MINI PROJECT-PART-A

A Report On

CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIMEN OF NO FINES

CONCRETE OR POROUS CONCRETE AND ITS
APPLICATION

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE

TE Sem-V in Civil Engineering

By
CL-B-47 MAYURESH PATIL
CL-B-55 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-75 RAMPRAVESH YADAV
SUPERVISOR

PROF. PRAFUL ARUN KAMBLE (Guide)

Department of Civil Engineering

Datta Meghe College of Engineering

Airoli, Navi Mumbai.
(2022-23)

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 _____________________________________________

Internal Approval Sheet

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ‘CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIMEN OF NO FINES
CONCRETE OR POROUS CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATION ’ is a bonafide work of

CL-B-47 MAYURESH PATIL

CL-B-55 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-75 RAMPRAVESH YADAV

Submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
SE Sem-V in Civil Engineering

PROF. PRAFUL ARUN KAMBLE(Guide)

Dr. P.A. Dode Dr.S.D.Sawarkar

(Head of Department) (Principal)

Date:

Place: Airoli, Navi Mumbai

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_____________________________________________
Project Report Approval Sheet

This project report entitled ‘CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIMEN OF NO FINES

CONCRETE OR POROUS CONCRETE AND ITS APPLICATION’ by

CL-B-47 MAYURESH PATIL

CL-B-55 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-75 RAMPRAVESH YADAV

Is approved for the Degree of SE Sem-V in Civil Engineering

Examiners:

1.____________________

2.____________________

Date:

Place: Airoli, Navi Mumbai

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 Acknowledgments
It is a great sense of accomplishment to express our sincere gratitude to our respected Supervisor
PROF. PRAFUL ARUN KAMBLE for their constant interest, encouragement, and valuable
guidance during the completion of the project.

We would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. P.A. Dode, Professor, and Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, and Dr. S.D. Sawarkar, Principal gave us valuable suggestions and all the required
facilities in the college premises to perform our project.

Finally, we express our sincere thanks to all Non-Teaching staff in the Department of
Civil Engineering, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Airoli, offered valuable time and assistance
directly or indirectly to us in the completion of our project.

CL-B-47 MAYURESH PATIL

CL-B-55 NISHANT PHADKE

CL-B-75 RAMPRAVESH YADAV

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 Declaration

We, declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words, and where others’
ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. We
also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also
evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

CL-B-47 MAYURESH PATIL

CL-B-55 NISHANT PHADKE

CL-B-75 RAMPRAVESH YADAV

Date:

Place: Airoli, Navi Mumbai

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE FIGURE NAME/CAPTION PAGE

NO. NO.

Fig. 1.1 Pervious concrete pavement 9

Fig. 1.2 Pervious concrete block 10

Fig. 11.1 Image indicating the readings 31

for the compressive strength
test of sample.
Fig. 11.2 Failure of specimen after 32
compressive test.
Fig.12.1 Pervious Concrete Graphical 33
Representation of Trial 2

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. TABLE NAME / CAPTION PAGE NO.

Table 3.1 Typical ranges of material in pervious concrete 17

Table 7.1 Rate Analysis of M15 Grade Pervious Concrete 26

Table 10.1 Comparison between Self- Draining Concrete and Ordinary 29

Concrete
Table 11.1 Design Mix adopted for M15 Grade Pervious Concrete 30
(Trial 1)
Table 12.1 Mix Design adopted for M15 Grade Pervious Concrete 32
(Trial 2)
Table 12.2 Results of Compressive Strength Test on M15 Grade 33
Pervious Concrete (Trial 2)

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 CONTENT

Chapter No. Name Page No.

Chapter 1 Introduction 9-12
1.1 Background of pervious concrete 9
1.2 Environmental effect of cement usage 10
1.3 Objectives of the investigation 11
1.4 Scope of the investigation 11
1.5 Limitation of Study 11

Chapter 2 Literature review 12-14

2.1 Brief History of Pervious Concrete 12
2.2 Detention and Retention Designs 12
2.3 Active and passive mitigation system 13
2.4 Strength Development of Pervious Concrete 13

Chapter 3 Material Characterization of Pervious 14-17

Concrete
3.1 Aggregates 14
3.2 Cementitious materials 15
3.3 Water 16
3.4 Admixtures 16
3.5 Typical ranges of material proportions in 17
pervious concrete

Chapter 4 Principle of Pervious Concrete 17-17

Chapter 5 Properties of pervious concrete 17-21

5.1 Properties of pervious concrete 18
5.2 Density (Unit Weight) 18
5.3 Void ratio 18
5.4 Water permeability 18
5.5 Durability 19
5.6 Drying shrinkage 21

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Chapter 6 Production of Pervious Concrete 22-22
6.1 Mass Production of pervious concrete 22
Chapter 7 Cost of production 23-26
Chapter 8 Self-Draining Concrete: Merits, Demerits and 26-27
Applications
8.1 Merits of Pervious Concrete 26
8.2 Demerits of Pervious Concrete 27
8.3 Applications of Pervious Concrete 27
Chapter 9 Design & Construction of Pavements 28-28
by Pervious Concrete
9.1 Sub-base Preparation 28
9.2 Placement and Consolidation 28
9.3 Joints 28
Chapter 10 Comparison of Pervious Concrete with 29-29
Ordinary Concrete

Chapter 11 Conclusion 34

Chapter 12 References 35-36

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Porous Concrete or Pervous Concrete

Conventional normal weight Portland cement concrete is generally used for pavement
construction. The impervious nature of the concrete pavements contributes to the increased
water runoff into the drainage system, over-burdening the infrastructure and causing excessive
flooding in built-up areas. Pervious concrete has become significantly popular during recent
decades, because of its potential contribution in solving environmental issues. Pervious concrete
is a type of concrete with significantly high-water permeability compared to normal weight
concrete. It has been mainly developed for draining water from the ground surface, so that
stormwater runoff is reduced and the groundwater is recharged. Figure 1.1 shows the typical
pervious concrete used for the pavement.

Fig. 1.1 Pervious concrete pavement

Pervious concrete has been developed in the USA in order to meet US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) stormwater regulation requirements. The American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) Concrete Committee (C09) has focused on this concrete and formed a
subcommittee to deal exclusively with pervious concrete production, properties and usage.
European countries have developed pervious concrete, not only for water permeability but also

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for sound absorption. In Japan, pervious concrete has been researched for the usage in not only
for road surfaces but also to support vegetation along river banks. In Australia, pervious concrete
has been developed for key performance in relation to Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
which seeks to improve required water quality and quantity in urban area. Pervious concrete
blocks have been used as one of the permeable pavement systems. Figure 1.2 shows an example
of pervious concrete block used to meet WSUD requirements. Pervious concrete is one of the
leading materials used by the concrete industry as GREEN industry practices for providing
pollution control, storm water management and sustainable design. The increased interest in
pervious concrete is due to those benefits in storm water management sustainable development.

Fig. 1.2 Pervious concrete block

1.2 Environmental effect of cement usage

In 2003, the world’s Portland cement production reached 1.9 billion tonnes. The most populous
countries on the earth, namely China and India, produced 41.9% and 5.2% respectively of the

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world’s cement output. As the demand for concrete increases, current Portland cement
production will be substantially increased. Since one tonne of cement production releases 0.93
tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere, cement production contributes significantly to global
warming which leads to undesirable climate change. Hence it is essential for the concrete
industry to be aware of the consequences of utilizing environmentally unfriendly cement. Every
effort should be made to minimize the use of Portland cement in concrete mixes. In concrete
mixes, Portland cement should be partially replaced with a variety of proven supplementary
cementitious materials, such as natural pozzolana, fly ash and ground-granulated blast furnace
slag. Substantial use of these cementitious materials will help to produce environmentally
friendly concrete mixes.

1. Objectives of the investigation

The main objectives of this study are to:

 Investigate the properties of pervious concrete with and without micro-silica.

 Determine water permeability of pervious concrete.

 Investigate the performance of a pervious concrete as a pavement system.

2. Scope of the investigation

 A number of pervious concrete mixes will be produced with and without micro-
silica. The main properties studied include density, porosity, compressive strength, water
permeability and drying shrinkage. These properties were compared with those for
conventional concrete.

 Although water permeability is the most important characteristic of the pervious

concrete, there is no well-established method for its quantification. Therefore,
an experimental procedure to assess the water permeability of pervious concrete
is developed.

3. Limitation of Study
 This study is limited to understand the properties of pervious concrete with selected materials of
construction and composition The performance of pervious concrete in the service environment is
outside the scope of this stu

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Brief History of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete was first seen in the 1800s in Europe and was used for various structural
purposes, including load-bearing walls, infill panels, and pavement surfacing. It became
popular again overseas after World War II due to the scarcity of cement.Although not a new
innovation, pervious concrete has only been implemented in the United States in the past fifty
years. The concept was proposed in the 1960s in hopes of reducing floods, raising water
tables, and replenishing aquifers, while a decade later the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) began testing it to determine its cost and efficiency. These tests were done at various
sites in Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Texas, with Texas being the most significant site since it
was the only one to have installed monitoring instruments.

The first official design guide for pervious pavement was co-written in 1977 by Edmund
Thelen and L. Fielding Howe in Philadelphia, PA. Titled “Porous Pavement,” this document
provided the groundwork for permeable pavement education and is still referred today for
guidelines and information. Permeable concrete is now used in multiple cities throughout the
U.S. and its number of applications has grown drastically over the past ten years, from
driveways and sidewalks to commercial and multi-acre spaces. In India it became popular in
2000.

2. Detention and Retention Designs

While the key element in designing any pervious concrete pavement is the limitation of
stormwater runoff, pervious concrete pavements may be classified as either detention design
or a retention design.

The main difference between a detention basin or retention basin, is the presence or absence
of a permanent pool of water, or pond. The water level is controlled by a low flow orifice. In
most cases, the orifice is part of a metal or concrete structure called a riser. A detention, or
dry, pond has an orifice level at the bottom of the basin and does not have a permanent pool
of water. All the water runs out between storms and it usually remains dry. A retention basin
or pond has a riser and orifice at a higher point and therefore retains a permanent pool of
water. A retention pond looks like a regular pond, but plays an important role in controlling
stormwater runoff.

The basins are important for storing and slowing stormwater runoff from nearby areas,
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especially areas with asphalt or concrete development. Stormwater runoff flows much faster
from these surfaces than naturally occurring areas and needs to be diverted to ensure the
runoff occurs at the desired rate. The amount of cleaning and treatment of the water is limited.
Dry basins, or detention basins, only control flood flows. A retention pond can also provide
some water quality benefits by reducing pollutants and sediments

3. Active and passive mitigation system

Pervious concrete pavement can not only handle the surface area runoff from the pavement, it
can also be designed to handle surrounding runoff. Local jurisdictions often require the
pervious pavement to handle not only the given footprint of the pervious pavement area but
also require the drainage of runoff from buildings, construction areas, etc. The latter case has
been deemed as an active mitigation system for pervious concrete pavements while theformer
has been classified as passive (NRMCA 2004).

A passive mitigation system essentially reduces the quantity of impervious surfaces by

replacing it with a permeable one. The design is limited to only capturing and handling the
amount of rainwater over the surface area, not taking into account the surrounding
topography, buildings, site, or other non-permeable areas (NRMCA 2004).

An active mitigation system on the other hand, is just the opposite. Certain jurisdictions may
require the use of pervious concrete to handle stormwater under its own footprint as well as
handle a considerable portion of runoff from other areas. Those other areas might include
buildings, adjacent impervious surfaces including delivery areas, dumpster areas, heavy
traffic areas, traffic islands, and buffer zones. By incorporating all of these areas into the
design, the active mitigation system can minimize the overall footprint of the developed site.

4. Strength Development of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete is not usually as strong as traditional concrete for similar mixes and depths.
The matrix of pores that allow water to flow through the material also decreases its strength.
Whiletraditional concrete has compressive strengths ranging from 3500 to 5000 psi and
tensile strength rangingfrom 350 to 600 psi pervious concrete has compressive strengths
ranging typicallyfrom 500 to 4000 psi and tensile strengths ranging from 150 to 550 psi.

However, higher pervious concrete strengths are possible. Yang and Jiang report that pervious
compressive strengths and tensile strengths as high as 7200 psi and 870 psi, respectively, can
be reached by including 2 admixtures: micro-silica and super-plasticizer.

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While the compressive strength of pervious concrete does depend primarily on the porosity, it
is also affected by aggregate size, shape and gradation. According to Crouch et al. (2007), a
uniformly graded aggregate will result in a higher compressive strength, as well as a higher
void ratio. A uniformly graded aggregate is also beneficial for field installations because it is
harder to over-compact. Crouch etal. (2007) also reports that smaller aggregates will produce
a higher compressive strength than larger aggregates, and will result in similar porosities.
Even though it is intuitive that increasing aggregate size would produce a higher porosity, this
isnot the case. Larger aggregate will produce larger voids, but since the aggregate has less
surface area per volume for the cement paste to stick to, excess paste will partially fill in the
voids (Crouch et al., 2007). According to the authors of this paper, a uniformly graded small
aggregate will produce the best results. Yang et al. (2008) found that increasing the fine
aggregate content increases strength, but decreases permeability. For this reason, many
pervious concrete companies use small amounts of fine materials in their pervious concrete
mixes. Aggregate shape may also affect the properties of pervious concrete. According to
Scott Erickson (2007), president of the pervious concrete company Evolution Paving,
pervious concrete containing crushed aggregate shows superior performance to pervious
concrete containing round aggregate.
4. Material Characterization of Pervious Concrete

The pervious concrete is made up of the following materials: -

1.Aggregates-
Fine aggregate content is limited in pervious concrete, and coarse aggregate is kept to a
narrow gradation. Commonly-used gradations of coarse aggregate include ASTM C 33 No.
67 (¾ in. to No. 4), No. 8 (⅜ in. to No. 16), and No. 89 (⅜ in. to No. 50) sieves [in metric
units: No. 67 (19.0 to 4.75 mm), No. 8 (9.5 to 2.36 mm), and No. 89 (9.5 to 1.18 mm)].
Single-sized aggregate up to 1 inch (25 mm) has also been used. ASTM D 448 also may be
used for defining gradings. A narrow grading is the important characteristic. Larger
aggregates provide a rougher surface. Recent uses for pervious concrete have focused on
parking lots, low-traffic pavements, and pedestrian walkways. For these applications, the
smallest-sized aggregate feasible is used for aesthetic reasons. Coarse aggregate size 89 (⅜-
in. or 9.5-mm top size) has been used extensively for parking lot and pedestrian applications,
dating back 20 years or more in Florida.
Generally, A/C ratios are in the range of 4.0 to 4.5 by mass. These A/C ratios lead to
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aggregate contents of between about 1300 kg/m³ to 1800 kg/m³ (2200 lb./yd³ and 3000
lb./yd³). Higher A/C ratios have been used in laboratory studies, but significant reductions in
strength result.
Both rounded aggregate (gravel) and angular aggregate (crushed stone) have been used to
produce pervious concrete. Typically, higher strengths are achieved with rounded aggregates,
although angular aggregates are generally suitable. Aggregate for pavements should conform
to ASTM D 448, while ASTM C 33 covers aggregates for use in general concrete
construction. As in conventional concrete, pervious concrete requires aggregates to be close to
a saturated, surface-dry condition, or close monitoring of the moisture condition of aggregates
should allow for accounting for the free moisture on aggregates. It should be noted that
control of water is important in pervious concrete mixtures. Water absorbed from the mixture
by aggregates that are too dry can lead to dry mixtures that do not place or compact well.
However, extra water in aggregates contributes to the mixing water and increases the water-
to-cement ratio of the concrete.
1. Cementitious materials: -

As in traditional concreting, Portland cements (ASTM C 150, C 1157) and blended cements
(ASTM C 595, C 1157) may be used in pervious concrete. In addition, supplementary
cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, pozzolana (ASTM C 618), and ground-
granulated blast furnace slag (ASTM C 989) may be used. Testing materials beforehand
through trial batching is strongly recommended so that properties that can be important to
performance (setting time, rate of strength development, porosity, and permeability, among
others) can be determined.
 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, pozzolana, and
slag can be added to the cement. These influence concrete performance, setting time,
rate of strength development, porosity, permeability, etc.
 The key to high-performance concrete is the use of SCMs. