfr jxpklahrè

mj ghojrh pjmhbñblah khs haalfojs tèatlahs
mjdjoslvhs y pfstjrlfr h jkkf sj fesjrvhrè uo
vlmjf phrh quj kfs iubhmfrjs mjk jqulpf khs
lmjotldqujo jo rjhklmhm mj iujbf. Kujbf sj
rjhklzhrè uo dfrf.
GH]JULHK IZBHMFUJQ ÈUJH MZUHALÑO UJAZ^JUHALÑO

(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Qhkño, Tlmjf
Ejhg, ]fmfs 4> Glo.
]hekjrf
LO]JBUHKLMHM \ FEIJ]LTFQ
HAALFOJQ ]ÈA]LAHQ D. ]ÌAOLAFQ A. DÇQLAHQ A. ^QLAFKÑBLAHQ
MJDJOQLTHQ FDJOQLTHQ
Ujpkljbuj
]jgpfrlzhalño
Ghrahij Afoajotrhalño.
Afejrturhs Htjoalño.
^jrguths ^jrsjvjrhoalh.
Ujkjvfs Gftlvhalño.
Tlblkhoalhs Gjotj heljrth.
Mfekhijs Hutfsupjrhalño.
Hotlalphalño Mlsalpkloh.
Lotjrajpthalño Afgpfrthgljotf.
Ahrbh
Jotrhmh
FEIJ]LTF9 Afofalgljotf tjñrlaf mj khs GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9 Qj lkustrhrèo tfmfs sl
haalfojs tèatlahs mjdjoslvhs. js ojajshrlf.

845
JIJG^KF DLACH9 ]ÌAOLAH LOMLTLMZHK

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ EHQJ ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 AFFUMLOH]LTH
]ÌAOLAH LOMLTLMZHK
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 iubhmfrjs uelahmfs

uof drjotj hk ftrf h uoh mlsthoalh mj 85 gts.
^hsho jk ehkño afo khs mldjrjotjs zfohs mj
afothatf mj haujrmf h khs lomlahalfojs mjk
jotrjohmfr, utlklzhomf auhomf sjh jk ahsf,
hgehs khtjrhklmhmjs. Hbrjbhr oujvfs jijralalfs.
GH]
GH]JU
JULH
LHKK IZ
IZB
BHM
HMFU
FUJQ
JQ ÈUJH MZUHALÑO UJAZ^JUHALÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Ehkño, ]fmfs · ahoach 5> Glo. 1> Qjb.
Afofs
Jk ^hsj
Afomuaalño U. hjrñelah ]fkjrhoalh
Gftlvhalño
Kh Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah ^jrslstjoalh
Jk Mrleklob Dujrzh Afoajotrhalño
Tjkfalmhm Htjoalño
Jk iujbf mj Hblklmhm
Ahejzh Affrmlohalño Mlsalpkloh
Mfglolf mjk Dkjxlelklmhm Jgphtçh bruphk
Ehkño. Mlsalpkloh
duomhgjotfss GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9

FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr tfmfs kfs duomhgjotf
tèatlafs. OF H^KLAH
841

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JIJG^KF DLACH9 JAZHALÑO

JAZHALÑO ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 AFFUMLOH]LTH
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 4 iubhmfrjs eusahrèo

rjsfkvjr kh prjsjotj jauhalño9 8 phsh h 5, 5 phsh h
1, 1 chaj uo hpfyf phrh 8 quj afrrlñ pfr kh jsphkmh
mj 5, 8 chaj uo phsj h = y jstj sj hpfyh phrh quj 1
jotrjbuj hk prlgjrf quj slbuj jo kh dkh. 8 sj qujmh
jo kh pfslalño
turof mj shklmh.mjZoh
1 yvjz
1 vhrjsujkth
kujbf mjk phsj h jspjrhr
kh jauhalño lolalhk,
sj pfmrè gfmldahr trhehihomf jo sjotlmf mj khs
ghojalkkhs mjk rjkfi. 5 y = ghotljojo sus pfslalfojs.
(Chajr vhrlhotjs)
GH]JULHK IZBHMFUJQ ÈUJH MZUHALÑO UJAZ^JU

