gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Clftpayhsh;fs;>

Clf Copah;fs;> fiy> fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;

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nfhiynra;ag;gl;l Clftpayhsh;fs;> Clf
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Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
vd ehk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpLtJ Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhiuAk;
2. gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Clftpayhsh;fs;> Clf vd;gij Muk;gj;jpNyNa njhptpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy> fyhrhu Vndd; w hy; > ,e; j r; nrhy; Y f; F s; ,U ghyhUk;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspd; ngah; gl;bay;. mlq;fpdhYk; r%f kw;Wk; mj;Jiwapd;
Mjpgj;jpaj;Jf;Fs; Mz; jug;gpdh; kl;LNk epidTf;F
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Fwpg;Gfs;
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jfty;fs; ntspg; g Lj; J jy; kw; W k; jfty; f is ntspapLk;
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nra; j midj; J g; gy; f iyf; f of khzt Clf Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu
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ntspaPLfs; kw;Wk; Vida ,ufrpa ntspaPLfSf;F
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nfhiyfs;.
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vg;gbapUe;Jk; jkpo; kf;fspd; jfty; njhpe;Jnfhs;Sk;>
fUj; J f; f isf; nfhz; b Uf; F k; > ntspg; g Lj; J k;
Rje;jpuj;Jf;F tpLf;fg;gl;l mr;RWj;jy; rhpj;jpuj;jpy;
kpf NkhrkhdjhFk;. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;dh; ,yq;if
rhpj; j puj; j py; kpf Nkhrkhd fUj; J mlf; F Kiw
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhf mth;fsJ
,jaj;ijg; Nghd;w aho; thrpfrhiy jPaplg;gl;ljhFk;.
mJ jpBnud Vw; g l; l jy; y . Kiwahfj; jpl; l kpl; L
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l mopthFk;. jkpo; kf;fspd; ,jak;>
%isiag; Nghd; w me; j thrfrhiyapy; kpfg;
ngWkjpahd Rkhh; 9700 E}y;fs; vhpe;J rhk;gyhfpajhf
njhptpf; f g; g Lfpd; w dJ. 1981 [{d; Kjyhk; jpfjp
ey; y putpy; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l ,e; j Nkhrkhd
rk;gtj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dh; jkpo; kf;fs; kpFe;j ftiyAk;
NtjidAk; mile;jdh;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp MrpahtpNyNa
rpwe; j ngWkjpahd ,e; j thrpfrhiyahd aho; .
thrpfrhiy jPapl;Lf; nfhOj;jpa rk;gtj;jpdhy; mwpQh;
cyfNk ftiyaile;jJ. thrpfrhiyf;F jPapl;L
tpl;L mth;fs; ntspNawptpltpy;iy. nfhOk;gpypUe;J
nrd;w murpay;thjpfspd; Fz;lh;fs; thrpfrhiyapd;
xt; n thU gFjpf; F k; nrd; W ngw; N whiy Cw; w p
jPapl;ljhf njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1981Mk; Mz;L [{d;
04Mk; jpfjp aho; g ; g hzj; j py; eilngwtpUe; j
6 7
mgptpUj;jp rigj; Njh;jypy; Nkhrb nra;J ntw;wpngWk;
Nehf; F ld; Nk 31Mk; jpfjp Kjy; njw; f pypUe; J
jpl;lkpl;Lr; nrd;w murpay; Fz;lh;fis <LgLj;jp
aho; thrpfrhiyia jPapLk; jpl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
[{d; Kjyhk; jpfjp ,uT thrfhiy jPg;gw;wp vhpAk;
nra;jpiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;L jP nfhOe;Jtpl;L Mfhak;
tiu jPg;gpsk;Gfs; fpsk;Gtijf; fz;l Nltpl; mbfshh;
%r;rilj;J me;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,we;J fPNo rha;e;jhh;.
mbfshh; me; j thrpfrhiyf; F mbf; f b nrd; W
E}y; f is thrpj; j Jld; mr; r e; j h; g ; g j; j py; Ma; T
E}nyhd;iwAk; vOJtjpy; <Lgl;bUe;jhh;.
thrpfrhiyapy; Kbe;jtiu gaidg; ngw;w mq;F
mYtyf cjtpahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa gw;Fzk; ehlf
MrphpauhfTk; ebfuhfTkpUe;jtuhthh;. thrpfrhiyia
jP a pl; l ij Nehpy; fz; l mth; kdNehahspahdhh;
vdTk; njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
jkpodpd; Mj;khitf; fhag;gLj;jp 1981 Mz;L KjNy
mlf;FKiw Muk;gkhdJ. ,isQh;fspd; murpay;
vOr;rpAk; me;j fhyfl;lj;jpNyNa cUg;ngw;wJ. mjd;
gpd;duhd fhyfl;lk; jkpo; kf;fs; ,oe;j chpikfis
ntd;nwLf;Fk; Nghuhl;lj;ij gpd;js;sp
FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhuk; Nghuhl;lf; fhykhf
khwpaJ. FOf;fSf;Fs; [dehafk; Fwpj;J Nfs;tp
vOg; G Nthiu nfhiy nra; j y; > mtw; i w Vw; W f;
nfhs;shky; gphpe;J nry;Nthiuf; nfhiy nra;jy;
vd mjpfhpj; J r; nrd; w J. FOf; f Sf; f pilapyhd
nfhiyfs; mjpfhpj;J ,Wjpapy; Vida FOf;fis
mlf;fp xLf;fptpl;L vy;.hP.hP.<. gyk;ngw;wJ. ,Ue;Jk;
rkP g fhyr; rhpj; j puj; j py; kpf Nkhrkhd fUj; J
mlf; F Kiw aho; g ; g hzj; j py; Muk; g khd 1981Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; nfhiyAz;l egh;fspd; jfty;fs; ,e;j
E}ypy; Nrh; f ; f g; g l; L s; s J. 1981Mk; Mz; L Kjy;
2008Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; tiu nfhiy
njhlh;ghd jfty;fs; jpul;bagbNa ,q;F jug;gLfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy; fUj;Jf;fSf;fhd mlf;FKiw
rhpj;jpuj;jpy; ghuk;ghpa mur eph;thf fhyk; tiu
gue;J nry;fpd;wJ. kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
mJ njhlh;ghd E}y;fis (Xiyr;Rtbfspy;
vOjpait) ghtpf;Fk; chpikia kPWk; tifapyhd
mlf;FKiwfs; Nrh`hhpf jp];] murh; fhyk; (fp.gp.
214-236) tiu eP b f; f pwJ. kfh tpfhiu kw; W k;
mgafphpf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l Njuthj ngsj;jk; kfhahd
ngsj;jk; njhlh;ghd thjg; gpujpthjq;fspdhNyNa
Vw; g l; l J. Nfhj; j gha mur fhyj; j py; kfhahd
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l gpf;Ffs; 60 Ngiu fUk;Gs;sp
nrk;Gs;spapl;L ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wpajhfTk;
E}y;fis jPapl;Lf; nfhOj;jpajhfTk;
mwptpf; f g; g LfpwJ. kfh tk; r j; j pd; g b kjj; i jg;
gpd;gw;Wk; thjk; fhuzkhf NkYk; Nkhrkhd rh];jpu
kw; W k; fiy mopTf; F l; g l; l J kfhNrd mur
fhyj;jpyhFk;. fUk;Gs;sp nrk;Gs;spapl;L ehl;il tpl;L
ntspNaw; w pa gpf; F fisf; fz; l rq; f kpj; u vd; w
ngaUila kfhahd gpf;F ,yq;iff;F te;J kfhNrd
muriu kfhahd ngsj;j Kiwf;F khw;wpf;nfhz;L
nra;j rjpapd;gb me;j mopT Vw;gl;ljhf rhpj;jpuj;jpy;
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;gb kfh tpfhiuapYs;s
gpf;FfSf;F jhdk; toq;Fk; ehl;L kf;fSf;F mguhjk;
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rq;fkpj;u Njuhpd; ez;guhd Nrhd
vd;w mikr;rUld; $l;Lr;Nrh;eJ ; nfhz;L kfh tpfhiu
kw; W k; mjDldpize; j tpfhiufis mopf; F k;
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. gpd;dh;
murhpd; ez; g uhd mikr; r h; Nkfth; z hgatpd;
topfhl;lypd;gb murh; kPz;Lk; kfh tpfhiuiaf;
fl;bnaOg;g eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;ljhfTk; murhpd;
xU kidtp kfh tpfhiuia mopj;j rq;fkpj;j Njuh;
kw;Wk; mikr;rh; Nrhd MfpNahiu xU jr;ridf;
nfhz; L nfhiy nra; j jhfTk; kfh tk; r j; j py;
njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fhypq;f
kd; d h; Mf; f pukpg; g pd; N ghJ ngsj; j E}y; f s; gy
mopf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; kw;Wk; gy tpfhiuapy;
mopf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. vg;gbapUe;Jk;
ghuk;ghpa jfty;fs; %yk; fUj;J mlf;FKiwapd;
Muk;gk; mur eph;thfpfs; mLj;jth;fspd; Ngr;Rf;fspy;
Vkhw; w g; g l; l J> mLj; j th; f spd; fUj; J f; f is
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;shik> ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F
,lkspf;fhik> Nghd;w fhuzq;fisg; Nghy; rptpy;
kw;Wk; ntsp Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fhd rhl;rpaq;fs;
8 9
,Uf;fpd;wd. rjpfSf;F mjpy; Kjyplk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
[dehafj; i j nfsutpf; F k; cyfNk fpuhkkhf
khwpAs;s xOf;fKs;s ,e;j cyfpd; xU rpW ehlhd
,yq; i fapd; me; j xOf; f j; i j kP w p mlf; F Kiw
nkd;NkYk; mjpfhpgg
; J ftiy juf;$bajhFk;. xOf;fk;
epahaKs;s xU ehl;by; nrsghf;fpaj;ijf;
nfhz; L tUtJ Rje; j pukhd fUj; J f; f Nsad; w p
,dthj> Aj;jthj> xOf;fkw;w> ePjpaw;w
jd;ikahftpUf;fhJ. cjpf;Fk; #hpaid
cs;sq;ifahy; kiwj;Jtpl KbahJ. kdpjhgpkhdj;jpd;
Nghpy; cz;ik ntspg;gLtij jLj;J tplKbahJ.
,Ue;Jk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
,dthj jilfSf;fpilapy; vg;NghJk; fytuq;fs;
cyfk; KOtJk; ,lk;ngw;Nw tUfpwJ.
ehk; mwpe; j pUe; j rk; g tq; f Sf; F Nkyhf ehd; F
khjq;fs; KOtJk; jfty;fis Nrfhpf;f
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vOj;J %yj; jfty;fis
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w>
gpuNjrj;Jf;Nfw;w rpNu\;l gpui[fsplkpUe;J
jfty;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
rfy jfty;fSk; xU %yj;Jf;F Nky; gad;gLj;jp
cWjpg; g Lj; j g; g l; l itahFk; . rpyNtis mjpf
tptuq;fs; kw;Wk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xU
egUf;fhf 40f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhiyNgrp miog;Gf;fis
vLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. tha;%y jfty;fis gy;NtW
jug;Gfspy; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghJfhg;G fhuzq;fSf;fhf
ngaiu ntspapl Kbahtpl;lhYk; tlf;F - fpof;F
ntspehL nrd; W s; s kw; W k; nfhOk; g pYs; s gy
rpNu\; l jkpo; Clftpayhsh; f s; kw; W k; K]; y pk;
ez; g h; f s; rpyuJk; rpy Clf epWtdq; f spdJk;
cjtpfs; ,e; j jfty; Nrfhpg; g pd; N ghJ vkf; F
fpilj;jJ. nfhOk;igf; fskhff; nfhz;l rpNu\;l
Clf ez;gh;fs; gyhpd; Qhgf rf;jpAk; vkJ jfty;
jpul; l Yf; F NgUjtpahftpUe; j J. jdp egh; f spd;
%yq; f s; gytw; W ld; eltbf; i f Nkw; n fhs; s
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. aho;. gy;fiyf;fof tphpTiuahsh;
rq;fj;jpd; mwpf;iffslq;fpa E}y;fs;> fytu fhyj;jpy;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;lth;fspd; jfty;fslq;fpa E}y;fs;
mNjNghy; gy;NtW E}y;fs; gy ,e;j jfty; Ma;Tf;F
NgUjtpahftpUe;jJ. gj;J tUl 'Aj;jpa" gj;jphpiffs;>
Kf;fpa Clf epWtdq;fspd; thrpfrhiyfs;> Njrpa nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l
E}yf Nritfs; rigapd; thrpfrhiy> jkpo; murpay;
fl;rpfspd; jfty;fs;> ,lJrhhp murpay; fl;rpfspd; Clftpayhsh; f s; > Clf
jfty;fs;> gy ,izajsq;fs; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lk; Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu
NghJ cjtpahftpUe;jd. cjtp Ghpe;j rfyUf;Fk;
kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf;
nraw; g hl; l hsh; f spd; ngah; g ; g l; b ay;
nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;j Ma;it (nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l tUlq;fspd;gb
Nkw;nfhs;s vdf;F miog;G tpLj;j Rje;jpu Clfj;jpd;
thpirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ)
Kd; d hs; xUq; f pizg; g hsuhd Rde; j Njrg; g phpa
mth;fSf;F vdJ ,jag+h;tkhd ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.
– etul;dk; - Gifg;glf; fiyQh;
2008 mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ,e;j Ma;T KbTf;F te;j
NghJk; mr;rpLtjpy; jhkjk; Mdgbahy;> 2009 khh;r; –
[{d; 03
tpky; v]; . RNue; j pu - Gifg; g lf; fiyQh;
1981
khjk; tiuahd rk;gtq;fs; kPz;Lk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L mf; N lhgh; 26
,t;thW cq;fs; iffspy; Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mNj
Nghy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jg; gl;bay; ghpg+uzkhftpUf;f
KbahJ. rhjhuzkhf rhpj; j puk; vOjg; g LtJ
Fuy;fSs;s> rj;jpAs;sth;fSf;F rhjfkhftpUg;gJ
– rjhrptk; rptrz;Kf %h;j;jp
Clftpayhsh; - [dthp 02
(Re;juk;)
1982
cz;ikahFk;. kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l
–
tug; g purhjKs; s th; f s; > mjpfhu fUj; J f; f Sf; F s;
ngz; f s; me; j rhpj; j puj; j py; ,lk; n gwkhl; l hh; f s; .
,y; y htpl; l hy; Fiwthf ,lk; n gw; w pUg; g h; . ,e; j j;
uh[uj;jpdk; n[ar;re;jpud; (ghh;j;jd;)
Clftpayhsh; - [{d; - Mf];Lf;fpilapy; 1984
Jiwf;Fs; vq;fhtJ ngah; Fwpg;gplg;glhky;> vtUila –
epidtpYk; epw;fhky; mikjpahf Nrit Ghpe;jth;fs;
rhpj; j puj; j pd; gf; f q; f spy; tpLgl; b Uf; f yhk; . vkJ
fhtY}h; v];. n[fehjd; - vOj;jhsh;
1986
Kaw;rpahdJ mt;thW kiwe;jpUe;jth;fis NjLtjhf
,Ue;jNghJk; ,e;jf; FWfpa fhyj;Jf;Fs; fz;Lgpbf;f
Kbahjth;fs; ,d;Dk; ,Uf;fyhk;. vjph;fhy
–

–
epye; j Fzth; j d - xspaikg; G fiyQh; -
&gth`pdp - mf;Nlhgh; 05
NwDfh mj;jehaf;f - nghwpapayhsh; - &gth`pdp
1987
ntspaPLfspy; mt;thW re;jpg;gth;fSf;F rhpj;jpuj;jpy;
,lk; xJf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mf; N lhgh; 05
– fhkpdp [ae;j - njhopy;El;g mjpfhhp - &gth`pdp
rP j h uQ; r dp mf; N lhgh; 05
seetharanjanee@gmail.com – it. fUzhghy - rhujp - &gth`pdp
2011 [dthp mf; N lhgh; 05

10 11
 – Fkhiuah fkyjh]; - mr;rf Copah; – gP.vk;. tPuNfhd; gz;lhu - fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;
mf; N lhgh; 13 ngg; u thp 09
– mUz f`e;jfkNf - ftpQh; – vd;.[P. gpNukuj;d (cghyp) - tPjp ehlff; fiyQh;
mf; N lhgh; 19 ngg; u thp 11
– ee;jd khurpq;f - fiyQh; ruj; nrdtpuj;d - tPjp ehlff; fiyQh;
etk; g h; 29 ngg; u thp 11
– rj;jpaghy td;dpfk - vOj;jhsh; – N[.V. ikj;jphpghy [atPu (nyhf;F Iah) - tPjp
etk; g h; 18> flj; j g; g l; l hh; ehlff; fiyQh; ngg;uthp 11
– Nf.vk;. thrfh; - Clftpayhsh; – fhkpdp Nrdf gz;lhu (rhfu) - vOj;jhsh;
– v];. eluh[h - Clftpayhsh; khh; r ; 06
– Nf. jdghyrpq;fk; - vOj;jhsh; - khh;r; 24
– Rdpy; etuj;d - Clftpayhsh; - khh;r;
–
1988 –
tp[a FkhuzJq;f - fiyQh; - ngg;uthp 16
re; j purphp tP u tpf; f puk rpq; ` Nrd - tpw; g idg;
gpujpepjp Nk 17
–
–
b. kfhypq;fk; - Clftpayhsh; - Nk 11
gp.b. tpkyNrd - mr;rf Kfhikahsh; - Nk 27
– Itd; [aNrfu - Clftpayhsh; - [{d; 04
– [P.gp. Fzjhr - tpw;gid cjtpahsh; - Nk 17 – Njtp]; FUNf - Clftpayhsh; - [{iy 23
– fe;ijah fe;jrhkp - Clf epWtd chpikahsh; – gpNukfPh;j;jp b my;tp]; - Clftpayhsh;
[{d; /[{iy
[{iy [{iy 31
– n`d;hp gKZt - Clf Copah; – Fyrphp mkuJq;f - Clftpayhsh;
mf; N lhgh; 02 Mf]; l ; 11
– b.gp. tpN[#hpa - fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh; – rhfhpfh Nfhk]; - Clftpayhsh;
mf; N lhgh; 03 nrg; n lk; g h; 18
– uh[pdp uh[rpq; f k; jpuhzfk - vOj; j hsh;
– N[.<. FzNrfu - vOj;jhsh; /nkhopngah;g;ghsh;
nrg; n lk; g h; 21
mf; N lhgh; 19
– I. rz;Kfypq;fk; - Clftpayhsh;
– b.vk;.b. re;jputpky - Clftpayhsh; etk; g h; 06
etk; g h; 17 – vk;. mkph;jypq;fk; - gj;jphpif chpikahsh; /
– ney;rd; fUzhuj;d - Clftpayhsh; nlkpy; bu];l; gz;l;
etk; g h; 23 – Mh;.b. gpl;lnty - eldf; fiyQh;
– vr;.<. jahee;j - vOj;jhsh; - brk;gh; 02 – ruj; re;jpuuj;d - ghlfh;
– vd;.rP.vk;. ,];khapy; - Clftpayhsh; - brk;gh; – vk;. etuj;dk; - Clftpayhsh;
– v];. nry;tuhrh - Clftpayhsh;
– yf;\;kd; ngNuuh - ehlfj; jahhpg;ghsh;
– b.vd;.v];. gj;jpud - Clftpayhsh; [dthp 27 1990
1989 –
[dthp 24
Mde;j etuj;d - vOj;jhsh;
–
–
hpr;rl; b nra;rh - Clftpayhsh; ngg;uthp 18
FkuFU Ff%h;j;jp - Clf Copah;
[dthp 25
nrg; n lk; g h; 16

12 13
 –

–
Nrh. gj;kehjd; - Clf Copah;
nrg; n lk; g h; 27
a+.vy;. jht+j; - vOj;jhsh; - 1990
– r\p fpU\;zFkhh; - RahjPd Clftpayhsh;
nrg; n lk; g h; 29 1998
– m`kl; nyg;Ng - vOj;jhsh; - brk;gh; 26 – Nuh`zFkhu - Clftpayhsh; -
nrg; n lk; g h; 07 1999
1991 – NtYg;gps;is Mde;jd; - vOj;jhsh; - ngg;uthp
21
– mw;Gjuh[h eluh[h (uNk\;) - Clftpayhsh;
etk; g h; 02
– Nrhrhgps; i s Nehgl; my; y J nlhkpdpf; -
vOj;jhsh; - Nk 17 – mDu gphpae;j FNu - xspaikg;G fiyQh; -
– nry;tepjp jpahfuh[h - Clftpayhsh; /fyhrhu I.b.vd; . - brk; g h; 18
nraw;ghl;lhsh; - Mf];l; - 26 – ,e;jpf gj;jpdptrk;; - glg;gpbg;G cjtpahsh; -
– v]; . jpy; i yehjd; - fyhrhu nraw; g hl; l hsh; rpur - brk;gh; 18
Mf]; l ; 26 – ng];bad; me;jdp khpajh]; - thndhypf; fiyQh;
– Nf. kNdhfud; - fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh; brk; g h; 31
Mf]; l ; 26

1993 – me;jdp Ftpd;l]; ngh;zhz;Nlh - Clftpayhsh;

– nropad; Nghpd; g ehafk; - Clftpayhsh; /
vOj;jhsh; - nrg;nlk;gh; 10
2000
Nk 02 – V.vk;. epakj;Jy;yh - Clftpayhsh;
nrg; n lk; g h; 16
1994 –
–
V. rghypq;fk; - vOj;jhsh; - Nk 01
fdfuj; j pdk; =]; f e; j uh[h (Nf.v]; . uh[h) -
– kapy;thfdk; epkyuh[d; - Clftpayhsh;
mf; N lhgh; 19
Clftpayhsh; - brk;gh; 03

1995 – fUzhuj;d rg;Gjd;jphp - Clftpayhsh;

Vg; u y; 29
– ma;ahj;Jiu [p. eNlrd; - Clftpayhsh;
Nk 31 2004
– fpuk gpaNrhk - Clftpayhsh; - Vg;uy; 29 – fe;jrhkp Iah; ghyeluh[d; - vOj;jhsh;
– vl;tpd; tPurpq;f - Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh; - Vg;uy; Mf]; l ; 16
29 – yq;fh [aRe;ju - Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh;
– v];.v];. fNzrgps;is (tuzpa+uhd;) thndhypf; brk; g h; 11
fiyQh; - Mf];l; 30

1996 – RjPg g+h;z[pj; - Clftpayhsh; - [{iy 28

–

–
jh;kuj;jpdk; rptuhk; - Clftpayhsh;
Vg; u y; 28
fz;zKj;J murFkhh; - Clf Copah;
2005
– fe;ijah fN[e;jpud; - Clftpayhsh;
mf; N lhgh; 27 [{d; 29
– Nuyq;fp nry;tuh[h - Clftpayhsh;
Mf]; l ; 12
1997 – jpUehTf;fuR jh;kypq;fk;; - gj;jphpif tpw;gidg;
gpujpepjp - mf;Nlhgh; 02
– b. nry;tuj;jpdk; - ghJfhg;G Copah;
Mf]; l ; 29
14
15
 – NahfFkhh; fpU\;z gps;is - Clf Copah;;
nrg; l k; g h; 30
– V.vy;.vk;. gsPy; - (el;gpl;bKid gsPy;) - vOj;jhsh;
brk; g h; 02
– Nf. etul;zk; - Clf Copah; - brk;gh; 22
– tbNty; epkyuh[h - Clf Copah;
etk; g h; 17
– ,irtpop nrk;gpahd; (Rgh[pdp) - Gypfspd; Fuy;
Clftpayhsh; - etk;gh; 27
– RNu\; ypk;gpNah - Gypfspd; Fuy; - Clf Copah;

2006 – Rg; g pukzpak; Rfph; j uh[d; - Clftpayhsh; -

[dthp 24
–
etk; g h; 27
b. jh;kypq;fk; - Gypfspd; Fuy; - Clf Copah;
etk; g h; 27
– v];.b. fzehjd; - jkpo; nra;jp kw;Wk; jfty;
epiya gq;fhsh; - ngg;uthp 01 – lgps;a+ Fzrpq;f - Clftpayhsh;
– ng];bad; N[hh;[; RNu\; - Clf Copah; brk; g h; 05
Nk 03
– uh[ul;zk; uQ;rpj;Fkhh;; - Clf Copah;
Nk 03
– guzp&grpq;fk; NjtFkhh; - Clftpayhsh;
Nk 28 2008
– ep`hy; b rpy;th - vOj;jhsh; - Nk 27 – nkh`kl; k`; & g; u\; k p - Clftpayhsh; -
– rk;gj; yf;khy; b rpy;th - Clftpayhsh; mf; N lhgh; 06
[{iy 02
–

–
khpajh]; kNdh[d;uh[;; - Clf Copah;
Mf]; l ; 01
gj;kehjd; tprhkee;jd; - ghlfh; / ,iraikg;ghsh;
– yre;j tpf;ukJq;f - gj;jphpif Mrphpah;>
Clftpayhsh; [dthp 08 2009
– Gz; z pa%h; j ; j p rj; j pa%h; j ; j p - Clftpayhsh;
Mf]; l ; 02
ngg; u thp 12
– rjhrptk; gh];fud; - Clf Copah;
Mf]; l ; 15
– rrpkjd; - Clf Copah - khh;r; 06
– rpd;dj;jk;gp rptkfhuh[h - Clf chpikahsh;
Mf]; l ; 20

2007 –
–
v];. utPe;jpud; - Clf Copah; - ngg;uthp 12
Rg;gpukzpak; uhkr;re;jpud; - Clftpayhsh;
ngg; u thp 15
– Rgh\; re;jpuNgh]; - Clftpayhsh; -
Vg; u y; 16
nry;tuhrh u[pth;kd; - Clftpayhsh;
Vg; u y; 29
– rfhNjtd; epyf; \ d;; - Clftpayhsh; > Clf
khzth; - Mf];l; 01
– me;jdpg;gps;is n\hPd; rpj;jpuQ;rd; - Clf Copah;
etk; g h; 05
-etk;

16 17
xU %yj;jpy; khj;jpuk; Clf> fiy eltbf; i ffSf; F
,dq; f hzg; g l; l rpyh; gq; f spg; G toq; f pa midj; J
gy; f iyf; f of khzth; kfh
– Nf.v];. ,uj;jpdrpq;fk; - Clftpayhsh; - rigapd; khzt murpay;
kl;lf;fsg;G
nraw; g hl; l hsh; f s;
1986

– B. jahde;jd; - Clftpayhsh; - jk;gpYtpy; – gj;krphp jphpkhtpjhd - gilg;ghsh;

1988 mf;Nlhgh; 22
- mk;ghiw
– cghyp fkNf - 'ntb `z;l" Mrphpah; -
1985
1990 [dthp
– mj; J y Nrdhuj; d - 'ntj rpR`z; l "
– Vwht+hpy; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l ftpQh;
Mrphpah; - 1990 nrg;nlk;gh; 17
1990 Mf];l; 11

– ehfypq;fk; jpahfuh[h - Clftpayhsh; - jpBh; tpgj;J - fhzhkw; NghNdhh; njhlh;ghd

kl;lf;fsg;G jfty; f s;

– yPdh ma;hpd; `g;Gjd;jphp - vOj;jhsh; /

– Nf.gp. cgNrd - gj;jphpif tpwg
; id gpujpepjpjp ftpQh; - 1987 Nk 18
1988 Nk 16 – re;jpuFkhu tpf;fpukul;z - ftpQh; - 1991Mk;
Mz;L Kjy; fhztpy;iy
– a+.rP. fUzhjpyf - `hp];gj;Jt - Gifg;glf; – Fyrpq;f - Clftpayhsh;
fiyQh; – Nf. ee;jFkhh; - ClfCopah; - 2001 Nk 06
1988 [{iy 09 – Uf;\pfh gpurhjpdp - Clftpayhsh;
2006 brk;gh; 19
– tpN[rphp ehzaf;fhu - Clftpayhsh; -
kj;Jfk
Vida rpy rk;gtq;fs;
1989 Vg;uy; 22
– Nfhg;uy; Nrghy Fzjpyf - ,uhZtk;
– [pdNrd f];J}hpahuhr;rp - Clftpayhsh; - 1984 etk;gh; 03
Nffhiy - 1989 Mf];l; 21 – Mde;j nkz;b]; - kPl;bahnfhl epUgh; -
1988 Vg;uy; 17
– I.rp. ngh;zhz;Nlh - gj;jphpif tpepNahfk; – uzJq;f - gf;ftbtikg;ghsh; - gaq;futhj
- nkdpf;`pd;d - gaq;futhj fhyj;jpy; fhyj; j py;

18 19
gLnfhiy nra; a g; g l; l
Clftpayhsh; f s; > Clf
Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu
nraw; g hl; l hsh; f spd; jfty; f s;
(nfhy;yg;gl;l Mz;bd; gb
thpirg; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s J.)
1981
etuj; j pdk; - Gifg; g l Clftpayhsh;
nfhiyAz;l jpdk; - 03 [{d; 1981
Njbf; fz; L gpbj; j jfty; f spd; gb Clfj; J ld;
njhlh;G nfhz;ljw;fhf nfhiyAz;l KjyhtJ egh;
Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh; etuj;jpdkhthh;. 1981Mk;
Mz;L [{d; 03Mk; jpfjp Rz;zhfk; gpuNjrj;jpy;
nghyprhhpd; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;by; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
[{d; 04Mk; jpfjp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; elj;jg;gltpUe;j
khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rig Njh;jypy; Nkhrb nra;J
ntw;wpngWk; Nehf;fpy; mg;Nghija murpd;
Kf;fpa];jh;fspd; Vw;ghl;by; 1981 Nk khjk; 31Mk;
jpfjp ,uT Kjy; aho; . Flh ehl; i l jP a pl; L f;
nfhSj; J k; eltbf; i f %d; W jpdq; f s; tiu
KLf;fptplg;gl;lJ.
,lk;ngw;w td;Kiwfspd; cr;rkhf [{d; Kjyhk;
jpfjp MrpahtpNyNa kpfg;nghpa E}yfkhd aho;
E}yfk; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jg;gl;lJ. jkpo; kf;fspd;
,jaj;Jf;Fk; %isf;Fk; jPapl;l ,r;rk;gtk; ,e;ehl;bd;
Clf mlf;FKiwapd; ghhpa mr;RWj;jyhf> mopthf
gjpthfpAs;sJ. md;iwa jpdNk '<oehL' gj;jphpif
mYtyfKk; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jg;gl;lJ. etuj;jpdk;
20
jPaplg;gl;l '<oehL' gj;jphpiff;F Gifg;glq;fis
toq;fpa> Gifg;glg;gpbg;ig jdpg;gl;l njhopyhff;
nfhz;ltuhthh; vd njhptpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; Nkyjpfj;
jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; me;j
gj; j phpifapy; vtiuAk; njhlh; G nfhs; s vLj; j
Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpAw;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; gj;jphpifapy;
KONeug; Gifg;glg;gpbg;ghsh;fs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vdj;
njhptpf;fg;gLtJld; Fiwe;j trjpfspd; fPo; ypj;Njh
mr;R Kiwapy; gj;jphpif ntspaplg;gl;lJ. jPitg;G
,lk;ngw;w me;j rpy ehl;fspy; aho;. khtl;lj;jpy;
nghyp]; Culq; F mKy; g Lj; j g; g l; l epiyapy;
Gifg;glk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ Gifg;gltpayhsh;
etuj;jpdk; nfhy;yg;gl;bUf;fyhnkd
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; 40 Kjy; 45
taJf; f pilg; g l; l tnud njhptpf; f g; g LfpwJ. ,th;
njhlh; g hd Vida jfty; f is ngw; W f; n fhs; s
Kbatpy;iy.
tpky; v];. RNue;jpu - Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 mf;Nlhgh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhtJ
Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh; vd njhptpf;fg;gLk; tpky;
v];. RNue;jpu (Nrhkuj;d tpky; RNue;jpu) ,yq;ifapd;
Njrpa Clfnkhd;wpy; flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ
nfhOk; G khtl; l j; j py; nfhy; y g; g l; l KjyhtJ
Clftpayhsuhthh;. mth; 'jptapd" gj;jphpifapy;
Gifg;gl ClftpayhsuhftpUe;jJld; jt]> rphpyf>
[djpd kw; W k; mj; j Mfpa gj; j phpiffspYk;
flikahw;wpAs;shh;. nghuisapy; fphp\he;j vd;w
ngahpy; ];LbNah xd;iw elhj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j ,th;
rpy Clf ez;gh;fSld; mq;fpUe;j miwnahd;wpy;
jq;fpapUe;jhh;. 1981Mk; Mz;L 26Mk; jpfjp mg;Nghija
murpy; Kf;fpa mikr;ruhftpUe;j N[hd; mkuJq;ftpd;
fe;jhidapYs;s tPl;Lf;fUfpYs;s gpujhd tPjpapy;
,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,ij jpBh; tpgj;jhf
21
fhl;l Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;l NghJk;> ,f;nfhiy
re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhftpUe;jJ. Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpnshd;wpy;
nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;j tpky; v]; . RNue;jpu Nkhl;lhh;
tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpajhf njhptpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mtuJ
Nkhl;lhh; irf;fps; rhjhuzkhf epWj;jg;gLtJ Nghy;
nfhOk;G gf;fk; Nehf;fp tPjpNahuj;jpy;
epWj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtuJ n`y;kl; (jiyf;ftrk;)
rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay;thjpapd; tPlb
; ypUe;J kPlf
; g;gl;lJ.
mNjNghy; md;W ,uT mth; ,we;j gpd;dh; mtuJ
miwf; F r; nrd; w nghyp]hh; cghyp gj; j phpif
epWtdj;jhy; mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;l etPd Gifg;glf;
fUtp (nfkuh) kw; W k; gpugy murpay; t hjpapd;
kidtpapd; Gifg;glq;fisAk; vLj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
rfy jfty;fSk; re;Njfj;Jf;fplkhf ,Ue;jgbahy;
jdpahf ,J njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; Njb rl;l
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;s Kd;te;j mtuJ rNfhjuUf;Fk;
nfhiy mr;RWj;jy; tpLf;fg;gl;ljhy; mth; kj;jpa
fpof;F ehnlhd;Wf;F nrd;W tpl;lhh;.
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdj; j d; W khiy tpky;
fe;jhidf;Fr; nrd;wJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l murpay;thjpapd;
kidtpapdJ cwTKiwr; rNfhjhp kzKbj;jpUe;j
mikr;rhpd; Kf;fpa Mjuthsuhd mtuJ ez;ghpd;
miog;gpd;Nghpy; mtiur; re;jpf;fNt. nfhiyf;fhd
jpl;lk; mq;fpUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJld;>
ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Xbr; nrd;w mikr;rhpd; tPlL ; Kw;wj;jpy;
fLikahfj; jhf; f g; g l; L fP N o tpOe; j mtiu
fhy; f isg; gpbj; J ,Oj; J r; nrd; W tP j papy;
Nghl;Ls;sdh;. nghyp]hh; ehd;F kzpj;jpahyq;fshf
mtiu itj;jparhiyf;F vLj;Jr;nry;y eltbf;if
vLf; f tpy; i ynad; W k; ,wg; g jw; F rw; W Kd; d Nu
vLj;Jr; nrd;wjhfTk; 'uhta" gj;jphpif ,J njhlh;ghf
Nkw;nfhz;l Gydha;Tf; fl;Liunahd;wpy;
njhptpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
22
1982
rjhrptk; rptrz; K f %h; j ; j p (Re; j uk; )
Mrphpah; Gjpa ghij
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; 02 [dthp 1982
rjhrptk; rptrz;Kf %h;j;jp vd;w ngaUila mth;
'Re;juk;" vd;w ngahpNyNa gpugykhdhh;. xLf;fg;gl;l
kf; f spd; chpikfis ntd; n wLf; f murpaiy
Nkw;nfhz;L mh;g;gzpg;Gld; murpay;
nraw;ghl;lhsuhfTk;> murpay; gj;jphpifnahd;iw
Muk;gpj;J mjd; MrphpauhfTkpUe;jjhy; rhpj;jpuj;jpy;
,tuJ ngah; ,lk;ngWk;. jkpo; r%fj;jpd;
chpikfSf;fhf NghuhLtjw;F Gypfs; mikg;Gld;
,ize;J nraw;gl;l ,th; FWfpa fhyj;jpNyNa mjd;
murpay; Nghf;F Fwpj;J tpuf;jpaile;jhh;. mjpypUe;J
ntspNawp Gjpa murpay; mikg;nghd;iw Muk;gpj;J
1980y; 'Gjpa ghij" vd;w ngahpy; gj;jphpifnahd;iw
Muk;gpj;jhh;. gpd;dh; 'Gnshl;" vd;w ngahpy; ,e;j
murpay; FO miof;fg;gl;lJ. mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf
Fuy; vOg;Gk; Nehf;fpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l 'Gjpa ghij"
gj; j phpifapd; Mrphpauhf FWfpa fhyj; J f; N f
flikahw;Wk; re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. 1982Mk; Mz;L
[dthp 02Mk; jpfjp gj;jphpif mr;rpLk; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;L mij mr;rpLk; 'aho; rpj;uh" mr;rfj;jpy;
,Ue;jNghJ mq;Fte;j MAjk; jhq;fpa Gypfshy;
mth; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. Gypfspd; jiyth;
gpughfuNd Neubahf te;J ,f;nfhiyia
Nkw;nfhz;ljhf Gnshl; jfty;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wd.
23
1984
uh[uj; j pdk; n[ar; r e; j pud; (ghh; j ; j d; ) -
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l jpdk; 1984 [{d; -
Mf];l;L;fpilapy; cs;s xU ehspy;
jpUNfhziy gd;Fsj;ij trpg;gplkhff; nfhz;l
uh[uj; j pdk; n[ar; r e; j pud; gpugykhdJ mtuJ
cz;ikg; ngahpy; my;y. 'ghh;j;jd;" vd;w Gidg;
ngahpNyNa mth; miof;fg;gl;lhh;. Gnshl; murpay;
gphptpd; nraw;ghl;lhsuhd mtuJ murpay;Jiwg; ngah;
ghh;j;jd; vd;gJld; mth; Clfj;JiwapYk; mNj
ngiaug; gad;gLj;jp te;jhh;. Gnshl; mikg;gpd;
murpay; gphpT (jkpo; <ok; tpLjiyf; fofk;) Muk;gpj;j
'tpLjiy" gj; j phpifapd; Mrphpauhf ghh; j ; j d;
nraw;gl;lhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J ,e;jg; gj;jphpif
ntspte;jJ. Gnshl; mikg;gpd; jfty;fspd; gb
1984Mk; Mz;L [{d; - Mf];l; khjq;fSf;fpilapy;
xU ehs; kl;lf;fsg;G fSthQ;rpf;Fb gpuNjrj;jpy;
nghyprhuhy; ifJnra; a g; g l; l ghh; j ; j d; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;.
24
1986
fhtY}h; v];. n[fehjd; - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1986
jkpo; ,yf;fpaj; Jiwapy; tlf;F - fpof;F kw;Wk;
ntspehLfSf;F ,lk;ngah;e;Js;s ,yf;fpathjpfspd;
rhl;rpaq;fspd;gb fhtY}h; v];. n[fehjd; gpugy
rpWfij vOj;jhsuhthh;. mth; jkpo; ehl;by; itj;J
Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;l nra;jpia rfyUk;
mwpe; j pUe; j NghJk; nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdj; i j
mth;fshy; Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; $wKbatpy;iy. mJ
1986Mk; Mz;lhftpUf;Fk; vd mDkhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nguhjidg; gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py; ,urhad $l
cjtpahsuhf flikahw; w pa ,th; me; e hl; f spy;
tpLKiw fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; mbf;fb aho;gg ; hzk;
nrd;W mf;fiwAld; ,yf;fpa epfo;r;rpfis xOq;F
nra;Ak; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J vOj;jhsh;fis miog;gpj;J ,yf;fpa
rk;gh\izfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; Kd;dzp tfpj;J
nraw;gl;Ls;shh;. me;j vOj;jhsh;fSldhd
njhlh; G fspdhy; mth; mf; f hyj; j py; aho; g ; g hzk;
fhq;Nfrd;JiwapypUe;J ,e;jpah ehfg;gl;bzk; tiu
%d;W kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; nry;yf;$ba glFfs; %yk;
mbf;fb nrd;W ,yf;fpaj; njhlh;Gfis
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shh;. ,yf;fpathjpfis
aho; g ; g hzj; J f; F k; mioj; J te; J s; s hh; . gpd; d h;
FLk;gj;Jld; ,e;jpah nrd;w mth; mf;fhyj;jpy;
mq;fpUe;J ,aq;fpa jkpo; Nghuhl;lf; FO xd;Wld;
njhlh;Gnfhz;L nraw;gl;ljhf njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
me;jf; FO <Nuh]; mikg;ngd rpyh; fUJfpd;wdh;.
mj;Jld; mf;FOtpd; cs;tptfhuk; fhuzkhf fhtY}h;
v];. n[fehjd; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf xU fUj;J
epyTfpwJ. aho;gg ; hzk; Ch;fhtw;Jiwapy; gpwe;j mth;
25
gpd;dh; mdiyj;jPtpy; FbNawp tho;e;Js;shh;. mJ
mtuJ kidtpapd; CuhFk; . 'fhtY}h; " vd; g J
Ch; f htw; J iw jP T f; F toq; f g; g Lk; kw; W nkhU
1987
ngauhFk;. mJ mtuJ kidtpapd; CuhFk;. 'fhtY}h;"
vd;gJ Ch;fhtw;Jiw jPTf;F toq;fg;gLk; kw;WnkhU epye; j Fzth; j d - xspaikg; G fiyQh;
ngauhFk;. mth; vOj;jhsuhf mwpKfkhdJ jkJ
NwZfh mj; j ehaf; f - nghwpapayhsh;
Ch; ngauhd fhtY}h; vd;gijAk; ,izj;Jf;nfhz;L
fhtY}h; v];. n[fehjd; vd;w ngahpyhFk;. fhkpzp [ae; j - njhopy; E l; g mjpfhhp
it. fUzhghy - rhujp
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 05 mf; N lhgh;
1987

&gth`pdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Copah;fshd ,e;

ehd;F NgUk; xNu jpdk; xd;whf nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;. &gth`pdp $l;Lj;jhgd gyhyp
,uhZt jsj;jpypUe;J tpN\l xspgug;G eltbf;if
kw; W k; mwpf; i fapliy Nkw; n fhz; l ,th; f s;
nfhOk;gpypUe;J mq;F nrd;w FOtpduhth;. xU
FOtpdh; tpLKiwapy; nry;tjw;F Kd;dh; kw;w
FOtpdh; nfhOk; g pypUe; J aho; g ; g hzk; Nehf; f pr;
nry;tJ toikahFk;. rk;gtk; ele;j jpdj;jd;W
flikapy; ,Ue;jJ Nkw;$wpa ehy;th; cl;gl NkYk;
rpyh; flikapy; <Lgl; b Ue; j dh; . md; W ,uT
xspaikg;Gf; fiyQh; epye;j Fzth;jd>
nghwpapayhsh; NwZfh mj; j ehaf; f kw; W k;
njhopy;El;g mjpfhhp fhkpdp [ae;j> rhujp fUzhghy
MfpNahUld; toikNghy; jkJ jq; F kplj; J f; F
te;jpUe;j jkpo; mwptpg;ghsh; tpf;Nd];tuid mtuJ
tPl;by; tpl;L tur; nrd;Ws;sdh;. fhq;Nfrd;Jiw -
aho; g ; g hzk; gpujhd tP j papy; kapypl; b re; j papy;
tpf;Nd];tudpd; tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;w ,e;j ehd;F NgUk;
jpUk;gp tutpy;iy. thfdKk; fhzhkw; NghapUe;jJ.
mth;fs; fLikahfj; jhf;fg;gl;L gpd;dh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;L vhpf;fg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhOk;gpypUe;J nrd;w &gth`pdp FOtpdh; tlf;F
Aj;jk; njhlh;ghd nra;jpfis nfhOk;Gf;F
mDg;gpaNjhL mit ehs;NjhWk; xspgug;gg;gl;Ls;sd.

26 27
,jd; fhuzkhf mg; N ghJ gy re; j h; g ; g q; f spy;
mth;fSf;Fg; Gypfshy; mr;RWj;jy;
tpLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,t;thW nfhiynra;ag;gl;l epye;j
Fzth;jd xspaikg;Gf; fiyQuhf 1985Mk; Mz;L
&gth`pdpapy; ,ize;Jnfhz;l ,isQuhthh;. ,th;
nfhOk;G N`hf;fe;ju vd;w ,lj;jpy; trpj;J te;jhh;.
,isQuhd NwZfh mj;jehaf;f ntahq;nfhilia
trpg;gplkhff; nfhz;l nghwpapayhsuhthh;. ,th;fs;
midtUk; mf; f hy fl; l j; j py; ,isQh; f shf
,Ue;jdh;. ,th;fs; Xa;TngWk; taJ tiu
mth;fSf;Fhpa rk;gsj;ijAk; Vida
nfhLg; g dTfisAk; mth; f sJ FLk; g j; j pdUf; F
njhlh;eJ; toq;f &gth`pdp $l;Lj;jhgdk; eltbf;if
vLj; J s; s J. rhujp fUzhghy 2000Mk; Mz; L
Xa;TngWk; taijf; fle;Js;shh;. mth;fs; ehy;tUk;
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; > mjpfhiy xspgug; G
nra;ag;gl;l jpdk;> mjpfhiy xspgug;G jsj;jpy;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Gifg;glk; ,j;Jld;
ntspaplg;gLfpd;wJ. glj;jpd; ,lkpUe;J NwZfh
mj;jehaf;f> epye;j Fzth;jd kw;Wk; fUzhghy
epd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwhh;. fhkpzp [ae;j
mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;.
Fkiuah fkyjh]; - mr;rf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 13 mf;Nlhgh; 1987
aho; . 'cjad; " gj; j phpifapd; mr; r f Copauhd
Fkiuah fkyjh]; n\y; jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhfpf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F jPh;thf 1987Mk;
Mz;L [{iy khjk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ,yq;if ,e;jpa
xg;ge;jj;ij kPWk; rk;gtq;fs; nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; KjNy
Muk;gkhdJ. vy;.hP.hP.<. ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilf;F
vjpuhf gy;NtW eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJld;
mf;Nlhgh; khjkstpy; jhf;Fjiy Jhpjg;gLj;jpaJ
ahnud;w Nfs;tp khj;jpuk; vQ;rpaJld; epiyik
Nkhrkile;jJ. mf;Nlhgh; 10Mk; jpfjp jhf;Fjy;
28
,lk;ngw;wJld; kf;fs; epidf;f Kbahj tifapy;
n\y; ntbfs; te;J tpOe;jd. mf;Nlhgh; 13Mk; jpfjp
,t; t hW Vtg; g l; l n\y; jhf; F jypy; 'cjad; "
gj;jphpifapd; mr;rf Copauhd fkyjh];
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
mUz f`e;j fkNf - ftpQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 19 mf;Nlhgh; 1987
gpugy vOj; j hsuhd gpaNrd f`e; j fkNfapd;
rNfhjuuhd mUz f`e;jfkNf xU ftpQh;. gy;NtW
gj;jphpiffSf;F ftpijfis vOjpa mth; mur
rhh;gw;w epWtdnkhd;why; ntspaplg;gl;l 'kp\d;" vd;w
gj; j phpifapYk; flikahw; w pAs; s hh; . fk; a +dp]; l ;
fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhd mth; Aj;jj;Jf;F tpNuhjkhd
,lJrhhpahftpUe; j Jld; jdte; j th; f ; f j; J f; F
vjpuhd mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gf;fk; rhh;e;J
mePjpf;F vjpuhf eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; gpuNjr
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugykile;jpUe;jhf $wg;gLfpwJ.
fhyp mk; g yhq; n fhil> Ntuq; n fl; l nfhl vd; w
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j mth; gpd;dh; mk;ghiw cfz
gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;eJ
; s;shh;. tho;ej
; ,lj;jpypUe;J ntF
njhiytpy; nghyd;dWit> gpk;Guj;jht
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s mur rhh;gw;w epWtdnkhd;wpd; r%f
mgptpUj; j p mjpfhhpahf flikahw; w p te; j hh; .
epWtdj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;bUe;j Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy;
gy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; tPl;Lf;F te;jpUe;j mth;
1987 mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 19Mk; jpfjp ez;gnuhUtiu
re;jpg;gjw;fhfr; nrd;Ws;shh;. mk;ghiw fz;b gpujhd
tPjpapy; mue;jyht gpuNjrj;jpy; 29MtJ iky;fy;
mUNf ,uhZt rP U ilf; F r; rkkhd rP U il
mzpe; j pUe; j rpyuhy; ,tuJ Nkhl; l hh; irf; f ps;
epWj;jg;gl;ljhf Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; te;j
,.Ngh.r. g]; tz;bapd; rhujp fz;Ls;shh;. gpuNjrj;jpy;
gpugykhd eguhd mth; Fwpj;J rhujp
29
ed;fwpe;jtuhthh;. mUz f`e;j fkNf vd;w me;j
kdpjhgpkhdf; ftpQh; ; me; j g; gpuNjrj; j pNyNa
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;. vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy; 31
ngsj; j gpf; F fs; ntl; b Ak; Fj; j pAk; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lJ ,e;jg; gpuNjrj;jpNyNaahFk;. mj;Jld;
mr;rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ [{d; khjk; 2Mk; jpfjpahFk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf ,f;nfhiyAk; vy;.hP.hP.<. apduhy;
elj;jg;gl;l nfhiynad ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,Ue;Jk; mth;
kpf neUq;fpg; gofpa> fz;bapy; trpf;Fk; rpNu\;l
RahjPd Clftpayhsiug; Nghy; NkYk; rpyhpd;
re;Njfq;fspd; gb ,f;nfhiy murpay; nfhiyahf
,Uf; f yhnkd re; N jfpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. Rkhh; 35
gazpfs; gazk; nra;j g]; tz;bia jhf;Fk;
re; j h; g ; g j; i j tpl; L tpl; L xU egiug; gpbf; f
vy;.hP.hP.<.apdh; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;thh;fsh vd;gJ
,e;j re;Njfj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jTs;s xU fhuzkhFk;.
ee;jd khurpq;f (37) - fiyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 etk;gh; 1987
ftpQh; ghlyhrphpah; NghyNt fiy eltbf;iffis
fl;bnaOg;gpath; ee;jd khurpq;f. mDuhjGuj;jpy;
gpwe;J mDuhjGuk; kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fy;tp
gapd;Ws;shh;. ,sk; tajpNyNa kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp) murpaYld; ,ize;J mjd;
jiyth; tpN[tPutpd; kpf neUq;fpatuhf ,Ue;Js;shh;.
gyKiw rpiw nrd;Wk; kpUfj;jdkhf
jhf;FjYf;Fs;shfp rpj;jputij nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;. xU
Kiw tpN[tPuit kPl;nlLf;f> aho;. rpiwr;rhiyiaj;
jhf;Ftjw;Fk; jiyik tfpj;Js;shh;. mDuhjGu
rpiwr; r hiyapypUe; j jkJ rfhit kP l ; n lLf; f
jhf;Fjnyhd;iwAk; Kd;dpdW ; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. 1973Mk;
Mz; L ifJnra; a g; g l; l ,th; 1977Mk; Mz; L
tpLjiyahdhh;. rpiwr;rhiyapy; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;l
kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zpapd; (,ufrpa) kj; j pa
nraw;FOtpYk; ,th; mq;fk; tfpj;jhh;.
30
rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahd mth; Gul;rpfu
murpaYf;fhf Kd;dpd;W ghLgl;lhh;. fiy %yk;
kf;fSf;fhf kf;fisf; ftuyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifAld;
tpLjiyf; fPjq;fis vOjpdhh;. murpay; fUj;J
Nkhjy; fhuzkhf kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapypUe;J
mtUf;F tpyf Ntz;bajhapw;W. fl;rpia tpLj;J
fiy %yk; kf;fSf;F Nrit nra;tij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;l mth; fz;bapy; kf;fs; fiyf; Nfe;jpuj;ij
Muk; g pj; j hh; . gpd; d h; mJ mDuhjGuj; j pw; F k;
FUehfiyf;Fk; tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1984Mk; Mz;L tprhuj Fzjhr fg;GNf cl;gl gy
fiyQh;fSld; 'fhya uhta" vd;w fiy epfo;r;rp
mDuhjGuj;jpy; Muk;gkhdJ ,tuJ jiyikapd;
fPNoNa. 1987,y; vOe;j kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd;
(N[.tp.gp) nfhiy murpaiy tpkh;rpj;jJld; me;j
Kd;dzpapd; jiyth;fspy; xUtuhd ,tuJ fpsh;r;rp
murpaiy nghWf; f Kbahj kf; f s; tpLjiy
Kd; d zpapd; nfhiyg; g l; b aypy; ,tuJ ngaUk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,U Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; kidtpAld;
tho; t jw; f hf mth; mDuhjGuk; QhapW kf; f s;
re;ijapy; ghjzp tpahghuj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;. 1988 etk;gh;
khjk; 28Mk; jpfjp Qhapw;Wf; fpoikAk; toikNghy;
xU re;ij ehshftpUe;jJ. Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; te;j
nfhiyahspfs; ,Uth; ehl;Lj; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;L
,tiuf; nfhiy nra;J tpl;L jg;gpr; nrd;wdh;.
rj;jpaghy td;dpfk - vOj;jhsh; - flj;jg;gl;l
jpdk; 18 etk;gh; 1987
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1988 [dthp ,Wjp
thuj; j py ;
1987 etk;gh; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp kpjn
; jdpa nghyp]huhy;
ifJnra;ag;gl;l rj;jpaghy td;dpfk 1988 [dthp
,Wjpg; gFjpapy; nfhiynra;ag;gl;ljhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. me;j ehl;fspy; jq;fy;y ntl;ba
31
gFjpapy; vhpf;fg;gl;lJ ,tuJ cly; vd
njhptpf; f g; g LfpwJ. U`{Z gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py;
r%ftpay; gPlj;jpd; tphpTiuahsuhd ,th;
vOj;jhsuhfTk; gpugykile;jpUe;jhh;. rhjp
mlf;FKiwia tpkh;rpj;J 'fpd;ndd; cg;gd; kpdp];R"
(neUg;gpy; gpwe;j kdpjh;fs;) vd;w Nkil ehlfk;
mtuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. 'jptapd" gj;jphpifapy;
vl;lhk; gf;fj;Jf;F 'Rdpy; tpf;uk" vd;w ngahpy; njhlh;
fl;LiufisAk; mth; vOjpte;jhh;. mk;ghe;Njhl;il
fhhpakbj;j fpuhkj;jpy; 1950Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,th;
rpwpJ fhyk; ngsj;j Jwtpahf ,Ue;J Nguhjidg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; 'jj;Jtk;" njhlh;ghd nfsut
gl;lj;ijg; ngw;W gl;ljhhpahdhh;. kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp) Mjuthsuhf gpurpj;jkhdhh;.
ifJnra; a g; g l; l th; f is tpLjiy nra; A k; g b
Mh;g;ghl;lq;fis elj;jp> ghlrhiy khzth;fisAk;
,izj;Jf; nfhz;L U`{Z gy;fiyf;fofj;jpypUe;J
khj; j iw tiuapy; kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zp
Ch;tyj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;L ,Wjpapy; eilngw;w
$l;lj;jpYk; mth; Kf;fpa Ngr;rhsuhftpUe;jhh;.
1987Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; 18Mk; jpfjp tPl;bypUe;J
gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf mth; jahuhd
NghJ kpjn; jdpa nghyp]hh; ,tiuf; ifJnra;Js;sdh;.
,tiu tpLjiy nra;Ak;gb Nfhhp 1988 [dthp 22Mk;
jpfjp midj;Jg; gy;fiyf;fof tphpTiuahsh;fs; xU
ehs; milahs Ntiy epWj;jj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
,Ue;Jk; me;j khjj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; mth;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;L vhpa+l;lg;gl;ljhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
32
Nf.vk;. thrfh; - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1987
1968Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy;
,ize;Jnfhz;l Nf.vk;. thrfh; jkpo; Njrpa Nritapy;
rpwe;j epfo;r;rpj; jahhpg;ghsuhfTk; fiyQuhfTk;
flikahw;wpAs;shh;. 1983Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk;
jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhf ,lk;ngw;w fytuj;jpy; caph;
jg; g pdhh; . nfhOk; g py; tho; t J Fwpj; J mtuJ
FLk;gj;jpdh; mr;rk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. kidtp kw;Wk;
gps;isfisg; ghh;f;f aho;g;ghzk; nrd;w ,tiu
mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdh; typAWj;jpf; Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;ljw;fpzq;f mth; NtiyapypUe;J
cj;jpNahfg+h;tkhf tpyfhky; tPl;bypUf;f Ntz;ba
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. 1987Mk; Mz;by; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l
,yq;if - ,e;jpa xg;ge;jj;Jld; ,yq;if te;j ,e;jpa
rkhjhdg; gil aho; g ; g hzj; j py; ghJfhg; G f; F g;
nghWg;ghftpUe;j NghJ Vw;gl;l Nkhjy; fhuzkhf
rpwe; j Clftpayhsuhd ,th; nfhiyAz; l hh; .
cWjpahf ,th; kiwe;j jpfjpia Njbf;fz;L gpbg;gJ
f\;lkhftpUe;j NghJk; mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; jkpo;
NritapypUe; j rpNu\; l Clftpayhsh; f spd;
Qhgfj;jpd; gb ,e;jpa mikjpg;gilf;Fk;
vy;.hP.hP.<.apdUf;Fk; Kjd; Kjyhf Nkhjy;fs; Vw;gl;l
fhy fl;lj;jpy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,th; tho;e;j
gpuNjrj;ij Nehf;fp n\y; tPr;R ,lk;ngw;w NghJ
mjpy; rpf;fp ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;shh;.
v]; . eluh[h - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1987
1951Mk; Mz; L Kjy; (,yq; i f xypgug; G f;
$l;Lj;jhgdk; nfhOk;G nfhl;lh tPjpapy; ,aq;fpa
fhyk; Kjy;) $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; Clftpayhsuhf
flikahw;wpa mth; Njrpa jkpo; Nritapd; eph;thfr;
nrayhsuhftpUe;J Xa;T ngw;whh;. jkpo; Nritapy;
33
Kjyhtjhf tpisahl; L epfo; r ; r pfis njhFj; J
toq;fpa ngUikAk; ,tiur; rhUk;. Xa;T ngw;w gpdd
aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s nrhe;j tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;w ,th;
; h;
1987Mk; mz;by; xU ehs; tay; ntspapy; ele;J
nrd;wNghJ n\y; tPr;rpy; rpf;fp me;j ,lj;jpNyNa
caphpoe;jhh;. 1987Mk; Mz;L ifr;rhj;jhd ,yq;if
- ,e;jpa rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;Jld; ,yq;iff;F te;j
,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilapdh; aho;. Flhehl;L
ghJfhg;Gf;F nghWg;ghftpUe;jdh;. me;j tUlj;jpNyNa
mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 10Mk; jpfjp Kjy; n\y; jhf;FjYld;
Nkhjy;fSk; Muk;gkhdJ.
34
1988
tp[a FkhuJq;f (43) - ebfh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; 16 ngg;uthp 1988
nfhiynra;ag;gl;lNghJ tp[a FkhuJq;f gpugykpf;f
ebfuhfTk; gpugykpf;f ,lJrhhp ,af;fk; rhh;e;j
murpay; t hjpahfTk; tpsq; f pdhh; . gy rpdpkhg;
glq;fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j mth; kf;fsJ kdj;
jpiuapy; xU tPuuhfTk; ghpzkpj;jhh;. ghba xU rpy
ghly;fs; %yk; mth; xU rpwe;j ghlfuhfTkpUe;jhh;.
mNjNghy; mth; ,dthjk; jiyJ}f;fpa r%f murpay;
#o;epiyf;Fs; mr;rkpd;wp Neh;ikAld;
,dq;fSf;fpilapy; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ,dg;gpur;rpidf;F
murpay; jP h ; T f; f hf ciof; F k; jiytuhfTk;
tpsq;fpdhh;. kdpj r%fj;jpy; ePjp> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
Neh;ikf;fhf nray;gl;ltuhthh;.
,yq;if kf;fs; fl;rpapd; jiytuhd mth; kf;fspd;
chpikfis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd murpay;
topKiwf; f hf midtuJk; ,ize; j rf; j papy;
ek;gpf;if itj;J If;fpa Nrhrypr Kd;dzp vd;w
fl;rpia fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Kd;dzp tfpj;jhh;. ngUk;
[dj;jpuSf;F kj;jpapy; mtuJ ,Wjpf; fphpiafs;
eilngw;wJ. mtuJ murpay; Kd;dzpia
cj;jpNahfg+h;tkhf mwptpjJ
; mjd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
nghWg;Ngw;fj; jahuhftpUe;j fhyk; ngg;uthp 21Mk;
jpfjpahFk;. 1988Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 16Mk;
jpfjp fhiy nfhOk;G ehuN`d;gpl;bapYs;s mtuJ
tPlL
; f;F Kd;dhy; itj;J mtuJ Kfk; rpjWk; tifapy;
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp nfhiyahspfs;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;jdh;.
mth; gpd;dhspy; ehl;bd; [dhjpgjpahf
njhpTnra;ag;gl;l re;jphpfh gz;lhuehaf;f
35
FkhuJq;fit jpUkzk; nra;jpUe;jhh;. ,th; xU
kfSf;Fk; kfDf;Fk; je;ijahthh;.
re;jpurphp tPutpf;uk rpq;fNrd (24) - gj;jphpif
tpw; g idg; gpujpepjp
[P.gp. Fzjhr - tpw;gid cjtpahsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 17 Nk 1988
gj;jphpif tpw;gid Kfth; epiyakhftpUe;j ntypkl
tpN[tpf;uk Gj;jf epiyaj;jpy; Nyf;`T]; gj;jphpif
tpw; g id nra; j jhy; fytu fhyj; j py; ,JTk;
nfhiyg;gl;baypy; Nrh;ff ; g;gl;lJ. 1988 Nk khjk; 17Mk;
jpfjp my;yJ mjw;fz;ika ehspy; mq;F te;j
Jg; g hf; f pjhhpfs; Gj; j f epiyaj; i j jP a pl; L f;
nfhSj;jpaJld; mjd; chpikahsuJ cwtpduhd
re;jpurphp tPutpf;uk rpq;fNrd vd;w ,isQiuAk;
cjtpahsuhd [P.gp. Fzjhr vd;gtiuAk; Rl;Lf;
nfhd;wdh;.
fe;ijah fe;jrhkp - gj;jphpif chpikahsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1988 [{d; / [{iy
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntspte;j kdpj chpikfs;
gj;jphpifahd 'rl;lNl hptpa+"it rl;lj;juzp fe;ijah
KjyP L nra; J Muk; g pj; j hh; . Clftpayhsuhf
,Uf;fhjNghJk; mtuJ Nehf;fk; nfhOk;ig jskhff;
nfhz;l Clfq;fs; %yk; njhpT nra;J tbfl;b
toq;Fk; nra;jpfis tpl cz;ikahd epiyia jkJ
kf;fSld; gfph;e;J nfhs;tjhFk;. 1981 [dthp 5Mk;
jpfjp ntspahd 'rl;lNl hptpa+" KjyhtJ ,jopy;
mth; vOjpa Fwpg;gpy; mtUf;Fs;spUe;j Clfk;
njhlh;ghd mwpT ntspg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapy; %d;W
nkhopfspYk; ntsptUk; jpdrhpfs; 13f;Fk; Fiwty;y.
mjpy; xd;iwj; jtpu Vida midj;Jk; njw;fpy;
36
nfhOk; g pypUe; N j ntsptUfpd; w d. mjpnyhd; W
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntsptUk; <oehL
gj; j phpifahFk; . ,jd; nghUs; vd; d ntd; w hy;
tlf;fpNyh my;yJ fpof;fpNyh ,lk;ngWk;
rk;gtnkhd;iw njw;fpw;F jfty; mDg;gp njw;fpy;
mtw;iw njhpTnra;J> tbfl;b> gjg;gLj;jp my;yJ
jphpGgLj; j p Kbe; j hy; jhspj; J mtw; i w kP z ; L k;
tlf;fpYs;s thrfh;fSf;F kPz;Lk; mDg;GtJ jhd;
,ay;G. thuhe;jk; ntsptUk; vkJ gj;jphpiffs; %yk;
,e;jj; jfty;fis jiy fPohfj; jpUg;Gtjw;F kw;Wk;
mjd; %yk; jw;Nghija rkepiyaw;w jd;ikia ePff ;
ehk; vjph;ghh;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
,t;thW Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l gj;jphpifapd; chpikahsuhd
mtuJ ftdk; kdpj chpikfs; kw;Wk; Gduikg;G
Fwpj; N j jpUk; g paJ. aho; g ; g hzk; khtpl; l Guj; j py;
1930Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,th; ,yq;if
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fzpj gl;ljhhpahdhh;. gpd;dh;
rl;lj;juzpahdhh;.
rl;lNl hptpa+ gj;jphpif gy jlitfs; jilnra;ag;gl;l
Ntisfspy; mij kPzL ; k; Muk;gpf;f mtuJ gq;fspg;G
Fiwtpd;wp fpilj;jJ. ,Ue;Jk; ,Wjpahf
jilnra;ag;gl;lNghJ mtuJ nfhiyr; rk;gtKk;
,lk; n gw; w jhy; rl; l Nl hptpa+ gj; j phpif kP z ; L k;
Muk;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
n`d;wp gKZt - Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 02 mf;Nlhgh; 1988
njhopy; hPjpahf 'vj;j" gj;jphpifapd; mr;rfj;jpy; mr;Rf;
N f h h ; f ; F k ; ( composing) g p h p t p d ; j i y t u h f f ;
flikahw;wpa n`d;wp gKZt ClftpayhsuhfTk;
gj;jphpiff;F fl;Liufis vOjp te;jhh;. mNjNghy;
'vj;j" gj;jphpifia mr;rpl;l ,yq;if fk;a+dp];l;
fl;rpapd; Nfhl;Nl gpuNjr nraw;FOj; jiytuhf
37
,lJrhhp murpaypy; <Lgl;l mth; khfhz rigj;
Njh;jypy; xU Ntl;ghsuhfg; Nghl;bapl;lhh;. nfhOk;G
khtl;lj;jpy; kfufktpYs;s mtuJ tPl;Lf;F 1988Mk;
Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp te;j kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp) Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; mtuJ
kidtp gps; i sfSf; F Kd; d hNyNa mtiur;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;jdh;.
b.gp. tpN[#hpa - fyhrhu nraw; g hl; l hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 03 mf;Nlhgh; 1988
FUzhfiy khtl;lj;jpYs;s nghy;gpj;jpfk cjtp
mur mjpgh; gphpitr; Nrh;e;j njhuNtUt fpuhkj;jpy;
gpwe;j b.gp. tpN[#hpa fiyQh;> Kw;Nghf;F murpay;
Kd;Ndhb kw;Wk; ,lJrhhp murpay; jiytuhthh;.
kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zp (N[.tp.gp) ahy; 1988
mf;Nlhgh; 03Mk; jpfjp fhiy 10.00 kzpastpy;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. 1971Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; murpaYf;fhf jdJ cah;
fy;tpiaAk; Jwe;j mth; rpy fhyk; rpiwthrk;
mDgtpj;J tpl;L tpLjiyahfp me;j murpaiyj;
Jwe;J kf;fs; Nritf;fhf r%f ,af;fq;fs; gytw;wpy;
Kd;dzp tfpj;jtuhthh;. nfhiynra;ag;gl;l NghJ
mth; ,yq;if kf;fs; fl;rpapd; FUzhfiy khtl;lj;
jiytuhftpUe;jJld; khfhz rig
cWg;gpduhfTkpUe;jhh;. Njrpa xw;Wikf;fhf ghLgl;l
mth; gy rkhjhdf; FOf; f spy; mq; f k; tfpj; J
Ngr; R f; f spy; fye; J nfhz; L s; s hh; . tptrhapfspd;
Mh;g;ghl;lq;fs;> FbePh; thp kPjhd Mh;g;ghl;lq;fs;
Nghd; w gy Nghuhl; l q; f spy; fye; J nfhz; L eP j p
Neh; i kahd r%fj; i j fl; b naOg; g cioj; j hh; .
fiyfis Nerpj; j mth; fiy %yk; kf; f is
mwpTWj;j KbAnkd;W ek;gpdhh;. ,jw;fhf mth; 'tPu
Gud; mg;G" tPjp eldf; FOnthd;iw mikg;gjpy;
Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;ltuhthh;. Neh;ik kpf;f
r%fj;Jf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gpuNjr kf;fspd; mwpTg;
38
grpapd; Njitia czh;e;J nfhz;l mth; fpuhk
kf;fspd; Kaw;rpapy; 'Nfhh;fp E}yfj;ij" Muk;gpgg
; jpYk;
Kd;NdhbahftpUe;jhh;. ebg;gpy; Mh;tk; fhl;ba mth;
Rtnuhl;bfis tiutjpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. ,th;
Kd; n dLj; j itfisAk; ,tuJ gazj; i jAk;
nghWj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahjjhy; ,th; kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzpapd; nfhiyg; gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
fhzpaw; w E}w; W f; f zf; f hd Vio mg; g htpf;
FLk;gq;fSf;F fhzp gfph;e;jspj;J tpl;L jpUk;gpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ klfy;y gpuNjrj;jpYs;s fhl;Lg;
gFjpapy; kiwe;jpUe;j Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; mtiuAk;
mtUld; te;j mtuJ ez;gh;fs; %tiuAk; xd;whfr;
Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;.
N[.<. FzNrfu - ,yf;fpathjp>
nkhopngah; g ; g hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 19 mf;Nlhgh; 1988
Aj;jj;jpw;Fk; fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhd #hpafhe;jp
,af;fj;jpd; %yk; nraw;ghl;lhsuhd N[.<. FzNrfu
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mtuJ ,yf;fpag; gilg;GfSf;fhf
gpugykhfpapUe;jhh;. tpN\lkhf rpWth;fSf;fhd gy
E}y; f is vOjpAs; s Jld; Nrhtpaj; fyhrhu
epiyaj;jhy; ntspaplg;gl;l gy rpWth; E}y;fisAk;
,th; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. 1985Mk; Mz;L mtUf;F
rpWth; ,yf; f paj; J f; f hd mur ,yf; f pa tpUJk;
fpilj;jJ.
njhopypy; ,th; MrphpauhftpUe;jNghJk; jpf;fp jpf;fpg;
NgRk; jd;ik nfhz;bUe;jjhy; mjpypUe;J
,uh[pdhkh nra;J KONeu nkhopngah;g;ghsuhfTk;
RahjPd ,yf;fpa eltbf;iffspYk; r%f
nraw;ghLfspYk; <Lgl;lhh;. N`hkhfk> `gufl vd;w
,lj;jpy; trpj;J te;j mth; nfhiynra;ag;gLk; NghJ
`gufl ,yq; i f fk; a +dp]; l ; fl; r pf; fpisapd;
nrayhsuhfTk; flikahw;wp te;jhh;. ehL KOtJk;
39
,lJrhhpfs; kw;Wk; Aj;jj;Jf;F vjpuhd rkhjhd
tpUk;gpfs; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l gaq;futhj #oy;
epytpa fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ 1988Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh;
khjk; 19Mk; jpfjp mtuJ tP l ; L f; F s; itj; N j
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfspd; Njhl;lhTf;F ,iwahdhh;.
b.vk; . b. re; j putpky - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 17 etk;gh; 1988
,lJrhhpahd je;ijapd; mbr; Rtl;il gpd;gw;wpr;
nrd;W ,yq;if rkrkh[f; fl;rp murpaYld; b.vk;.b.
re;jputpky jkJ ,sk; gUtj;ij Muk;gpj;Js;shh;.
njhopy; hPjpahf mth; ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig
CopauhftpUe; j Jld; mfpy ,yq; i f Nkhl; l hh;
njhopyhsh; rq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;lhsuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
gpd;dh; et rkrkh[f; fl;rpapy; ,ize;J nfhz;l
mtUf;F ,lJrhhpnad;gjhy; njhopy; Ghpe;j ,lj;jpy;
gy;NtW ,ilQ;ry;fSf;F cs;shf Neh;e;jJ. gy
re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rpiw nry;y Ntz;bAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,Ue;Jk; r%fj;jpy; xU Gul;rpfu khw;wj;Jf;fhd mtuJ
ek;gpf;ifia jfh;f;f ,tw;why; Kbahkw; NghdJld;
nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ mth; et rkkh[f; fl;rpapd;
KONeu murpaw; FO cSg;gpduhf nraw;gl;lhh;.
mf;fl;rpahy; ntspaplg;gl;LtUk; '`ua" gj;jphpifapd;
murpay; fl;LiuahsuhfTk; Vida Clf
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtJk; mtuJ KONeu murpay;
tho;tpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpd;
gpl;lNfhl;Nl gpuNjrj;jpy; FbapUe;j ,th; v`ypa
nfhilia gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lth;. 1988 etk;gh;
17Mk; jpfjp nfhOk;G fLntyapy; eilngw;w ,yq;if
kf;fs; fl;rpapd; mNgl;rfh; xrp mNgFzNrfutpd;
[dhjpgjp Njh;jy; gpurhuf; $l;lj;jpd; kPjhd Fz;Lj;
jhf;Fjypy; re;jputpky; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. mg;NghJ
mtUf;F ,uz;L Foe;ijfs; ,Ue;jdh;.
40
ney;rd; fUzhuj;d - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1988 etk;gh; 23
fNynty gpuNjrj;jpy; Nyf;`T]; epUguhf nraw;gl;l
ney;rd; fUzhuj;d khj;jis khtl;l mgptpUj;jp
rig cWg;gpdh; Vfehaftpd; nrayhsuhfTk; rpwpJ
fhyk; flikahw;wpAs;shh;. 1987Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpah
,yq;if rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;Jf;F Mjuthf
nraw; g l; l tnudTk; njhpa tUfpwJ. 88> 89
fhyg;gFjpapy; nfhiyfs; kw;Wk; td;Kiw rk;gtq;fs;
FwpjJ; nra;jp vOjpaJk;> ,th; nfhiy mr;RWj;jYf;F
cl;gl xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1988 etk;gh; 23Mk;
jpfjp tPl;by; njhiyf;fhl;rp ghh;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
NghJ Nehahsp xUtUf;F fLk; RfaPdk; Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf
xUth; tPl;bd; fjit jl;bAs;shh;. mtuJ kidtp
fjitj; jpwe;j NghJ ifj;Jg;ghf;fpAld; xUth;
cs;Ns Eioe;Js;shh;. ney;rd; gpd; thry; topahf
ntspNawp XLk; NghJ ifj;Jg;ghf;fpia itj;jPUe;j
egh; tpul;br; nrd;W mtiu Nehf;fp Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfk;
nra;Js;shh;. Njhspy; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf; fhaq;fSld;
fPNo tpOe;j ney;rid Nehf;fpr; nrd;w nfhiyahsp
khh;gpy; Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fis jPh;j;J mtiu nfhiy
nra;Js;shh;.
vr;.<. jahee;j - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 02 brk;gh; 1988
,yq; i f tq; f papd; mjpfhhpahd vr; . <. jahee; j
'jptapd" gj;jphpiff;F njhlh;eJ
; vOjpte;j fl;Liufs;
fhuzkhf Clfj; Jiwapy; gpugykhdhh;. 'jptapd"
jpdrhpg; gj;jphpifapy; mth; vOjpte;j ',lJrhhp
jfty;" vd;w jiyg;gpyhd fl;Liufs; gpugykile;jd.
mNjNghy; Clftpayhsh; Rdpy; khjt njhFj;jspj;j
[duQ;rf 'vl;lhk; gf;fk;" vd;w gFjpf;F fhj;jpukhd
fl;Liufis vOjp te;jhh;. vOj;jhsuhd ,th; ftpQh;
Nkhdpfh Utd; gj;jpud jiyikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
41
RahjPd vOj;jhsh; Kd;dzpapd; ,izr;
nrayhsuhfTk; flikahw;wp te;jhh;. jahee;jtpd;
nfhiyAld; ,e;j vOj;jhsh; Kd;dzp ,aq;ftpy;iy.
jkJ kidtpf;F KjyhtJ Foe;ij gpwe;Js;snjd;w
jfty; fpilj;J mth; tPL Nehf;fp nrd;W
nfhz; b UF; i fapy; nfhk; g dpj; njU ngw; N why;
epiyaj;Jf;F Kd;dhy; itj;J Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,yq; i f ,e; j pa xg; g e; j j; J f; F vjpuhd khzth;
mikg; g pdhy; gy; f iyf; f ofq; f spy; elj; j g; g l; l
fUj; j uq; F fspy; Kf; f pa Ngr; r hsuhftpUe; j hh; .
khj;jiwapy; gpwe;j ,th; Ie;J Ngiuf; nfhz;l
FLk;gj;jpy; %j;jtuhthh;.
vd;.rP.vk;. ,];kapy; - gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;
- thior; N rid
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - brk;gh; 1988
v];. nry;tuh[h - Clftpayhsh; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1988
aho;gg; hzk;> fhq;Nfrd;Jiw kapyplb ; apy; tho;eJ
; te;j
v]; . nry; t uh[h Nyf; `T]; epWtdj; j hy;
ntspaplg;gLk; jpdfud; gj;jphpifapd; aho; khtl;l
tpN\l epUguhf nraw; g l; L te; j hh; . vy; . hP . hP . <>
mikg;Gf;Fk; ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk;
giladUf;FkpilNa ,lk;ngw;W te;j Nkhjypy; aho;
kf;fs; kpf Nkhrkhfg; ghjpff; g;gl;ldh;. 1988 Mk; Mz;L
xU ehs; vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy; v];. nry;tuh[h nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh; vdj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa mikjp
fhf; F k; gilapdh; aho; g ; g hzj; j py; jhpj; J epd; w
fhyj;jpy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; vd mwpe;jpUe;jth;fs;
,th; vg;NghJ ve;j khjk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh; vd;gij
mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy.

