COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and

Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Performance analysis of GFDM in various fading channels
Shravan Kumar Bandari, V.V. Mani, A. Drosopoulos,
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Performance analysis of GFDM GFDM in

various fading
in various fading channels channels
Shravan Kumar Bandari and V.V. Mani
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 225
National Institute of Technology (NIT) Warangal, Warangal, India, and
A. Drosopoulos Received 4 June 2015
Revised 12 August 2015
Department of Electrical Engineering, Accepted 1 October 2015
Technical Education Institute (TEI) of Western Greece, Patras, Greece
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Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the performance of generalized frequency division
multiplexing (GFDM) in some frequency selective fading channels. The exact symbol error rate (SER)
expressions in Hoyt (Nakagami-q) and Weibull-v fading channels are derived. A GFDM transceiver
simulation test bed is provided to validate the obtained analytical expressions.
Design/methodology/approach – Modern cellular system demands higher data rates, very low-
latency transmissions and sensors with ultra low-power consumption. Current cellular systems of the
fourth generation (4G) are not able to meet these emerging demands of future mobile communication
systems. To address this requirement, GFDM, a novel multi-carrier modulation technique is proposed
to satisfy the future needs of fifth generation technology. GFDM is a block-based transmission method
where pulse shaping is applied circularly to individual subcarriers. Unlike traditional orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing, GFDM transmits multiple symbols per subcarrier. The authors have
used the probability density function approach in solving the final analytical expressions.
Findings – Detailed analysis of GFDM performance under Hoyt-q, Weibull-v and Log-Normal
Shadowing fading channels. Exact analytical formulae were derived which support the simulations
carried out by authors and other authors. The exact dependence of SER on fading parameters and
roll-off factor α in the raised cosine pulse shape filter was determined.
Practical implications – Development and fabrication of high-performance GFDM systems under
fading channel conditions.
Originality/value – Theoretical support to simulated system performance.
Keywords Mathematical modelling, Communication technologies, Probability, Wireless,
Fading Channels, Generalized frequency division multiplexing, OFDM, CP-OFDM, GFDM,
Hypergeometric function, Meijer’s-G function, Hoyt fading
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
1.1 Motivation
The demand for higher data rates over the past decade drives the rapid development
of mobile and wireless communication systems (Cox, 2008). Orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) is a key technology used in many wireless and wireline
communications systems. Most modern digital communication standards like Wireless
Local Area Network (WLAN, IEEE 802.11a/g), Wireless Regional Area Network
(WRAN , IEEE 802.22), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX,
IEEE 802.16), 3G Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber COMPEL: The International
Line (VDSL), power-line communication (PLC), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and Journal for Computation and
Mathematics in Electrical and
Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVBT/H) use OFDM as the basic framework in Electronic Engineering
Vol. 35 No. 1, 2016
pp. 225-244
The support of the Euphrates Erasmus Mundus PhD exchange programme of the European © Emerald Group Publishing Limited
0332-1649
Union is gratefully acknowledged as well as the helpfull comments from the reviewers. DOI 10.1108/COMPEL-06-2015-0215
 COMPEL digital signal encoding/decoding because of its flexibility and robustness in frequency
35,1 selective channels (Bahai and Saltzberg, 1999). However, OFDM suffers from drawbacks
such as:
(1) peak-to-average-power-ratio (PAPR) which is caused by the random sum of several
in phase subcarriers (Park et al., 2000; Wu et al., 2008; Yang and Chang, 2003);
226 (2) out-of-band (OOB) emission due to the rectangular pulse shape of the filter used
in the transmitter (Lizarraga et al., 2012); and
(3) inter-carrier interference (ICI) which arises from channel frequency dispersion
(Zhao and Haggman, 2001).
Moreover in any multi-carrier system like OFDM, channel dispersion leads to Inter-Symbol
Interference between successive symbols. These effects can be tackled by using a guard
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interval with length larger than the duration of the channel impulse response. The most
commonly used guard interval is a cyclic prefix (CP) of length Ncp, where the last Ncp
samples of each OFDM symbol are added at the front end (Bingham, 1990). The above
implementation, known as CP-OFDM, was introduced in the LongLTE Technology of
3GPP. It is robust to multipath fading and because the signal processing is carried out in
the frequency domain the implementation has low complexity (Rezaei et al., 2011).
However, due to the addition of a CP, CP-OFDM suffers from power efficiency loss.
To overcome this problem another possible guard interval solution is to add zeros, also
called Zero-Padding guard interval. Muquet et al. (2002) investigates the choice of a good