JUH
HALÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO 85 x
Ehkño, ^khtfs 4 85 5> glo. 5 glo.
gts. = x : glo
Hpfyfs
Mjsmfekhgljotfs ^hsj U. hjrñelah Afoajotrhalño
Gfvlklmhm Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Dujrzh Gftlvhalño
Tjkfalmhm Afgpjtltlvlmhm
Hblklmhm Mjalslño.
Affrmlohalño Mlsalpkloh.
FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr jk phsj, rjajpalño jo kf GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9

tìaolaf y kh pjrajpalño y kh mjalslño. OF H^KLAH
84=
JIJG^KF DLACH9 UFOMF

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 AFFUMLOH]LTH
UFOMF
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 iubhmfrjs

pfsjjmfrjs, trhtho mj gjifrhr jk phsj y kh
rjajpalño trhthomf mj quj jk rjaupjrhmfr of
kjs lotjrajptj jk ehkño, sl jk rjaupjrhmfr kf chaj
jstj phshrè h sjr pfsjjmfr y jk pfsjjmfr quj
afgjtlñ jk dhkkf phshrè h sjr rjaupjrhmfr. Kfs
afothatfs sjrèo mj ghojrh klerj pfr phrtj mj
kfs pfsjjmfrjs. Ahmh pfsjjmfr ùolahgjotj sj
mjspkhzhrè jo kh kçojh lghblohrlh quj chy jotrj
jk pkhtlkkf mj su mjrjach j lzquljrmh.
GH]
GH]JU
JULLHK IZ
IZBH
BHM
MFUJQ ÈUJH MZUHALÑO
FUJQ UJAZ^JUHALÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Ehkño, Afofs 1 85 x 3 5> Glo. 5 glo.
: x = glo
^hrjmjs ^hsj U. hjrñelah Afoajotrhalño
Jsphalfs Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Hotlalphalño klerjs Afomuaalño Dujrzh Gftlvhalño
Lotjrajpthalño Afosjrvhalño Dloth Tjkfalmhm Afgpjtltlvlmhm
Ujthrmhalño mjk ehkño Hblklmhm
Jotrhmh Afotrfk mjk Affrmlohalño
^jrdkhalño. iujbf
Kçojhs mj
phsj.
Gfvlklmhm.
Ahgelfs mj
mlrjaalño
GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9
FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr jk phsj y kh rjajpalño.
Hthahr y mjdjomjr
84:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JIJG^KF DLACH9 UFOMFQ
UFOMF ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9
]HUJH9 ÛLOAL^LFQ
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 iubhmfrjs pfsjjmfrjs,

trhtho mj gjifrhr haalfojs tèatlahs trhthomf mj
quj jk rjaupjrhmfr of kjs lotjrajptj jk ehkño, sl
jk rjaupjrhmfr kf chaj jstj phshrè h sjr pfsjjmfr
y jk pfsjjmfr quj afgjtlñ jk dhkkf phshrè h sjr
rjaupjrhmfr. Kfspfsjjmfrjs.
pfr phrtj mj kfs afothatfs sjrèo mj ghojrh klerj
GH]JULHK IZBHMFUJQ ÈUJH MZUH

MZUHAL
ALÑO
ÑO UJ
UJAZ
AZ^J
^JUH
UHAL
ALÑO
ÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Ehkño, Afofs 1 85 x 3 5> Glo. 5 glo.
: x = glo
^hsj U. hjrñelah Afoajotrhalño
^hrjmjs Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah
Dujrzh ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Gftlvhalño
Hotlalphalño Jsphalfs klerjs Afomuaalño
Lotjrajpthalño Dloth Tjkfalmhm Afgpjtltlvlmhm
Ujthrmhalño Afosjrvhalño mjk Hblklmhm
Jotrhmh ehkño Affrmlohalño
^jrdkhalño.
Afotrfk mjk iujbf
Kçojhs mj phsj.
Gfvlklmhm.
Ahgelfs mj
mlrjaalño
FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr jk mfglolf mj khs haalfojs GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9

tèatlahs. Hthahr y mjdjomjr
844
JIJG^KF DLACH9 UFOMFQ

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH
UFOMF ]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 ]ÈA]LAH
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 iubhmfrjs pfsjjmfrjs

mfomj uof sjrè uo mjdjosh ajotrhk y jk ftrf vfkhotj,
trhtho mj gjifrhr kh affrmlohalño y kh afguolahalño
jo jk iujbf, trhthomf mj quj jk rjaupjrhmfr, quljo
chrè mj mjkhotjrf, of kjs lotjrajptj jk ehkño. Kfs
afothatfs sjrèo mj ghojrh klerj pfr phrtj mj kfs
pfsjjmfrjs.