,yq; i fapd; fpof; F khfhzj; j pYs; s thior;

Nridapy; trpj;J te;j vd;.rP.vk;. ,];khapy; tPuNfrhp>
jpdfud; Mfpa gj;jphpiffspd; gpuNjr nra;jpahsuhf
nray; g l; L te; j hh; . gj; J tUlq; f Sf; F Nkyhf
nra;jpahsuhf nraw;gl;L te;j ,th; xU Mrphpauhthh;.
,th; 1942Mk; Mz;L gpwe;jth;. fpof;F khfhz kf;fs;
kpf Nkhrkhd Aj;j #o;epiyf;Fs; tho;e;J te;jdh;.
1988Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; vy;.hP.hP.<. mikg;Gf;Fk;
,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdf;FkpilNa fLk;
Nkhjy; Vw;gl;lJ. ,J Nghd;w Nkhjy; ,lk;ngw;w
brk; g h; khjk; xU ehs; ,]; k hapYk; mtuJ
ez; g nuhUtUk; thior; N rid gpujhd gP j papy;
ciuahbf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ mUfpNyNa xU n\y;
tpOe;J ntbj;jJ. ,e;j n\y;ypd; xU gFjp mtuJ
neQ;Rg; gFjpia Jisj;Jr; nrd;wJ. ,];khapy; me;j
,lj;jpNyNa ,we;jhh;.