guard interval for these implementations. Another problem with CP-OFDM is the spectral
efficiency reduction compared to the original OFDM because of CP. The overall overhead
is increased and some other drawbacks are introduced like sensitivity to phase noise,
asynchronous signalling and long round trip delay. It should also be emphasized
that tactile internet, one of the core proposed services for fifth generation (5G), demands
a latency of the order of 1 ms in order to provide an acceptable Quality of Service
(Fettweis, 2014). Therefore, there is a need to explore other multi-carrier techniques to
serve next generation mobile communication systems in the context of 5G applications.
Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC), another subclass of multi-carrier systems, is a
generalization of OFDM where the subcarriers are pulse shaped individually (Farhang-
Boroujeny, 2011). Typically, the filters are shifted versions of a prototype filter that
satisfies the Nyquist criterion and an Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(OQAM) implementation can relax OFDM’s “all carrier orthogonality” to “neighbour
carrier orthogonality” ( Farhang-Boroujeny, 2011; PHYDYAS project FBMC primer, n.d.).
FBMC offers lower OOB than OFDM, which enables us to reduce the guard band, thus
increasing the spectral efficiency if the number of transmit symbols is large. Another
advantage FBMC has over OFDM is the low sensitivity to time and frequency offsets
which can reduce the synchronization requirements due to the pulse shaping design
(PHYDYAS Project FBMC Primer, n.d.). See, FP7 PHYDYAS Project (n.d.), FP7 METIS
2020 Project (n.d.), FP7 EMPhAtiC Project (n.d.), FP7 5GNOW Project (n.d.) where FBMC
is also proposed as one of the 5G candidates. Note however that FBMC utilizes long filter
lengths which is a disadvantage for short uplink burst communications, an important
aspect in 5G scenarios. Some additional effort is also required to incorporate Multi Input
Multi Output (MIMO) architectures in a diversity context (Farhang-Boroujeny, 2011;
Payaro et al., 2010).
Other contenders proposed for 5G are Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC)
(Vakilian et al., 2013; Wild et al., 2014) and Bi-orthogonal frequency division
 multiplexing (BFDM) (Kasparick et al., 2014). In UFMC, which has a more generalized GFDM in
filtering approach, filtering is applied to a group at the subcarrier level (Vakilian et al., various fading
2013). This block-wise filtering results in filters which are spectrally broader in
pass-band and hence shorter in time. This supports short bursts transmissions which is
channels
one of the drawbacks in FBMC. The main advantage over OFDM is in terms of
improved spectral efficiency and the technique is also robust to time and frequency
offsets (Banelli et al., 2014). Compared to FBMC, UFMC also has a lower latency 227
which is due to the shorter filter length and improved support for Machine Type
Communications (MTC) (Schaich et al., 2014). Nevertheless, there is a possibility of
greater sensitivity to small time misalignments than in CP-OFDM. In BFDM, the
transmit and receive pulses are pairwise bi-orthogonal (see Kasparick et al., 2014 and
references therein). These well-localized bi-orthogonal pulse shapes at transmitter and
receiver make the system robust against Doppler and multipath effects. BFDM
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employs OQAM with localized pulses both in frequency and time domains. However,
for machine-to-machine applications and to achieve low latency which are the key
points for 5G applications, BFDM needs to handle long-pulse tails that reduce the
efficiency for short burst transmission. Apart from these approaches, multi-antenna
technologies like beam forming and MIMO also play an important role in 5G systems.
In the demand for bandwidth, certain issues to be addressed in the context of 5G
are spectrum fragmentation and spectrum agility. Generalized frequency division
multiplexing (GFDM) which can be seen as a generalization of OFDM, has many
attractive properties and covers CP-OFDM, single-carrier frequency division
multiplexing as special cases (Michailow et al., 2014). Some additional differences
between GFDM and OFDM are:
(1) GFDM uses a total number of NM data symbols per frame using M time slots
with N subcarriers and a g(n) pulse shape filter whereas in OFDM N subcarriers
are transmitted in one time slot with N subcarriers using a rectangular pulse
shape filter.
(2) Guard band insertion. GFDM uses CP between two frames whereas OFDM
uses CP between two time slots. In GFDM, interference between time slots
can be taken care of by the appropriate choice of pulse shape filter and hence
CP is inserted between two GFDM frames. This effectively reduces
spectrum utilization.
We can also deal with synchronization requirements of multi user scenarios in MTC by
adding a Cyclic Suffix (CS). Additionally, due to the block-based underlying structure,
GFDM is an enthralling choice for low-latency applications like internet of things
and MTC. With proper management of ICI which occurs inherently due to the
non-orthogonal nature of the subcarriers and low complex receiver designs, GFDM is a
potential candidate for future wireless needs. By taking all these factors under
consideration, GFDM appears to be a novel and most promising multi-carrier
modulation technique (Fettweis et al., 2009; Michailow and Fettweis, 2013).

1.2 Literature survey

GFDM is a generalized modulation technique which covers both OFDM and
Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (Michailow and Fettweis, 2013) as
special cases. GFDM was introduced first in (Michailow et al., 2011) in the context of
cognitive radio where better results were achieved using a GFDM secondary system
 COMPEL compared to an OFDM secondary system. Nevertheless these advantages are at the
35,1 cost of higher error rates in the secondary system. In Michailow et al. (2012) the bit error
rate performance of GFDM based on the linear matrix model was studied. The results
show that matched filter (MF) performs well at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while
zero forcing (ZF) outperforms MF at higher SNR. The minimum mean square error
(MMSE) receiver performs the best at the cost of additional computation complexity.
228 Moreover, the above work focuses on the case of Additive White Gaussian Noise
(AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channels. The choice of pulse shaping per subcarrier to
reduce OOB and it is influence on system performance was studied in Matthe et al.
(2014). The results conclude that raised cosine pulse shaping was found to be more
effective than other filters considered. As GFDM is a non-orthogonal multi-carrier
technique, these may lead to self-inter-carrier interference which was studied in
Datta et al. (2012). References Michailow et al. (2012), Michailow and Fettweis (2013),
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Gaspar et al. (2014) explore other implementation aspects of the method. Most of the
existing literature on this topic examines the performance of GFDM in a Rayleigh
fading channel (Michailow et al., 2014) and the performance figures are based on
symbol error rate (SER) expressions. In this context it is worth pursuing GFDM in the
presence of other fading channels. Our recent work (Bandari et al., 2015) has explored
GFDM performance in the presence of Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels.
Motivated by the importance of other statistical models like Nakagami-q, Weibull-υ and
Log-Normal Shadowing in land, mobile and terrestrial communications, we have
extended in this paper our previous work to cover these channels of interest in order to
portray diverse wireless environments. The Nakagami-q (Hoyt) distribution is normally
observed on satellite links subject to strong ionospheric scintillation and ranges from
one-sided Gaussian fading to Rayleigh fading (Chytil, 1967). Studies (Hashemi, 1993)
show that Weibull fading is a simple statistical model effective in both indoor and
outdoor environments. A good motivation for the importance of Weibull fading channel
in digital modulation schemes is presented in Cheng et al. (2003). Log-Normal
Shadowing best fits where there is an obstruction to signal strength due to obstacles
such as hills, buildings or densely populated areas (Erceg et al., 1999). The specific
focus of the paper is in deriving the SER expressions for Nakagami-q and Weibull-υ
fading channels. Log-Normal Shadowing was included to make the model more
complete and realistic and verification was done by Matlab simulations.

1.3 Scope of this paper

The aim of this paper is to analyse GFDM performance in some additional frequency
selective fading channels like Nakagami-q (or Hoyt) and Weibull-υ where Log-Normal
Shadowing is included. A novel exact SER expression in the case of the
Weibull fading channel is derived. Three types of receivers, namely ZF, MF and
MMSE can be implemented. However, for our analysis, the ZF receiver is employed in
order to study the effect of the noise enhancement factor (NEF) in detail. All
simulation results are obtained using Matlab and compared with the derived
numerical expressions.

1.4 Organization of paper

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, a detailed description of
a GFDM system model is given which includes transmitter, channel and receiver
structure models. GFDM error rate performance is investigated for the case of a ZF
 receiver and analytical expressions are presented in Section 3. Section 4 includes the GFDM in
analytical and simulated SER plots along with a discussion on the observations made various fading
from them. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
channels
2. GFDM system model
GFDM is a non-orthogonal block-based multi-carrier transmission model with a total
number of N subcarriers which include M subsymbols in each block. The total number 229
of symbols are given by NM. In the following subsections we discuss the system model
in detail.

2.1 Transmitter model !

Consider a data source which provides the binary data vector b , as shown in Figure 1.
μ
A mapper, e.g. QAM, maps the bits to symbols from a 2 -valuedh complex constellation
i
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T
where μ is the modulation order. The resulting vector d ¼ d0 T ; d1 T ; :::;dN1 T
denotes a data block that contains N elements. Each element can be decomposed into
M symbols according to di ¼ [di(0), di(1),…,di (M−1)]T. Each di(m) corresponds to the
data symbol that is transmitted on the ith subcarrier in the mth time slot. The details of
the GFDM modulator are shown in Figure 2 (Michailow et al., 2014).
In GFDM modulation, the data symbols are first upsampled and circularly
convolved with a prototype filter g(n) before upconverting to the corresponding
subcarrier frequency. The filtering of the upsampled values in the transmit direction is
described by (Gaspar et al., 2014):
g i;m ðnÞ ¼ g ½ðnmN Þ mod M N ej2pin=N (1)
where gi, m(n) is the shifted version of the prototype filter g(n) in time and frequency
with n denoting the sampling index, i∈[0, N−1], m∈[0, M−1]. The modulo operation
describes the circular shift in time of gi, m(n) and the complex exponential performs the
corresponding shifting operation in frequency. Finally, the superposition of all
the transmit symbols leads to the GFDM transmit signal x(n) as (Michailow et al., 2012):
X X
N 1 M 1
xðnÞ ¼ di ðmÞg i;m ðnÞ (2)
i¼0 m¼0


b d x = Ad –
x
data P-QAM GFDM
source CP/CS
mapper modulator
wireless
channel
– –
H, W

data channel estimation

sink and synchronization
b
^
^
d detector Figure 1.
demapper MF or ZF GFDM CP/CS Block diagram of
P-QAM FDE
or MMSE demodulator removal transceiver
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35,1

(2014)
230

Figure 2.
COMPEL

modulator after
Michailow et al.
Details of GFDM
d0(0) [n] g [n mod
.. N M ] exp. (0)
.. ..
. . .. subcarrier 0
d0(M –1) [n – (M –1)N ] g [n mod N M ] exp (0)
..
.
d1(0) [n] g [n mod N M ] exp ( –j 2 N1 n )
.. .. .. .. x (0), x (1),..., x (NM –1)
d0, d1 ,..., dNM –1 . . . subcarrier 1
d1(M –1) [n – (M –1)N ] g [n mod N M ] exp ( –j 2 N1 n ) ∑ x = [x (n)]T
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..