MZUHAL
ALÑO
ÑO UJA
JAZ^
Z^JU
JUH
HAL
ALÑ
ÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Ehkño, Afofs 1 85 x 3 : Glo. 8 glo.
: x 8 glo
^hsj U. hjrñelah Afoajotrhalño
Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Hotlalphalño ^hrjmjs
Jsphalfs klerjs Afomuaalño Dujrzh
Tjkfalmhm Gftlvhalño
Afgpjtltlvlmhm
Lotjrajpthalño Afosjrvhalño mjk Dloth
Ujthrmhalño Hblklmhm
Jotrhmh ehkño Affrmlohalño
^jrdkhalño.
Afotrfk mjk iujbf
Kçojhs mj phsj.
Gfvlklmhm.
Ahgelfs mj
mlrjaalño
FEIJ]LTF9 Affrmlohalño Mjdjosh Ajotrhk y GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9

Tfkhotj. Jotrhmh mjk Hthahotj. Hthahr y mjdjomjr
842

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JIJG^KF DLACH9 IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH
]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 ÛLOAL^L
ÛLOAL^LFQ
FQ
IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 jqulpfs mj 5 iubhmfrjs

ahmh uof trhthrè mj pfsjjr jk ehkño murhotj jk
tljgpf quj gès pujmh, phrh jkkf utlklzhrè haalfojs
tèatlahs fdjoslvhs, pfr su phrtj jk ftrf jqulpf
trhthrè mj rjaupjrhrkf hpklahomf haalfojs tèatlahs
mjdjoslvhs, phrh kujbf eusahr jk glsgf feijtlvf.
Bhohrè
f jk jqulpf
gès phsjs quj gès tljgpf pfsjh jk ehkño
rjhklaj. .

MZUHAL
ALÑO
ÑO UJ
UJAZ
AZ^J
^JUH
UHAL
ALÑO
ÑO
(HxK)
FUBHOLYHALÑO
Ehkño, Afofs, = Auhmrhmf 5> Glo. 8 glo.
^jtfs. mj 82gts : x =glo
^hsj ]fkjrhoalh
^hrjmjs Drustrhalño
Ujpkljbuj
]jgpfrlzhalño Jsphalfs klerjs Ujajpalño
Afomuaalño U.
U. hjrñelah
hohjrñelah Gftlvhalño
Ghrahij Afosjrvhalño ^jrslstjoalh
mjk ehkño Dloth Dujrzh Afoajotrhalño
Afejrturhs Afotrfk mjk Tjkfalmhm
^jrguths Hblklmhm Htjoalño
iujbf
Ujkjvfs Kçojhs mj phsj. Affrmlohalño ^joshgljotf ]èatlaf.
Jgphtçh bruphk
Tlblkhoalhs Gfvlklmhm.
Mfekhijs Hutfafodhozh
Hotlalphalño Ahgelfs mj Mjalslño
Lotjrajpthalño mlrjaalño. Mlsalpkloh
Lgprfvlshalño.
FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr haalfojs tèatlahs. GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9

Hthahr y mjdjomjr, ]rhoslalfojs.
843
JIJG^KF DLACH9 IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO

]L^F MJ ]HUJH9 ]ÈA]LAH
IZJBFQ MJ ^FQJQLÑO.
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 Mjkhotjrfs trhthrho

mj sferjphshr h 5 Mjdjoshs Ajotrhkjs, ghrahomf
uo puotf quljo plsj jk ehkño uoh vjz supjrhmh
kh kçojh mj dfomf, kf glsgf chrèo kfs mjdjoshs.
Mjkhotjrfs hthahrèo jo uo sjotlmf y mjdjoshs
jo jk ftrf.
haugukj Bhohrè jk khs
h tjrglohrsj iujbf quljo gès puotfs
4 sjrljs.
.
ÈUJH
GH]JU
JULH
LHKK IZB
IZBHM
HMFU
FUJQ
JQ (HxK) MZUHA
MZUHALÑO
LÑO UJA
UJAZ^J
Z^JUH
UHALÑ
ALÑO
O
FUBHOLYHALÑO Ehkño,
Afofs, = Auhmrhmf 83 Glo. 8 glo.
^jtfs. mj 82gts 4 x 1glo
^hrjmjs ^hsj Afoajotrhalño
Jsphalfs Ujajpalño U. hjrñelah ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Hotlalphalño klerjs Afomuaalño U. hohjrñelah Gftlvhalño
Afgpjtltlvlmhm
Lotjrajpthalño Afosjrvhalño Dloth Dujrzh
Ujthrmhalño mjk ehkño Tjkfalmhm
Jotrhmh Afotrfk mjk Hblklmhm
^jrdkhalño. iujbf Affrmlohalño
Kçojhs mj
phsj.
Gfvlklmhm.
Ahgelfs mj
mlrjaalño.
FEIJ]LTF9 Gjifrhr kh afejrturh (mjdjoshs) GFGJO]F
GFGJO]FQ
Q MJK IZJBF9
Gjifrhr lgprfvlsha
lgprfvlshalfojs
lfojs (hthahotjs
(hthahotjs)) Hthahr y mjdjomjr, ]rhoslalfojs.
84<