42 43

1989
b.vd;.v];. gj;jpud - Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 24 [dthp 1989
'`ua" gj; j phpifapd; xg; G Nehf; f hsuhftpUe; j
b.vd;.v];. gj;jpuz gj;jphpif njhFg;G NtiyfspYk;
<Lgl;L te;jhh;. '`ua" gj;jphpifia ntspapLk; et
rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; KONeu murpay; eltbf;iffspYk;
<Lgl;L te;jhh;. khztg; gUtj;jpy; tpj;jpahyq;fhu
gphpNtdhtpd; khzt jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shh;.
,lJrhhpfis Ntl;ilahb te;j kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzpapdh; (N[.tp.gp) 1989Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk;
24Mk; jpfjp gj;jpuzitAk; Ntl;ilahbdh;. xU
kfDf;Fk; kfSf;Fk; je;ijahd ,th; nfhOk;G
nfhyd;dhitapy; thlif tPnlhd;wpy; trpj;J te;jhh;.
,th; nfhiyAz; l jd; gpd; ,tuJ FLk; g j; j pdh;
kidtpapd; ngw;Nwhh; trpj;j nkhdwhfiy
gpuNjrj; J f; F r; nrd; W s; s dh; . ,th; njdpaha
gpuNjrj;ijg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lth;.
Mde;j etuj;d - Clftpayhsh; /
vOj; j hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 25 [dthp 1989
fz;b efiug; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l etuj;d et
rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; KONeu murpay; eltbf;iffspy;
<Lgl; l Jld; mf; f l; r pahy; ntspaplg; g l; l '`ua"
gj; j phpifapd; Mrphpa gP l cWg; g pduhf Clfj;
JiwapYk; <Lgl; L te; j hh; . ftpQuhfTk; fiy
tpkh;rfuhfTk; tpN\lkhf ,dg;gpur;rpid njhlh;ghf
fhj;jpukhd gy fl;LiufisAk; vOjpAs;shhh;. ,th;
vOjpa E}nyhd;W 'Njrpa gpur;rpid" vd;w ngahpy;
44
ntspte; J s; s J. nfhOk; G f; F k; fz; b f; F kpilNa
gazk; nra; J nfhz; L murpay; kw; W k; Clf
tho;fi
; fia Nkw;nfhz;l ,th; 1989Mk; Mz;L [dthp
khjk; 25Mk; jpfjp fz;bapYs;s jdJ tPl;Lf;Fr;
nrd;wpUe;j NghJ nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. tPl;Lf;F
te;j kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp)
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs;> et ekrkh[f; fl;rpapd;
nraw;ghl;lhsuhd ,lJrhhpahd Mde;jtpd; je;ij>
%d;W rNfhjuh;fs; cl;gl mtUld; Nrh;j;J Ith;
xNu Neuj; j py; Rl; L f; nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l dh; .
,isQuhd ,th; jpUkzk; Kbj;jtuhthh;.
gP . vk; . tP u Nfhd; gz; l hu (50) - fyhrhu
nraw; g hl; l hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 09 ngg;uthp 1989
tPuNfhd; k`j;jah vd;w ngahpy; gpurpj;jkhd tPuNfhd;
gz;lhu fl;rp Ngjq;fspd;wp fpuhkj;jpd;
Kw;Nghf;fhsh;fSld; ,ize;J r%f mgptpUj;jpia
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L r%f kw;Wk; nghJ NtiyfSf;F
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtuhthh;. re;jh;g;gq;fSf;F
Vw;w tifapy; gy;NtW murpay; fl;rpfSld; njhlh;G
nfhz;L nray;gl;L te;j ,th; vg;NghJk; Vio
kf;fspd; gf;fk; rhh;eJ
; nraw;gl;lth; vd gpurpj;jkhdhh;.
,th; tptrhaj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; xU mjpfhhpahf
flikahw;wp te;jhh;. FUehfiy kl`hnghy vd;w
,lj;jpy; trpj;j ,th; mwpthspfs; epiwe;j guk;giuia
mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
'gpuGj; j rkh[a" vd; w ngahpy; xU mikg; i g
cUthf;fp mjd; %yk; fUj;juq;Ffs;>
fye;Jiuahly;fis elj;jp te;jJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
mk;rkhFk;. ,jw;fhf me;je;j jiyg;GfSf;Nfw;w
mwpQh;fis mioj;J te;J gpuNjr kf;fspd; mwpTf;
fz;izj; jpwg;gjw;F Kd;dpd;W cioj;jhh;. ,J
Nghd;w fyhrhu nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ 1989Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk;
45
9Mk; jpfjp ,tuJ tPl;Lf;F te;j kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp) Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; kidtp kw;Wk;
%d;W gpsi ; sfSf;F Kd;dhy; mtiur; Rl;Lf; nfhiy
nra;jdh;.
vd; . [P . gpNukuj; d (cghyp) tP j p ehlff;
fiyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;ljpdk; - 11 ngg;uthp 1989
cghyp vd;w ngahpy; midtUk; mwpe;j ,th; rpwe;j
tPjp ehlff; fiyQuhthh;. b.gp. tpN[#hpa Muk;gpj;j
'jk;Gt tPu Gud; mg;G nfhtpgNy" kw;Wk; tPuGud;
mg;G tPjp ehlff; FOtpd; Muk;g Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jhh;. tPjp ehlfq;fs; %yk; kf;fSf;F Nrit
nra;a KbAnkd epidj;j mtUk; FOtpdUk; ehL
KOtJk; nrd;W nghJf; $l;lq;fspy; tPjp ehlfq;fis
ebj;jdh;. ebg;gpYk; ghl;bYk; kf;fis mwpt+l;ba
,th; ,lJrhhp murpay; Nehf;Fld; nraw;gl;ltuhthh;.
1989Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp mth;
tho;e;j FUehfiy khtl;lj;jpd; ahgh`{t njhFjp
fl;Lfk; nghytpYs;s mtuJ tPl;Lf;F te;j kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp) Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; mtiu
Rl;Lf; nfhd;wdh;. mth;fsJ ehlfq;fs; %yk; kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nrd;w ,dthjj;Jf;F vjpuhd
fUj;Jfs;> kdpjhgpkhdk; kw;Wk; r%ff; fUj;Jfs;
nfhiyahspfspd; vjph;gG; f;F fhuzkhftpUe;jd. ,th;
,uz;L gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
46
ruj; nrdtpuj;d - tPjp ehlff; fiyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 ngg;uthp 1989
tPu Gud;mg;G tPjp ehlff; FOtpd; jahhpg;G gzpfspy;
<LtLtNj ,e;j jpUkzkhfhj ,isQhpd; Kf;fpa
NtiyahFk;. tPjp ehlff; FOTf;fhf ,th; KO
mh;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;lhh;. murpay; fl;rpfSld;
Neubj; njhlh;Gfs; ,y;yhj ,th; Kw;Nghf;F kf;fs;
,af; f q; f spd; nghJ eltbf; i ffSf; F jdJ
gq;fspg;ig toq;fpdhh;. tPjp ehlfq;fs; %yk; kf;fis
mwpt+l; L k; eltbf; i ffSf; F jkJ gq; f spg; i g
toq;fpajw;fhfNt ,th; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhnudj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,tUk; ,tUld; xNu ehspy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l Vida ehlf rfhf;fs; ,Utiug;
Nghy; fl;Lfk;giyapy; tho;e;jtuthh;.
N[.V. ikj; j phpghy [atP u - tP j p ehlff;
fiyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 ngg;uthp 1989
'nyhf;F Iah" vd gpuNjrthrpfs; kj;jpapy; gpurpjj
; khd
ikj;jphpghy [atPu ehd;F gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
,tUk; fl;Lfk;gisapy; tho;e;J te;jtuhthh;. tPu
Gud; mg;G tPjp ehlff; FOtpy; ,tUk; ebfuhf ,Ue;J
te;jhh;. = yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapy; murpaiy
Muk;gpj;j ,th;nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ,yq;if
kf;fs; fl;rpapd; fpuhkpaf; fpisapd;
jiytuhftpUe;jhh;. Kw;Nghf;F ,af;fq;fspy; gq;fspgG ;
nra;jgb fiy eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;L te;j ,tUk;
,tuJ ehlf rfhf;fs; ,Utuhd cghyp kw;Wk; ruj;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; md;iwa ,utpNyNa kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp.) Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfshy;
Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
47
fhkpdp Nrdf gz;lhu - fyhrhu
nraw; g hl; l hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 06 khh;r; 1989
ePz;l fhykhf ,lJrhhp murpaypy; <Lgl;L te;j
,th; me;j murpay; ntspaPLfSf;F fl;Liufs;
vOJtjpYk; Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;. 1970fspy; ,Ue;j
,ufrpa Gul;rpfu murpay; FOnthd;wpd; 'fpdpGg;Gu"
gj;jphpifapYk; flikahw;wpAs;shh;. ,th; fl;Liufis
'rhfu" vd;w Gidg; ngahpNyNa vOjp te;Js;shh;.
kiyafj;jpy; fhzpg; gpur;rpid njhlh;ghf vOjg;gl;l
'ep[gpNk fpdp njy;" vd;w Nkil ehlfj;jpy; tPuGud;
mg;Gtpd; ghj;jpuj;jpy; ebj;J gpuNjr NkilfSf;F
mwpKfkhfpapUe;jhh;. nfhiy murpaYf;F vjpuhf
gyj;j Fuy; vOg;gp te;j ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gLk;
NghJ ,yq;if kf;fs; fl;rpapd; ,isQh; mikg;gpd;
Kf;fpa];juhftpUe;jhh;. jy;tj;j n`l;bnfju fhkpdp
Nrdf gz;lhu vd;w ngaUila ,th; Nf.gp. ,fyfk
vd;w ngahpYk; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jhh;. 1989Mk; Mz;L
khh;r; khjk; 6Mk; jpfjp jdJ kidtpapd; tPl;by;
,Ue;j NghJ kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp)
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfshy; Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
Nf. jdghy rpq;fk; - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 24 khh;r; 1989
Fkhh; jdghy; vd;w nghapy; vOj;jhsuhf
gpugy;akhfpapUe;j Nf. jdghy rpq;fk; aho;g;ghzk;>
ey; Y }h; kUjb tP j papy; itj; J Rl; L f; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,t;thW ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhf
aho; cjad; gj;jphpifapy; nra;jp ntspaplg;gl;bUe;Jk;
,th; njhlh; g hd Nkyjpfj; jfty; f isg; ngw
Kbatpy;iy.
48
Rdpy; etul;d (30) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - khh;r; 1989
1985 - 1990 fhyg; g Fjpapy; ntspte; j thuhe; j g;
gj;jphpifahd '`ua" gj;jphpifapd; k];nfypa epUguhf
nraw;gl;l ,th; et rkrkh[f; fl;rpapd; KONeu
murpay; eltbf;iffspYk; <Lgl;lhh;. 1988Mk; Mz;L
Kjy; ehL KOtJk; fhzhkw; NghNthh; njhlh;ghd
nra;jpfSk; ntspte;j tz;zkpUe;jd. et rkrkh[f;
fl;rp ,J njhlh;ghd jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhf
KO Neu nraw;ghl;lhsh;fis epakpj;jpUe;jJ. Rdpy;
etuj;d khj;jiwg; gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzhkw; NghNdhh;
njhlh;ghd jfty;fis jpul;Lk; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;j
NghJ 1989Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk; mur gilapduhy;
Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhf njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
hP. kfhypq;fk; - gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 Nk 1989
Xa;T ngw;w Mrphpauhd ,th; rl;lj;juzpAkhthh;.
nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ ,tUf;F 62 tajhFk;.
nfhOk; g pypUe; J ntspte; j Njrpa Mq; f pyg;
gj;jphpifahd 'rd;" ehspjopd; Ch;fhtw;Jiw epUguhf
nraw;gl;l ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; NghJ 'jp Iyd;l";
gj;jphpifapd; Ch;fhtw;Jiw epUguhf gzpahw;wp
te;jhh;. tlkuhl;rp gpuNjrj;jpy; funtl;b> ney;ypab
fpuhkj; j py; tho; e ; j ,th; %d; W gps; i sfspd;
je;ijahthh;. ney;ypabapYs;s ,tuJ tPl;Lf;F te;j
vy;.hP.hP.<. Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; ,tiur; Rl;Lf; nfhd;whfj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,th; nfhiyAz;ljd; gpd;dh;
,tuJ FLk;gj;jpdh; ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.
49
gP.b. tpkyNrd - mr;rf Kfhikahsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 27 Nk 1989
1958Mk; Mz;L mur mr;rfj;jpy; xU Copauhf
tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;j ,th; ,yq;if rkrkh[f;
fl;rpapd; njhopw; rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa];juhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
1963 Mk; Mz; L mr; r fh; f s; rq; f j; j pd; nghJr;
nrayhsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;l ,th; 1966Mk; Mz;L
mr;rfj;jpd; jiytuhdhh;. nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; tiu
jiyth; gjtpia tfpj;j ,th; ,yq;if rkrkh[f;
fl; r papd; njhopw; rq; f q; f spd; rk; N ksd nghJr;
nrayhsuhfTk; flikahw;wpdhh;. r%fj;jpd; eyid
,yf;fhff; nfhz;l njhopw; rq;fj; jiytuhf ,th;
vLj;j Jzprr ; y; kpff
; eltbf;iffs; ,d;W ,yq;ifapy;
ghlrhiyg; gps;isfs; ,ytrkhf ghl E}y;fis
ngw; W f; nfhLf; F ksTf; F tphptile; J s; s J.
ghlE}y;fis Fiwe;j tpiyf;Fg; ngw;wf; nfhLf;f
muR gpNuuidnahd;iw epiwNtw;wp mtw;iw mr;rpl
KbAkh vd mur mr;rfj;jplk; Nfl;lNghJ mr;rfj;jpd;
Kf;fpa];jh; gioa ,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk;
ngUe; n jhifahd E}y; f is mr; r pl Kbahnjd
njhptpj;Js;shh;. me;jr; re;jh;gg; j;jpy; njhopw; rq;fj;jpd;
nrayhsuhftpUe;j tpkyNrd rNfhju Copah;fSld;
Ngr;R elj;jp jkf;F me;jg; nghWg;ig Vw;fKbAnkdj;
njhptpj;Js;shh;. gpd;dh; ghl E}y; mr;rpLk; nghWg;ig
vw; W Copah; f Sld; rpukjhdj; j pd; Kbe; j tiu
mr;rpae;jpuq;fisj; jpUj;jp ghlE}y;fis mr;rpLk;
gzpia Muk;gpj;Js;shh;. ,e;j eltbf;if
fhuzkhfNt. Kjd; Kjyhf ,Ugj;ije;J rjj;Jf;F
ghyh; ghlg; Gj;jfk; fpilj;jJ. gpdd ; h; Fiwe;j tpiyf;F
ghl E}y; f is ngw; W f; nfhLf; F k; eilKiw
,ytrkhf ghlE}y; toq;Fk; tiu tphptile;jJ.
nfhiy nra;ag;gLk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; ,th; rkrkh[f;
fl;rpapd; mr;rfkhd '];lhh;" mr;rfj;jpd;
Kfhikahsuhf flikahw;wp te;jhh;. Kw;Nghf;F
E}y;fs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfs; gytw;iw mr;rpl;l ,e;j
50
mr;rfj;Jf;F te;j kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp)
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; 1989Mk; Mz;L Nk 27Mk; jpfjp
,tiur; Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;jdh;. 1940Mk; Mz;L
Kf;FWJNt vd;w ,lj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; nfhiy
nra;ag;gLk; NghJ 49 taijf; fle;jpUe;jhh;.
Itd; [aNrfu - gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 23 [{iy 1989
,yq;if kf;fs; fl;rpapd; Muk;gfhy cWg;gpduhd
Itd; [aNrfu kfufk njhFjpapd; mikg;ghsuhfTk;
nraw;gl;lhh;. rkhjhd;jpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,lJrhhp
rpe;jidAs;s ,th; gy;NtW murpay; mwpf;iffSf;F
jkJ fUj;ij vOjpAs;shh;. mj;Jld; 'kfufk" vd;w
ngahpy; jhNk njhFj; j gj; j phpifnahd; i wAk;
ntspapl;L te;Js;shh;. ,J Nghd;w fUj;Jfisf;
nfhz;NlhUf;F vjpuhd rf;jpfs; ,aq;fpte;j Nkhrkhd
fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjhtJ 1984Mk; Mz;L [{d; khjk;
4Mk; jpfjp kiwe; j pUe; j Jg; g hf; f pjhhpfs; jkJ
Njhl;lhf;fSf;F ,tiu ,iwahf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;.
Njtp]; FUNf - thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 23 [{iy 1989
1949 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy;
,uz;lhk; ju mwptpgg ; hsuhf ,izj;J nfhz;l Njkp];
FUNf 1983Mk; Mz;L $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; gzpg;ghsh;
ehafkhf ,Ue;j epiyapy; Xa;T ngw;whh;. njhyf;fhl;rp
,y;yhj mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; nghJ kf;fSf;F rkPgkhd
Clfkhf tpsq;fpa thndhypapy; njhopyhsh;fspd;
Fuy;fis xypf;fr; nra;j 'fk;fU nga" vd;w epfo;r;rp
ciof; F k; kf; f spilNa gpurpj; j khd ,tuJ
epfo; r ; r pahFk; . 'ykh cad" nghb khkh vd; w
51
ghj;jpuj;jpy; gpugykhd rpWth; epfo;r;rpnahd;iwAk;
,th; jahhpjj ; spjj
; hh;. 'khrpf nuq;Fk;" mth; Kd;itj;j
kw;WnkhU epfo;r;rpahFk;.
thndhypapy; Xa;T ngw;w ,th; kPz;Lk;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; gzpg;ghsh;
ehafkhfTk; flikiag; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. fpsh;r;rp
,lk;ngw;w fl;lj;jpy; mth; RahjPd njhiyf;fhl;rp
Nritapd; nghWg;ghd mjpfhhpahf flikahw;wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mtrufhyr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nra;jpj;
jzpf;iff;F nghWg;ghd mjpfhhpahf gzpGhpe;Js;shh;.
1989Mk; Mz; L [{iy 23Mk; jpfjp mjpfhiy
ehuN`d;gpl;bapY;s jkJ tPl;bypUe;J ehuN`d;gpl;ba
gd;riyf;Fr; nrd;W jpUk;gpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ
nghy;N`d;nfhl ghyj;jpd; kPJ nfhiyfhuh;fspd; Ie;J
Njhl;lhf;fs; clypy; gha;e;J mth; caph; Jwe;jhh;.
mJ kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp (N[.tp.gp)
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; vd ek;gg;gl;l NghJk; gpw;fhyq;fspy;
,f;nfhiyf;F NtW re;Njfq;fSk; Vw;gl;ld.
gpNukfPh;j;jp b my;tp];
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 31 [{iy 1989
1947 Mk; Mz;L [{d; khjk; 3Mk;jpfjp nfhOk;gpy;
gpwe;j rkutPu KjypNf njhd; gpNuk fPhj ; j
; p b my;tp];>
gpNuk; vd;w ngahpy; ez;gh;fs; kw;Wk; thndhyp
Neah; f s; kj; j papy; gpurpj; j p ngw; w [duQ; r f
Clftpayhsuhthh;. 1967Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khk; 17Mk;
jpfjp Kjy; ,yq; i f thndhypapy; gFjpNeu
mwptpg; g hsuhf ,ize; J nfhz; l ,th; epue; j u
Copauhf ,Wjpapy; nfhiyAz;l NghJ nra;jp kw;Wk;
elg;G tptfhu epfo;r;rpj; jahhpg;ghsuhf flikahw;wpf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. 1989Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 31Mk;
jpfjp Culq;Fr; rl;lk; mKypy; ,Ue;j NghJ ,Uz;L
fple; j me; j ,utpy; Majq; f is ifapNye; j pa
,isQh; FOtpdh; te; J ,tiu tP l ; b ypUe; J
52
gyj;fhukhf mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. kWehs; mjpfhiy
capulq; f pa ,tuJ cly; ,tuJ tP l ; L f; f Ufpy;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpurpj;jkhd
,yj;jpudpay; ClftpayhsuhftpUe;j ,tuJ Kfj;ij
%d; W Jg; g hf; f pj; Njhl; l hf; f s; rpijj; j pUe; j d.
,f;nfhiyf;fhd nghWg;ig Vw;gjhf Njrg;gpNukp kf;fs;
,af;fk; rpy Rtnuhl;bfis N`hkhfk gpuNjrj;jpy;
xl;bapUe;jJ. ,U gps;isfspd; je;ijahd ,th;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l NghJ N`hkhfk fl;Lthd tPjpapy;
xU rpwpa thlif tPl;by; trpj;J te;jhh;. ,tuJ
tq; f pf; fzf; f py; 1717 &gh 14 rjk; khj; j puNk
vQ;rpapUe;jjhf njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Mde; j h tpj; j pahya rQ; r pifapd; Mrphpauhf
Clfj;Jiwapy; ,th; fhy; gjpj;jhh;. 1961Mk; Mz;L
rpWth; epfo;r;rpapy; ghlfuhf Ntz;Lnkd;w Mirapy;
,yq;if thndhypf;Fr; nrd;w ,tUf;F mtuJ Clf
FUthftpUe;j fUzhuj;d mNgNrfuit re;jpf;Fk;
tha;gG ; fpilj;jJ. 1961Mk; Mz;L [dthp khk; 27Mk;
jpfjp Kjy; rpWth; epfo;r;rpapy; gpujp thrpg;ghsuhf
thndhyp Clf tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,yq;if
thndhypAld; njhlh;G nfhz;L flikahw;wpa 25
tUl fhyj;Jf;Fs; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if %ykhfTk;
murpay; fpsh;r;rp %ykhfTk; gy;NtW tifahd
gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jhh;. 1977Mk; Mz;L
Mf];l; khjk; 12Mk; jpfjp Kjy; fl;lha yPtpy; mDg;gp
itf;fg;gl;lhh;. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; ep&gpf;fg;glhjjhy;
kPz;Lk; Nritapy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ,th;
u[ul;l Nritf;Fk;> mq;fpUe;J U`{Z Nritf;Fk;
kPz;Lk; nfhOk;Gf;Fkhf jz;lid toq;Fk; tifapy;
,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
gy fiy eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;js;s ,th;
ghlyhrphpah; vd; w hP j papy; Gfo; n gw; w hh; . gpd; d h;
&gth`pdp Clfj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l ,th; ,tuJ
Fuy; tsj;jhy; [duQ;rfkhdtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;.
fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; Rje;jpuj;ij KOikahf kPwpa
53
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp) fpsh;r;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; kuz mr;RWj;jiyAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
jdJ Clff; flikia nrt;tNd nra;Jte;j ,th;
gaq;futhjj;jpd; ,iwahdhh;.
Fyrphp mkuJq; f - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 Mf];l; 1989
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; ePzl fhyk;
gzpGhpe;j Clftpayhsh; Fyrphp mkuJq;f rpwpJ
fhyk; ehl;Lf;F ntspNa Clf eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;l
gpd;dh; jpUk;gp te;J ,yq;if &gth`pdp $l;Lj;jhgd
jiythpd; miog;gpd; Nghpy; MNyhrf nra;jp Mrphpah;
nghWg;ig Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpy
nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpaKila ,th; 1988- 1989 fpsh;rr
; pf;
fhyj; j py; &gth`pdp nra; j p xspgug; i g rpy
epkplq; f Sf; f htJ xspgug; g Kaw; r p nra; j tnud
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. mur Clfj;jpy; flikahw;WtJ>
nra; j p thrpg; g J kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zpahy;
(N[.tp.gp) kuz jz;lid tpjpg;gjw;F fhuzkhd ,j;
jpdq;fspy; rpy gpugykhd Clftpayhsh;fs; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdh;. &gth`pdp $l;Lj;jhgdk; kw;Wk;
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Copah;fs;
flikf;F tu mr;rk; nfhz;bUe;jdh;. &gth`pdpapy;
Njhd; W tjw; F k; gyh; tpN\lkhf mr; r Kw; w dh; .
mf;fhyj;jpy; nra;jpg; gphpTf;F nghWg;ghftpUe;j ,th;
nra;jp xspgug;ig Nkw;nfhs;s fLk; Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;ljhf ,tuJ rkfhyj;jth;fs;
njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.
nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpy; fy;fpir gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;J
te;j ,th; ,U Gjy;th;fspd; je;ijahthh;. 1989Mk;
Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp QhapW mjpfhiy
(jpfjp Fwpg;gpl;l khjk; 10 Kjy; 14 f;fpilapyhd
QhapW vd fUjg;gLfpwJ) flikf;Fr; nry;tjw;F
Kd;dh; gj;jphpiffis thrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ
54
tP l ; L f; F s; Eioe; j ,isQh; f s; ,Uth; mtru
Njitf;fhf njhiyNgrpia ghtpf;f KbAkh vd
Nfl;Ls;sdh;. mjw;F mDkjp fpilj;jJld;
mtUf; f UfpypUe; j xU Gjy; t h; njhiyNgrp
,Uf; F kplj; i j fhz; g pg; g jw; F jahuhfpAs; s hh; .
xNuabahf Clftpayhsh; mkuJq;f kPJ Jg;ghf;fp
Ntl; L f; f isj; jP h ; j ; j kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zp
(N[.tp.gp) gp];ly; FOtpdh; mq;fpUe;J cldbahf
ntspNawpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
rhfhpfh Nfhk]; (28) - Clftpayhsh; >
ghlfh; > ebfh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 18 nrg;nlk;gh;
1989
1961Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 19Mk; jpfjp rk;]d; Nfhk];>
&gh Nfhk]; jk;gjpapdUf;F nfhOk;G fhry; kfsph;
itj;jparhiyapy; gpwe;jth; rhe;jdp rhfhpfh Nfhk];.
ghlrhiy fhyk; Kjy; ghl;Lg; Nghl;bfspy; mfpy
,yq;if hPjpapy; Kjyplj;ijg; ngw;w ,th; gpd;dh;
rpwe; j ghlfpahdhh; . ghly; f is mth; rpwg; g hfg;
ghLtjhy; rq;fPj Nkij vl;tpd; Nfhl;Nl nfhltplk;
mth; Nkyjpfg; gapw;rp ngw;whh;.
,yq;if xypgug;gf; $l;Lj;jhgd rpWth; eld muq;F>
ykh cad rurtp kz;lga> bfphp rpdh nuyp Nghd;w
epfo;rr; pfspd; %yk; jpwikia fhl;Ltjw;Fr; re;jh;gg ; k;
fpilj;jJld; ghlfpahfTk; ebifahfTk; mth; gy;NtW
epfo;rr
; pfspy; jdJ gq;fspg;ig Fiwtpd;wp toq;fpdhh;.
Nguhrphpah; vjphptP u rur; r e; j putpd; 'nt]; r e; j u"
ehlfj;jpy; ghlfpahfTk; ebifahfTk; Njhd;wpdhh;.
lth; N`hy; ehlf kd;wj;jpd; fPo; jahuhd = tpf;uk>
rKj;jpu Njtp> rphp rq;fNgh> gz;Lfhga> ngN`ruzPa
Nghd;w ehlfq;fspy; ghlfpahfTk; ebifahfTk; jkJ
gq;fpsg;ig toq;fpdhh;.
55
&gth`pdp mwptpg; g hsuhfTkpUe; j ,th; mur
Clfq; f spy; flikahw; W tJ kuzj; i j typa
miog;gJ vdj; njhptpj;j fhyj;jpy; &gth`pdp
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; mwptpg;ghsuhff; flikahw;wpdhh;.
1989Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp khiy
mtuJ tPlL ; f;F te;j Itiuf; nfhz;l MAjk; jhq;fpa
FOtpdh; mth; tUk;tiu tPl;bypUe;jtw;iw myrp
Muha;e;J nfhz;bUe;jdh;. ,uT 7.30 kzpastpy; tPL
te; j rhfhpfhit ifJ nra; j mf; F Otpdh;
tprhizf;nfdf; $wp mtiu mioj;Jr; nrd;wdh;.
kWjpdk; mjpfhiy flw;fiuapypUe;J mtuJ capuw;w
cly; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. kWjpdk; mtuJ 28MtJ
gpwe;j jpdkhftpUe;jJ. gil mjpfhhpahd mtuJ
fhjyUld; jpUkzk; nra;a xU khj fhyNk ,Ue;jJ.
me;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; gb ,thpd; nfhiy kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzpahy; (N[.tp.gp)
Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l njd re; N jfpf; f g; g l; l NghJk;
$ypg;gilapduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjd;w re;NjfKk;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
uh[pdp uh[rpq;fk; jpuhzfk - vOj;jhsh;>
RahjP d Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 21 nrg;nlk;gh;
1989
nfhiy murpaYf; F vjpuhf mr; r kpd; w p jkJ
fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;l uh[pdp uh[rpq;fk; jpuhzfk
gy;NtW ntspaPLfSf;F jkJ fUj;Jf;fis vOjpa
vOj; j hsuhthh; . aho; gy; f iyf; f ofj; j pd; kdpj
chpikfs; njhlh;ghd tphpTiuahsh; rq;fk; njhFj;j
'Kwpe;j gid" vd;w E}ypd; ,iz Mrphpauhthh;.
mjpy; Kd;dzp thpir nraw;ghl;lhsuhf tpsq;fpa
mth; jkJ kf;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf fUj;Jfis
njhptpf;f Kbahj> ,zf;fg;ghl;Lf;F> ,lkw;w nfhiy
murpay; fyhrhuj;Jf;F vjpuhftpUe;jhh;. mtuJ gpwe;j
,lkhd aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp njw;fpy; kdpj
56
chpikfs; kw;Wk; ngz; chpik nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
kj; j papYk; fyrhuj; Jiwapy; Kw; N ghf; f hsh; f s;
kj;jpapYk; gpurpj;jkhftpUe;jhh;. itj;jpauhf ,Ue;j
mth; aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; clw; $w;Wg; gphptpy;
khzt MNyhrfuhf tpsq; f pdhh; . khzth; f spd;
vjph;fhyk; Fwpj;Jk; mth;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;J
vt;tsT mh;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;lhnud;gJ mth;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;lTld; khzth;fs; vOjp xl;ba
Rtnuhl;bfs; %yk; njhpe;J nfhs;sf;
$bajhftpUe;jJ. me;j Rtnuhl;bapy; khzth;fs;
'ehq;fs; cq;fis Gijf;ftpy;iy
tpijj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;." vd vOjpape;jhh;fs;.
njw; f py; ,lJrhhp rpe; j idAs; s gy; f iyf; f of
tphpTiuahsuhd jahghy jpuhzfkit jpUkzk;
nra;jpUe;j mth; tlf;fpwF ; k; njw;fpwF
; k; ghykhftpUe;J
jkJ ,U Gjy;tpfSld; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tho;e;J
te; j hh; . mtuJ fUj; J f; f s; > Mf; f q; f s; kw; W k;
eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf mtuJ tho;f;if
Mgj;Jf;Fs;shfyhk; vd mwpe;j nfhOk;G ntspehl;L
ez;gh;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J tUk;gb Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;Jk; mth; aho; kf;fSf;fhf Nritahw;wpdhh;.
gphpl;ldpy; fy;tpgapd;w ,th; mq;Nf jq;fpapUf;f
re; j h; g ; g k; fpilj; j NghJ gpwe; j kz; z py; tho
tpUk;gpdhh;.
1989Mk; mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp aho;
gy;fiyf;fof;jpd; clw; $w;Wg; gphptpy; Ma;nthd;iw
Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;dh; khiy 5.00 kzpastpy; jkJ
irf;fpspy; tPL jpUk;gpf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ mth;
Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpa
mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdh; ,f;nfhiyiar; nra;jjhf
ek;gg;gl;l NghjpYk; gpd;dh; ,f;nfhiyia
vy;.hP.hP.<.apdNu Nkw;nfhz;ljhfj; njhpa te;jJ. ,tuJ
nfhiyf;F 60 ehs; g+h;j;jpahd jpdj;jd;W aho;
gy;fiyf;fofk; Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j ,uq;fy; epfo;rr ; pf;F
nfhOk;G kw;Wk; ntspehLfspypUe;J
57
ngUe; n jhifahNdhh; fye; J nfhz; l dh; . rfy
jilfisAk; MAjf; FOf;fisAk; nghUl;gLj;jhky;
uh[pdp nfhiyia fz;bj;J khngUk; Ch;tynkhd;W
aho; efu tPjpfSlhf eilngw;wJ. ,tuJ nfhiyf;Fg;
gpd;dh; mtuJ ,U Gjy;tpfSld; fzth; ehl;il
tpl; L ntspNawpdhh; . mtuJ FLk; g j; j pdUk;
ntspNawpdh;.
I. rz;Kfypq;fk; - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 06 etk;gh; 1989
<oehL gj;jphpifapd; Mrphpah; gPl Clftpayhsuhd
I. rz;Kfypqf ; k; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l NghJ 'tpLjiy"
vd;w gj;jphpifapy; flikahff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,e;jpa
mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapduhy; <oehL> Kunrhyp> kw;Wk;
<oKuR Mfpa gj;jphpif mYtyfq;fs; %lg;gl;l
gpd;dh; mq;Fs;s mr;R ,ae;jpuq;fis ifg;gw;wpa
<.gp.Mh;.vy;.vg;. mikg;G 'tpLjiy" gj;jphpifia
Muk; g pj; j J. mq; F Clftpayhsuhfg; gzpia
Muk;gpj;j ,th; ,jd; fhuzkhfNt vy;.hP.hP.<.apduhy;
Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. nfhiy nra;ag;gLk;
NghJ 45 taJ epuk;gpa ,th; jpUkzkhdth;. mhpahiy
gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;j ,th; 1989Mk; Mz;L etk;gh;
khjk; 6Mk; jpfjp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
vk;. mkph;jypq;fk; - gj;jphpif chpikahsh;>
jkpo; bu];l; gz;l; Muk;g fh;j;jh
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1989
aho;gg
; hzj;jpypUe;J ntspte;j Kunrhyp gj;jphpifapd;
chpikahsuhd (Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpg;ghsh;) ,th;
Tamil Trust Fund vd;w epjpaj;jpd; Muk;g fh;j;jhththh;.
fhiu efh; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; %d;W gpsi ; sfspd;
je;ijahthh;. 1989Mk; Mz;L xU jpdj;jpy; (nfhiy
58
nra; a g; g l; l jpdj; i j cWjpg; g Lj; j pf; nfhs; s
Kbatpy;iy) ,th; Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
,f;nfhiyf;F GypfNs nghWg;ngdf; $wg;gl;lJ.
vy;.hP.hP.<.apdUf;F rhh;ghdjhff; fhzg;gl;l mg;gj;jphpif
mf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; kdpj chpikfs; kPwy;fs; njhlh;ghf
Rl;bf; fhl;baikahYk; mth; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd;
nraw; g hl; l hsuhftpUe; j jhYk; ,f; n fhiyf; F
fhuzkhftpUf;fyhk; vd re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Mh;.b. gpl;lnty eldf; fiyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1989
eldk; njhlh;ghd eldf; fiy gl;ljhhpahd Mh;.b.
gpl; l nty xU eld Mrphpauhf tho; f ; i fia
Muk;gpj;jhh;. Mrphpah; rq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;lhsuhd
,tUf;F 1980Mk; Mz;L Ntiy epWj;jj;jpd; NghJ
,th; njhopiy ,oe;jhh;. gpd;jq;fpa gFjpahd Cth
guzfkapy; tho;e;j ,th; jdJ FLk;gj;ij tho
itg;gjw;fhf nra;ahj njhopy; ,y;iy. $ypj; njhopy;
$l nra;Ak; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ePzl ; J}uk; ele;J nrd;W
mtUf;Fg; gpbj;j eld epfo;rr ; pfspy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
Etnuypa gpuNjr cy;yhrg; gaz N`hl;lnyhd;wpy;
eldkhl ntF J}uk; ele; J nrd; W tUthh; .
,jw;fpilapy; ,dthj;Jf;F vjpuhf> rkhjhdj;ij
Nerpg;gtuhf> mNjNghy; muRf;F tpNuhjkhdth; vd
gpuNjrthrpfs; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ,e;j fUj;jf;fisf;
nfhz; l Gul; r pfu fk; a +dp]; l ; yP f ; f pd; gpuNjr
nrayhsuhftpUe;jJld; me;j mikg;gpd; 'fk;fW
khtj;j" gj;jphpif tPlL
; f;F tPL vLj;Jr; nrd;W tpwg ; id
nra;tjpYk; <Lgl;lhh;. tWikapy; tho;e;J nfhz;L
eld epfo;rr; pfs; %yk; FLk;gj;ij ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;L
Kiwahd r%fnkhd;Wf;fhf Fuy; vOg;Gk; tifapy;
tho;e;J te;j gpl;lnty 1989Mk;Mz;L xU jpdj;jpy;
,de; n jhpahj Jg; g hf; f pjhhpfspd; Ntl; L fSf; F
,yf;fhfp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
59
ruj; re;jpuuj;d - rq;fPj fiyQh; - ghlfh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1989
gpuNjrj;jpy; ,yq;if kf;fs; fl;rp Kf;fpa];jhpd;
ez; g uhfTk; > mNjNtis ,lJrhhp rpe; j id
nfhz;ltuhd ruj; re;jpuuj;d. 'k`Jd; ky;yp" vd;w
ngahpNyNa gpurpj;jpngw;wpUe;jhh;. gpuNjrj;jpy; gpugy
ghlfuhfTk;> rq;fPjf; fiyQuhfTk; gpugykhdtuhf
tpsq;fpdhh;. mth; ahg;g`{t> khvypa> uk;Ng re;jpapy;
th;j;jf epiyankhd;iwAk; elj;jpte;jhh;. kf;fs;
fl; r papd; Mjuthsh; f s; ,tiur; re; j pg; g jw; n fd
toikahf mq;F tUth;. fpsh;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xU
mr;rj;ij J}z;Lk; ,utpy; mtuJ th;j;jf
epiyaj;Jf;F te;j Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; mtiur; Rl;Lf;
nfhd;W tpl;L ,Uspy; kiwe;jdh;.
vk;. etul;dk; - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1989
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntspte;j <oKuR> Kunrhyp
Mfpa gj;jphpiffspd; epUguhftpUe;j vk;. etul;dk;
xU Mrphpauhthh;. <oKuR Gypfspd; gj;jphpifnad
gpugykhfpapUe;jJ. <oKuR GypfSf;F rhh;ghdnjd
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;nfd
$wpf;nfhz;L te;j ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gil
te;jpUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjhtJ 1989Mk; Mz;L xU
ehspy; etul;zk; Rl;Lf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,J
,e; j pag; gilAld; neUq; f pa eltbf; i ffis
Nkw;nfhz;l <.gp.Mh;.vy;.vg;. mikg;G ,f;nfhiyiag;
Ghpe;jjhf ek;gg;gl;lJ. ,th; njs;spg;giy mhpahiy
gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;jtuhthh;.
60
1990
yf;];kd; ngNuuh - ehlfj; jahhpg;ghsh;
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; [dthp 1990
Clfj; jahhpg; g hsh; wpr; r h; l ; b nrha; ] hTld;
njhlh;gpUe;Jk; mtuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j
“Nk fTj? nkhdtj fud;Nd?” (,J ahh;? vd;d
nra;fpd;whh;?) vd;w Nkil ehlfk; ,th; flj;jg;gl;L
nfhiynra;ag;gl;ljw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd
re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. “Nk fTj? nkhdtj fud;Nd?”
vd; w RNyhfj; i j mg; N ghJ [dhjpgjpahftpUe; j
uzrpq;f gpNukjh] 1984Mk; Mz;L jdJ Nju;jy;
gpurhuj;jpy; gpujhd RNyhfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpdhh;. ,e;jj;
jiyg; g pd; ngahpy; wpr; r h; l ; b nrha; ] h vOjpa
ehlfj;ij yf;]k ; d; ngNuuh jahhpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;
vd;gij ehlfj;Jiwiar; Nrh;;e;j gyUk;
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. me;j ehlfk; NkilNaw;wg;gLtjw;F
Kjy; ehNs ,tu; fhzhky;NghAs;shu;. ,e;jr; rk;gtk;
njhlh;ghf mg;Nghija murpd; gpugykhd
murpay; t hjpnahUtupd; kP J Fw; w Q; r hl; l g; g l; l J.
nj`ptis> fy;fp];] efu rigapd;
cWg;gpduhftpUe;j ,th; 1990 [dthp 27Mk; jpfjp
flj;jg;gl;L fhzhkw;NghAs;shh;.
,th; nfhOk;G nj`ptis gpuNjrj;jpy; N;k[h; vy;.tp
Fzuj;d khtj;ijapy; trpj;J te;jhh;.
61
wpr;rh;l; b nrha;]h – Clftpayhsh; ebfh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 18 ngg;uthp 1990
gpugykhd &gth`pdp njhiyf;fhl;rp mwptpg;ghsUk;
jpiug;gl kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlf ebfUkhd
wpr; r h; l ; b nrha; ] h ‘,d; l h; g pu]; ’ vd; w nra; j pr;
Nritapd; ,e;ehl;L kdpj chpik kPwy; njhlh;ghd
nra;jpfis toq;Fk; epUguhfTk; gpugykhfpapUe;jhh;.
,e;jr; nra;jpr; Nritapy; flikahw;Wtjw;fhf ehl;il
tpl;Lr; nry;ytpUe;jNghNj nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
,tuhy; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l kdpj chpik kPwy; njhlh;ghd
gy jfty; f s; ehl; i l tpl; L ntspehLfSf; F
frptijj; jLg;gNj ,th; nfhiynra;ag;gLtjw;F
Kf;fpa fhuzkhftpUf;fyhk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1990Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 17Mk; jpfjp ,uT
rPUilAld; ,tuJ tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;w MW nghyp];
mjpfhhpfisf; nfhz; l FOtpdh; wpr; r h; l ; b
nrha; ] hit gyhj; f hukhf flj; j pr; nrd; w dh; .
fLikahf jhf;fg;gl;L nfhiynra;ag;gll ,tuJ
cly; 18Mk; jpfjp mjpfhiy nfhOk;G khtl;lj;jpd;
nkhul;Lt nfhuynty;;y flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; ,Ue;J
kPl;fg;gl;lJ.
Kf;fpa nghyp]; epiyakhd ntypf;fl nghyp];
epiyaj;jpw;fUfpy; cs;s tPl;by; jhahUld; trpj;J
te;j ,th; FLk;gj;jpy; xNu gps;isahthh;. ,tuJ
nfhiyf;Fg;gpd;dh; ,tuJ jhahuhd lhf;lh; kNdhuhzp
rutzKj; J gps; i sfspd; nfhiyf; F vjpuhf
fpsh; n jOe; j jha; k hh; Kd; d zpapd; jiytpahf
Kd;dpdW ; nraw;gl;lhh;. wprr
; h;l; b nrha;]htpd; nfhiy
ele;J %d;W khjq;fs; flf;ftpUe;j epiyapy; Nk
khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp &gth`pdp epfo;rr ; pnahd;wpy; lhf;lh;
kNdhuhzp jd; kfid flj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf te;j
nghyp]; mjpfhhpfspy; xUtuhd rpNu\;l nghyp];
mjpfhhp nuhdp Fzrpq;fit ,dq;fz;L
njuptpj; j Jld; > md; W Kjy; nfhiyahspfSf; F
jz;lid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f rl;lg;gb vLf;f Ntz;ba
62
rfy eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. gpd;dh; 1990
Nk khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Ljhhpapd;
jhf; F jYf; F ,yf; f hfp nfhiyAz; l Kd; d hs;
[dhjpgjp uzrpq;f gpNukjh]Tld; Kf;fpa re;Njf
eguhd nuhzp Fzrpq;fTk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
fUj; J f; f is ntspapLk; Rje; j puk; njhlh; g hd
fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffs; ,tuJ nfhiyf;Fg; gpdd ; Nu
,j;Jiwapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1994 ngg;uthp khjk;
21Mk; jpfjp fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLk; kw;Wk; Clf
mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhd khngUk;;
Mh;g;ghl;lq;fSldhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; wpr;rh;l; b
nrha;]h kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l
uh[pdp jpuhzfk MfpNahiu epidTgLj;jp
Kd; n dLf; f g; g l; l d. ‘Af; j pa’ gj; j pif ,jw; f hd
Vw;ghLfis nra;jpUe;jJ.
FkuFU Ff%h;j;jp - Clftpayhsh;> kdpj
chpikfs; njhlu; g hd Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 6 nrg; n lk; g h; >
1990
,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jkpo;g;gphptpy;
ypfpjuhf flikahw;wpa FkuFU Ff%h;j;jp kdpj
chpik nraw;ghl;lhsuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
,dq; f Sf; f pilNa eP j p kw; W k; rkj; J tj; J f; f hd
mikg;gpd; cWg;gpduhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy;
,Ue;J ntspte;j ‘rl;lh;Nl hptpA’ gj;jphpiff;F kdpj
chpik kPwy; njhh;lghd nra;jpfisAk; toq;fp
te;jhh;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ey;Y}h; gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j
,th; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd; kidtpapd; Cuhd
khtpl;lGuj;jpy; trpj;jhh;. njhopYf;fhf ,th; nfhOk;G
nts;stj;ij gpuNjrj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jhh;.
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,tUf;fpUe;j njhlh;Gfs; fhuzkhf
aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; Clftpayhsh;fSf;F
cjtpfisAk; toq;fpAs;shh;.
63
,th; flj;jg;gLtjw;F rpy jpdq;fSf;F Kd;dh;
nfhOk;G fy;fp];] N`hl;lypy; eilngw;w kdpj
chpikfs; njhlh;ghd fUj;juq;fpy;
fye;Jnfhz;lNghJ fy;fp];] nghyp]huhy;
ifJnra; a g; g l; l NghJk; mq; F te; j pUe; j th; f spd;
jiyaPL fhuzkhf fhg;ghw;wg;gl;lhh;.
1990Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 6Mk; jpfjp flik
Kbe;J xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpypUe;J Nkhl;lhh;
irf;fpspy; jdJ ,Ug;gplj;ij Nehf;fp
nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;jNghJ [htj;ij tPjpapy; itj;J
nts;is Ntdpy; te;jth;fshy; flj;jpr;nry;yg;gl;lhh;.
,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L ,tuJ clYk;
kiwf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ljhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muNrh
my;yJ muRf;F Mjuthd MAjf; FO xd;wpdhNyh
,tu;nfhiynra;ag;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;jr; re;jh;gg
; j;jpy; ,tuJ kidtp Kjy; Foe;ijahf
ngz; Foe;ijnahd;iw ngw;nwLj;jpUe;jhh;.
,e;epiyapy; ,th; fhzhky;Nghdjd; gpd;dh; mtuJ
FLk;gj;jth;fs; Ciutpl;Nl ntspNawpapUe;jdh;.
Nrh. gj;kehjd; - Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 27 nrg;nlk;gh;
1990
N r h . g j ; k e h j d ; ‘c j a d ; ’ g j ; j p h p i f a p d ;
tpepNahfg;gphptpd; Copauhf flikahw;wpdhh;. 1990
nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 27Mk; jpfjp aho;;g;ghzk; ey;Y}h;g;
gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ‘cjad;’ gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpd;
kPJ elj;jg;gl;l n\y; jhf;Fjypy; Nrh. gj;jkehjd;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
gj;jphpif mYtyff; fl;blKk; ghhpa
Nrjj;jpw;Fs;shdJld; eph;thfg;gphptpd; it. n[fehjd;
kw;Wk; mr;rpae;jpug;gphptpy; flikahw;wpa Re;jh;uh[h
MfpNahh;fspd; iffspy; ghhpa fhak; Vw;gl;ld.
64
ghJfhg;Gg; gphpitr; Nrh;e;j tP. fe;jg;G fLikahd
fhaq;fSf;Fs;shdJld; mYtyfj;jpw;F ntspapy;
,Ue;J te;jpUe;j egh; xUtUk; ,e;jj; jhf;Fjypy;
fhaq;fSf;Fs;shdhh;.
A+.vy; . jhT+j; (v]; . X) - vOj; j hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1990
fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; VwhT+h; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpj;J te;j
a+.vy; jhT+j; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lNghJ mypfhh; K];ypk;
kfhtpj; j pahyaj; j pd; mjpguhff; flikahw; w pdhh; .
vOj;jhsuhd ,th; gj;jphpiffSf;Ff; fl;Liufis
vOjp te;jhh;. ,it khzt r%fj;ij ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;lit. K];ypk; ‘fij kyu;’ vd;w ngaUila
K];ypk; vOj;jhsh;fspd; fl;Liuj;njhFg;G E}ypy;
,tuJ fl;LiuAk; gpuRhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa mikjp
fhf;Fk; gilf;Fk; vy;.hP.hP.<apdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nkhjy;
eilngw;w fhyj;jpy; ,tUk; mfjp Kfhk; xd;wpy;
jq;fpapUe;jhh;. mq;F K];ypk; r%fj;jpw;F
,isf; f g; g Lk; meP j pfs; Fwpj; J gfpuq; f khf
NgrpAs;shh;. KfhKf;F te;j vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; mtiu
tprhuizf;nfd ntspNa mioj;Jr; nrd;W
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;Js;sdu; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
m`kl; nyg;Ng (45) - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 brk;gh; 1990
1978,y; mur rhfpj;jpa tpUJ ngw;w vOj;jhsuhthh;.
Mrphpah; njhopypy; tho;fi ; fia Muk;gpj;j ,th; mjpgh;
kw; W k; fy; t pg; gzpg; g hsh; Mfpa gjtpfSf; F
cah; j ; j g; g l; l hh; . nfhiynra; a g; g l; l NghJ ,th;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l Nkyjpf mur mjpguhf gjtpAah;T
ngw;wpUe;jhh;. gilg;ghw;wy; nfhz;l vOj;jhsuhd
,th; ehty;fs; kw;Wk; rpWfijfisAk; vOjpAs;shh;.
,th; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l gpd;dh; ,tuJ ez;gh;fs;
65
“Kf;fhL” vd;w ngahpy; ,tuJ rpWfijfslq;fpa
E}nyhd;iw ntspapl;ldh;. “thior;Nrid tuyhW”
vd; w ngaupy; thior; N rid rupj; j puk; Fwpj; j
1991
E}nyhd;iwAk; ,th; ntspapl;lhh;.
NtYg;gps;is Mde;jd; (46) - vOj;jhsh;
thior;Nrid - nghyd;dWit tPjpapy; 1990 brk;gh; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 21 ngg;uthp 1991
khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp fz; z pntbapy; rpf; f p ,th;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,th; Ie;J gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpathjpahd NtYg;gps;is Mde;jd; 1949
,e; j fz; z pntb ,tiu ,yf; f hff; nfhz; N l
Vg;uy; 8Mk; jpfjp kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gpwe;jhh;. mk;ghiw
itf;fg;gl;ljhf K];ypk; r%fj;jth; ek;Gfpd;wdh;.
khtl;lj;jpYs;s rk;khe;Jiw jghy; mYtyfj;jpy;
,e;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; Nkyjpf mur mjpguhd ,th;
ypfpjuhf flikahw;wpte;j ,th; ,yf;fpak; njhlh;ghf
mur mjpguhf gjtpAah; T ngWtijj; jLf; f Nt
Mu;tkpUe;jikapdhy; gj;jphpifSf;F ,yf;fpa fiy
vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; ,tiuf; nfhiy nra;Js;sdu; vd
tpkh; r dq; f isAk; vOjpte; J s; s hh; . kiyahs
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
nkhopapy; ghz; b j; j pak; ngw; w ,th; Kg; g jpw; F k;
Nkw;gl;l kiyahs rpWfijfis nkhopngah;jJ ; s;shh;.
NkYk; E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ftpijfisAk;
vOjpAs;shh;. 1995Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 5Mk; jpfjp
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; jkpo; kf;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lNghJ
,tUk; gypahdhh;. ,tuJ kiwT jkpo; ,yf;fpa
cyfpw;F ngUk; ,og;ghFk;.

rk;khe;Jiwapy; ,Ue;J kl;lf;fsg;gpYs;s mtuJ

tPl;il Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ mth; gazk; nra;j
thfdk; GJf; F bapUg; g py; jhf; F jYf; F s; s hdJ.
,uhZt Kfhk; fz;Zf;Fj; njhpAk; J}uj;jpy; mjhtJ>
200 kPw;wh; J}uj;jpy; ,e;jj; jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngw;wjhfj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1990 ,Wjp Kjy; 1991 Muk;gk;
tiu kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; td;Kiwr; rk;gtq;fs;
,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;jj; jhf;FjYf;F Kjy;ehs; K];ypk;
Ch;fhtw;giliar; Nrh;e;j ,Uth; vy;.hP.hP..<apduhy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;bUe;jdh;. vOj;jhsh; Mde;jd;
cl;gl jkpo; gazpfs; gazk; nra;j me;j thfdk;
1991Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp rk;gt
,lj;ij mile;jNghJ Kjy; Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;L rhujpapd;
Kfj; i jr; rpijj; J s; s J. ,e; e piyapy; thfdk;
mUfpypUe;j kpd;fk;gnkhd;Wld; Nkhjp epd;Ws;sJ.
thfdj;jpd; ad;dypd; Clhf ntspNawpa