serial - to - parallel
dN –1(0) N –1
.. [n] g [n mod exp ( –j 2 N
n)
.. N M ]
. ..
.
..
. subcarrier N –1
.
dN –1(M –1) g [n mod N M ] N –1
[n – (M –1)N ] exp ( –j 2 N
n)
 Expressing now all the operations: upsampling, pulse shaping, subcarrier GFDM in
upconversion and superposition in matrix notation, the GFDM transmitter can be various fading
modelled as (Michailow et al., 2014):
channels
x ¼ Ad (3)
where A is an MN × MN transmitter modulation matrix (Michailow et al., 2012).
A similar low-complexity implementation technique for GFDM transmitter model can 231
be found in Farhang et al. (2015), where x can be modelled as:
x ¼ CH d (4)
where (.) denotes the Hermitian operator, Γ ¼ FbA , d ¼ Fb d and Fb is the MN × MN
H H

normalized DFT matrix. Lastly, on the transmitter side a CP of length NCP samples is
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appended to the vector x in order to form a transmit signal vector x of length MN + NCP.
It is important to note that the length of the CP has to be longer than the channel
delay spread.

2.2 Channel model

Let h ¼ [h0, …, hNch−1]T be the channel impulse response of length Nch. The received
signal after propagation through the wireless channel and CP removal can be
modelled as:
r ¼ Hx þ w (5)
where H ¼ circfhg ~ and h~ is the zero padded version of h of the same length as x.
The vector w  CN ð0;s2w I M N Þ denotes the complex AWGN samples with noise
variance s2w and IMN is the identity matrix of order MN. The individual elements r(n) of
r are r(n) ¼ x(n)*h(n)+w(n), where * denotes convolution and h(n) denotes the impulse
response of the multipath fading channel. When the channel noise is reduncorrelated
AWGN, the channel has no memory, therefore h(n) ¼ 1 or equivalently H ¼ I. In this
paper we have considered the Nakagami-q, Weibull-υ and Log-Normal Shadowing
channels since they can model most cases of interest.

2.3 Receiver model

In this section we assume perfect time and frequency synchronization as well as perfect
channel knowledge. Channel equalization in the frequency domain can be performed as
(Gaspar et al., 2014):
 
FFTðrÞ
y ¼ IFFT (6)
FFTðhÞ
where FFT(.) is the Fast Fourier Transform and IFFT(.) is the Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform.
The receiver structure for a GFDM signal can be implemented in several ways: MF,
ZF and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) Receiver. In order to obtain estimates of
the original transmit data from the received and equalized signal y(n), the exact
opposite signal processing operations done on the transmitter have to be performed at
the receiver:

d^ ¼ By (7)
 COMPEL The matrix B is given as follows (Farhang et al., 2015):
35,1
MF : BMF ¼ Fb H C
ZF : BZF ¼ Fb H D1 C (8)
 1
MMSE : BMMSE ¼ Fb H DFb þ s2w IMN AH
232  
where D ¼ Fb AH A Fb H is an MN × MN block-diagonal matrix and s2w is the noise
variance.

3. Performance analysis
In this section analytical expressions of SER performance over different fading
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channels namely Nakagami-q and Weibull-υ are derived. Over flat fading channels, the
NEF ξ determines the (SNR reduction when using the ZF receiver and is given by
(Michailow et al., 2014):
NX
M 1  
x¼ ½BZF i;n 2 (9)
n¼0

The values of ξ are equal for any index i.

3.1 AWGN channel

The GFDM SER expression under AWGN is given by (Michailow et al., 2014):
   
p1
pffiffiffi p1 2
pffiffiffi
P AW GN ðeÞ¼ 2 erfc g  erfc2 g (10)
p p
where:
3RT E s
g¼ (11)
2ð2m 1Þ xN 0
and:
NM
RT ¼ (12)
N M þ N CP þ N CS
pffiffiffiffiffi
μ is the number of bits per QAM symbol, p ¼ 2m , NCP and NCS are the length of the
CP and CS, respectively, N and M denote the number of subcarriers and subsymbols,
respectively, Es is the average energy per symbol and N0 is the noise power density.
The SER in different fading channels can be derived by averaging the error rates for
the AWGN channel over the probability density function (PDF) of the SNR in different
fading channels given by (Simon and Alouini, 2005):
Z 1
P ðeÞ ¼ P AW GN ðeÞP g ðgÞdg (13)
0

where the probability densities Pγ(γ) for Nakagami-q and Weibull-υ fading channels are
given, respectively, by (19) and (26).
 To evaluate the above integral analytically, different methods are available, such as GFDM in
the PDF and Moment Generating Function (MGF) methods. The PDF method involves various fading
solving the integral directly, whereas in the MGF method a prior transformation into
the frequency domain is carried out, by exploiting the Laplace transform of Pγ(γ).
channels
Usually, the MGF method is more convenient as mentioned in Simon and Alouini
(2005). In our case, as the second term in the Gaussian channel is a bit difficult to
integrate using the MGF method, we follow instead the direct PDF method. It is worth 233
mentioning at this point how we handle some of the integrals used in the derivation.
First, let us consider the following integral:
Z 1

pffiffiffi
AðxÞ ¼ xm1 1 em2 x erfc2 x dx (14)
0

This
R 1 equation can be solved by a simple by parts integration with substitution
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2 pffiffiffi m1 1 m2 x
u dv where u ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi Þ and dv1 ¼ x
erfc ð x e dx. Also using the formula
2 pffiffiffi
0 1 1 1
x
ðd=dxÞ½erfc x ¼ ðe = pxÞ along with (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 1994, 6.286) we
can obtain the following equation:
 !
ðm1 1Þ! 4 mX1 1
ðm2 Þ j 1 3
AðxÞ ¼ 1 2 F 1 jþ ; jþ 1; jþ ; ðm2 þ 1Þ (15)
ðm2 Þm1 p j¼0 2jþ 1 2 2

where 2F1[., .; .;] is the Gauss hypergeometric function (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 1994).
In some of the cases where direct integrals are not possible we have calculated the
results in terms of the Meijer’s G function by using the following relations (Adamchik
and Marichev, 1990):
  

eg ðxÞ ¼ G10 gðxÞ  (16)
01 0

 !  !
1 1;1 2  1 1 2;0 2  1
erfcðxÞ¼ 1pffiffiffiG1;2 x  ¼ pffiffiffiG1;2 x  (17)
p  1=2; 0 p  0; 1=2

X
1
ð1Þi bi xmi
ebx ¼
m
(18)
i¼0
i!

where G(.) is the Meijer’s G function (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 1994), available in most
common mathematical software packages like Mathematica, Maple or Matlab.

3.2 Hoyt (Nakagami-q) fading channel

Let us assume that the effect of the channel on the propagating signal is best described
by Hoyt (Nakagami-q) fading. The PDF of γ is then given by (Simon and Alouini, 2005):
  "
2 # 

1 þ q2  1 þ q2 gÞ  1q4 g
P g ðgÞ ¼ exp I0 ; 0pqp1 (19)
2qg 4q2 g 4q2 g

where q is the Hoyt fading parameter, I0(.) is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function
and g is the average SNR per bit. Expressing the infinite series representation
 COMPEL of the zeroth-order
P
2 nmodified Bessel function (Abramowitz and Stegun, 1970) as
35,1 I 0 ðxÞ ¼ 1 2
n¼0 x =4 =ðn!Þ , the PDF of (19) can be written as:
  
 2n
1 þ q2 ð1 þ4qq2 gÞ g X
2 2 1
1 1q4 g
P g ðgÞ ¼ e (20)
2qg n¼0 ðn!Þ
2 8q2 g

234 The probability of error in this case, PHoyt(e) can be evaluated by substituting
Equations (10) and (19) into Equation (13) giving:
 
2ðp1Þ
 p1 2

P H oyt ðeÞ ¼ I 1 gt  I 2 gt (21)
p p
where:
  1 
2n Z 1
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pffiffiffi ð1 þ 2q Þ g 2n
2 2

 1 þ q2 X 1 1q4
I 1 gt ¼ erfc g e 4q gt
g dg (22)
2qgt n¼0 ðn!Þ2 8q2 gt 0

  1 
2n Z 1

 ð1 þ q Þ g 2n
2 2

 1 þ q2 X 1 1q4 2 pffiffiffi  4q2 gt
I 2 gt ¼ erfc g e g dg (23)
2qgt n¼0 ðn!Þ2 8q2 gt 0

where gt is the equivalent SNR under the Hoyt fading channel given by:
3RT s2t E s
gt ¼ :
ð2m 1Þ xN 0
and we have assumed a Hoyt channel parameter s2t ¼ 1=2 for simulation purposes.
The first integral (22) can be easily solved by using the modified equation of
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (1994, 6.286) resulting in the following expression:
  1 
2n
 "
2 #

 1 þ q2 X 1 1q4 G ð4n þ 3Þ=2 3 1 þ q2
I 1 gt ¼ pffiffiffi 2 F 1 2n þ 1; 2nþ ; 2nþ 2;
2q n¼0 ðn!Þ
2 8q2 pð2n þ1Þ 2 4q2 gt
(24)
where Γ(.) is the gamma function and 2F1[., .; .;] is the Gauss hypergeometric function
(Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, 1994). The second integral (23) can be solved by using the
result obtained in (15):
8 
2n  2n þ 1
>  2 X 1
1q4 4q2
>
> 1þq 1
>
> 2n!
>
>
2q
n¼0 ðn!Þ
2 8q2 1 þ q2
>
> 0 1

 <  j
ð1 þ q2 Þ
2
I 2 gt ¼ "
 ! #
> B C
B 4 X 4q gt
2n þ 1 2
>
>
2
1 3 1 þ q2 C
>
>  B 1  F jþ ; jþ 1; jþ ;  þ 1 C
>
> @ p 2jþ 1
2 1
2 2 4q 2 g A
>
> j¼0 t
:

(25)
For Hoyt fading parameter q ¼ 1, the SER expression will reduce to that of Rayleigh
channel (Michailow et al., 2014).
 3.3 Weibull-υ fading channel GFDM in
Let us assume that the effect of the channel on the propagating signal is best described various fading
by Weibull fading. The PDF of γ is then given by (Nallagonda et al., 2013):
channels
! "   #
u u g u=2
P g ð gÞ ¼ g 21 exp  (26)
2ðagÞv=2 ag
235
where υ is the Weibull fading parameter which describes the severity of the fading
channel, g is the average SNR per bit and a ¼ 1/Γ(1+2/υ). Substituting this in (13)
we can obtain a closed form expression for the Weibull fading channel in GFDM.
The expression for SER is given by:
 
2ðp1Þ u=2
 p1 2 u=2

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P W bl ðeÞ ¼
u=2 I 3 gwb 
u=2 I 4 gwb (27)
p agwb p agwb
where:
Z u=2

 1  g u=2
pffiffiffi
21
v
I 3 gwb ¼ g e ðagwb Þ erfc g dg (28)
0

Z u=2

 1  g u=2
pffiffiffi
21
v
I 4 gwb ¼ g e ðagwb Þ erfc2 g dg (29)
0

and:

3RT s2wb E s
gwb ¼
ð2m 1Þ xN 0
where we have assumed a Weibull channel parameter s2wb ¼ 1=2 for simulation
purposes and gwb is the equivalent

 SNR under the Weibull fading channel.
Using Equation (17), I 3 gwb can be modified as:
Z 1 Z 1  !


u=2
 g u=2
u=2
 g u=2 11 1
u 1 u 
I 3 gwb ¼ g21 e ðagwb Þ dgpffiffiffi g21 e ðagwb Þ G12 g dg (30)
0 p 0  1=2; 0

The first integral has a straight forward solution and in the second integral we
substitute Equation (16) and used (Adamchik and Marichev, 1990) Equation (21) to
obtain the following expression:


 

!

 2 agwb u=2 k=l 1=2 lu=2 k þ l;l ðlÞl ðkÞk  D l; 1v 2 ;
D l; 1
v
I 3 gwb ¼  pffiffiffi k þ l2
G2l;k þ l
uk=2  Dðk; 0Þ; D l; v  2
(31)
v pð2pÞ 2 ag 2
wb



where k and
λ are positive  integers such that λ/k ¼ υ/2, Dðl 1 ; l 2 Þ ¼ l 2 =l 1 ;
l 2 þ 1=l 1 ; :::; l 2 þ l 1 1=l 1 . Depending on the value of υ we have to choose the
minimum values for k and λ properly. For example for υ ¼ 5.6, we need to choose λ ¼ 14
and k ¼ 5. For the special case of υ being an integer, k ¼ 2 and λ ¼ υ. A similar kind of
approach can be found in Sagias et al. (2004) with integrals of type (28). To the best of
 COMPEL the authors knowledge,
pffiffiffi we have derived a novel approach in solving Equation (29).
35,1 We have an erfc2 g term to be solved along with other terms in the integral,
which is not trivial to solve. The solution now is a two step process. In the first step
R1

2 pffiffiffi
we make use of the by parts   procedure byletting 0 u2 du2 where: u2 ¼ erfc g
and hdv2 ¼ g i ð v=2Þ1 u=2
exp  g =ðagwb Þ u=2
dg. Also using the formula:

 2 pffiffiffi

g pffiffiffiffiffi
236 d=dg erfc g ¼  e = pg , the intermediate step can be written as:

 " Z 1 #

 2 agwb u=2
u=2
2 1 ðagg Þu=2 g
pffiffiffi
I 4 gwb ¼ 1pffiffiffi pffiffiffie wb e erf c g dg (32)
u p 0 g

In the second step we use Equations (16), (17) and (18) in solving the above integral and
the solution is written as:
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 " Z    ! #

 2 agwb u=2 2 X 1
ð1Þi 1 i1 10 gu=2   1
20 
I 4 gwb ¼ 1pffiffiffi g 2 G01
u=2  G12 g dg
u p i¼0 i! 0 agwb 0  1=2; 0
(33)
Finally,

 using (Adamchik and Marichev, 1990) Equation (21), the final expression for
I 4 gwb can be given as:

 "
1=2 i1=2 
1  !#

 2 agwb u=2 2X1
ð1Þi k=l l ðlÞl ðkÞk  D l; 2i ; Dðl; iÞ
uk=2  Dðk; 0Þ; D
l; i1
k;2l
I 4 gwb ¼ 1 G2l;k þ l

u p i¼0 i! pffiffiffi k þ l2

pð2pÞ 2 agwb 2

(34)
Now substituting back Equations (31) and (34) to Equation (27) a complete closed form
equation under Weibull fading channel can be obtained. As far as the authors are
aware this is a novel exact expression of Weibull fading under GFDM without any
approximations.