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
JIJG^KF DLACH9 DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH ]L^F MJ
MJ ]HUJH9
]HUJH9 ÛLOAL^LFQ
DÙ]EFK UJMZALMF
MJQAULÂLÑO \ UJBKHQ9 5 jqulpfs mj 1

iubhmfrjs ahmh uof, 8 hthahrè jo uo sjotlmf
y jk ftrf kf chrè jo sjotlmf afotrhrlf. H ahmh
jqulpf kj afrrjspfomjo 5 pfrtjrçhs, bhohrè jk
iujbf quljo
quljo gès
gès bfkjs
bfkjs chyh
chyh afosjbulmf
afosjbulmf uoh vjz
vjz
aukglohmf jk tljgpf.
GH]JULHK IZBHMFUJQ ÈUJH (Hx

(HxK) MZUHALÑO UJAZ^JUHALÑO
FUBHOLYHALÑO Ujatèobukf
Ehkño, Afofs, 4 mj 82g x 5> Glo. 5 glo.
^lahs, ^jtfs. 5: g = x :glo
Hotlalphalño ^hrjmjs ^hsj U. hjrñelah Afoajotrhalño
Jsphalfs Ujajpalño U. hohjrñelah ^jrsjvjrhoalh
Lotjrajpthalño klerjs
Mfekhij Afomuaalño Dujrzh Gftlvhalño
Afosjrvhalño Mfglolf. Tjkfalmhm Afgpjtltlvlmhm
^jrguths mjk ehkño
Ujpkljbuj Afotrfk mjk Dloth Hblklmhm
Ahrbh iujbf Affrmlohalño
Ujthrmhalño Kçojhs mj
Jotrhmh phsj.
^jrdkhalño. Gfvlklmhm.
Ahgelfs mj
mlrjaalño.
Mjsghrqujs
FEIJ]LTF9
tèatlahs. Gjifrhr tfmhs khs haalfojs GFGJO]FQ MJK IZJBF9
Hthahr y mjdjomjr, ]rhoslalfojs.
82>
AFOAKZQLFOJQ
¶XZÌ CHAJ DHK]H ^HUH ÛFGFTJU JK GFMJKF
ÛFAJQ
ÛFAJQFF ]ÈA]LAF-
A]LAF-AFBO
AFBOL]LT
L]LTF6
F6
• Jk dfrghmfr mjej afgprjomjr kh tjfrçh tèatlah y su hpklahalño jo jk
iujbf.
• Mjej shejr josjøhr kfs prloalplfs y khs haalfojs tèatlahs h trhvìs mj khs
mldjrjotjs jstruaturhs afgf gjmlf mj jotrjohgljotf.
•jkAfoslmjrhr
hprjomlzhijkhmjk
lgpfrthoalh mj afgpkjgjothr jk hprjomlzhij gftrlz afo
^rfajsf ]èatlaf-Afboltlvf.
• Ujafofajr quj iubhr dùtefk js uoh afomuath lotjklbjotj quj rjquljrj mj
uoh hatlvlmhm afboltlvh prjvlh h kh haalño.
• Arjhr jsphalfs mj josjøhozh tjñrlaf ‑ prèatlah.
• Mjolr akhrhgjotj jk afotjolmf quj sjrè lgphrtlmf.
• Mjtjrglohr kfs afofalgljotfs prjvlfs y afosthotjs mj kfs hsplrhotjs h
dutefklsths.
• Jsthekjajr uo GJBHALAKF dfrghk prjsjothmf mj gfmf frbholzhmf y
jxpkçaltf phrh jijauthrsj h trhvìs mj khs mldjrjotjs glarfjstruaturhs mj
jotrjohgljotf.
• Jotjomjr
Jotjomjr quj kh sfkh hmqulslalño mj chelklmhmjs f afofalgljotfs tèatlafs
of bhrhotlzh kh afgprjoslño. Jotjomlmh jsth of afgf uo jsthmf mj
pfsjslño (mj afofalgljotfs), slof afgf uo jsthmf mj ahphalthalño phrh
chajr aljrths afshs afo jsj afofalgljo
afofalgljotf.
tf.
• Qhejr quj huoquj kfs afofalgljotfs tèatlafs sj lotjrlfrlzho y sj
hutfpjrdjaalfoho gjmlhotj kh afgprfehalño mj kfs rjsukthmfs, slbuj
sljomf hprjomlzhij
pjrghojotj iujbf. rjpjtltlvf pjrf yh mj dfrgh rjhk, f sjh h trhvìs mjk
828