66 67
gazpnahUth; thtpia Nehf;fp Xbf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ
mtuJ jiyia Nehf; f p Jg; g hf; f p Ntl; n lhd; W
jP h ; f ; f g; g l; L s; s J. Gy; n tspapy; fP N o tpOe; j jhy;
mg;gazp Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;bypUe;J jg;gp;j;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
thfdk; jPapl;Lf; nfhSj;jg;gl;ljhy;
nfhiyAz;lth;fSk;> Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;F ,yf;fhfp
fhakile;jth;fSk; me;jj; jPapy; vhpe;J
rhk; g yhdjhfj; njhptpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ftpQh;
Mde;jDk; ,e;jf; nfh^uj; jPapy; jdJ ,d;Dapiug;
gwpnfhLj;jhh;. 2000Mk; Mz;by; ,tuJ ez;gh;fs;
,tuJ ftpijfisr; Nrfhpj;J Mde;jd; ftpijfs;
vd;w ngahpy; E}yhf ntspapl;L ,tUf;F mQ;ryp
nrYj;jpAs;sdh;.
#irg;gps;is Nehgl; my;yJ nlhkpdpf; -
vOj; j hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 17 Nk 1991
1948Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp jpUNfhzkiy
ghiyA+w;W vd;w fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; mq;Fs;s
Gdpj N[hrg; tpj;jpahyj;jpy; fy;tp gapd;W nfhOk;G
gy;fiyf;fof;fj;jpd; fiygl;ljhhpahfpAs;shh;. mur
msitj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk; fy;tpj; jpizf;fsj;jpYk;
flikahw;wpa ,th; 1982Mk; Mz;L Gnshl; ,af;fj;jpy;
,ize; J KONeu murpaypy; <LgLtjw; f hf
njhopiyf; iftpl;lhh;. FWfpa fhyj;jpy; Gnshl;
murpay; gphptpd; cWg;gpduhdhh;. mth; murpaiy
njhpT nra;tjw;F Kd;dh; gilg;gpyf;fpaj;jpy; Mokhd
Mh;tk; fhl;b te;jtuhthh;.
Njhl;lg;gFjpfspy; epyTk; murpay; epiy mk;kf;fspd;
gpur;rp;idfs; Fwpj;J “jPh;j;jf;fiu” vd;w rQ;rpiff;F
njhlh;e;Jk; vOjpte;jhh;. ‘jPh;j;jf;fiu’ vd;w rQ;rpif
kiyafj;jpy; ,tuhy; gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpah; vd;w Gid
ngahpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. “Njrtd;” vd;w ngahpy;
gj; j phpiffs; > rQ; r piffSf; F vOjpte; J s; s hh; .
68
“GjpanjhU cyfk;” vd;w ehty; %yk; ,th; jkpo;
kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; Vida Kw;Nghf;F vz;zk; nfhz;l
kf;fs; kj;jpapYk; gpugykile;jhh;. Nfhtpe;jd; vd;w
GidngahpNyNa ,th; me;j ehtiy vOjpdhh;. vjph;
fUj; J f; f Sf; F ,lkspf; f hj jkpo; ,isQh;
mikg;GfSf;Fs; epyTk; cl;g+ry;fis ntspr;rj;jpw;F
nfhz;LtUk; tifapyhd ,e;j ehtypy; Gnshl;
,af;fj;jpy; me;j ehl;fspy; epytpa cl;G+ry;fs;
Fwpj; J vOjg; g l; b Ue; j jhf njhptpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J.
,af; f j; j pw; F s; s pUe; j [dehaf tpNuhj kw; W k;
g+ry;fSf;F vjpuhf 1985Mk; Mz;L mjpypUe;J tpyfp
capiuf; fhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpy; kiwe;J
tho;e;jNghJ ,e;j ehtiy vOjpAs;shh;.
,e;jpahtpy; ehtiy ntspapl;l ,th; 1991Mk; Mz;L
Nk khjk; Kjy; thuj;jpy; aho;g;ghzj;jpw;F jpUk;gp
Gnshl; ,af; f j; j py; ,Ue; J tpyfp [dehaf
vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;l ,isQh;fSld; jPgn ; ghwp vd;w
ngahpyhd xU rpW murpay; FOnthd;iw
Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,ij Muk;gpj;J rpy jpdq;fSf;Fs;
Vida FOf;fSf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; ,lkspf;fhj
vy;.hP.hP.apduhy; gy;fiyf;fof khzth;fs; ehy;tUk;
NkYk; rpyUld; nlhkpdpf; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. 1991Mk;
Mz;L Nk khjk; 17Mk; jpfjp ,th; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
aho;g;ghzk; nfhf;Ftpy; gpuNjrj;jpy; mth; ,Ue;j
tP l ; b y; itj; N j ifJnra; a g; g l; l hh; . tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;l xUth; %yk; ,th; 1994Mk; Mz;L [{d;
khjk; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhu; vd jfty;fs; ntspahfpd.
nry; t epjp jpahfuh[h - Clftpayhsh; >
ehlfj; j ahhpg; g hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 Mf];l; 1991
nry;tepjp jpahfuh[h my;yJ nry;tp vd;w ngahpy;
gpugykhd ,th; aho;g;ghzk; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
fiyg;gphptpy; ,Wjpahz;L khztpahthh;. Njhop vd;w
69
ngz;zpa rQ;rpifapd; Mrphpiaahd ,th; Aj;jj;jhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fSf;fhf cLtpy; gpuNjrj;jpy;
mikf; f g; g l; b Ue; j G+uzp ngz; f s; epiyaj; j py;
Kf;fpa];jtuhfTk; nraw;gl;L te;jhh;. Nkil ehlfj;
jahhpg;ghsuhfTk; tpkh;rfuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
vy;.hP.hP.apduhy; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l
ehlfj;jpy; gpioahd murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J
gfpuq;fkhf tpkh;rpj;jik ,tuJ kuzj;ij Jhpjkhf;f
xU fhuzkhf mike; j J. ,tiu “tha; eP s k; >
%bf;nfhs; ” vd vr;rhpj;Js;sdh;. Rje;jpukhdJk;
fhj;jpukhdJkhd kdpjhgpkhd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l
,tiu ,e;j mr;RWj;jy;fshy; xd;Wk;
nra;aKbatpy;iy.
,th; ifJnra;ag;gLk;NghJ Foe;ijfSf;fhfTk;>
Nghuhl;lq;fspd;NghJ ngz;fspd; nghWg;G Mfpa
,uz; L ehlfq; f is jahhpj; J f; n fhz; U e; j hh; .
ghy]; j P d Nghuhl; l j; i j gpd; d zpahff; nfhz; L
jahhpff
; g;gl;l ehlfk; NkilNaw;wg;gLtjw;F Kjy;ehs;
,th; ifJnra;ag;gl;lhh;.
nry;tp tho;e;j> Nritahw;wpa r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J
mtiu 1991Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp
mgfhpj;Jr; nrd;wdh;. jd;id ifJnra;a tUfpd;wdh;
vd;w jftiyf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l mth; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij
tpl;L ntspNawp ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fj; jftiy njhptpj;j
gpd;dh; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s MjpNrhjp
tPjpapYs;s tPnlhd;wpy; vjph;ghh;gG
; ld; fhj;jpUe;Js;shh;.
,uT 7.30 kzpastpy; vy; . hP . hP . <apdh; ,tiuf;
ifJnra;Js;sdh;. 1993Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk;
,th; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhu; vd jfty;fs;
njhptpf; f pd; w d. ifJnra; a g; g Lk; N ghJ ,th;
mzpe;jpUe;j cilfis ,tuJ tPl;Lf;F
mDg;gpitj;j vy;.hP.hP.apdh; ,tUf;F kuzjz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; mwptpj;Js;sdh;.
70
1992Mk; Mz;L International Pen vd;w rh;tNjr Clf
,af;fk; fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf capiug; gzak;
itj; j th; f Sf; F toq; f g; g Lk; tpUij ,tUf; F
toq;fpaJ. tpUijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s VJthf ,tiu
tpLjiy nra;Ak;gb my;yJ mtiuj;
jLj;Jitj;jpUf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F te;J tpUij toq;f
mDkjpf; F k; g b tpLf; f g; g l; l Ntz; L NfhSf; F
vy; . hP . hP . apdh; vJtpj gjpYkspf; f hky; mtiuf;
nfhiynra;Js;sdh;.
v];. jpy;iyehjd; - fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 Mf];l; 1991
rpwe;j tPjp ehlff; fiyQh; kw;Wk; ebfuhd ,th;
Mrphpah; njhopy; nra;J te;jhh;. %d;W rNfhjhpfs;>
%d;W rNfhjuh;fisf; nfhz;l FLk;gj;jpd; %j;jtuhd
,tUf;F FLk;gj;ijf; ftdpf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; ,Ue;jJ.
aho; efhpy; tho;e;j ,th; tTdpah> nrl;bFsk;>
ghtl;lFsk; Nghd;w gpd;jq;fpa fpuhk
tpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F Kjy;Kjyhf Mrphpah; epakdk;
ngw;Wr; nrd;whh;. tpLKiw fpilf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk;
aho;g;ghzk; nrd;whh;. jkJ ez;gh;fSld; fiy
njhlh;ghd eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,th;
aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; fyhr;rhuf; FOtpd; Muk;g
cWg;gpdUkhthh;. 1991Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjkstpy;
kpFe;j ftiyAld; fhzg;gl;lhh;. jkJ fhjypahd
ftpQh; rptukzp mt;tUlk; Nk khjk; jw;nfhiy
nra;Jnfhz;lik ,tiu ngUq;ftiyf;Fs;shf;fpaJ.
kdpj tho;tpd; ngWkjp Fiwe;J nfhiyfs; murhz;l
jkJ r%fj;jpd; kf;fSf;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; me;j njhlh;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
tpyfp rk;gpujhaG+h;t jpUkz tho;f;ifapy; <LgLk;gb
mtuJ jahh; typAWj;Jtijj; jtph;ff ; Kbahky; mth;
jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;lhh;. jkJ fhjypiag;Nghy;
jkJ r%fj;jpdJ kdpj chpikfSf;fhf ghLgl;l
MUaph; ez;gpia ,oe;j ftiyapYk; ,Ue;jNghJ
71
jpy;iy Mf;]l ; ; ghlrhiy tpLKiwf;fhyj;jpy; nry;tp>
kNdhfud; Mfpa ez;gh;fSld; ehlfj;jahhpg;G xd;wpy;
<Lgl;bUe;jhh;. vy;.hP.hP.<ia tpkh;rpj;j fhuzj;jhy;
mtUf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. nry;tp
kw;Wk; kNdhfud; MfpNahh; ifJnra;ag;gl;lJld;>
1991 Mf];l; khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp aho;gg; hzj;jpy; cs;s
jkJ tP l ; b y; itj; J ,tUk; ; vy; . hP . hP . apduhy;
ifJnra;ag;gl;lhh;.
fpilj; j jfty; f spd; g b JZf; f ha; vy; . hP . hP . apd;
tijKfhkpw; F f; nfhz; L nry; y g; g l; L ,th;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;. 1993Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk;
,tuJ tPl;Lf;F nrd;w vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; ,tUila
Milfisf; ifaspj;Jtpl;L ,tUf;F kuzjz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
Nf.kNdhfud; - fyhrhu nraw; g hl; l hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 Mf];l; 1991
aho; gy;fiyf;fof ngsjPfg; gphptpd; ,Wjpahz;L
khztuhd Nf. kNdhfuDk; nry; t p kw; W k;
jpy;iyehjd; MfpNahh; ifJnra;ag;gl;l mNj jpdk;
,uT ifjhdhh;. aho;g;ghzk; ,sthiyg; gFjpapy;
,th; jdJ jhahUld; tho; e ; J te; j hh; . kpfTk;
Vo;ikahd epiyapy; tho;e;j ,th; gy rthy;fSf;F
kj;jpapy; fy;tpapd; cr;rj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whh;. nry;tp>
jpy;iyehjd; Nghd;w ez;gh;> ez;gpfSld; fiy
rk;ge;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpfspYk; gq;Nfw;whh;. ,th;fs;
vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy; ifJnra;ag;gl;l jpdj;jpw;F kWehs;
NkilNaw;wg;gltpUe;j ehlfj;jpy; ,tUk;
gq;Fnfhz;bUe;jhh;. jkJ gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; kdpj
chpik kP w y; f s; Fwpj; J aho; gy; f iyf; f of
tphpTiuahsh; rq;fj;jpw;F jfty;fis toq;Ftjhy;
vy;.hP.hP.<apdupd;; JNuhfpfs; gl;baypy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;.
,tUk; JZf;fha; tijKfhkpy; tijnra;ag;gl;L
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l hu; vd gpd; d h; mq; f pUe; J
72
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lth;fs; %yk; jfty;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.
,tuJ jha;fF ; vd;d ele;jJ vd;W ,Jtiu ahUf;Fk;
njhpatpy;iy.
1993
md;ldp Ftpd;l]; ngh;dhz;Nlh – gpuNjr
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 2 Nk 1993
md;ldp Ftpd;l]; ngh;dhz;Nlh fj;Njhypf;f kjg;
gj;jphpifahd Qhdhh;j;j gpujPg gj;jphpifapd; fhyp
kp\Df; F g; nghWg; g hd epUguhf gyfhyk;
flikahw;wpAs;shh;.
,yq;ifapy; kpfTk; goiktha;e;j gj;jphpifahd ,J
1866Mk; Mz;L [{d; 9Mk; jpfjp Kjy;
ntspte;Jnfhz;bUg;gJld; ,g;NghJ ,jpy;
flikahw; W k; epUgh; f is me; j e; j kp\Dld;
njhlh;Gila RaNrit epUgh;fnsd
miof; f g; g Lfpd; w dh; . ,th; f s; rk; g sk; ngwhky;
flikahw;Wfpd;wdh;. VO rNfhju rNfhjhpfisf;
nfhz; l FLk; g j; j py; Mwhtjhf ,th; fhypapy;
gpwe;jhh;.
,th; kpfTk; Jd;gpay; tho;f;ifia elj;jpajhfj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. 1990Mk; Mz;L jhk; fy;tp fw;w
fhyp = `h;ja kfsph; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; gapw;rp
Mrphpauhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf
nfhiynra;ag;gLtjw;F rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;dh;
vOj;jpy; nfhz;l Mh;tk; fhuzkhf 100 khzt
khztpfs; fye;Jnfhz;l rpWth; fl;Liur;
nraykh;nthd;iw rpwg;ghf Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jhh;.
73
1993Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp mg;Nghija
[dhjpgjp uzrpq;f gpNukjh] kPJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjypy; ,tUk; gLfhaKw;W
rpfpr;irngw;W te;jNghNj nfhOk;G Njrpa
itj;jparhiyapd; mtru rpfpr;irg; gphptpy; Nk khjk;
2 jpfjp kuzkhdhh;.
1994
V. rghypq;fk; - vOj;jhsh;> RahjPd
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 1 Nk 1994
jkpoh; Nghuhl; l j; i j Mtzg; g Lj; j eltbf; i f
Nkw;nfhz;l Gj;jp[PtpfSf;Fs; xUtuhd V. rghypq;fk;
gpugy vOj;jhsuhthh;. 1994 Nk khjk; 1Mk; jpfjp
ghuP r py; itj; J ,th; gLnfhiy nra; a g; g l; l hh; .
caph; g hJfhg; G f; f hf ,yq; i fia tpl; L r; nrd; W
tho; e ; j ,tuJ nfhiyf; F vjpuhf yz; l dpy;
elj;jg;gl;l Mh;g;ghl;lj;jpy; r%f nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;>
Gj;jp[Ptpfs;> Clftpayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsh;fs;
MfpNahh; ngUkstpy; fye;Jnfhz;ldh;. ,th;fs;
,f;nfhiyf;F vy;.hP.hP.<apdNu fhuzk; vd Fw;wQ;rhl;b
nfhiyahspfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J jz;lid
toq;fNtz;Lk; vd Nfhhpf;if tpLj;jdh;. fdlhtpy;
,Ue;J ntsptUk; “jpahfk;” vd;w rQ;rpiff;F mth;
vOjpa ,Wjpf; fl;Liuapy; <o ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gfhyk;
Fwpj;Jk; gpughufdpd; nghWg;Gf; Fwpj;Jk; $h;ikahd
,U Nfs;tpfs; vOg;gg;gl;bUe;jjhfj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
‘jpahfk;’ rQ;rpif vy;.hP.hP.<ia fLikahf tpkh;rpj;j
rQ;rpifahFk;. Mjdhy; gyre;jh;gg ; q;fspy; rQ;rpiff;F
mr; R Wj; j y; tpLf; f g; g l; b Ue; j J. 1973Mk; Mz; L
74
nkhwl;Lit fl;Lg;ngj;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; nghwpapay;
khztuhf ,Ue;jNghJ ,th; mDuhjGuk; kw;Wk;
Nghfk;giu rpiwr;rhiyfspy; jLj;J
itf; f g; g l; b Ue; j hh; . Nghfk; g iu rpiwr; r hiyapy;
,uz;lhk; khbapypUe;J fPNotpOe;jjhy; ,lJ ifia
,oe;jhh;. ,isQh; Nguit vd;w ngahpyhd jkpoh;
If;fpa tpLjiy Kd;dzp ,isQh; murpay; gphptpy;
Kf; f pa]; j uhf jkJ murpaiy Muk; g pj; j hh; .
vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; Vida mikg;Gf;fis mlf;fp xLf;fpa
gpd; d h; jkpoh; Nghuhl; l j; j pw; F s; td; K iwfs;
jiyJ}f;fpa tpjk; Fwpj;J ,th; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; E}y;
xd;iw vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Rtpl;]h;yhe;J kw;Wk;
,yq;ifiar; Nrh;e;j vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
,Uth; tpUe;jpdh;fshf mtuJ tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W
mtuspj;j NjdPh; tpUe;ijAk; Ritj;Jtpl;L kidtp
kw; W k; ,U gps; i sfSf; F Kd; g hfNt mtiur;
Rl;Ltpl;L jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
Nf.v];. uh[h (40) - thndhyp mwptpg;ghsh;>
jahhpg; g hsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 3 brk;gh; 1994
fdfuj;jpdk; =];fe;juh[h my;yJ Nf.v]; uh[h
Nguhjid gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;F
njhpTnra;ag;gl;bUe;jNghJk; thndhypapy;
flikahw;wNtz;Lk; vd;w jPuhj Mir fhuzkhf
gy;fiyf;fofj;ij iftpl;L ,yq;if xypgug;Gf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; Njrpa Nritapy; mwptpg;ghsuhf
,ize;J nfhz;ltuhthh;. mjpy; gFjpNeu
mwptpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;j mth; jkpo; th;j;jf Nritapy;
mwptpg;ghsuhf epue;ju epakdk; ngw;whh;. mg;NghJ
jkpo;r; Nritapy; Kjyhk;ju epfo;r;rpj; jahhpg;ghsh;
vd;W gpugykile;jpUe;j kapy;thfdj;jpd; rhjidia
Kwpabj;jth; vd;w ngUikia ,th; ngw;whh;. epfo;rr; pj;
jahhpg;gpy; gpugykhd ,th; gFjp Neu
mwptpg;ghsuhftpUe;J nfhz;L Njrpa jpiug;glf;
75
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; gpurhu mjpfhhpahf epakdk; ngw;whh;.
njhopypy; ,Ue;J tpyfhky; ,e;jpahtpw;Fr; nrd;W
mg;NghJ ,e;jpahtpypUe;j ,yq;ifj; jkpo; murpay;
FOf;fspd; Nkilfspy; mwptpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu; vd
mtuJ rkfhy ez;gh;fsplkpUe;J
njhpe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhftpUe;jJ.
kPz;Lk; ,yq;iff;F jpUk;gpa mth; Nf.v];. uh[h
vd;w ngahpy; epfo;r;rpnahd;iw Kd;itj;J ,yq;if
thndhypapy; ,ize;J nfhz;lNghJk; mth; mjpf
mf;fiwAld; nraw;gltpy;iynad $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; Fuy; vd;w tpthjj;jpw;Fhpa epfo;r;rpnahd;iw
jahhpf;f gq;fspg;G toq;fpdhh; vdj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; mJ <.gp.b.gp mikg;gpd;
Mjutpy; xypgug; g hdnjdj; njhptpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J.
fhiuefupy; gpwe;j ,th; nfhOk;G nghuisapy; kidtp
gps;isfSld; trpj;J te;jhh;.
1994 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 3 Mk; jpfjp ,tuJ
rlyk; nfhOk;G fhypKfj;jplypYs;s gz;lhuehaf;f
rpiyf; F mUfpy; ,Ue; J fz; n lLf; f g; g l; l J.
nfhiyAz;lNghJ mtUf;F taJ 40.
76
1995
fUzhuj;d rg;Gje;jphp (52) – Clftpayhsh;
fpukgpaNrhk(41) – Clftpayhsh;
vl;tpd; tPurpq;f (45) - Gifg;gl
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 Vg;uy; 1995
‘rpYkpd’ QhapW gj;jphpifapd; ,iz Mrphpauhd
fUzhuj;d rg;Gje;jphp> me;j gj;jphpifapd; cjtp
nra;jp Mrphpauhd fpukgpaNrhk kw;Wk; Gifg;gl
Clftpayhsh; vl;tpd; tPurpq;f Mfpa %tUk; 1995Mk;
Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 29Mk; jpfjp gazk; nra;j m/
t;Nuh tpkhdk; vy;.hP.hP.<apdhpd; kprapy; jhf;Fjypy;
vhpe;J tPo;e;jjpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; %tUk;
mjw;F Kd;dh; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; vhpe;J tPo;e;j m/
t;Nuh tpkhdk; njhlh;ghd Gydha;T fl;Liu xd;iw
vOJtjw;fhfNt aho;gg ; hzk; Nehf;fp ,e;j tpkhdj;jpy;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;wpUe;jdh;. ,Ue;Jk; ,th;fs; %tUk;
vupe; J rhk; g yhfpdu; . gpugy Clftpayhsuhd
fUzhuj;d rg;Gje;jphp 1973Mk; Mz;LKjy; rpYkpd
gj; j phpifspy; flikaw; w patuhthh; . ,th; ,U
gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;. fpukgpaNrhk
nfhiynra;ag;gLk;NghJ mtUf;F rpWFoe;ijfs;
,Ue; j dh; . Gifg; g l Clftpayhsh; vl; t pd;
tPurpq;fTf;Fk; ,U gps;isfs; ,Ue;jdh;.
77
v];.v];. fNzrgps;is - thndhyp
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 30 Mf];l; 1995
v];.v];. fNzrgps;is jkpo; thndhyp Neah;fs;
kj;jpapy; tuzpA+uhd; vd;w ngahpy; gpugy
Clftpayhsh; vdg; Gfo;ngw;wpUe;jhh;. mth; rpwe;j
thndhypf; fiyQuhf kl; L kd; w p rpwe; j gpujp
vOj;jhsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. eifr;Rit ehlfq;fspy;
rpwe; j ebfuhfTk; rphpf; f itf; F k; tifapy;
r%fj;jpw;Fs; mePjp kw;Wk; Kiwaw;w eltbf;if>
rP j dg; gpur; r pidfs; > fhzpg; g pur; r pidfs; kw; W k;
gpuNjrthjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tpkh;rpj;jtuhthh;. ,th;
rpWth; f Sf; f hf E}w; W f; F k; Nkw; g l; l eifr; R it
ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shh;.
aho;g;ghzk;> nfhbfhkk; gpuNjrj;jpy; tuzp vd;w
,lj; j py; gpwe; J s; s hu; . nfhOk; G kUjhidapy;
tho;eJ ; nfhz;L gpugy thndhypf; fiyQuhf tpsq;fpa
,th; ntspehl;L Nrit tha;g;G Kfth;
epiyankhd;iwAk; elj;jpte;jhh;. 1995Mk; Mz;L
Mf]; l ; khjk; 30Mk; jpfjp ,utpy; ,tiu
vy;.hP.hP.<apdNu Rl;Lf;nfhd;wdu; vdj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;if xypgug;Gf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jkpo; thndhyp epfo;r;rpapd; %yk;
vy;.hP.hP.<ia tpkh;rpj;J elj;jg;gl;l epfo;r;rpnahd;Nw
,e;jf; nfhiyf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhnkdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kidtpAk; xU Gjy;tpAk; nfhOk;gpy;
tho;ej ; Jld;> mNjNtis tuzpapy; trpj;j kw;WnkhU
Gjy;tpf;F ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy; fye;Jnfhs;s
vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy; mDkjpkWf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf
,tuJ kuzj;ijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s
fiyQh;fs;> vOj;jhsh;fs; vtUk; ,tuJ Gjy;tpapd;
tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;W jkJ ftiyifis njhptpf;f
mr;rkile;jjhfTk; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
78
1996
gpujPg; G+h;z[pj; (30) - gf;ftbtikg;ghsh;
kw; W k; Nfypr; r pj; j puf; fiyQh; .
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 28 [{iy 1996
Nyf;`T]; epWtdj;jpd; ‘etAfa’ gj;jphpifapd; gf;f
tbtikg;ghshuhfTk;> rpj;jpuk; kw;Wk; Nfypr; rpj;jpuf;
fiyQuhfTk; Nritahw; w pa gpujP g G+h; z [pj;
jpUkzkhfhj ,isQuhthh;. ghze;Jiw efUf;fUfpy;
trpj;j ,th; ehshe;jk; flikf;F tUk; uapypy;
,lk;ngw;w Fz;Lntbg;gpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. 1996Mk;
Mz;L [{iy khjk; 28Mk; jpfjp toikNghy; flik
Kbe;J nfhOk;G Nfhl;ilapy; ,Ue;J uapypy; Vwpa
gpujPg; G+h;z[pj;Jld; NkYk; gy caph;fis Fz;L
ntbj;jjpy; gypahf;fpaJ. gpujPg; rh;tNjr Gfo;ngw;w
Kj;jpiu tbtikg;ghsUkhthh;.
fe;ijah fN[e;jpud; (30) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 26 mf;Nlhgh; 1996
f[d; vd;w ngahpy; gpurpj;jkile;jpUe;j fN[e;jpud;
ghhp]pypUe;J ntspte;j thu ,Wjpg; gj;jphpifahd
<oKurpd; Mrphpauhf flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
,J vy; . hP . hP . <apdhpd; fUj; J f; f isf; nfhz; l
gj;jphpifahf fUjg;gl;lJ. ghhp]pd; tlf;Fg; gFjpapy;
cs;s yhrnga; khtl;lj;jpy; fe;ijah fN[e;jpud;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. me;jr; re;jh;g;gj;jpy;
vy;.hP.hP.<apd; rh;tNjr epjpg; gphptpd; jiytuhftpUe;j
fe;ijah Nghpd;gehjDk; ,tUld; ,Ue;Js;sjhf
njhptpf;fg;gLtJld; ,UtUk; nfhiynra;ag;gl;ljhfj;
$wg; g Lfpd; w J. vy; . hP . hP . <apdUf; F tpNuhjkhd
FOtpdNu ,f; n fhiyfisg; Ghpe; J s; s jhfj;
re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
79
1997
jpUehTf;fuR jh;kypq;fk; - gj;jphpif
tpw; g idg; gpujpepjp
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 3 mf;Nlhgh; 1997
Gj;jff; filnahd;wpd; chpikahsuhd jpUehTf;fuR
jh; k ypq; f k; gj; j phpif tpw; g id gpujpepjpahfTk;
nraw;gl;L te;jhh;. rkhjhd ePjpthdhd ,th; =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; mikg;ghsuhfTk; nraw;gl;L te;jhh;.
1997Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 3Mk; jpfjp ,uT 8.30
kzpastpy; Fg;gp tpsf;fpd; xspapy; ,uT czit
rhg; g pl; L f; n fhz; b Ue; j ,tiu Nehf; f p [d; d ypd;
Clhf Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fisj; jPhj ; j; nfhiyahspfs;
mq;fpUe;J jg;gpr;nrd;wdh;. gilapdhpd;
fl; L g; g hl; b ypUe; j nfhOk; G j; J iw gpuNjrj; j pd;
mike; J s; s tP l ; L f; F te; J ,f; n fhiyiag;
Ghpe;jth;fs; ,uhZtj;Jld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk;
MAjf; FOtpduhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk; vd gilapdu;
re; N jfpj; j NghJk; gpd; d h; mJ vy; . hP . hP . <apduhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjd nghyp]; tprhuizfspypUe;J
njhpate;jjhf mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jr;
nra;jpfspd;gb gyhj;fhukhf mkh;jj ; g;gl;l glnfhd;wpd;
%yk; nfhOk;Gj;Jiw flw;fiug; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fs; te;j
vy;.hP.hP.<apd; Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mYtyf
ez;gnuhUth; %yk; mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; kpd;
tpepNahfj;ijj; Jz;bj;Jtpl;L jh;kypq;fj;jpd; tPlL ; f;F
te; J ad; d ypd; Clhf Jg; g hf; f pg; gpuNahfj; i j
Nkw;nfhz;Ltpl;L jg;gpr;nrd;Ws;sdu; vdj;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
80
1998
rrp fpU\;zFkhh; - RahjPd Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 nrg;nlk;gh;
1998
Nguhjidg; gy; f iyf; f of gl; l jhhpahd rrp
fpU\;zFkhh; gid mgptpUj;jpr; rigapd; mjpfhhpahf
flikaw; w pf; nfhz; L gj; j phpiffs; rQ; r piffs;
gytw;Wf;F RahjPd Clftpayhsuhf fl;Liufis
vOjpAs; s hh; . <oehL> tP u Nfrhp> jpdfud; Mfpa
gj;jphpiffs; ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit. jpiug;glk;
kw; W k; Vida fiyg; gilg; G fs; njhlh; g hd
tpkh;rdq;fis vOJtjpy; tpUg;gk; nfhz;l ,th;
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; kdpj chpik kPwy;fs;
njhlh;ghf rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdUf;F jfty;fisAk;
jpul;b toq;fpAs;shh;. ‘Af;jpa’ gj;jphpifapy; ntspahd
mayth;fspd; ehNsl;bw;fhf aho;g;ghz kf;fSila
tho;tpd; mopT njhlh;ghf ,ufrpaj; jfty;fis
toq;fpdhh;. jpiug;glq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpNrl ftdk;
nrYj;jpa ,th; aho; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jpiug;gl
rq;fnkhd;iw mikg;gjw;F Kd;NdhbahftpUe;jhh;.
ny];lh; N[k;]; gPhp];> tre;j xgNrfu> jh;kNrd
gj;jpuh[h Mfpa ,yq;ifapd; Kd;dzp
jahhpg;ghsh;fspd; jpiug;glq;fis aho; Flhehl;Lf;Fj;
jUtpj; J mtw; i wj; jpiuapl; l ik njhlh; g hfTk;
rfpg;Gj; jd;ik nfhz;l fUj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk;
,th; Kd;dzpg; ghj;jpuk; tfpj;;jhh;.
Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l gy jfty;fSld; 1998Mk; Mz;L
nrg;nlk;gh; 29Mk; jpfjp nfhOk;Gf;F tUtjw;fhf
mth; gyhyp tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; tpkhdNkwpdhh;.
md;iwa jpdk; gfy; Mfhaj;ij Nehf;fpnaOe;j me;j
tpkhdk; ez;gfy; 1.40 kzpasptpy; thdj;jpy; ntbj;Jr;
rpjwpaJ. me;jr; rk;gtj;jpy; mtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
81
me;j tpkhdj;jpy; ,Ue;j %d;W Copah;fs; cl;gl
49 gazpfSk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. vy;.hP.hP.<apdhpd; kprapy;
jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf ,e;j mdh;j;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
1999
Nuh`z Fkhu - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 07 nrg;nlk;gh;
1999
vl;bahe;Njhl;il gpuNjrj;jpd; fNdgy;y fpuhkj;jpy;
gpwe;j Nuh`z Fkhu Muk;gj;jpy; fiyapy; <LghL
nfhz;ltuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. “ruhfp rp`pda” vd;w
ehlfj;ij fpuhk ez;gh;fSld; ,ize;J jahhpj;j
,tUf;F Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu rpff ; y; fhuzkhf ehlff;
fiyiaf; iftpl;L nfhOk;Gf;F tuNtz;bNaw;gl;lJ.
rpW gj;jphpiffspy; flikahw;wpa ,th; gpd;dh; ‘fpe;j
; u’
(neUg;G)> ‘rl;ld’ (Nghuhl;;lk;) Nghd;w gj;jphpifspy;
Mrphpauhff; flikahw;wpdhh;. mtuJ ,e;j
gj;jphpiff;fiy vg;NghJk; fLikahd jfty;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;buhjJk; Nfhgj;ijj; J}z;Lk;
tpkh; r dq; f is ms; s p tP R tJkhd Nghf; i fNa
nfhz; b Ue; j J. Nkhjiyj; J}z; L k; tifapYk;
Nkhrkhd nkhopg; ghtidahYk; ,g;gj;jphpif thrfh;
kj;jpapy; tuNtw;igg; ngwtpy;iy. ,th; ,Wjpahf
MrphpauhftpUe;j ‘rl;ld’ gj;jphpif %ykhf ,th;
Muk;gj;jpy; gyj;j MjuT toq;fpa [dhjpgjp re;jphpff ; h
gz; l huehaf; f FkhuJq; f it gpd; d h; fLikahf
tpkh;rdk; nra;J te;jhh;. 1999Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh;
khjk; 7Mk; jpfjp ,uT 10 kzpastpy; Ml;Nlh xd;wpy;
ENfnfhl kphp`hztpYs; s jkJ tP l ; L f; F r;
nrd;Ws;shh;. tPlL
; f;fUfpy; fhj;jpUe;j nfhiyahspfs;
82
,tiu Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;Js;sdh;.
nlhNahlh ufj; i jr; Nrh; e ; j ,U thfdq; f spy;
nfhiyahspfs; te;Js;sdh;. mf;nfhiyiar; jhk;
nra; j jhf xg; G f; n fhz; l jhu m[pj; vd; w egh;
ifJnra;ag;gLk;NghJ [dhjpgjpapd; ghJfhg;Gg; gphptpy;
flikahw; w pa ngj; j fhNd rQ; r P t vd; w eghpd;
ngj;jfhNd tPjpapYs;s tPl;by; ,Ue;Js;shh;. jhu
m[pj; kw;Wk; ngj;jfhNd rQ;rPt MfpNahh; nfhiy
nra; a g; g l; l jhy; Nuh`d Fkhutpd; nfhiy
njhlh;ghd ,ufrpaq;fSk; GijAz;LNghapd. ,tuJ
kidtpf;Fk; nfhiy mr;RWj;jy; tpLf;fg;gl;ljhy;
mtUk; ehl;il tplL ; r; nry;yNtz;ba epiyNaw;gl;lJ.
mw; G juh[h (uNk\; ) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 2 etk;gh; 1999
<okf; f s; [dehaff; fl; r pahy; ntspaplg; g l; l
‘jpdKuR’ thu ,jopd; Mrphpauhd mw; G juh[h>
eluh[h uNk\; vd;w ngahpNyNa gpugykile;jpUe;jhh;.
,th; <okf;fs; [dehaff; fl;rpapd; (EPDP) aho;
khtl; l Kd; d hs; ghuhSkd; w cWg; g pdUkhthh; .
1999Mk; Mz; L etk; g h; khjk; 2 Mk; jpfjp
nts;stj;ij uapy; epiyaj;jpw;fUfpy; gl;lg;gfypy;
,th; gazk; nra; j thfdj; i j Rw; w ptisj; j
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; rukhhpahf Jg;ghf;fpg;gpuNahfj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;ljpy; mth; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;. ‘jpdKuR’
thu ,jo; jkf;F ngUk; mr;RWj;jnydf; fUjpa
vy; . hP . hP . <apdh; uNki\ Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; j jhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ue;Jk; gl;lg;gfypy; ,f;nfhiy
,lk; n gw; w tpjk; Fwpj; J gy; N tW re; N jfq; f s;
v O g ; g g ; g l ; l d . ‘j p d K u R ’ t h u , j o ; , t h ;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l re;jh;g;gj;jpy; <okf;fs; [dehaff;
fl;rpapd; Njitfis Gwf;fzpj;J ele;Jnfhs;tJ
FwpjJ ; jiyikf;Fk; gj;jphpif MrphpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;bUe;jjhfTk; jfty;fs; frpej ; d.
vdNt ,J cl;G+ry; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngw;w
83
nfhiynadTk; re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tuJ nrhe;j
,lk; aho;g;ghzk;.
mDugphpae; j FNu- xspaikg; G fiyQh;
nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 18 etk; g h;
1999
nfhOk;G khtl;l uh[fphpa gpuNjrj;jpy; fygYtht
vd;w ,lj;jpy; tho;e;Jte;j mDugphpae;j FNu RahjPd
njhiyf;fhl;rpr; Nritapy; xspaikg;Gf; fiyQuhf
flikahw;wpdhh;. xU ngz;Foe;ij ,tUf;Fz;L.
1999Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp nfhOk;G
khefu rigj; jplypy; eilngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy;
,Wjpg; gpurhu $l;lj;ij (mg;NghJ Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j
nghJ[d If;fpa Kd;dzp) xspg;gjpT
nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ $l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j jw;nfhiyf;
Fz;Ljhhp Fz;il ntbf;fr; nra;jjpy; mjpy; ,tUk;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,e;jr; rk;gtj;jpy; 13 Ngh;
nfhy; y g; g l; l dh; . ,jpy; [dhjpgjp Ntl; g hsuhd
re;jphpf;fh gz;lhuehaf;f FkhuzJq;f cl;gl rpy
Clftpayhsth;fSk; fhaKw;wdh;.
,e;jpf gj;jpdptrk; - fkuh cjtpahsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 18 brk;gh; 1999
rpur Clf tiyaikg; g pd; fkuh cjtpahsuhf
flikahw;wpa ,isQuhd ,e;jpf gj;jpdptrKk; 1999
Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp nfhOk;G efurigj;
jplypy; ,lk;ngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Njh;jy; ,Wjp gpurhuf;
$l;lj;jpy; (nghJ[d If;fpa Kd;dzp) ,lk;ngw;w
jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj;jhf;FjypNyNa nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
nfhOk;G khtl;l ENfnfhl vk;Gy;njdpa gpuNjrj;jpy;
tho;e;J te;j ,th; FLk;gj;jpd; xNunahU
gps;isahthh;. ,th; xU Foe;ijapd; je;ijahthh;.
84
ng];bad; me;jdp khpajh]; -
thndhypf; f iyQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 31 brk;gh; 1999
‘uptpnur’ ,uhZt eltbf; i fapd; gpd; d h; aho;
FlhehL mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
mj;Jld;> ,yq;if xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; Muk;gpj;j
thdk;ghb thndhyp xypgug;gpd; tTdpah
mYtyfj;jpy; ng];bad; me;jdp khpajh]; ntspf;fs
fiyQuhf gzpGhpe; j hh; . tTdpahitr; Nrh; e ; j
,isQuhd ,th; mq;Fs;s fj;Njhypf;f Njthyaj;jpd;
nraw;ghLfspYk; Kd;dpiy tfpj;jtuhthh;. 2000Mk;
Mz;il tuNtw;f KOehLk; jahuhd Ntisapy;
1999Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 31Mk; jpfjp ,uT thdk;ghb
jkpo; thndhyp Nrit Neub xypgug;nghd;Wf;Fj;
jahuhdJ. ,jw;fhf Gdpj me;Njhdpahh; Njthyak;
njhpTnra; a g; g l; b Ue; j J. ,jw; f hd Vw; g hLfSf; F
khpajh]; nghWg; g hftpUe; j hh; . thdk; g hb jkpo;
thndhyp Nritapd; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsuhd nfhOk;gpy;
gzpGhpe; j [P t uj; d FkhUk; nfhOk; g pypUe; J
tTdpahtpw;Fr; nrd;wpUe;jhh;. rfy Vw;ghLfisAk;
Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L nfhOk;gpypUe;J tUifje;jpUe;j
mjpfhhpia Njthyaj;jpy; jq;fitj;Jtpl;L jdJ
tPl;Lf;Fr; nrd;w khpajh]; me;j mjpfhhpiag; Nghy;
cil mzpe;Jnfhz;L xypgug;G eltbf;iffSf;F
jahuhf Njthyaj;jpw;F te;jhh;. epfo;r;rp njhlh;ghf
Kd;dwptpj;jy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy;
ngUe;njhifahd kf;fSk; $bapUe;jdh;. md;iwa
jpdk; ,uT 10.30 kzpastpy; mq;F te;j
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; Njthya thrYf;F mUNf itj;J
khpajh]pd; tha;f;Fs; Jg;ghf;fpia itj;J Rl;Lf;
nfhd;wdh;.
mf;fhy fl;lj;jpy; kLNjthyak; kPjhd n\y; jhf;Fjy;
Fwpj;J xypgug;ghd epfo;r;rp fhuzkhf vy;.hP.hP.<apdh;
thdk; g hb thndhyp xypgug; G f; F vr; r hpf; i f
tpLj;jpUe;jdh;. vdNt ,f;nfhiyf;F vy;.hP.hP.<apdNu
fhuznkd gutyhd mgpg; g puhak; epytpaJ.
85
nfhOk; g pypUe; J te; j mjpfhhpiaNa ,yf; f hf Kbe;jNghnjy;yhk; ,yq;if xypugug;Gf;
,Ue; j pUf; f yhk; vd xU fUj; J epytpaNghJk; $l; L j; j hgdj; j pw; F nra; j pfis toq; f pa gpuNjr
nfhiyf;F ,yf;fhdJ Clfj;jpw;F nra; j pahsuhfTk; nraw; g l; l hh; . fpof; f pyq; i f
Nritahw;Wtjw;fhf Kd;te;j Jbg;G kpf;f kw;WnkhU Clftpayhsh; rq;fj;jpd; (EAST LANKA JOURNALIST
,isQNu. ASSOCIATION ) jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shh;. ,th;
njhlh;eJ ; xU vOj;jhsuhfNt ghh;ff ; g;gl;lhh;. 1983Mk;
Mz;L fpof;F khfhzj;ij rPuopj;j #whtspia
ikakhff; nfhz;L ,th; vOjpa E}nyhd;W kpfg;

2000 gpugykile; j J. ,th; NkYk; rpy E}y; f isAk;

ntspapl;bUe;jhh;.

nropad; Nghpd; g ehafk; - vOj; j hsh;

V.vk; . ep`kj; J y; y h – Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 10 nrg; n lk; g h;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 16 nrg;nlk;gh;
2000
2000
kl; l f; f sg; G fSthQ; r pf; F bia nrhe; j Cuhff;
fy;Kid gpuNjr nrayhsh; gphptpy; kUjKid 3Mk;
nfhz;l nropad; Nghpd;gehafk; rpy fhyk; Nyf;`T];
tl;lhuj;jpy; trpjJ; te;j V.vk; ep`kj;Jy;yh ‘jpdfud;’
epWtdj;jpd; jpdfud; Mrphpah; gPlj;jpy;
gj;jphpifapd; fy;Kid epUguhftpUe;jhh;. nfhiy
Clftpayhsuhf flikahw;wpAs;shh;. vOj;jhsuhd
nra; a g; g Ltjw; F ,uz; L tUlq; f Sf; F Kd; d h;
,th; 1994Mk; Mz;L mq;fpUe;J ntspNawp nuNyh
mikr;rh; V.vr;.vk;. m\;ug;gpd; Clfr; nrayhsuhfTk;
,af; f j; j pd; rhh; g py; cs; S uhl; r pj; Njh; j ypy;
gzpGhpe; J s; s hh; . ,f; f hyj; j py; ,th; njhlh; e ; J
Nghl; b apl; L kl; l f; f sg; G efurig jiytuhf
‘jpdfud;’ gj;jphpiff;F nra;jpfis toq;fp te;jhh;.
njhpTnra;ag;gl;lhh;. gpd;dh; mth; =yq;fh
2000Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; 16Mk; jpfjp mikr;rh;
Rje;jpuf;fl;rpapy; ghuhSkd;wj; Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapLk;
m\; u g; cl; g l mtuJ FOtpdh; gazk; nra; j
Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gl;L te;Js;shh;. ,J njhlh;ghf
n`ypnfhg;lh; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpajpy; mjpy; gazk;
Ngr;Rthh;j;ij elj;Jtjw;fhf Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;j
nra; j ClftpayhsUk; > Clfr; nrayhsUkhd
jpdkhd 2000Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 10Mk;
ep`kj; J y; y hTk; nfhy; y g; g l; l hh; . ,wf; F k; N ghJ
jpfjp kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J 38 fpNyhkPww ; Uf;F mg;ghYs;s
mtUJf; F taJ 40. ,th; ,U gps; i sfspd;
mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; flw;fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;s
je;ijAkhthh;.
fy;Kid ghz;bUg;gpYs;s fl;rp mikg;ghsuhd jdJ
ez; g hpd; tP l ; L f; F r; nrd; W s; s hh; . md; i wajpdk;
mq;Fitj;J mth; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. mtuJ
ez;guhd v];. kNdhfuDk;> mtUila gps;isAk;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. ,J vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy;
elj;jg;gl;lnjd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. efurigj; jiytuhf
nghWg;Ngw;w gpd;dUk; Nghpd;gehafk;

86 87
kapy;thfdk; epkyuh[d; (39) - murgilapdUld; ,ize; J nraw; g Lk; <.gp.b.gp
Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 19 mf;Nlhgh; 2000
aho; ; g ; g hzj; j py; gpwe; j kapy; t hfdk; epkyuh[d;
njd;gFjp rpq;fs Clftpayhsh;fSld; neUq;fpa
njhlh; G fisf; fl; b naOg; g pf; n fhz; L nraw; g l; l
Clftpayhsuhthh;. njw;fpYs;s Clf ez;gh;fs;
,tiu epkNy vd md;Gld; miog;gh;. ,th; rpq;fsk;
jkpo; Mfpa ,U nkhopfspYk; Clfg; gzpapy;
<Lgl;lhh;. gp.gp.rp re;Njrpa (rpq;fsk;) kw;Wk; jkpNohir>
#hpad; vt;.vk; Mfpa Clf epWtdq;fSf;fhfTk;
aho; epUguhf ePzl ; fhyk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. mJkl;Lkd;wp
Njitg;gl;l vtUf;Fk; mth; jfty;fis toq;Fk;
%ykhfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. mNjNghy; aho;. Flhehl;by;
eilngWk; rk;gtq;fis Kiwahf cyFf;F vLj;Jf;
$Wk; Jzpr; r y; kpf; f Clftpayhsnud ,th;
fzpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ePz;lfhy Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
jkpo; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs;> mNjNghy; Aj;jj;jhy;
%b kiwf;fg;gl;l ,ufrpaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk;
Jzpr;rYk; ,tUf;fpUe;jJ. tlf;F Clftpayhsh;
rq;fr; nrayhsuhd ,th; %d;W ngz;gps;isfspd;
je;ijAkhthh;.
2000Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 19Mk; jpfjp ,uT
jkJ ,y;yj;jpy; miwnahd;wpDs; nra;jpnahd;iw
vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mq;F te;j nfhiyahspfs;
ad; d y; topahf mtiu Nehf; f p Jg; g hf; f pg;
gpuNahfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lJld; iff;Fz;nlhd;iwAk;
vwpe;Jtpl;L jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. epkyuh[d; vd;w
Jzpr;ry; kpf;f Clftpayhsh; itj;jparhiyf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; topapy; capiuj;Jwe;jhh;. Fz;L
tPr;rhy; mtuJ jha;> je;ij kw;Wk; tPl;bypUe;j
cwTKiw kfdndhUtUk; fhaKw; w dh; . mur
fl; L g; g hl; b ypUe; j mjpAah; ghJfhg; G tyaj; j py;
,lk;ngw;w ,e;jf; nfhiy kw;Wk; Fz;Lj;jhf;Fjy;
njhlh; g hf murpd; kP N j Fw; w Q; r hl; l g; g l; l J.
88
mikg;G ,e;jf; nfhiyf;F fhuzk; vd
Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;lJ. <.gp.b.gp mikg;gpd; nrayhsh;
ehafk; lf;s]; Njthde;jh ,f;nfhiyia
epahag;gLj;j Kaw;rpj;jhh;. mur Clfq;fs; %yKk;
epkyuh[d; Gypfspd; csthsp vd ,dq;fhl;lTk;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,tuJ nfhiyf;Fg;
gpd;dh; mthpd; kidtpAk; gps;isfSk; ehl;iltpl;L
ntspNawpdh;.
2004
Iahj;Jiu [P. eNlrd; - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 31 Nk 2004
aho;g;ghzk; funtl;biag; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;l
Iahj;Jiu eNlrd; jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;dh; kidtpapd;
Cuhd kl;lf;fsg;gpy; FbNawpAs;shh;. kl;lf;fsg;G
Nyf; tPjpapy; ,tuJ tPL mike;Js;sJ. Njrpag;
gj;jphpifahd ‘tPuNfrhp’ gj;jphpifapd; kl;lf;fsg;G
epUguhftpUe;j mth; nra;jpfis kl;Lkd;wp murpay;
tpkh;rdq;fisAk; vOjpte;j %j;j
gj;jphpifahsuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. gj;jphpifspy; mth;
[P. eNlrd; vd;w ngahpNyNa vOjpte;jhh;. [P vd;w
vOj;J mtuJ kidtpapd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLtjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; ehd;F gps;isfspd;
je;ijAkhthh;. Njrpa tUkhdthpj; jpizf;fsj;jpy;
cah; mjpfhhpahf ,th; flikahw;wpte;jhh;. 2004Mk;
Mz;L Nk khjk; 31Mk; jpfjp fhiy jdJ Nkhl;lhh;
irf;fspy; toikNghy; mYtyfj;jpw;Fg; Gwg;gl;Lr;
nrd;W mYtyfj;jpw;F Rkhh; 200 kPw;wh;
njhiytpYs;s kl;lf;fsg;G ghh; tPjpapYs;s gj;jphpif
89
tpw;gid epiyaj;jpy; tPuNfrhp gj;jphpifnahd;iw
thq;fpf; nfhz;L jpUk;gpr; nry;Yk;NghJ Nkhl;lhh;
irf;fpspy; te;j nfhiyahspfs; ,tiu Nehf;fp
Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;Ltpl;L
jg; g pr; n rd; w dh; . [P . eNlrd; me; j ,lj; j pNyNa
nfhy; y g; g l; l hh; . ,yq; i f jkpo; Clftpayhsh;
xd; w paj; j pd; nraw; F O cWg; g pduhfTk; fpof; F
Clftpayhsh; rq;fj;jpd; cg jiytuhfTk; ,th;
nraw;gl;L te;jhh;. vOj;jhsuhd ,th; tlf;F - fpof;F
rhfpj;jpa mf;flkp tpUijAk; ngw;Ws;shh;. mNjNghy;
2000Mk; Mz; L ,yq; i f gj; j phpif Mrphpah;
xd;wpaj;jhy; elj;jg;gLk; rpwe;j gj;jphpifahsUf;fhd
tpUJ toq;Fk; tpohtpy; rpwe;j jkpo;
ClftpayhsUf;fhd tpUijAk; ntd;w
Clftpayhsuhthh;.
fe;jrhkp Iah; ghyeluh[; (48) - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 16 Mf];l; 2004
ghyh vd;w ngahpy; vOj;Jyfpy; gpurpj;jkhd fe;jrhkp
Iah; ghy eluh[; rpWfijfslq;fpa rpy
njhFg;Gf;fis ntspapl;Ls;shh;. vOj;jhsuhd ,th;
RahjPd ClftpayhsuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. Gypfspd;
gj;jphpifahd tpLjiyg; Gypfs; vd;w gj;jphpiff;F
vOJtjd; %yk; vOj;Jyfpy; gpuNtrpj;Js;shh;. aho;
Flhehl;by; gpwe;j ,th; cUk;gpuha; ,e;J
tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fy;tp gapYk;NghJ <Nuh]; ,af;fj;jpy;
,ize; j hh; . gpd; d h; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; ,af; f
cWg; g pduhf nraw; g l; L s; s hh; . aho; ; g ; g hzj; j py;
gpuhkzf; FLk; g nkhd; w py; gpwe; j ,th; ,e; J
Myankhd;wpy; G+rfuhFk; re;jh;g;gj;ij xJf;fptpl;L
jkJ r%fj; j pw; F chpikfisg; ngw; W f; n fhLf; f
murpay; nraw;ghl;lhsuhf jFe;j ,lj;ijj; Njba
topapy; vy; . hP . hP . <apy; ,ize; j hh; . ,lJrhhp
rpe;jidAs;s ,tUf;F rpwpJfhyNk mq;fpUf;Fk;
tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. mjpypUe;J tpyfpaJ capiug;
90
gazk; itg;gjhFk; vd Ghpe;Jnfhz;l ,th; kpf
,ufrpakhf fpuhk tho;f;if elj;jNtz;bapUe;jJ.
2000Mk; Mz; b y; nfhOk; G f; F te; J <okf; f s;
[dehaff; fl;rpapy; (<.gp.b.gp) ,ize;J mjd; Clfg;
Ngr;rhsuhfTk; mf;fl;rpapd; ntspaPlhd ‘jpdKuR’
thu ,jopd; ClftpayhsuhfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shh;.
mj; J ld; gy Gidngah; f spy; vOjpAs; s Jld;
Gydha;Tf; fl;Liufspy; ngUk;ghYk; “mk;gpkfs;”
vd;w Gidg; ngaiug; gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
2004Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 16Mk; jpfjp fhiy
toikNghy; <.gp.b.gp mYtyfj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;fhf
tPl;il tpl;L Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;wNghJ nts;stj;ijapy;
Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; te;j ,U nfhiyahspfs; mtiu
Nehf;fp Jg;ghf;fpg; gpuNahfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;Ltpl;L
jg;gpr; nrd;wdh;. ,th; vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy;
nfhy;yg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
yq;fh [aRe;ju - Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 brk;gh; 2004
tp[a gj; j phpif FOkj; j py; ,Ue; J ntsptUk;
‘yq; f hjP g ’> ‘tp[a’> ‘rphpfe; j ’ kw; W k; ‘jUzah’
gj;jphpiffspd; Gifg;gl Clftpayhsuhff;
flikahw; w path; . yq; f h [aRe; j u nfhOk; g py;
,lk;ngw;w ,ir epfo;r;rpnahd;iw Gifg;glnkLj;Jf;
nfhz; b Ue; j NghJ Fz; n lhd; W ntbj; j jpy; mNj
,lj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpa `pe;jp jpiug;gl
cyfpd; Kb#lh kd;dd; \hUf;fhd; fye;Jnfhz;l
,e;j gpukhz;lkhd ,ir epfo;rr ; pf;F Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj
vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpujpgydhf ,ir
epfo;r;rp eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ Fz;Lntbg;G
,lk;ngw;wJ. gpugy Clf epWtdkhd ‘rpur’ Clf
tiyaikg; g pdhy; ,e; j ,ir epfo; r ; r p xOq; F
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. gpugyk; ngw;wpUe;j NrhkNjuh;
kiwe;J %d;W khjq;fs; G+h;j;jpahFk; jpdj;jpy; ,e;j
,irepfo; r ; r p xOq; F nra; a g; g l; b Ue; j Nj ,e; j
91
vjph;g;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;. ,ir epfo;r;rp eilngWk;
jpdj; i j khw; W k; g b Nfl; L f; n fhz; l NghJk; xU
tUlj;jpw;F Kd;Ng Vw;ghLfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L G+h;j;jp
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jjhy; ,ir epfo;r;rpia gpd;NghLtJ
Kbahj fhupankd Vw; g hl; l hsh; f s; cWjpglj;
njhptpj;Js;sdh;. Fjpiug; ge;jaj; jplypy;
ngUe;njhifahd ,irg;gphpah;fis Nehf;fp tPrg;gl;l
Fz;L ntbj;jjd; fhuzkhf ,Uth; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh; yq;fh [aRe;ju
mjpnyhUtuhthh;. 22 taJ ,isQuhd ,th; `f;kd>
KWj;jgpl;ba ,`ytj;ij vd;w ,lj;ijr;
Nrh;e;jtuhthh;.
2005
jh; k uj; j pdk; rptuhk; - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 28 Vg;uy; 2005
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa ,U nkhopfspYk; ruskhf
vOjf; $ ba Clftpayhsh; jh; k uj; j pdk; rptuhk; .
Mq;fpy Clfq;fspy; juhf;fp vd;w Gid ngahpy;
vOjp te;jhh;. Clfj;Jiwapy; juhf;fpahy; vOjg;gl;l
murpay; gj;jpfs; tpNrlkhf thrfh;fspd; ftdj;ij
<h;j;J te;jd. 1989Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ‘jp Iyd;l;’
gj; j phpifapy; juhf; f p vd; w ngahpy; ghJfhg; G
njhlh;ghd Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis vOjp te;jhh;. mth;
nfhy;yg;gLk;NghJ ‘nla;yp kpuh;’ gj;jphpifapy; murpay;
gj;jpfis vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. mNjNghy; ‘tPuNfrhp’
Nghd;w gj;jphpifspy; vOjpte;j mth; 1998Mk; Mz;L
Kjy; ‘jkpo; new;;’ ,izajsj;jpd; MrphpauhfTk;
flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
92
2005Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 27Mk; jpfjp ,uT 10.30
kzpf;F gk;gyg;gpl;bapy; N`hl;ly; xd;wpypUe;J rptuhk;
kw;Wk; ez;gh;fSld; ntspNa te;jNghJ MAjf;
FOnthd;W mtiu gyhj;fhukhf mth;fs; te;j
thfdj;jpy; flj;jpr; nrd;wJ. gk;gyg;gpl;b nghyp];
epiyaj;jpw;F Kd;dhNyNa ,e;jj; Jzpfur; rk;gtk;
,lk;ngw;wJ. kWehs; fhiy jiyapy; jhf;fg;gl;L
Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;fhaq;fSld; ,tuJ rlyk; mjpAah;
ghJfhg;G tyakhd ghuhSkd;w fl;blj; njhFjpf;F
mUfpy; cs;s jpatz;z XahTf;fUNf ,Uf;Fk;
gw;iwapypUe;J fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. nfhiyf;fhd
nghWg; G murpd; kP J Rkj; j g; g l; l Jld; murpd;
ghJfhg;igg; ngWk; jkpo; murpay; FOnthd;wpd; kPJk;
re;Njfk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpof;F khfhzk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; gpwe;j ,th; fy;tp
gapd; W gpd; d h; Nguhjidg; gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py;
kdpjtpay; gPlj;jpy;; ,uz;L tUlq;fs; gbg;gpid
Nkw;nfhz;L ,il eLtpy; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij tpl;L
ntspNawpdhh;.
,tuJ ,U Gjy; t pfSk; > xU Gjy; t Uk; ,tuJ
nfhiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; jha; Nahfuh[pdpAld; ehl;il
tpl;L ntspNawpdh;. 2006 Mk; Mz;L jpwikahd
Clftpayhsh;fisf; nfsutpf;Fk; gj;jphpif Mrphpar;
rq; f tpUJ toq; F k; tpohtpy; rptuhkpd; Clf
Nritiag; ghuhl;b tpNrl tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
fz;zKj;J murFkhh; (36) -Clftpayhsh;.
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 [{d; 2005
nghgp vd; w ngahpy; gpuNjr thrpfs; kj; j papy;
gpugykhfpapUe;j murFkhh; gj;jphpif tpepNahfg;
gpujpepjpahf flikahw;wpdhh;. mg;NghJ vy;.hP.hP.<apduJ
kl; l f; f sg; G nfhf; f l; b r; N rhiy Kjy; mk; g hiw
khtl;lj;jpd; mf;fiug;gw;W tiu mth; gj;jphpif
tpepNahfpj;J te;jhh;. kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J ntspte;j
93
v y ; . h P . h P . < a p d h p d ; g j ; j p h p i f a h d ‘< o e h j k ; ’
gj;jphpifiaNa ,th; tpepNahfpj;jhh;. mg;Nghija
muRk; GypfSk; GhpeJ ; zh;T xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhz;ljd;
gpd;dh; ,g;gj;jphpif kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J ntsptu
Muk;gpj;jJ. ,g;gj;jphpif ehshe;jk; 5000 gpujpfs;
tpw;gidahdnjdj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2005Mk; Mz;L [{d; khjk; 29Mk; jpfjp toikNghy;
fhiy Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; nrd;W gj;jphpiffis
tpepNahfpj;J tpl;L mf;fiug;gw;wpypUe;J
jpUk;gptUk;NghJ fhiy 8.40 kzpastpy; fy;Kid
kl;Lnghy gpuNjrj;jpy; ,th; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
,th; kl;lf;fsg;G nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy tpNtfhde;jGuk;
%d; w hk; FWf; F j; njhptpy; FbapUe; j %d; W
gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
Nuyq;fp nry;tuh[h (45) – Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 12 Mf];l; 2005
Nuyq;fp nry;tuh[h aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gpwg;gplkhf;f
nfhz;lth;. ,th; fiy kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiw kPjpUe;j
<h; g ; G f; fhuzkhf ,yq; i fapd; gpujhdJk; kpfg;
goiktha;e;jJkhd ,yq;if xypgug;Gf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpy; ,ize;J ePz;lfhyk; gzpGhpe;J
te; j hh; . aho; . g]; jupg; g plj; j py; mwptpg; g hsuhf
mwpKfkhfp ,j; J iwapy; gpuNtrpj; j mth; jkpo;
jpiug; g lq; f spYk; ebj; J s; s hh; . 1978Mk; Mz; L
,yq;if jkpo;j; jpiug;glnkhd;wpy; ebj;jjd; %yk;
rpwe; j ebifahf njhpT nra; a g; g l; b Ue; j ik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. 2000Mk; Mz;L tiu ,yq;if
xypgug;Gf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; jkpo; Nritapd; rpNu\;l
mwptpg;ghsuhf flikahw;wpa ,th; gpd;dh; me;jg;
gjtpapUe;J tpyfp gFjp Neu mwptpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;J
nfhz;Nl xU th;j;jf epiyankhd;iw Muk;gpj;jhh;.
&gth`pdp jkpo;r;Nritapy; gFjp Neu
mwptpg; g hsuhfTk; QhapW NjhWk; mjpfhiy
94
xspgug;gg;gLk; “cjajhprdk;” vd;w epfo;r;rpiaAk;
jahhpj;J toq;fpdhh;.
,tUk; ,tuJ fztUk; nfhOk;G gk;gyg;gpl;bapy;
“fpq;Nuha; buty; Nrh;tp];” vd;w ntspehl;L Ntiy
tha;g;G epWtdj;ij elj;jp te;jdh;. 2005Mk; Mz;L
Mf;];l; khjk; 12Mk; jpfjp gfy; 1 kzpastpy; ,e;j
epWtdj;jpy; itj;J ,th; Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;by; ,tuJ fztuhd v];.
nry;tuh[hTk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,tuhy; thndhypapYk;
&gth`pdpapYk; jahhpj; J toq; f g; g l; l epfo; r ; r p
fhuzkhf vy;.hP.hP.<apdNu ,f;nfhiyf;F
fhuzkhftpUf;fyhk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhiyahspfs; ,th; f is ,dq; f z; l jhNyNa
,UtiuAk; Rl;Lf;nfhd;wjhf re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mNjNghy; ,tuJ fzth; Gnshl;
cWg;gpduhftpUe;jJk; ,f;nfhiyf;Ff;
fhuzkhftpUf;fyhk; vdTk; re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
b. nry;tuj;jpdk; (60) – Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 Mf];l; 2005
Nltpl; nry; t uj; j pdk; ‘Rlu; xsp ’ gj; j phpif
mYtyfj; j py; ghJfhg; G Copauhf flikahw; w p
te;jhh;. 2005Mk; Mf];l; khjk; 26Mk; jpfjp khiy
6.10 kzpastpy; mYtyfj;ij Nehf;fp tPrg;gl;l
iff; F z; L ntbj; j jpy; ,th; me; j ,lj; j pNyNa
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
nfhOk; G fpuhd; l ; g h]; gFjpapy; mike; J s; s
,g;gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpw;F iff;Fz;il vwpe;jJ
jkpo; Clftpayhsh;fs;> jkpo; Clf epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;F tpLf;fg;gl;l kw;WnkhU
mr;RWj;jyhftpUe;jJ. mur MjuT ngw;w jug;gpdNu
,f;Fz;L tPr;ir elj;jpapUf;fyhnkd
re; N jfpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. ,e; j j; jhf; F jypy; %d; W
95
thfdq;fs; NrjkhdJld; %d;W Copah;fs; kw;Wk;
ntspapypUe;J te;jpUe;j Clftpayhsh; xUtUk;
fhaKw;wdh;.
Nahf Fkhh; fpU\;zg;gps;is - Clf Copah;
nfhiyAz;l jpdk; - 2005 nrg;nlk;gh; 30
kl;lf;fsg;gpypUe;J ntspahd <oehjk; gj;jphpif
tpepNahf];j;juhd NahfFkhh; fpU\;zg;gps;is mur
gilapdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s kl;lf;fsg;G efhpy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. nrg;nlk;gh; 30k; jpfjp gj;jphpif
tpepNahfpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j mth; kPJ Jg;ghf;fpg;
gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. me;j ,lj;jpNyNa mth;
caphpoe; j hh; . Gypfspd; MJuTg; gj; j phpif vd
fUjg;gLk; <oehjk; gj;jphpif kl;lf;fsg;gpy; muRf;Fk;
GypfSf;Fkpilapy; Aj;j epWj;j xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jhd
gpd;dNu ntspaplg;gl;lJ. NahfFkhUf;F Kd;dh;
mg;gj;jphpifia tpepNahfpj;j murFkhh; vd;gtUk;
mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpy; ,NjNghy; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jhh;.
V.vy;.vk;. gsPy; (ew;gpl;bKid gsPy;) (40) -
vOj; j hsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 2 brk;gh; 2005
mur eph;thf mjpfhhpahd V.vy;.vk;. gsPy; ,yf;fpa
kw;Wk; Clfj;Jiwapy; ew;gpl;bKid gsPy; vd;w
ngahpy; gpugykhfpapUe;jhh;. kl;lf;fsg;G fhj;jhd;Fb
gpuNjr nrayhsuhftpUe; j ,th; vOj; j hsuhf
ehty; f s; > rpWfijfs; > ftpijfs; kw; W k; fy; t p
E}y;fisAk; ntspaplL ; s;shh;. ,tw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdit
fy;tp E}y;fshFk;. ‘tPuNfrhp’> ‘jpdf;Fuy;’> ‘jpdfud;’
Nghd;w gpujhd Njrpa gj;jphpiffspYk; ,th; mjpfkhf
fy; t p njhlh; g hd fl; L iufSf; F Kf; f paj; J tk;
nfhLj; J s; s hh; . Mrphpah; gzpapy; tho; f ; i fia
96
Muk;gpj;j ,th; nfhiynra;ag;gLk;NghJ khtl;l
nrayhsuhf flikahw;wpaJ kl;Lky;yhJ K];ypk;
kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;Jk; mjpf ftdk;
nrYj;jpa mjpfhhpahthh;. ,J njhlh;ghf vy;.hP.hP.apdh;
,tiu vr;rhpj;Js;sdh;. 2005Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk;
2Mk; jpfjp nts;spf;fpoikahFk;. fhj;jhd;Fb gpuNjr
nrayhsh; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J [{k;kh
njhOiff;fhf nry;tjw;Fj; jahuhdNghJ
vy;.hP.hP.<apdhpd; Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfs; ,tiur; Rl;Lf;nfhiy
nra;Jtpl;L Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;.
1965Mk; Mz;L fy;Kid gpuNjrj;jpYs;s
ew;gplb; Kidapy; gpwe;j ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gLk;NghJ
,uz;L Foe;ijfspd; je;ijahthh;.
Nf. etuj;jpdk; (45) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 23 brk;gh; 2005
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntsptUk; ‘aho;. jpdf;Fuy;’
gj;jphpifapd; tpw;gidahsuhd fpU\;zd; etuj;jpdk;
2005Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 23Mk; jpfjp fhiy
5.30 kzpastpy; gj; j phpiffis vLj; J r; n ry; y
tUk;NghJ gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; itj;J
nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,th; tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp
mjpfhu rigapy; flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ
1996Mk; Mz;L aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngah;e;J
td;dpf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F rpy tUlq;fs; thoNtz;ba
eph;g;ge;jk; Vw;gl;ljhy; njhopiy ,oe;jhh;. 2002Mk;
Mz;L aho;. Flh ehl;Lf;Fj; jpUk;gpte;j mth;
gj;jphpif tpw;gidia Muk;gpj;Js;shh;. aho;g;ghzk;
G+ghyrpq;fk; Gj;jf epiyaj;jpy; itj;J gj;jphpif
tpw;gid nra;J te;Js;shh;. Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l
,th; Ie; J gps; i sfspd; je; i jahthh; . ,th;
nfhiyAz; L xU khjj; j pw; F g; gpd; d h; mthpd;
kidtpAk; kuzkile;Js;shh;.
97

2006
Rg;ukzpak; Rfph;juh[d; (35) Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 24 [dthp 2006
jpUNfhzkiy JiwKf mjpfhurigapy; ypfpjuhf
flikahw;wpte;j Rg;ukzpak; Rfph;juh[d; ‘Rlu; xsp’
gj;jphpifapd; jpUNfhzkiy epUguhfTk; flikahw;wp
te;jhh;. 2006Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk; 24Mk; jpfjp
mjpfhiy 6.40 kzpastpy; flikf;Fr; nry;yntd
tP l ; i l tpl; L Gwg; g l; l NghJ mq; F fhj; j pUe; j
nfhiyahspfs; mtUila jiyapy; Rl;Ltpl;L jg;gpr;
nrd; W s; s dh; . ,th; FbapUe; j jpUNfhzkiy
cth;kiy> Nahth; tPjpapNyNa ,f;nfhiy
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. nfhiy ,lk;ngw;w gFjp mjpAah;
ghJfhg; G tyakhd tlf; F - fpof; F MSehpd;
mYtyfj;jpw;F mUfpyhFk;.
[dthp khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp jpUNfhzkiy
flw; g ilapdhpd; ghh; i tapy; gLk; J}uj; j pYs; s
flw;fiuapy; nfhiynra;ag;gl;l Ie;J gy;fiyf;fof
khzth; f Sk; Jg; g hf; f pr; #l; b d; fhuzkhfNt
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh; vd;w nra;jpia ,th; vOjpapUe;jhh;.
nfhz;Lte;j Fz;L ntbj;jjd; fhuzkhf
gaq;futhjpfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf murjug;G ,jw;F
Kd;dh; nra;jp ntspapl;bUe;jJ. fy;Kid gl;bUg;G
gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j Rfph;juh[d; rJh;\d;> tpJ\h
vd ,U Foe;ijfspd; je;ijahthh;.
98
v];.b fzehjd; (64) Clf
mDruizahsh; .
–
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 ngg;uthp 2006
jkpo; nra;jp kw;Wk; jfty; epiyaj;jpd; jdpahh; epWtd
mDruizahsuhd v]; . fzehjd; aho; g ; g hzk;
mhpahiy> khk;gok; re;jpapy; itj;J Rl;Lf;nfhiy
nra; a g; g l; l hh; . mhpahiy ,uhZt Kfhkpw; F
mz; i kapy; ,f; n fhiy ,lk; n gw; W s; s J. ,th;
aho; g ; g hzk; gyNehf; F f; $l; L wTr; rq; f j; j pd;
jiytuhfTk; gjtp tfpj; j hh; . nfhiyAz; l NghJ
,tUf;F 64 tajhFk;.
ng];bad; N[hh;[; RNu\; - Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 3 Nk 2006
aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; ‘cjad;’ gj;jphpif
tpepNahf Kfhikahsuhf ng];bad; N[hh;[; RNu\;
flikahw;wpte;jhh;. rh;tNjr Clf jpdk; ,yq;ifapy;
gz; l huehaf; f Qhgfhh; j ; j rh; t Njr khehl; L
kz;lgj;jpy; 2006Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 3Mk; jpfjp
khiy eilngw;Wf;nfhz;bUe;j mNjNeuj;jpy; ‘cjad;’
gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpd; kPJ elj;jg;gl;l ,de;njhpahj
Jg;ghf;fpjhhpfspd; jhf;Fjypy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
kw;WnkhU Clf Copauhd uQ;rpj;FkhUk;
nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; NkYk; %d;W Clf Copah;fs;
fhaKw;wdh;.
tpw;gidg; gphpT cjaFfhh; (48)> jahgud; (31) kw;Wk;
rjP\;(24) MfpNahh; fhaKw;wth;fshth;. gj;jphpif
epWtdj;jpd; fzzpg; gphpT G+uzkhf
jhf; f paopf; f g; g l; ; l Jld; mr; R ,ae; j puq; f Sk;
Nrjkhf; f g; g l; l d. mur fl; L g; g hl; b d; fP O s; s
aho;g;ghzk; mjpAah; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpy; f];J}hpahh;
tPjpapYs;s cjad; mYtyfj;jpd; kPjhd jhf;FjYf;F
99
hp.56 uf iugps;fSld; MWNgh; te;jjhf
njhptpf; f g; g Lfpd; w J. mth; f s; rpNu\; l Clf
gzpahsh; Ffehjidj; Njb mYtyfk; KOtJk;
rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspy; ciuahb Rw;wpj;
jphpe;jJld; Rkhh; 40 Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fisj; jPh;j;J
,e;j mopit Vw;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. RNu\;; xU Foe;ijapd;
je;ijahthh;.
uh[uj;jpdk; uQ;rpj;Fkhh; (28) - ClfCopah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 3 Nk 2006
rh;tNjr Clf jpdj;jd;W ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;w
2006Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 3Mk; jpfjp ‘cjad;’
mYtyfj;jpd; kPJ elj;jg;gl;l jhf;Fjypy; ng];bad;
N[hh; [ ; RNu\{ld; uh[uj; j pdk; uQ; r pj; F khUk;
Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; a g; g l; l hh; . ,th; jpUkzkhfp
aho;g;ghzk; ifjb gpuNjrj;jpy; ehtw;Fop re;jpapy;
14/ 5 Mk; ,yf;f ,y;yj;jpy; trpj;Jte;jhh;.
ep`hy; b rpy;th (64) - vOj;jhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 27 Nk 2006
gpugy Mq;fpy nkhop ,yf;fpathjpahd ep`hy; b
rpy; t h Ntbf; i ffSld; tpNdhjkhf tho; e ; j
ez;gh;fSf;F kj;jpapy; gpurpj;jkhd eguhthh;. njhopy;
hPjpapy; tpahghhpahd ,th; ,yf;fpathjpahf kl;Lkd;wp
Mq;fpy nkhop ,yf;fpa r%fj;jpw;Fs; Mh;tkpf;f
cWg;gpduhf ,yf;fpa fUj;Jg; gfph;Tfspy; mbf;fb
fhzf;$batuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. ,thpd; ROAD FROM
ELEPHANTPASS vd;w E}Yf;F Ne\d; tpUJk; mur
rhfpj;jpa tpUk; fpilj;jJ. fpdpnuy;y nfhd;];gpurp
( GINIRALLA CONSPIRACIY) vd;w E}ypy;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;Fs; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd;
(N[.tp.gp) murpay; eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l
mopTfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; Muhag;gl;bUe;jJ. Mh;jj ; p
100
vd;w ngahpy; NkYnkhU E}iy vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;j
mth; 2006Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; Ie;J ez;gh;fSld;
tpy; g j; J Njrpa tdg; g puNjrj; j pw; F cy; y hrg;
gaznkhd;iw Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ fz;zpntbapy;
rpf;fp caphpoe;jhh;. mth; vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;j Mh;j;jp
vd;w E}iy vOjp Kbf;fhky; NghdJld;> ez;gh;fs;
ItUld; ghij topfhl; b Ak; [P g ; tz; b Ald;
fz;zpntbapy; rpff ; pajhy; midtUk; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
fhypapy; gpwe;j ,th; gk;gyg;gpl;b gpuNjrj;jpy; trpj;J
te;jhh;. ,th; ,U gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
rk;gj; yf;khy; b rpy;th – Clftpayhsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljpdk; - 02 [{iy 2006
RahjPd ClftpayhsuhftpUe;j rk;gj; yf;khy; b
rpy;th 2006Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp
mjpfhiy 5 kzpastpy; nghuy];fKitapYs;s
mtuJ jhahh; tPl;bypUe;J flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;lhh;.
rpyfhykhf mth; njhlh;G itj;jpUe;j ,uhZt
mjpfhhpaplkpUe;J fpilj;j njhiyNgrp
miog;igaLj;J tPl;il tpl;Lr; nrd;Ws;shh;. mth;fs;
yf;khiy mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sJld; md;iwa jpdNk
fhiy mtUila cly; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;
fhaq;fSld; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. tPl;Lf;F mg;ghy;
%d; W fpNyh kP w ; w h; J}uj; j py; ,tuJ rlyk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. mth; jdJ jhahUld; tho;e;J te;jhh;.
,th; jpUkzkhfhjth; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
khpajh]; kNdh[d;uh[; (24) - Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 27 [{iy 2006
aho;g;ghzk; mr;RNtyp rq;fhid tPjpapy; trpj;J te;j
khpajh]; kNdh[d;uh[; 2006Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk;
27Mk; jpfjp mjpfhiy nfhy; y g; g l; l hh; . ‘aho; .
jpdf;Fuy;’ gj;jphpif tpw;gidia njhopyhff; nfhz;l
101
,isQuhd ,th; md;iwa jpdk; mjpfhiy 3.45
kzpastpy; jdJ Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; gj;jphpifia
vLj;Jtu ‘aho;. jpdf;Fuy;’ mYtyfj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk;
topapy; ,uhZt Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;shh;.
mth; gj;jphpiffis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L mNjtopapy;
jpUk;gptUk;NghJ mr;RNtyp> etfphp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
$l; L wT rq; f f; filf; F Kd; d hy; fpisNkhh;
Fz; n lhd; W ntbj; j jhy; nfhy; y g; g l; l hh; . ,th;
ntspehnlhd;Wf;Fr; nry;ytpUe;j NtisapNyNa
,tUila nfhiy ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,tUf;F ,U
rNfhjuu;fs; cs;sdh;.
gj;kehjd; tprhkee;jd;; (29) - ,irf;fiyQh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljpdk; - 02 Mf];l; 2006
mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpahd aho;g;ghzk; ehtyh;
tPjp mjpAah; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpYs;s jkJ ‘<oehL’
gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpw;F Kd;dhy; 2006Mk; Mz;L
Mf];l; khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp gfy; 1.25 kzpastpy;
gj;kehjd; tprhkee;jd; Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
aho;g;ghzk; ngUkhs;Nfhtpyb gpuNjrj;ijr; Nrh;e;j
,isQuhd ,th; Iq; f ud; vd; w ,irf; F Otpd;
Muk;gfh;j;jhthfTk;> ,irf;fiyQuhfTk;>
ghlfuhfTk; nraw;gl;L te;jhh;.
rjhrptk; gh];fud; (44) – Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 15 Mf];l; 2006
rhujpahf flikahw;wpa rjhrptk; gh];fud; 2006Mk;
Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp filfSf;F
gj;jphpiffis tpepNahfpj;Jtpl;L jpUk;gp tUk; topapy;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. Culq;F mOypy; ,Ue;j
aho;. Flhehl;by; fhiy 10 kzp Kjy; gpw;gfy; 1
kzptiu Culq;F jsh;j;jg;gl;bUe;jNghJ md;iwa
gj; j phpiffis filfSf; F tpepNahfpf; f rhujp
102
gh]; f ud; nrd; W s; s hh; . ,th; Gj; J }h; re; j papy;
Rl;Lf;nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ‘cjad;’ gj;jphpifapd;
rpd;dKk; ngaUk; thfdj;jpy; njspthf
vOjg; g l; b Ue; j J. Jg; g hf; f pr; #l; b y; thfdKk;
Nrjkile;jJ. ,th; Ie;J gps;isfspd; je;ijahthh;.
rpd; d j; j k; g p rptkfhuh[h (68) - gj; j phpif
chpikahsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 20 Mf];l; 2006
aho;gg; hzj;jpypUe;J ntspte;j jpdrhpg; gj;jphpifahd
‘e k J < o e h L ’ g j ; j p h p i f a p d ; K f h i k j ; J t g ;
gzpg;ghsuhd rpd;dj;jk;gp rptkfhuh[h gy nfsutg;
gjtpfisAk; tfpj;jtuhthh;. ,th; aho;. gyNehf;ff;
$l;LwTr; rq;fj; jiytuhf gjtp tfpj;jJld; jkpo;
nra;jp kw;Wk; jfty; epiyaj;jpd; gzpg;ghsuhfTk;
gzpGhpe;jhh;. Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhd ,th;
,yq;if jkpouRf; fl;rpapd; rpNu\;;l
cWg;gpduhftpUe;jhh;. ,tuJ nrhe;j tPL kf;fs;
ntspNaw; w g; g l; ; l mjpAah; ghJfhg; G tyaj; j py;
mike;jpUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ,th; njy;ypg;gis Jh;f;if
mk;kd; Myaj;jpw;F mUfpy; thlif tPnlhd;wpy;
jdpahf trpj;J te;Js;shh;. ehshe;jk; Mya G+i[
topghLfspy; fye; J nfhs; t ij toikahff;
nfhz; b Ue; j hh; . md; i wa jpdk; mtu; G+i[apy;
fye;Jnfhs;shj fhuzj;jhYk; ,uT Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lr;
rj; j k; Nfl; l jhYk; re; N jfKw; w ez; g h; f Sk;
mayth;fSk; mtuJ tPlL ; f;Fr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. 2006Mk;
Mz;L Mf;]l ; ; khjk; 20Mk; jpfjp ,uT tPlb ; y; epjj; piu
nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ ad;dy; topahf Jg;ghf;fpahy;
Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; a g; g l; b Ue; j mtuJ cliy
mayth;fs; fz;Ls;sdh;.
mtuJ nfhiyAld; ‘ekJ <oehL’ gj; j phpif
mr;rpLtij epWj;jNtz;bajhapw;W. ,th;
gpukr;rhhpahfNt tho;e;J te;jhh;.
103

2007
v];. utPe;jpud; (38) – Clf Copah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 12 ngg;uthp 2007
‘e k J e h o e h L’ g j ; j p h p i f a p d ; m r ; R g ; g F j p
Kfhikahsuhd v];. utPe;jpud; mtuJ tPl;Lf;F te;j
Jg; g hf; f pjhhpfshy; Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; a g; g l; l hh; .
2006Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 12Mk; jpfjp ,e;jr;
rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,U gps;isfspd; je;ijahd
,th; aho;gg ; hzk; Nfhg;gha; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpj;J te;jhh;.
Rg;gpukzpak; uhkr;re;jpud; - (37)
Clftpayhsh;
flj;jg;gl;l jpdk; - 15 ngg;uthp 2007
aho;;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; ‘aho;. jpdf;Fuy;’>
‘tyk;Ghp’ gj;jphpiffspd; epUguhf flikahw;wpa
Rg;gpukzpak; uhkr;re;jpud;> murb funtl;b kw;Wk;
tlkuhl;rp gFjpfspy; jdpahh; tFg;Gfspy; Mrphpauhff;
flikahw;wpAs;shh;. 2007Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk;
15Mk; jpfjp jdpahh; tFg; G fspy; fw; g pj; J tpl; L
irf; f pspy; tUk; N ghJ funtl; b gpuNjrj; j pYs; s
fypifr; re;jpapy; itj;J ,de;njhpahj xU FOtpdh;
,tiuf; flj; j pr; nrd; W s; s dh; . gilapdupd;
ghJfhg;gpYs;s ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; flj;jg;gl;l
uhkr;re;jpuidg; gw;wpa vJtpj jfty;fSk;
fpilf;fhjJld; ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;bUf;fyhnkd
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; ,U Foe;ijfspd; je;ijahthh;.
104
Rgh\;; re;jpuNgh]; (32) – Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 16 Vg;uy; 2007
‘epyh’ vd;w ,yf;fpar; rQ;rpifapd; Mrphpauhd Rgh\;;
re;jpuNgh]; jhNd mr;rQ;rpifia ntspapl;L te;jhh;.
tTdpah jpUehtw;Fsk; fpuhkj;jpy; trpj;J te;j ,th;
xU mr;rfj;jpd; chpikahsUkhthh;. yz;ldpypUe;J
ntspte;j ‘jkpo;Nth;s;l;’ rQ;rpiff;F Mf;fq;fis
vOjpte; j ,th; RahjP d ClftpayhsuhfTk;
flikahw; w pdhh; . ,yq; i f Clff; fy; Y }hpapd;
khztuhftpUe;j mth; me;j ghlj;jpl;lk;
Kbtile;jTld; jkpo; gj;jphpifahd ‘tPuNfrhp’apy;
xUkhj gapw;rpapd; gpd; tTdpahTf;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nrd;W
Clf eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;lhh;. ,th; xU gps;isapd;
je;ijAkhthh;.
,th; 2007Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 16Mk; jpfjp ,uT
7.30 kzpastpy; tP l ; L f; F te; j ,de; n jhpahj
Jg; g hf; f pjhhpfshy; Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; a g; g l; l hh; .
nfhiyahspfs; jg;gpr; nrd;wjd; gpdd ; h; ,thpd; gpsi; s
may; tPLfspd; fjTfisj; jl;b cjtp Nfl;lNghJk;
Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lr; rj;jk; njhlh;eJ ; Nfl;ljhy; mr;rKw;W
mayth;fs; vtUk; cjtpf;Fr; nry;ytpy;iy. ,tuJ
nfhiy ,lk; n gWk; N ghJ gps; i sAk; mUfpy;
,Ue;Js;sJ. gps;isapd; $w;Wg;gb nfhiyahspfs;
rpq;fsj;jpYk; jkpopYk; ruskhf ciuahbAs;sjhfj;
njhpatUfpd;wJ.
nry;tuh[h u[pth;kd; (25) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 29 Vg;uy; 2007
nry;tuh[h u[pth;kd; 1982Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j 25
taJila ,isQuhthh;. ,sk; Clftpayhsuhd
,th; aho; g ; g hzj; j pypUe; J ntsptUk; ‘cjad; ’
gj;jphpifapd; mYtyf Clftpayhsuhf
105
flikahw;wpdhh;. ,th; tpNrlkhf Fw;wr; nray;fs; rQ; r pifapd; MrphpauhfTk; ,Ue; J s; s hh; . ,th;
Fwpj;j nra;jpfis vOjp te;Js;shh;. jkJ nra;jpf;fhf aho;g;ghzk; khzth; mikg;gpd; Kd;dhs;
jfty; NjLk; nghUl;L mYtyfj;jpypUe;J ntspNa jiytuhthh; . ,f; n fhiyapd; gpd; d h; ,tUila
nrd;wNghJ Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; te;j nfhiyahspfs; rNfhjuidAk; ngw;Nwhh; ntspehnlhd;Wf;F mDg;gp
,th; kPJ Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fis jPh;j;Jtpl;Lj; jg;gpr; itj;Js;sdh;.
nrd;Ws;sdh;. ‘cjad;;’ gj;jphpif mYtyfj;jpw;F
mUfpy; ehtyh; tPjpapy; uhrhtpd; Njhl;lk; tPjp kw;Wk;
];lhd;yp tPjp re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; ,e;jr; rk;gtk; me;jdpg;gps;is n\hPd; rpj;jpuQ;rd; (36) -
eilngw; W s; s J. ,uhZt Nrhjidr; rhtbfs; Clf Copah;
mike;Js;s mjpAah; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpy; fhiy 10 flj;jpr; nry;yg;gl;l jpdk; - 5 etk;gh; 2007
kzpastpy; Rje;jpukhf elkhba nfhiyahspfs;
u[pth;kid Rl;Lf;nfhd;Wtpl;L ghJfhg;ghf
me;jdpg;gps;is n\hPd; rpj;jpuQ;rd;
mt;tplj;ij tpl;L jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. aho;g;ghzk;
aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ntsptUk; ‘aho;. jpdf;Fuy;’
Gj;J}h; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mtuq;fhy; gFjpapy; ,th; jha;>
tpepNahfg; gphptpy; flikahw;wp te;jhh;. 2007Mk; Mz;L
kw;Wk; %j;j rNfhjhp> ,U ,isa rNfhjuh;fSld;
etk;gh; khjk; 5Mk; jpfjp md;W gj;jphpiffis
t r p j ; J t e ; J s ; s h h ; . ‘c j a d ; ’ g j ; j p h p i f a p y ;
tpepNahfpj; J f; nfhz; b Uf; F k; N ghJ fhiy 6
flikahw;Wtjw;F Kd;dh; ,th; ‘<oehL’ gj;jphpifapy;
kzpastpy; ghJfhg; G g; gilapdhpd; fLikahd
flikahw;wpAs;shh;.
ghJfhg;gpd; fPOs;s gyhyp tPjpapy; ,th;
fhzhkw;NghAs;shh;. ‘aho;. jpdf;Fuy;’ gj;jphpifapy;
flikahw; W tjw; F Kd; d h; ,th; ‘ekJ <oehL’
rfhNjtd; epyf;\d; (25) – Clf khzth; gj;jphpif tpepNahfg; gphptpy; flikahw;wpAs;shh;. ,th;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 01 Mf];l; 2007 nfhiynra;ag;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mizf;Nfhhl;il caug;Gyk; gFjpapy; trpj;J te;j
aho;;g;ghzk; Clf Ma;T kw;Wk; jfty; epiya ,th; xU Foe;ijapd; je;ijAkhthh;.
khztuhf Clfg; ghlnewpia Kbj; J f; n fhz; L
ntspNawpa rfhNjtd; epyf;\d; gpd;dh; nfhOk;G
nrd;W ,uz;L thufhy Clfg; gapw;rpia tbNty; epkyuh[h (31) - Clf Copah;
Kbj; J f; n fhz; l hh; . gpd; d h; aho; g ; g hzj; j pw; F nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 17 etk; g h;
jpUk;gpr;nrd;w jpdj;jpw;F kWjpdk; mjpfhiy 5.10
2007
kzpastpy; mtuJ tPl;Lf;F te;j nfhiyahspfs;
tprhuizf; n fd mtiu tP l ; i l tpl; L ntspNa
aho; g ; g hzk; ‘cjad; ’ gj; j phpifapd; ,uT Neu
mioj;Jr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. mur gilapdhpd; ghJfhg;gpd;
xg;GNehf;fhsuhd tbNty; epkyuh[h mq;F %d;W
fP O s; s aho; g ; g hzk; nfhf; F tpy; Mbaghjk;
tUlfhyk; Nritahw;wpAs;shh;. ,uT Neu Nritia
tPjpapYs;s mtuJ tPl;Lf;F Culq;F mKypy; ,Ue;j
Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L 2007Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 17Mk;
Ntisapy; te;j nfhiyahspfs; mtiu
jpfjp irf;fpspy; tPL Nehf;fp nrd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk;
Rl;Lf;nfhd;W tplL ; jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. jpUkzkhfhj
NghJ fhiy 7.30 kzpf;F cjad; mYtyfj;jpw;F
,isQuhd rfhNjtd; epyf; \ d; ‘rhsuk; ’ vd; w

106 107
mUNf ehtyh; tP j p uapy; flitaUNf itj; J
,de;njhpahNjhuhy; flj;jpr;nry;yg;gl;lhh;. aho;g;ghz
efhpy; fr;Nrhp ey;Y}h; tPjpapy; trpj;J te;j ,th;
jpUkzkhfhjth; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,irtpop nrk; g pad; - mwptpg; g hsh; .
RNu\;; ypk;gpNah - njhopy;El;gg; gphpT Copah;
hP . jh; k ypq; f k; - nghwpapayhsh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; -27 etk;gh; 2007
Gypfspd; Fuy; thndhyp Nritapy; gzpGhpe; j
,irtpop nrk;gpahd; RNu\; ypk;gpNah> hP. jh;kypq;fk;
MfpNahh; 2007Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 27Mk; jpfjp
khiy 4.30 kzpastpy; xNu ,lj; j py; itj; J f;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,yq;if tpkhdg;gilapdhpd; tpkhdf;
Fz;L tPrR ; fhuzkhf fpspnehr;rp> nfhf;Ftpy;ypYs;s
Gypfspd; Fuy; thndhyp epiyak; kw; W k; gy
fl;blq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; 11 Ngh;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fspy; %th; Gypfspd; Fuy;
thndhyp epiyaj; j pd; Copah; f shth; . ,irtpop
nrk;gpad; mjd; mwptpg;ghsuhthh;. %d;W gps;isfspd;
jahuhd ,th; Rgh[pdp vd;w ngahpy;
gpugykile;jpUe;jhh;. RNu\; ypk;gpNah njhopy;El;gg;
gphptpy; flikahw; w pdhh; . ,th; xU Foe; i japd;
je;ijahthh;.
hP . jh; k ypq; f k; nghwpapayhsuhf flikahw; w pf;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,f;Fz;L tPr;rpy; Gypfspd; Fuy;
thndhypapd; NkYk; %d;W Copah;fs; fhaKw;wdh;.
108
lgps;A+ Fzrpq;f (62) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 5 brk;gh; 2007
mDuhjuGk; khtl;l nfg;gpj;jpf;nfhy;yht tya fy;tp
mYtyfj; j py; cjtpf; fy; t pg; gzpg; g hsuhf
flikahw;wp Xa;Tngw;w lgps;A+ Fzrpq;f Njrpa
gj;jphpifahd ‘j p t a p d ’ gj;jphpifapd;
nfg; g j; j pf; n fhy; y ht epUguhf 20 tUl fhyk;
flikahw;wpAs;shh;. 2007Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk;
5Mk; jpfjp ,th; gazk; nra;j g];
nfg;gj;jpf;nfhy;yht mgpkhdGutpy; mKf;f ntbapy;
rpf;fpajpy; ,th; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. nfg;gj;jpf;nfhy;yht
gpuNjrj;jpy; me;j tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,uz;lhtJ
Fz;Lntbg;Gr; rk;gtk; ,JthFk;. ,jpy; 16 gazpfs;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,e;jr; rk;gtj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l
Clftpayhsh; Fzrpq; f ,uz; L gps; i sfspd;
je;ijahthh;.
guuh[rpq;fk; NjtFkhh; (34) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 28 Nk 2008
,yq; i fapd; gpugykhd ,yj; j pudpay; Clf
tiyaikg;Gf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd rf;jp njhiyf;fhl;rp>
rf;jp vt;.vk;. Mfpatw;wpd; aho;. epUguhf guuh[rpq;fk;
NjtFkhh; flikahw;wpte;jhh;. 2008Mk; Mz;L Nk
khjk; 28Mk; jpfjp khiy 4 kzpastpy; tl;Lf;Nfhl;il
kjtb fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j NjtFkhh;
$uhd MAjq; f shy; ntl; b Ak; Fj; j pAk; kpfTk;
nfh^ukhff; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. mtUld; gazk;
nra;j mtuJ ez;guhd kNfe;jpud; tujd; vd;gtUk;
ntl;Lf;fhaq;fSld; itj;jparhiyapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l
gpd;dh; kuzkile;jhh;. gpd;dh; fpilj;j jfty;fspd;
gb ,e;jf; nfhiyia vy;.hP.hP.<apdNu
Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fyhk; vd re;Njfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muR
aho;. Flhehl;by; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; jpl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd
nra;jpfis ntspapLtJ vy;.hP.hP.<apdhpd; vjph;g;Gf;F
109
fhuznkd njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tUld; cldpUe;j
ez; g h; <.gp.b.gp. mikg; g pd; MjuthsnudTk;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,th; nfhiynra;ag;gLtjw;F
rpy khjq;fSf;F Kd;G jpUkzkhfpapUe;jhh;.
nkh`kl; k`;&g; u];kp (31) - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 6 xf;Nlhgh; 2008
u];kp k`;&g; vd;w ngahpy; Clfj;Jiwapduhy;
miof;fg;gLk; nkh`kl; k`;&g; u];kp ,yq;ifapd;
gpujhd ,yj;jpudpay; Clf tiyaikg;ghd ‘rpur’
njhiyf; f hl; r papd; mDuhjGu epUguhf ehd; F
tUlq;fshff; flikahw;wpa ,sk;
Clftpayhsuhthh;. Njrpa njhiyf;fhl;rp gapw;rp
epWtdj; j py; njhiyf; f hl; r p Clftpayhsuhf
gapw;rpngw;W RahjPd njhiyf;fhl;rp Nritapy; rpy
fhyk; Nritahw;wpAs;shh;.
,th; VO tUlfhykhf Clftpayhsuhf
flikahw;wpAs;shh;. u[ul;l Clftpayhsh; rq;fj;jpd;
Jbg;Gkpf;f cWg;gpduhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. tl kj;jpa
khfhz rigapd; vjph;f;fl;rpj; jiyth; Nk[h; n[duy;
[hdf; f ngNuuh cl; g l 27 Ngiug; gypnfhz; l
jw; n fhiyf; Fz; L jhhpapd; jhf; F jypy u]; k p
nkh`kl;Lk; gypahdhh;. 2008Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh;
6Mk; jpfjp fhiy 8.40 kzpastpy; mDuhjGuk; gioa
g];epiyaj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s khfhzrig vjph;ff ; l;rpj;
jiyth; mYtyfj; jpwg;G tpoh itgtj;ij ,th;
xspg;gjpT nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghNj ,e;jf; Fz;L
ntbg;G rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,th; jpUkzkhdth;.
,e;j itgtj;jpy; fye;Jnfhz;l ,tuJ rNfhjhpAk;
mtuJ fztUk; ,f;Fz;L ntbg;gpy; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
mDuhjGuk; jh;kghy khtj;ijapy; ,th; trpjJ
; te;jhh;.
110
2009
yre; j tpf; u kJq; f - gj; j phpif Mrphpah;
nfhiyAz;l jpdk; - 2009 [dthp 08
muR kw;Wk; Vida murpay;thjpfspd; Coy;> Nkhrb>
KiwNfLfis Jzpr;rYld; ntspapl;L Gydha;T
Clftpayhsuhf mth; gpugykile; j hh; . yre; j
tpf;ukJq;f nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l re;jh;gg
; j;jpy; 1994Mk;
Mz;by; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l rz;Nl yPlh; gj;jphpifapd;
MrphpahuhftpUe;jhh;. mg;gj;jphpifia ntspapl;l yPlh;
ntspalP L
; epWtdj;jpd; chpikahsuhftpUe;jJ mtuJ
rNfhjuuhthh;. me;j epWtdj;jpd; gzpg;ghsuhfTk;
yre;j tpf;ukJq;f ,Ue;jhh;.
rz;Nl yPlh; gj;jphpif %yk; mth; Jzpr;rYld;
ntspapl;l tplaq;fs; fhuzkhf mth; gyKiw gy
,ila+Wfis re;jpj;Js;shh;. ENfnfhilapYs;s
mtuJ tPL Fz;L tPr;Rf;Fs;shdJ. xU Kiw mth;
jhf; F jYf; F s; s hdhh; . kw; n whUKiw Jg; g hf; f pr;
#l; b ypUe; J mth; kaphpioapy; caph; jg; g pdhh; .
uj;kyhid cah; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpYs;s yPlh; mr;rfk;
2007 etk; g h; khjk; jP a pl; L f; nfhSj; j g; g l; l J.
njhiyNgrp %yk; tpLf;fg;gl;l mr;RWj;jy; fhuzkhf
mtuJ capUf;F mr;RWj;jy; ,Ue;jJ. mj;Jld;
mtUf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nkhl;lhh; irf;fps;fs;
gpd;njhlh;tijAk; mth; fz;Ls;shh;. mth;
nfhiyAz;l jpdkhd 2009 Mk; Mz;L [dthp 8Mk;
jpfjp gj; j uKy; i yapYs; s mtuJ tP l ; b ypUe; J
Gwg;gl;Ls;shh;. mth; jkf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Nkhl;lhh;
irf;fps;fs; gpd;njhlh;eJ ; tUtjhf jkJ kidtpf;Fk;
neUq; f path; f s; rpyUf; F k; thfdj; i j Xl; b f;
nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj njhiyNgrp %yk;
njhptpj;Js;shh;. md;W nfhiyahspfsplk; ,Ue;J
mtuhy; jg;gpf;f Kbatpy;iy. fy;fp];ir mj;jpba
111
tPjpapy; mj;jpba khjphpg; ghlrhiyf;F mUfpy; mtuJ
thfdj;ij Ke;jpr; nrd;w Nkhl;lhh; irf;fpspy; te;j
nfhiyahspfs; mtuJ jiyia Nehf;fp Jg;ghf;fp
Ntl;Lf;fis jPh;j;Jtpl;L jg;gpr; nrd;Ws;sdh;. cah;
ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpy; fhiy 10.00 kzpastpy; mtiu
nfhiy nra;Jtpl;L nfhiyahspfs; Rje;jpukhf jg;gpr;
nrd;Ws;sdh;. nfhiyahspfis ,dq;fhz Kbahj
msTf;F mth; kPJ Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fis jPh;j;j
ntw;W Njhl;lhf;fisf; $l nghWf;fpr; nry;Yk;
mstpw;F gapw;rp ngw;wpUe;jdh;. fYNghtpy Nghjdh
itj;jparhiyf;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l mtUf;F rj;jpu
rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,Ue;Jk; mth; rpfpr;irg;
gydpd;wp caphpoe;jhh;.
nfhOk;G> nfhl;lhQ;Nrid> ngdbf; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy;
fy; t pfw; w yre; j tpf; u kJq; f 1980Mk; Mz; b y;
rl;lj;juzpahf rj;jpag; gpukhdk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
rl;lf; fy;Y}hp khztdhf ,Uf;Fk; NghNj 1977k;
Mz;L Clftpayhsuhf rd; gj;jphpifapy; ,ize;J
nfhz;lhh;. 1983Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J jp Iyd;l;
gj;jphpifapy; gpujp nra;jp Mrphpauhf gzpahw;wpdhh;.
rl;lj;juzpahfTk;> ClftpayhsuhfTk; ,Ue;j NghJk;
Mq;fpyj;ijg; NghyNt rpqf ; s nkhopapYk; ghz;bj;jpak;
ngw;wpUe;j mtiug;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;l vjph;f;fl;rpj;
jiyth; rpwpkhNth gz;lhuehaf;f 1986k; Mz;L jkJ
gpuj;jpNafr; nrayhsuhf epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. gpd;dh;
me;jf; fl;rpapd; (=yq;fh Rje;juf; fl;rp) nfhOk;G
khtl;l Ntl;ghsuhf 1989Mk; Mz;Lj; Njh;jypy;
Nghl;bapl;lhh;. mjpy; mth; Njhy;tpAw;whYk; mtuJ
Clf tho;f;if njhlh;e;J 1988Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
1993Mk; Mz;L tiu Ruepky vd;w Gidg; ngahpy;
rd;Nl ilk;]; gj;jphpiff;F murpay; fl;Liufis
,th; vOjp te;jhh;. ,tiu Mrphpauhff; nfhz;l rz;Nl
yPlh; gj;jphpif 1994k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd;
Mrphpauhf mth; Jzpr;rYld; Nkw;nfhz;l Clf
ghtid fhuzkhf mth; nfhiyahspfspd;
,yf;fhdhh;.
112
Gz;zpa%h;j;jp rj;jpa%h;j;jp - Clftpayhsh;
nfhiyAz;l jpdk; - 2009 ngg;uthp 12
gy;NtW jkpo;g; gj;jphpiffs; kw;Wk; ntspaPLfSf;F
nra;jp kw;Wk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; mNjNghy; ftpij
rpWfij vOjp te;j Gz;zp%h;j;jp rj;jpa%h;j;jp td;dp
Aj;jj;jpd; Aj;j #dpag; gpuNjrj;jpy; tpOe;j Ml;byhpfF;
gypahdhh; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rk;gtk; ngg;uthp
12Mk; jpfjp eilngw;wjhf njhpa tUfpd;wJ. Gypfspd;
nra; j pr; NritfSf; F k; nra; j p toq; f pajhf
njhptpf; f g; g l; l Jd; mth; td; d pg; gpuNjrj; j py;
tho;e;Js;shh;.
rrp kjd; (27) - Clf Copah;
nfhiyAz;l jpdk; - 2009 khh;r; 06
Gypfspd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPopUe;j td;dp khtl;lj;jpd;
thrfh;fSf;F ,Ue;j xNu gj;jphpifahd <oehjk;
gj; j phpifapd; Ky; i yj; j P T gFjpapd; tpepNahf
Kfhikahsuhf flikahw;wpa rrpjud; Aj;j #dpag;
gpuNjrj;jpw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;byhp jhf;Fjy;
fhuzkhf nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
ghJfhg;G fhuzkhf Aj;j #dpa gpuNjrj;jpy; rpf;fpa
,th; nghJ kf; f s; rpyUld; nfhy; y g; g l; l jhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
113
xU %yj;jpy; khj;jpuk; njhpate;j
rpyh; njhlh;ghd jfty;fs;
1 . Nf.v]; . ,uj; j pdrpq; f k; - Clftpayhsh;
- kl; l f; f sg; G - 1986
kl; l f; f sg; G khtl; l tTzjP T fz; z z; F lh
gpuNjrj;jpy; trpj;J te;j Nf.v];. ,uj;jpdrpq;fk;
‘tP u Nfrhp’ gj; j phpifapd; epUguhf flikahw; w p
te;Js;shh;. 1986Mk; Mz;L ,th; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;
vd ek; g pf; i fahd jdpegh; jfty; f spd; %yk;
njhpate;Js;sJ. ,Ue;Jk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l gj;jphpif %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;j KbahJs;sJ.
2 . hP . jahde; j d; - Clftpayhsh;
- jk; g pYtpy; > mk; g hiw - 1985
mk;ghiw khtl;lj;jpd; epe;jT+h; gpuNjrj;jpy; jk;gpYtpy;
vd;w fpuhkj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; hp.jahde;jd; 1985Mk; Mz;L
Rl; L f; n fhiy nra; a g; g l; l hh; vd jdpegh; %yk;
njhpatUfpd;wJ. ,tUk; ‘tPuNfrhp’ gj;jphpifapd;
epUguhf ,Ue;Js;sjhfj; njhptpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; mij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbatpy;iy.
3 . VwhT+hpy; nfhiyAz; l ftpQh;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 11 Mf];l; 1990
1990Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp ,utpypUe;J
12Mk; jpfjp mjpfhiy tiu fpof; F khfhz
kl; l f; f sg; G khtl; l Vwht+hpy; 121 K]; y pk; f s;
vy;.hP.hP.<apduhy; gLnfhiynra;ag;gl;lij tpsf;Fk;
‘gidapd; mbapy; ’ vd; w E}ypy; xU K]; y pk;
FLk; g j; j pd; cwtpduhd jkpo; ftpQnuhUth;
114
nfhy;yg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Jg;ghf;fp
Ntl;Lr; rj;jk; Nfl;L ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Mf];l; 11Mk;
jpfjp ,uT jkpo; ftpQhpd; tPl;Lf;F maypYs;s
cwtpdh;fs; rpyh; nrd;Ws;sdh;. capiuf; fhg;ghw;wpf;
nfhz;l xU egh; me;j E}Yf;F jfty; toq;fpAs;shh;.
mjpy; me;j tPl;by; iff;Foe;ij cl;gl 13 Ngh;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;. rfyiuAk; nfhiynra;a
vy;.hP.hP.<apdh; jahuhtjhf mwpe;Jnfhz;l mf;ftpQh;
fhypy; tpOe;J mg;gbr; nra;aNtz;lhnkd nfQ;rpf;
Nfl; L s; s hh; . fhypy; tpOe; J nfQ; r paNghJk;
nfhiyahspfs; Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fisj; jPh;j;jjhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ngah; njhpahj ,e;jf; ftpQh;
Fwpj;J fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; vthplkpUe;Jk; vJtpj
jfty;fisAk; ngwKbatpy;iy. “gidapd; mbapy;”
vd;w E}y; aho;. gy;fiyf;fof tphpTiuahsh;fs; rq;f
mwpf;iffs; %yk; njhFf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
4 . ehfypq; f k; jpahfuh[h - Clftpayhsh;
- kl; l f; f sg; G
ehfypq;fk; jpahfuh[h ClftpayhsuhftpUe;jjhfTk;
mth; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;Ltpl;ljhfTk;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; ve;j ehspy; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhh; vd;w jfty; njhpatpy;iy.
5 . Nf.gp. cgNrd - gj; j phpif tpw; g idahsh;
- Nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 16 Nk 1988
gj;jphpif tpw;gid nra;jJ kw;Wk;
tpepNahfpj;jikf;fhf Nf.gp. cgNrd nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vg;gpuNjrk; vdf;$lj;
njhptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
115
6 . A+.rp fUzhjpyf - Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh; 10. I.rP. ngh;dhz;Nlh - gj;jphpif
nfhiynra; a g; g l; jpdk; - 9 [{iy 1988 tpepNahf]; j h; nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; -
fpsh; r ; r pf; f hyk;
‘jptapd’ gj;jphpifapd; Gifg;gl Clftpayhsuhf
flikahw;wpa A+.rp fUzhjpyf 1988Mk; Mz;L [{iy fz;b khtl;lj;jpd; nkdpf;`pd;d gpuNjrj;jpy; gj;jphpif
khjk; 9Mk; jpfjp nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l jhfj; tpepNahfj;jpy; <Lgl;l egnud njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; > ,lk; cl; g l vJtpj
jfty;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

7 . ney; r d; fUzhuj; d - Clftpayhsh; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,y 4 Kjy; 9 tiu

nfhiy nra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 23 etk; g h;
1988
fNynty gpuNjr Clftpayhsuhd ney; r d;
fUzhuj;d 1988Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 23Mk;
jpfjp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhf njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s egh; f s; Fwpj; j u[P j ; fP h ; j ; j p
njd; d f; N fhdpd; “thuz Guhza” vd; w E}ypy;
Fwpg; g plg; g l; L s; s J. Mrphpahplk; NtW jfty; f s;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. NtW egh;fs; my;yJ vOj;J %y
jfy;fs; %yk; ,e;j egh;fs; njhlh;ghf
cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;
ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy.

8 . tpN[rpwp ehzaf; f hu - Clftpayhsh;

nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - 22 Vg; u y; 1989

kj; J fk Clftpayhsuhf flikahw; w pajhfj;

njhptpf;fg;gLk; tpN[rpwp ehzaf;fhu 1989Mk; Mz;L
Vg;uy; khjk; 22Mk; jpfjp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljhf
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

9 . [pdNrd f]; J }hpahuhr; r p - Clftpayhsh;

nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 21 Mf];l; 1989

‘nlapyp epA+]; ’ gj; j phpifapd; Nffhiy gpuNjr

Clftpayhsuhd [pdNrd f];J}hpahuhr;rp 1989Mk;
Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp
nfhiynra;ag;gl;ljhfj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

116 117
Clf kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;l
midj;Jg; gy;fiyf;fof khzth;
Nguitapd; khzt murpay;
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs;
gj; k rpwp jphpkhtpjhd - gilg; g hsp
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 22 mf;Nlhgh; 1988
tsh;e;J tUk; ftpQh;> Xtpah; kw;Wk; ‘ntj rpR`z;l’
rQ; r piff; F vOjpte; j vOj; j hsuhd gj; k rpwp
jphpkhtpjhd nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof kUj;JtgPl
khztuhthh;. khzth; nraw;ghl;Lf;FOtpd; %yk;
khztj; jiytuhd ,th; ,uj; j pdGhp khtl; l
midj; J g; gy; f iyf; f of khzth; Nguitapd;
nrayhsuhf njhpthdhh; . mk; g yhq; n fhl f`t
gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j ,th; 1988Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh;
khjk; 22Mk; jpfjp nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;. jiyapy;
nghpa Mzpia miwe;J ,e;j khzth; gLnfhiy
nra;ag;gl;l tpjk; mf;fhyr%fj;jpy; ngUk;
mjph;r;rpiaAk; ftiyiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
cghyp fkNf - ntb`z;l gj;jphpif Mrphpah;
nfhiynra; a g; g l; l jpdk; - [dthp 1990
k`ehk vd miofg;gl;l cghyp fkNf midj;J
gy;fiyf;fof khzth; Nguitapd; Kf;fpa rq;fkhf
tpsq;fpa rkh[thjp khzth; rq;fj;jpd; KONeu
khzth; rq;f eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lhh;. Clff;
FOtpd; nrayhsuhf flikahw;wpa ,th; ‘ntb
`z;l’ vd;w ghjhs cyf ,ufrpaq;fis
mk; g yg; g Lj; J k; gj; j phpif kw; W k; ,JNghd; w
gj;jphpiffs; rpytw;Wf;F MrphpauhfTk; ,Ue;Js;shh;.
118
khzth; Nghuhl;l kj;jpa epiyaj;jpd; Njrpa FOtpd;
,Wjp KbntLf; F k; FOtpYk; ,th; mq; f k;
tfpj; J s; s hh; . nfhOk; G khtl; l j; j py; nfhl; l ht
gpuNjrj;jpy; 1990Mk; Mz;L [dthp khjk;
ifJnra;ag;gl;L gpd;dh; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;.
m j ; J y N r d h u j ; d – ‘n
n t j r p R ` z ; l ’>>
Mrphpah;
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l jpdk; - 17 nrg;nlk;gh; 1990
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp.) gy;fiyf;fof
khzth; rq; f q; f spd; $l; l ikg; g hd midj; J g;
gy;fiyf;fof khzth; Nguitapd; nraw;ghLfs; 1987
- 1990 fpsh; r ; r papy; nraypoe; J fhzg; g l; l J.
fpsh;rr
; pahsh;fis xd;wpizf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;lth;
mj;Jy Nrhdhuj;d. 1980Mk; Mz;L khh;r; khjk;
jg;gpte;J kPz;Lk; xd;wpizg;G Ntisfspy; <Lgl;lhh;.
midj; J g; gy; f iyf; f of khzth; Nguitapd;
Vw;ghl;lhsuhftpUe;j ,th; nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof
kUj;Jt gPlj;jpd; ,Wjpahz;L khztuhthh;. kUj;Jt
nraw; g hl; L f; F Otpd; Kd; d zp cWg; g pduhfTk;
,Ue;jhh;. ‘ntj rpR`z;l’ rQ;rpifapd; MrphpaUk;
,tNu. jhk; nfhz;bUe;j murpay; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
khzth; ,af;fk; njhlh;ghd Clf eltbf;iffisAk;
,tNu Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
1990Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gh; khjk; 17Mk; jpfjp kPzL
; k;
ifjhd ,th; nfhiynra;ag;gl;lhh;.
119
jpBh; tpgj;J kw;Wk; NtW
fhuzq; f shy; capupoe; j rpyhpd;
tpguk;
yPdh ma;hpd; `g;Gje;jphp - vOj;jhsh;> ftpQh;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hd jpdk; - 18 Nk 1987
tho;e;jpUe;jhy; gilg;Gj; Jiwapy; rhjid gilf;Fk;
ngz; vOj;jhsuhf ghpzkpj;jpUf;ff;$ba Mw;wy;
ngw;w yPdh ma;hpd; `g;Gje;jphp mfhy kuzkile;jhh;.
1971 Mk; Mz;L fpsh;r;rpapd;NghJ Fw;wthspahf
ehd;F tUl rpiwj;jz;lid mDgtpj;jhh;.
tpLjiyahd gpdd ; Uk; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpAld;
(N[.tp.gp) ,uz;lhtJ fpsh;r;rpf;F jahuhdNghJ
,th; mjd; murpay; nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;J tpuf;jp
fhuzkhf mij tpkh;rpj;J mjpypUe;J
tpyfpf;nfhz;lhh;. ,lJrhhp murpay; rpe;jidiaf;
nfhz; b Ue; j ,th; tpNrlkhf ngz; f s; kP j hd
mOj;jq;fs; njhlh;ghf fpsh;njOe;j
ngz; z pathjpahf ,Ue; j hh; . 1980 jrhg; j q; f spd;
gilg;Gf;fis Ma;T nra;gth;fs; ,tuJ ,lJrhhp
ngz;zpa kw;Wk; r%fk; njhlh;ghd mOj;jkhd ,tuJ
Mf;fq;fis ,dq;fhzf;$bajhftpUf;Fk;. ftpijfs;>
rpWfijfs; Mfpatw;iw vOjpAs;s ,th; Clfq;fs;
%yk; r%f murpay; tpthjq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpdhh;.
tpkh;rdf; fl;LiufisAk; vOjpdhh;.
kf; f s; tpLjiy Kd; d zpapypUe; J (N[.tp.gp)
ntspNawpaik> nraw;ghLkpf;f gilg;ghspahf mth;
ntspapl;l mtuJ murpay; top Kiwfs; Mfpad
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpf;F (N[.tp.gp) mr;RWj;jyhf
,Ue;jjhy; me;j mikg;G njhlu;ghf mr;rj;JlNdNa
thoNtz;bapUe;jJ. 1986Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk;
15Mk; jpfjp khzth; jah gj;jpudtpd; nfhiyAld;
120
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpia (N[.tp.gp) tpkh;rpj;J
ntspNawpath;fSf;F mr;rj;Jld; tho
Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ Nghy; yPdh ma;hpDk;
re;Njfj;JlNdNa tho;e;jhh;.
,Ue;Jk; 1987Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp ,th;
thfd tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpaNghJ> mtuJ ez;gh;fs; ,J
jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpgj;jh vd Muk;gj;jpy; re;Njfg;gl;ldh;.
,Ue;Jk; gpd;dh; mJ th;j;jfh; xUthpd; thfdj;jpd;
kPJ Nkhjpajhy; Vw;gl;l kuznkd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;bajhapw;W.
n`huz jk;gu gpuNjrj;jpy; jkJ jhahUlDk;> ,U
Gjy; t h; f SlDk; tho; e ; J te; j ,th; uh[fphpa
gpuNjrj;jpy; thfd tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpdhh; . mg;NghJ
,th; kfsph; kw;Wk; Clf xUikg;ghl;bd;
nraw;ghl;lhsuhf ,Ue;jJld; me;j mikg;gpdhy;
ntspaplg; g l; l Clf Ma; T vd; w rQ; r pifapd;
MrphpauhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;.
1987Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 11Mk; jpfjp tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfp
epidT jpUk;ghj epiyapy; nfhOk;G
itj;jparhiyapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L 7 ehl;fspd; gpd;dh;
18Mk; jpfjp caphpoe;jhh;.
re; j puFkhu tpf; u kuj; d - ftpQh;
,Wjpahff; fz; l jpdk; - 1991
re;jpuFkhu tpf;fpukuj;d my;yJ mtuJ ez;gh;fshy;
re;jNu vd miof;fg;gl;l ,th; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhuh
my;yJ jw;nfhiy nra;Jnfhz;lhuh vd;w re;Njfk;
,d;Wk; Nfs;tpf;FwpahfNtAs;sJ. rpwe;j gilg;ghw;wy;
kpf;f ftpQuhd ,tuJ gilg;Gf;fis kwf;fKbahky;
,tuJ ez;gh;fs; ,d;Wk; ftiy nfhz;Ls;sdh;.
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; nraw;ghl;lhsnud rpyh;
mwpe; j pUe; j dh; . epue; j u tP b d; w p ,th; xt; n thU
121
,lq;fspy; tho;;e;J te;Js;shh;. gilg;Gj;Jiwapy;
<Lgl;bUe;j ez;gh;fSld; gofpa mth; ,t;thW
xt;nthU ,lj;jpy; tho;tij toikahff;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. 1988 - 1990 ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy;
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; (N[.tp.gp) fpsh;rr
; p kw;Wk;
,jw;nfjpuhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l mur fpsh;r;rp
tiu ,th; tho;e;Js;shh;. ,Wjpahf ,tiuf; fz;l
ez;gh;fs; ,th; jk;Kld; fz;bapypUe;J nfhOk;G
tiu g];]py; gazk; nra;jjhfj; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;.
g]; nfhOk; i g neUq; F k; N ghJ mth; g]; ] py;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jd;gpd;dh; mth; vt;thW
fhzhkw; N ghdhh; vd; g J midtUf; F k; ngUk;
Nfs;tpf;FwpahftpUe;jJ. ,t;thW mtiu
,Wjpahff;fz;lJ 1991Mk; Mz;L Muk;gj;jpy; xU
jpdj;jpyhFk;. mth; mg;NghJ tpuf;jpAw;w epiyapy;
gy jdpg; g l; l gpur; r pidfSf; F Kfq; n fhLf; f
Ntz;bapUe;jjhfTk; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jhahUld; ,Ue;j te;j ,th; ,sikg;gUtj;jpy;
tho;f;ifia nfhz;Lnry;y g];fspy;
ghly;fisg;ghbAs;shh;. ,J kl;Lkd;wp gy rpWtpahghu
eltbf;iffspYk; <Lgl;Ls;shh;. ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk;
kj;jpapy; mth; njhlh;eJ
; k; ftpijfis vOjpte;jjhy;
gilg;ghspfSf;F mtiu kwf;f Kbahj
gilg;ghspahftpUe;jhh;. Rdpy; khjt njhFj;jspj;j
‘jptapd’ gj;jphpifapd; vl;lhk; gf;fj;Jf;Nf ,th;
mjpfsT gilg;Gf;fis vOjpAs;shh;. ,th; ,Wjpahf
‘uhta’ gj;jphpiff;F ‘kynfaf rl;l`z;’ (kuztPl;L
Fwpg;G) vd;w gj;jpia vOjpf;nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th;
fhyp gj;Njfk vd;w ,lj;ij gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lth;.
,yq;ifapd; Kd;dzp ftpQuhd uj;d = tpN[rpq;f
122
xU Kiw ,tiu “vkJ jhafj;J Nfhh;f;fp” vd
Gfo;e;Jiuj;Js;shh;.
Fyrpq; f – Clftpayhsh;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hd jpdk;
nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; Njrpa gj;jphpifahd
‘jp [yd;l;’ gj;jphpifapd; Clftpayhsuhd Fyrpq;f
vjph; g hujtpjkhf kuzj; i j jOtpf; n fhz; l hh; .
flikf;fhf fhiy g];]py; gazk; nra;jNghJ rf
gazpAld; thf; F thjk; Vw; g l; L s; s J. Fyrpq; f
mYtyfj;jpw;F mUfpy; g];i] tpl;L ,wq;fpaNghJ
rk;ge;jg;gl;l gazpAk; ,wq;fp te;J vjph;ghujtpjkhf
,tiuj; jhf;fpAs;shh;.,e;jj; jhf;Fjyhy; fPNo tpOe;j
,tuJ jiy eilghij nfhq;fpwPl; fy;ypy;gykhf
Nkhjpajhy; mth; me;j ,lj;jpNyNa ,we;Jtpl;lhh;.
Nf. ee;j Fkhh; – Clf Copah;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hd jpdk; - 6 Nk 2001
‘cjad; ’ gj; j phpifapd; Kfhikj; J t gphptpy;
Nritahw;wpa ee;jFkhh; gazk; nra;j Nkhl;lhh;
irf;fps; tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdjhy; mth; kuzkile;jhh;.
Mdhy; jpl;lkpl;l tpgj;njd re;Njfk; epyTfpd;wJ.
ee;jFkhh; ,t;thW tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdJ 2001Mk; Mz;L
Nk khjk; 6Mk; jpfjpahFk;. ,jd; gpd;dh; [{d; 23Mk;
jpfjp ‘cjad;’ gj;jphpif Mrphpah; fhzkapy;ehjDk;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hdhh; . ,JTk; jpl; l kpl; l nranyd
re;Njfpf;fg;gLtJld; mth; fLk;fhaq;fSf;Fs;shfp
caph;gpioj;jhh;.
Uf; \ pfh gpurhjpdp (21) - Clftpayhsh;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hd jpdk; - 19 brk; g h; 2006
‘tP . vt; . vk; . ’ thndhyp Nritapd; mwptpg; g hsUk;
ClftpayhsUkhd Uf; \ pfh gpurhjpdp thfd
123
tpgj;njhd;wpy; rpff ; p kuzkhdJ 2006Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; Vidait
khjk; 19Mk; jpfjpahFk;. ,jw;F 12 jpdq;fSf;F
Kd;dh; ,th; thfdj;jpy; nra;jpahsh; khehnlhd;wpw;Fr;
nry;Yk;NghJ tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdhh;. nfhOk;G 8 `d;rp
Nfhg; u y; Nrghy Fzjpyf
Nwhl;by; ,th; gazk; nra;j thfdk; rh;tNjr epWtdk;
xd;wpd; mjpfhhpnahUth; gazk; nra;j thfdj;Jld;
,th; ClftpayhsNuh fiyQNuh my;yJ Clf
Nkhjp tpgj;Jf;Fs;shfpaJ. 12 ehl;fs; nfhOk;G
CopaNuh my;y. ,yq;if &gth`pdp $l;Lj;jhdj;jpd;
itj;jparhiy mtru rpfpr;irg; gphptpy; rpfpr;ir ngw;W
gpJUjyhfy xspgug;Gf; NfhGuk; jhf;fg;gl;lNghJ
te;j mth; rpfpr;ir gydspf;fhjjhy; kuzkile;jhh;.
Nfhg;uy; Nrgha Fzjpyf nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. 1984Mk;
,tuJ kuzk; Fwpj; J epahak; fpilf; f vLj; j
Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; 3Mk; jpfjp &gth`pdp xspgug;Gf;
Kaw;rpfs; gadspf;ftpy;iy. ,th; nrd;w thfdk;
NfhGuj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ,th; nghWg;ghftpUe;jhh;.
ntspehl; L uh[je; j phpapd; thfdj; J ld; Nkhjp
kiyAr;rpapy; fhl;Lf;F kj;jpapYs;s ,f;NfhGuj;jpd;
tpgj; J f; F s; s hdjhNyNa ,e; j epiy Vw; g l; l J.
kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. jhf;FjYf;F Kd;dh;
Clfj;Jiwf;Fs; Eioe;J rpy khjq;fSf;Fs;shfNt
Nfhg;uy; kPJ iff;Fz;L vwpag;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,th;
,th; Jujp\;ltrkhf tpgj;jpy; gypahdhh;.
nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; Vida tPuh;fs; vjph;j;jhf;Fjy;
elj;jpajhy; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpath;fs; gpd;thq;fpr;
nrd;Ws;sdh;. NfhGuj;Jf;F mbapy; ntbkUe;Jfis
kiwj; J NfhGuj; i jj; jfh; f ; f Kad; w NghJk;
n[ypf;idl; jphpia nfhSj;j Kbahj fhuzj;jhy;
jfh;gG
; Kaw;rp gadspf;ftpy;iy. mq;F flikahw;wpa
&gth`pdp Copah; f Sf; F k; vJtpj ghjpg; G k;
Vw;gltpy;iy. ,f;NfhGuk; kPjhd jhf;Fjiy nuNyh
mikg;gpdNu Nkw;nfhz;ljhfj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

uzJq; f

gyjdpegh;fs; %yq;fs; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lgb

‘jptapd’ gj; j phpifapd; gf; f tbtikg; g hsuhf
flikahw;wpa uzJq;f vd;gth; kf;fs; tpLjiy
Kd;dzpapd; N[.tp.gp MAjf;FO cWg;gpduhf ,th;
nraw;gl;Ls;sjhf ,tuJ kuzj;jpd; gpd;
njhpate;Js;sJ. ,th; ,e;jr; re;jh;gg; j;jpy; flikf;Fr;
nry; y tpy; i ynad; W k; 1989Mk; Mz; L ,th;
nfhy; y g; g l; l J murpaYld; rk; g e; j g; g l; l njdTk;
njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

124 125
Mde; j nkz; b ];
nfhiynra;ag;gl;l kPlb; anfhl gpuNjr Clftpayhsh;
Mde;j nkz;b]pd; ngah; ,jw;F Kd;dh; xU E}ypy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. nfhiy nra;ag;gLtjw;Fg; gy
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;dh; ,th; jkJ eltbf;iffisf;
iftpl;L NtW eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljhf rkfhy
Clftpayhsh;fs; %yk; njhpate;Js;sJ. 1988Mk;
Mz; L 17Mk; jpfjp gfy; NtW fhuzq; f shy;
Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ljhfj; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhiyfs; ele;Js;s tpjk;
njhlh;ghd rpy Ma;Tfs;
gpujhd gl;baYld; njhlh;Gs;s 114 Ngh; kl;Lk;
fzf;nfLg;gpy; Nrh;j;Jf;nfs;sg;gl;Ls;sdh;. ,jpy;
114 Nghpy; 109 Ngh; Mz;fs; 5 Ngh; ngz;fs;.
1. ,dmbg; g ilapy; nfhiyfs; ,lk; n gw; W s; s
vz; z pf; i f

rpq;fsk; - 48
jkpo; - 60
K];ypk; - 06
nkhj;jk; 114

2. Jiwapd; mbg;gilapyhd ,lk;ngw;w

nfhiyfspd; vz; z pf; i f

,ijj; njspthf tifg;gLj;j KbahJs;sJld; rpyh;

Clfk; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu eltbf;iffspYk;
gpurpj; j pngw; w th; f shth; . ,Ue; J k; Fwpg; g pl; l stpy;
mjpfstpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Jiwapd; mbg;gilapy;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Clftpayhsh;fs; gl;baypy;
Gifg;gl Clftpayhsh;fs; ehy;tUk;
Nrh;jJ
; f;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdh;. tifg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd
rh;r;irAs;s ,yj;jpudpay; Clfj;Jiwapy;
nghwpapayhsh;> njhopy;El;g mjpfhhpfs;
Clfj;njhopy;Jiwapy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

1. Clftpayhsh;fs; - 55
2. Clf Copah;fs; - 29
3. chpikahsh;fs;> gq;fhsh;fs; - 4
4. fiy fyhrhu nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; - 27
5. nkhj;jk; - 114

126 127
khfhz mbg; g ilapy; nfhiyfs; RNue;jpu> rk;gj; yf;khy;> Nuh`zFkhu kw;Wk;
,lk; n gw; W s; s gl; b ay; yre;j tpf;fpukJq;f)

rk;ge;jg;gl;l egh; FbapUe;j ,lj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhs; s hky; nfhiynra; a g; g l; l khfhzj; i j fhuzk; rpq;fsk; jkpo; K];ypk; nfh.
nkh.
ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L thpirg;gLj;jg;gLs;sJ. vz;

khfhzk; ; sk;
rpqf jkpo; K];ypk; nkhj;jk;
1 14 60 06 80
2 29 - - 29
Nky;khfhzk; 20 08 - 28 3 05 - - 05
tlf;F khfhzk; 09 44 - 51 nfhiyAz;lth;-
fpof;F khfhzk; 01 06 05 12 fspd; vz;zpf;if 48 60 06 114
Vida
khfhzq;fs; 20 - 01 21 nfhiyfSf;fhd fhuzj;ij Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy;
fP o ; f ; f z; l gl; b aypy; 1>2>3 vd; w ,yf; f q; f s; ;
ntspehLfs; - 02 - 02
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nkhj;jk; 48 60 06 114
,yf;fk; 3 fPo; nfhiyAz;l 4 rpq;fsth;fspy; jUz
f`e;j fkNf ,dg;gpur;rpid kw;Wk; Aj;jj;Jld;
3. nfhiyfSf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzk; njhlh;ghy; 1 Mk; ,yf;fg; gl;baypy;
Nrh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W fUj;J epyTfpd;wJ.
1. ,dg;gpur;rpid> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlh;Gila
nfhiyfs; (jkpo; MAjf; FOf;fs; cUthdik> 1Mk; ,yf;f gl;baypy; nfhiyAz;l K];ypk;fs; 6
,af;fq;fSf;Fs; ,lk;ngw;w nfhiyfs; Nghpy; ep`kj;Jy;yhtpd; nfhiy me;j gl;baYf;F
FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd nfhiyfs; cs;slq;fyhf nghUe;Jkh vd;w Nfs;tpAk; vOfpd;wJ. n`ypnfhg;lh;
2. kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; N[.tp.gp fpsh;r;rp tpgj;J> ,dg;gpur;rpid kw;Wk; Aj;jj;jpw;F nghUe;Jkh
kw; W k; murpd; gjpy; fpsh; r ; r pahy; ,lk; n gw; w murpay; rjp Kaw;rpah n`ypnfhg;lhpd; Nfhshwh
nfhiyfs; vd;gJ jPh;f;fg;glhj gpur;rpidahFk;.
3. murpay;thjpfspdJk; kw;Wk; Vida rjpKaw;rpfs;
fhuzkhf ,lk; n gw; w nfhiyfs; (gytP d k; >
Coy;Nkhrb kw;Wk; KiwNfL Mfpad
ntsptUtijj; jLf;f ,lk;ngw;w nfhiyfSk;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf – tpky; v];.

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rpy nghJ KbTfs; Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; rkhjhd eilKiwfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l fhyfl;lj;jpw;Fs; Clftpyhsh;fs;>
Clf Copah;fs; kw;Wk; fiy fyhrhu
,lk;ngw;Ws;s 111 gLnfhiyfspy; 80 ,dg;gpur;rpid>
nraw;ghl;lhsh;fspd; nfhiyfs;
jkpo; MAjf; FOf;fs; cUthdik> FOf;fspd;
mwptpff ; g;glhtpll
; hYk; ,jDld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,Jtiu
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rhpj;jpuj;jpy; Clf kw;Wk; Clftpayhsh;fs; kPjhd
njhlh; g hd nfhiyfshFk; . ,th; f spy; 60 Ngh;
mlf;FKiwiag; NghyNt ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l njhlh;
jkpoh;fshth;.
nfhiyfs; rkhjhd eltbf; i ffs; epWj; j g; g l; l
tUl uPjpapy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; 1989Mk; Mz;Nl mjpf
2004Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; Kjy; 2009 khh;r; khjk;
nfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. me;j vz;zpf;if 22
tiu ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. 2004Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 4Mk;
MFk;. ,jpy; 6 Aj;jk; njhlh;Gila gl;baYf;Ff; fPo;
jpfjp eilngw;w nghJj; Njh;jypy; ntw;wpngw;w If;fpa
tUtJld; Vida 14 nfhiyfs; njhlh;ghf kf;fs;
kf;fs; Rje;jpu Kd;dzp ,Jtiu ehl;il Ml;rp
tpLjiy Kd;dzp N[.tp.gp kPJ
nra;tJld; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nfhiyfs; 36 MFk;. 4
Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; ,uz;L nfhiyfs;
rpq;fs ClftpayhsUk;> vOj;jhsUk;
njhlh;ghf NtW re;Njfq;fSk; njhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mlq;Ffpd;wdh;. ,jpy; K];ypk; ClftpayhsUk;>
vOj;jhsUk; mlq;Fth;.
1985> 1986> 1992> 2001> 2002 kw;Wk; 2003 Mfpa
Mz;Lfspy; nfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;wjhf
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mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy. (gl;baypd; mbg;gilapy; Njba
chpikahsh;fs; kw;Wk; Clf Copah;fshth;. ,jpy;
tptuq;fspd; gb) tpNrlkhf 2001> 2002 kw;Wk; 2003
xU ,iraikg;ghsUk; mlq;Fthh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rk;gj;
Kjy; 2004 Nk khjk; tiuapyhd %d;wiu Mz;L
yf;khypd; nfhiy kw;Wk; yre;j tpf;fpukJq;ftpd;
fhyj;jpy nfhiyfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Ghpe;Jzh;T
nfhiyiaj; jtph; e ; j Vida 34 nfhiyfSk;
xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ kw;Wk; mijaLj;J Vw;gl;l
Neubahf Aj;jk; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngw;w nfhiyfshFk;.
rkhjhd eltbf; i ffisAk; ,jw; F fhuzkhff;
%d;W rpqf ; sth;fSk;> ,U K];ypfSk; Fz;Lntbg;gpy;
nfhs;syhk;. 2000Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; 10Mk;
rpf;fp nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 29 jkpoh;fspy; 27 Ngh; Neubahf
jpfjp eilngw;w nghJj; Njh;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w [f;fpa
Aj; j r; nra; j pfs; kw; W k; kdpj chpik kP w y; f s;
Njrpa Kd;dzp 2001Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 22Mk;
njhlh;ghd nra;jpfis mwpf;ifapLtij
jpfjp Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L rkhjhd
jLg;gjw;fhfTk; mtw;iw ntspapLk; Clfq;fis
eltbf; i ffis Muk; g pj; j J. ,f; f hyfl; l j; j py;
mlf;fp xLf;Ftij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L elj;jg;gl;l
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nfhiyfshFk;. mit Rje;jpukhd fUj;Jf;fisf;
Gydha; T g; gphpT cWg; g pdh; f s; kw; W k; ; Vida
nfhz;bUg;gJ> fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtJ kw;Wk;
vjpuhspfis mt; t g; N ghJ Gypfs; nfhiynra; J
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te;jdh;.
kf; f s; tho; f ; i f njhlh; g hd cz; i k epiyia
cyfj; j pw; F kiwg; g J Nghd; w tw; i w ,yf; f hff;
,Ue; J k; mjw; F Kd; i da fhyj; j pYk; rkhjhd
nfhz;ljhFk;. jkpo; Clfj;Jiwapy; gpugykhd
eltbf;iffs; rPh;Fiye;j 2004Mk; Mz;L Kjy;
rpyUk; ,f;fhyj;jpw;Fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
2009Mk; Mz;L tiuapyhd fhytiuapy; Aj;jk; kw;Wk;
Rje;jpu nfhiyfs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

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