3.4 Log-Normal Shadowing channel

An empirical-based path loss measurements study in Erceg et al. (1999) suggests that
the medium-scale variations of the received power, when represented in dB units,
follow a normal distribution. Also, another source of attenuation is due to variations of
signal strength because of terrain irregularities and obstructions like buildings, which
are unavoidable. This kind of model is more realistic that the ones that are commonly
used in wireless ad hoc networks (Hekmat and Mieghem, 2006). The linear channel gain
may be modelled by a Log-normal random variable eX, where X is a zero-mean
Gaussian random variable with variance σ2. Log-Normal Shadowing is usually
characterized in terms of its dB-spread, σdB, which is related to σ by σ ¼ 0.1ln (10)σdB
(Erceg et al., 1999).

4. Results and discussions

In this section we explain the results obtained through simulations and compare them
with the analytical expressions under the ZF receiver. Results in Michailow et al. (2012,
2014) prove that the MF receiver outperforms ZF in low-SNR regions due to the
significant influence of noise enhancement and at high-SNR regions ZF outperforms
 MF due to the self-interference created in using MF receiver. The MMSE receiver balances GFDM in
these two effects and simulated results are shown in Michailow et al. (2012), as there is no various fading
closed form expressions. Due to the computational complexity of the MMSE receiver,
we have chosen to implement the ZF receiver for our analysis to study the effect of NEF.
channels
The system parameters considered for simulations are presented in Table I.
Figure 3 compares the theoretical results of (21) along with simulations for different
values of the Hoyt fading parameter q and α ¼ 0.1. It is observed that for q ¼ 1 which is 237
essentially the Rayleigh fading channel, the result shown in Figure 3 exhibits a match
with that of previous work by Michailow et al. (2014). Thus we validate the system
model developed for the Hoyt fading channel. From the figure we can infer that as we
increase the value of q the SER decreases. This suggests that under strong fading
channel conditions, GFDM exhibits a better error performance than conventional
OFDM with appropriate choice of the roll-off factor α.
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Figure 4 shows the performance analysis of the Hoyt fading channel with α ¼ 0.9
and for different values of Hoyt fading parameter q. We notice that as we decrease the
value of q, the SER increases. For example at 20 dB, the values of SER are 0.0991,
0.1222, 0.1510, 0.1728 for q ¼ 1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.2, respectively.Comparing Figure 3 with
Figure 4 illustrates the effect of the NEF ξ parameter which plays an important role in
GFDM SER performance. As the roll-off factor increases from 0.1 to 0.9 there is a

Description Parameter Value

Number of subcarriers N 64
Number of time slots M 5
Pulse shape filter g RRC
Roll-off factor α {0.1, 0.9}
Length of CP Ncp 8 Table I.
Channel length Nch 1 Simulation
Modulation order μ 4 parameters

100
Symbol Error Rate ---->

10–1

10–2
q = 1, Sim
q = 0.5, Sim
Figure 3.
q = 0.3,Sim
q = 0.2, Sim GFDM SER
Theoritical values performance under
10–3 hoyt-q channel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
with α ¼ 0.1
Es /N0 (dB) ---->
 COMPEL 100
35,1

238 Symbol Error Rate ----->

10–1

Sim, q = 1
Sim, q = 0.5
Figure 4.
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Sim, q = 0.3
GFDM SER Sim, q = 0.2
performance under Theoritical Values
hoyt-q channel 10–2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
with α ¼ 0.9
Es /N0 (dB) ----->

considerable increase in the SER which is due to the wider overlap increase between the
subcarriers which in turn increases the NEF ξ. So the prototype pulse shape must be
properly chosen to avoid degradation in system performance.
Figure 5 is an important figure which shows the comparison of the GFDM system to
that of the conventional CP-OFDM model. SER performance is compared between
GFDM and CP-OFDM under the Hoyt fading channel with fading parameter q ¼ 0.2.
From the figure we observe that pulse shape and NEF play an important role in GFDM
system performance as explained earlier. We observe that with α ¼ 0.1 the GFDM and
OFDM SER curves almost match. On the other hand as we increase the roll-off factor to
α ¼ 0.9 there is a considerable degradation in system performance. This discussion
holds for any fading channel investigated in this paper. Figure 6 shows the
performance of the Weibull fading channel with α ¼ 0.1 for various values of fading

100
Symbol Error Rate ----->

10–1

Figure 5.
Effect of roll-off CP-OFDM
factor and GFDM,  = 0.1
comparison to GFDM,  = 0.9
CP-OFDM with hoyt 10–2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
factor q ¼ 0.2
Es /N0 (dB) ----->
 100 GFDM in
various fading
channels
Symbol Error Rate ----->

10–1
239

10–2
Sim, v = 2
Sim, v = 3
Figure 6.
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Sim, v = 5
Sim, v = 7.2 GFDM SER
Theoritical Values performance under
10–3 Weibull-υ channel
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
with α ¼ 0.1
Es / N0 (dB) ----->

parameter υ. It is observed that for Weibull fading parameter υ ¼ 2, the SER curve
matches that of the Rayleigh fading channel and exhibits the same SER performance as
in actual. From the figure we can observe that as we increase the fading parameter the
SER decreases. For example at 15 dB the values of SER for υ ¼ 2, 3, 5, 7.2 are 0.1525,
0.0937, 0.0525, 0.335, respectively. Figure 7 illustrates the effect of varying the Weibull
fading parameter υ for a fixed value of α ¼ 0.9. Similar to the above case, we observe
that when we increase the fading parameter the error rate decreases. Figure 8 displays
the simulation results of Log-Normal Shadowing with α ¼ 0.1. When the standard
deviation of shadowing, σdB, increases from 2 to 6 dB, SER increases as shown in the
figure. For example, at Es/N0 ¼ 25 dB, the values of SER are 0.0107, 0.0353, 0.0642,
0.1279 for σ dB ¼ 2, 3, 4, 6, respectively.

100
Symbol Error Rate ----->

10–1

10–2
Sim, v = 2
Sim, v = 3
Sim, v = 5
Figure 7.
Sim, v = 7.2 GFDM SER
Theoritical Values performance under
10–3 Weibull-υ channel
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
with α ¼ 0.9
Es / N0 (dB) ----->
 COMPEL 100
35,1
10–1

Symbol Error Rate -----> 10–2

240

10–3

dB = 2 dB
Figure 8.
10–4 dB = 3 dB
GFDM SER
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performance under dB = 4 dB

Log-Normal dB = 6 dB
Shadowing 10–5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
with α ¼ 0.1
Es /N0 (dB) ----->

Figure 9 shows the simulation results of Log-Normal Shadowing with α ¼ 0.9.

When standard deviation of shadowing, σ dB, increases from 2 to 6 dB, SER increases
as shown in the figure. For example, at 25 dB the values of SER are 0.0336, 0.0688,
0.1119, 0.1682 for σ dB ¼ 2, 3, 4, 6, respectively. One can observe that there is an error
increase when α is increased from 0.1 to 0.9 as expected.

5. Conclusion
In this paper a detailed analysis of GFDM performance under different channel
environments is performed. The channels investigated are Hoyt-q, Weibull-υ and
Log-Normal Shadowing.

100

10–1
Symbol Error Rate ----->

10–2

dB = 2 dB
Figure 9. 10–3
dB = 3 dB
GFDM SER
dB = 4 dB
performance under
Log-Normal dB = 6 dB
Shadowing 10–4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
with α ¼ 0.9
Es /N0 (dB) ----->
 In summary, for Hoyt-q fading and fixed pulse shaping filter parameter α, GFDM in
we observed a significant SER decrease as the Hoyt fading parameter q increased various fading
from the value 0.2 to 1. Similarly, as the Weibull fading parameter υ is increased, there
is a significant decrease in the SER for a fixed value of α. This implies that GFDM
channels
exhibits better error performance for strong fading conditions than conventional
OFDM. For Log-Normal Shadowing and a fixed prototype pulse shape, we observe that
as the standard deviation of shadowing, σ dB, increases from 2 dB to 6 dB, the error 241
rate increases.
Another important observation to be noted is that the NEF ξ also shows an error
increase as ξ is increased for a fixed fading parameter for any channel. This is
explained by observing that an increase in ξ means an increased overlap between
adjacent subcarriers. The current work can be extended to study the GFDM
model using several mitigation techniques available in the literature. We plan to carry
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that out in future work and also to look into different modulation schemes in a
multi-antenna system.

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About the authors

Shravan Kumar Bandari received his BTech Degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in 2010 from the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, India and
MTech in Telecommunication Engineering from the NIT Durgapur, India in 2013. He joined as a
 COMPEL PhD Scholar in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Warangal,
India in 2013. He is twice scholarship holder from MHRD India. He is a Erasmus
35,1 Mundus-Euphrates scholarship holder for Doctorate Exchange Programme at the TEI of
Western Greece, Greece. His research interest includes 5G wireless systems, multi-carrier
waveforms for next generation wireless systems, multi-antenna/multi user channels,
optimization, cognitive radio. Shravan Kumar Bandari is the corresponding author and can be
contacted at: shravnbandari@nitw.ac.in
244 Dr V.V. Mani received her BE, ME Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering
from the College of Engineering, Andhra University, India in 1992, 2003 and PhD in Electrical
Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India in 2009. Since 2008 she has
been with National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India as an Assistant Professor of
Electronics and Communication Engineering. Her dissertation topic was smart antenna design
techniques for ultra wideband communication. Her area of interest includes wireless
communication, signal processing for communication. She has more than 15 papers in credit
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in national and international conferences and journals. She is a Fellow of Institute of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), India and member of IEEE.
Professor A. Drosopoulos received his BSc (Physics) from the University of Patras, Greece,
and the PhD (Electrical Engineering), from McMaster, Canada. From 1991 to 1997, he worked at
the Defense Research Establishment, Ottawa, Canada, on Synthetic Aperture Radar
Applications. From 1997 to 1999 he was with Nortel, Ottawa, Canada, in the area of optical
communications. From 1999 to 2003 he was with Atmel Multimedia and Communications, Patras,
Greece branch, in wireless communications. Since 2003 he has been with the TEI of Western
Greece as a Professor of Electrical Engineering. His current interests include applications and
modelling of electrical energy and communication systems.

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