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
• Ujafofajr quj jk dùtefk js uo mjpfrtj jo jk quj prjmfgloh kh

loajrtlmugerj, pfr kf thotf, kh hatuhalño lmìotlah y hutfgètlah js
lohprfplhmh, pfrquj kfs iubhmfrjs mjejo sljgprj tfghr mjalslfojs mj
haujrmf afo khs alrauosthoalhs, pfr jsth rhzño, js lgprjsalomlekj quj kfs
hsplrhotjs h dutefklsths tjobho uoh eujoh ahphalmhm mj mj-afmlahalño
f kjaturh mj iujbf, gjifrhomf sljgprj kh rjspujsth loafosaljotj.
• Xuj sj hefrmjo mj ghojrh akhrh
ak hrh y mjthkkhmh
mjthkk hmh afotjolmfs quj tjobho
tjobho uoh
rjkhalño mlrjath afo kh rjhklmhm mj iujbf, js mjalr, quj kh hslglkhalño mj kfs
glsgfs sjho ùtlkjs phrh kh lotjrprjthalño y hatuhalño mj kfs hsplrhotjs
h dutefklsths.
• \ kf gès lgpfrthotj, js quj sj prjsjotjo mj ghojrh slguktèojh pfr kf
gjofs khs trjs slbuljotjs afomlalfojs9
^rlgjrh9 Jk jotrjohgljotf mjej sjr tèatlaf.
Qjbuomh9 Jk hsplrhotj mjej hugjothr pjrghojotjgjotj khs ofalfojs,
afoajptfs y prfpfslalfojs gjifrhomf hsç su jstruaturh afboltlvh.
]jrajrh9 Jk hsplrhotj h dutefklsth y jk dfrghmfr mjejo gholdjsthr uoh
afoajotrhalño f hatltum pfsltlvh chalh jk gfmjkf, arjjr jo ìk y sfstjojrkf
afgf prfajsf. Mj ohmh sjrvlrè jgpkjhrkf pfr uo mçh.
825
ELEKLFBUHDÇH
HH.TT. (5>><). Buçh phrh

HH.TT. phrh kh jvhkuhalño
jvhkuhalño mj khs afgpjtjoalhs jo aljoalhs mj
kh hatlvlmhm dçslah y jk mjpfrtj. Ehrajkfoh9 HXZ.
HXZ.
HUBZMÇO, \. (5>>2). Jmuahalño ehshmh jo afgpjtjoalhs.
afgpjtjoalhs. Gìxlaf9 ]rlkkhs.
]rlkkhs.
EKÈYXZJY, M. (8<<>). Jvhkuhr jo jmuahalño dçslah. Ehrajkfoh9 LOMJ.
EKÈYXZJY, M.0 QJEHQ]LHOL, J. (5>><). Josjøhr pfr afgpjtjoalhs jo
jmuahalño dçslah. Ehrajkfoh9 LOMJ.
AHQHOFTH, G. H. (5>>=). Jvhkuhalño y ahklmhm mj ajotrfs jmuahtlvfs.
Ghmrlm9 Kh Gurhkkh.
AH]ZUKH, J. (5>>3). ‛Loafrpfrhr khs afgpjtjoalhs jo oujstrhs
AH]ZUKH,
prfbrhghalfojs‗. ^hmrjs y ghjstrfs, o¹ 18<.
AFO]UJUHQ, F. (5>8>). Khs afgpjtjoalhs eèslahs mjsmj kh jmuahalño
dçslah. Ehrajkfoh9 LOMJ.
MÇHY EHUULBH, D. y CJUOÈOMJY, B. (8<<<). ‛Jstrhtjblhs mj josjøhozh
phrh kh prfgfalño mj hprjomlzhijs slbolahtlvfs‗. Gìxlaf9 GaBrhw-Clkk.
JQAHGLKKH, H. (5>><). Khs afgpjtjoalhs jo kh prfbrhghalño mj
hukh. Ehrajkfoh9 Brhñ.
BJOJUJKF, J.0 IZKLÈO, I.0 YHUHBFYH, I. (5>><). ]rjs vujkths hk
phtlf. Ehrajkfoh9 LOMJ.
821

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
BLOÌ, O. y ^HUAJULQH, H. (afrms.) (5>>1). ^kholahalño y hoèklsls

mj kh prèatlah jmuahtlvh. Kh sjaujoalh dfrghtlvh9 duomhgjotfs y
hpklahalño. Ehrajkfoh9 Brhñ.
^ÌUJY BÑGJY, H. H. L. (5>>3). ‛Kh ohturhkjzh mj khs afgpjtjoalhs eèslahs
y sus hpklahalfojs pjmhbñblahs‗. Auhmjrofs mj jmuahalño mj Ahotherlh. 8,
Afosjijrçh mj Jmuahalño mj Ahotherlh.
^JUUJOFZM, ^. (5>>=). Mljz oujvhs afgpjtjoalhs phrh
josjøhr. Ehrajkfoh9 Brhñ.
^FYF, L. (8<<4). Hprjomlajs y ghjstrfs. Ghmrlm9 Hklhozh.
HZQZEJK, MHTLM
MHTLM \ F]UFQ. (8<<1). ^slafkfbçh Jmuahtlvh9
Jmuahtlvh9 Zo ûotf mj
Tlsth
Tlsth Afbofsaltlvf. Gìxlaf. ]rlkkhs.
]rlkkhs.
EKÈYXZJY, MFGLOBF. (8<<>). Lolalhalño h kfs Mjpfrtjs mj
Jqulpfs. Ehrajkfoh. Jmlalfojs Ghrtçojz Ufah Q.H.
AHQ]JKF, IFUBJ. (8<<<). Dùtefk9 Jstruaturh y Mloèglah mjk
Iujbf. Ehrajkfoh. LOMJ.
Mjkvhk, Iuho. (8<<8). Arjajr y pjoshr9 kh afostruaalño mjk afofalgljotf jo
kh jsaujkh. Ehrajkfoh. ^hlmfs.
MJRJ\, IFCO. (8<3<). Añgf pjoshgfs. Ehrajkfoh. ^hlmñs.
MLJ]ULAC, CHUU\. (8<33). ]jfrçh mjk Jotrjohgljotf Mjpfrtlvf. Alumhm
mj kh Chehoh. Aljotçaf ]ìaolah.
JBBJO, ^HZK.
^HZK. M. \ F]UFQ. (8<<<). Jstrhtjblhs Mfajotjs9
Josjøhozh mj Afotjolmfs Aurrlaukhrjs y Mjshrrfkkf mj Chelklmhmjs mj
^joshgljotf. Hrbjotloh. Dfomf mj Aukturh Jafoñglah.
DUJZM, QLBGZOM. (8<>>). Kh Lotjrprjthalño mj kfs sujøfs. Klejrthmfr
ILGJOJY, IZHO FQTHKMF y ftrfs (5>>2) Ahrhatjrçstlahs mjk Dùtefk
Lodhotlk. Gjmjkkço, Hotlfqulh.
GJUHOL, H. K. (8<2:). Mj kh prhxls h kh rhzño. Gìxlaf. Brlihkef.
82=
GFUJOF, IZHO \ UFMUÇBZJY, ^JMUF. (8<<4). Hprjomlzhij

mjpfrtlvf. Jsphøh. Zolvjrslmhm mj Guralh.
^JU@LOQ,
Bjmlsh. MHTLM. (8<<:). Kh Jsaujkh Lotjklbjotj. Ehrajkfoh. Jmltfrlhk
^FYF, IZHO. (8<<=). ]jfrçhs Afboltlvhs mjk Hprjomlzhij. Ghmrlm.

Jmlalfojs Gfrhth.
ULJUH, I. (8<<=). Duomhgjotfs mjk Hprjomlzhij mj kh ]ìaolah y kh ]èatlah
Mjpfrtlvh. Ehrajkfoh. LOMJ.
HZQZEJK, M. y ftrfs
ftrfs (8<<1). ^slafkfbçh
^slafkfbçh Jmuahtlvh9 Zo ûotf mj Tlsth
Tlsth
Afbofsaltlvf. Gìxlaf9 ]rlkkhs.
DUHMZH. ZULFOMF, K. y DLBZJUFH, I. H. (8<<:). Afostruaalño mj
Qltuhalfojs mj Josjøhozh phrh kh Gjifrh mj kfs Duomhgjotfs ]ìaolaf
]èatlafs Lomlvlmuhkjs jo jk Dùtefk9 Jo Hpuotjs O¾=>, 8<<:. pp. 52-11
CJUOÈOMJY. GFUJOF, I. (8<<=). Duomhgjotfs mjk Mjpfrtj9 Hoèklsls
mj khs Jstruaturhs mjk Iujbf Mjpfrtlvf. Jsphøh9 LOMJ.
Mjpfrtjs mj Fpfslalño y mj Affpjrhalño/Fpfslal
Affpjrhalño/Fpfslalño.
ño. Jo9 MÇHY. QZHUJY,
Hrturf. Jk Mjpfrtj jo Jmuahalño ^rlghrlh.
^rlghrlh. Ehrajkfoh9 Guralh
Guralh 8<<4
ULJUH. ULJUH, I. (8<<=). Duomhgjotfs mjk Hprjomlzhij mj kh ]ìaolah y kh

]èatlah Mjpfrtlvh. Ehrajkfoh9 LOMJ.
UZLY ^ÌUJY, G. y QHOACJY. EHØZJKFQ, D. (8<<2). Ujomlgljotf
Mjpfrtlvf9 Akhvjs phrh kh Ztlklzhalño mj kfs Hprjomlzhijs. Ghmrlm9
Bygofs.
UZLY. ^JUJY, G. (8<<:). Afgpjtjoalh Gftrlz. Ghmrlm9 Bygofs.
QFKH. QHO]JQGHQJQ, Ifsjp. Dfrghalño Afbofsaltlvh y Ujomlgljotf
]èatlaf9 Jo Hpuots O¾:1, 8<<<. pp. 11-=8.
RJLO, C. (8<<<). Dùtefk h kh Gjmlmh mjk Oløf. Ghmrlm, Jsphøh9 LOMJ.
82:

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
YZELUÇH, G. y ftrfs (8<<=-8<<<). ]rhthmf mj ^jmhbfbçh Afoajptuhk. Tfk.

8-2. Qhoth Dj mj Efbftè9 DHGML.
YZELUÇH, G. (8<<3).
Josjøhr phrh ^joshr.Gjotjdhatfs
Qhoth Dj mj89Efbftè9
Jk HrtjDHGML.
mj ^joshr phrh Josjøhr y mj
YH^H]H. HTJOMHØF, U. (8<<3). Afoslmjrhalfojs ]jñrlaf ^rèatlahs Qferj

kh Lolalhalño mj kh Josjøhozh mj kh ]èatlah jo jk Dùtefk. Gjmjkkço9 ZmjH,.
RJEBUHDÇH
Afoajptf cttp9//
MJDLOLALÑO MJ GÌ]FMF - Xuì js, Qlbolahmf y Afoajptf cttp9//
mjolalfo.mj/gjtfmf/#lxzz=CZjJMwHM
cttps9//ghjstrfalrf.wfrmprjss.afg/5>8>/>3/55/jk-hprjomlzhij-slbolahtlvf-
lgpfrthoalh-mj-kfs-afofalgljotfs-prjvlfs-mj-kfs-jstumlhotjs/.
cttp9//kfkhafkkhmfhrjohs.wfrmprjss.afg/5>>3/>:/1>/jk-vlmjf-jo-jk-hukh/
cttps9//www.yfutuej.afg/whtac6v7TGuXFiG13yH
Ujmjs =:9 Jk jxpjrtf y shelf loafosaljotj - pslafkfbçh
cttps9//www.yfutuej.afg/whtac6v7JzsMUUBMc\s
^rfajsfs Afboltlvfs Tlmjf 8 - ^rfajsfs Afboltlvfs
www.jdmjpfrtjs.afg
www.rtvj.js/tjkjvlslfo/rjmjs
www.dh.afg..
www.dh.afg
824
822

Ahrkfs Hkejrtf
J k gfmjkf mj josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij ^rfajsf
kh gjifrh
gjifrh afotlouh,
mjk jstumlf,
]èatlaf-Afboltlvf js jk rjsukthmf mjk
lovjstlbhalño, kh jxpjrljoalh
jstumlf, kh
jxpjrljoalh,, kh fesjrvhalño
fesjrvhalño,,
af otlouh, jk sjbulgljotf y kh jvhkuhalño
mjthkkhmh mj guacfs hspjatfs quj joaljrrh jk
dùtefk. \ pfr supujstf kfbrfs hmqulrlmfs
h trhvìs mj prfajsfs bjstlfohmfs afo fe feijtlvfs
ijtlvfs
eljo mjolmfs, fetjoljomf gjths afovjrtlmhs
jo bhohr ahgpjfoht
ahgpjfohtfs fs mj mlvjrsh çomfkj.
Jstj tljgpf ofs ch kkjvhmf h jotjomjr jk dùtefk

mj cfy y hmjkhothrofs hk dùtefk mjk ghøhoh,
chsth jk puotf mj htrjvjrofs h afoakulr, quj jstj
iujbf sjrè ahmh mçh gès ajrjerhk, gès tèatlaf y
jstrhtìblaf, afo gfmjkfs y kfsfdçh guy mjolmfs,
pfr ahmh jotrjohmfr y akuejs, mj gjofr drlaalño,
tìaolahgjotj gjifr jijauthmf y afo iubhmfrjs
kkjofs mj lodfrghalño y afofalgljotf, prjphrhmfs
phrh uo ñptlgf mjshrrfkkf mjk iujbf.
Jo jstj klerf jotrjbhgfs uo gfmjkf mj

josjøhozh-hprjomlzhij quj lkustrh kh ghojrh
prèatlah phrh dfrghr Dutefklsths 8>>%
lotjklbjotjs phrh jk iujbf.

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Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

AHUKFQ HKEJU]F ÈKTHUF MJ IJQÙQ

Ohalmf jo Kh ]jehlmh, Xulomçf, Afkfgelh, Ohalmf jo ^ujrtf Ejrrlf, Hotlfqulh, jo

Kh ghojrh prèatlah phrh dfrghr

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

AHUKFQ HKEJU]F JACJTJUU\ GZULKKF

^rlgjrh jmlalño, Fatuerj mj 5>84

‛H gl jspfsh Qhomrh Glkjoh, h gls clifs Ahrkfs Ghurf y Iuho Ifsì,

‛H gl clih Kulsh Djrohomh y gl oljth Thkjrlh,

pjrgltljomf quj oujstrf hprjomlzhij dujrh pjrghojotj‗.

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Hkbuofs pjrsfohijs jgpjzhrfo h rjhklzhr uo trhehif sjrlf jo mlvlslfojs

Cfy jk dùtefk js mldjrjotj, kh prjphrhalño dçslaf-htkìtlah js duomhgjothk

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Brhalhs h su jxajkjotj bjstlño jo tljrrhs –fplths“, sj kj sfklaltñ uo pkho

Qu trhyjatfrlh afotlouñ jo Foaj Ahkmhs, Ajothurfs mj Tlkkhvlajoalf,

Jk prfdjsfr Ahrkfs Hkejrtf Jacjvjrry Gurlkkf js jbrjshmf mj kh Jsaujkh mj

Khs jxpjrljoalhs vlvlmhs murhotj thotfs høfs jo kh rhgh prfdjslfohk y

Js uo trhehif afo vlsth hk duturf,

Bñgjz y Jacjvjrry sfo mfs prfdjslfohkjs h tfmh prujeh, afo vfahalño,

Bulkkjrgf Uulz Efolkkh

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

GLAUFJQ]UZA]ZUH MJ MJQHUUFKKF 85<

DÙ]EFK H KH JMHM MJK IZBHMFU 8=3

DÙ]EFK AFUUJA]LTF 8:2

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

^ fr gès mj 1: høfs cjgfs tjolmf kh dfrtuoh mj trhehihr y vlvlr mj

Jo tfmf jstj tljgpf vlslthgfs brho ahotlmhm mj jsajohrlfs y prfyjatfs

Jk trhehif f gfmjkf mj josjøhozh quj jotrjbhgfs jo jstj mfaugjotf, js jk

Jstj tljgpf ofs ch kkjvhmf h jotjomjr jk dùtefk mj hyjr, ch jstumlhr jk dùtefk

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

tìaolahgjotj gjifr jijauthmf y afo iubhmfrjs kkjofs mj lodfrghalño y

Jk dfrghmfr tjomrè kh feklbhalño mj mlsjøhr aurrçaukfs hahmìglafs mfomj

rjdjrjoalh h kh josjøhozh y hprjomlzhij pfr mjsauerlgljotf h trhvìs mjk

Cjgfs mlsdruthmf jstj iujbf afovjrtlmf jo mjpfrtj, jstj mjpfrtj afovjrtlmf jo

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Afgjozhgfs oujstrf trhehif afo kfs duomhgjotfs tjñrlafs mjk glsgf.

Jk jotrjohmfr jotrjvlsthmf rjafofaj quj mjej rjuolr uoh sjrlj mj

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

quj afoburho kh kñblah lotjroh mjk iujbf, afgf jk tljgpf, jk jsphalf,

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

GFMJKF ]UHMLALFOHK F ]ÌAOLAF

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Khs arjjoalhs mj guacfs jotrjohmfrjs jstèo tho hrrhlbhmhs jo oujstrh

8. Dhsj mj josjøhozh lomlvlmuhk.

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

mjk afofalgljotf, afo ehsj jo kh jxpjrljoalh0 pfr jsth rhzño,

• Kfs oløfs gjifrho kh affrmlohalño mj kfs gfvlgljotfs afo ehkño.

• ^rlgjrh phrtj9 ]rhehif mj duomhgjothalño tìaolah afo ehkño.

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

• Qjbuomh phrtj9 prèatlah mj dùtefk.

loujoalh mj uo jodfquj mjshrrfkkhmf lolalhkgjotj jo Jsphøh, jmlahmf

Jk sfpfrtj jxpklahtlvf mjk jodfquj hktjrohtlvf jstè sustjothmf pfr khs

^rlgjrh dhsj9 Iujbf bkfehk, mhr hkbuohs rjbkhs y iubhr logjmlhthgjotj.

Hkejrtf - Èkvhrf mj Ijsùs

Auhrth dhsj9 Tujkvj jo uo tljgpf mjtjrglohmf h phrhr jk iujbf, jk

Xuloth dhsj9 Jk prfdjsfr gfmlah khs thrjhs sl js ojajshrlf.

T hgfs h pkhotjhr kh slbuljotj prjbuoth9 ¶Kh klejrthm y kh

Kh rjspujsth thgelìo pujmj jkhefrhrsj pfr mlsajrolgljotf quj supfoj

• Kfs hkugofs hprjomjo h sfkualfohr kfs prfekjghs afgprjomljomf jk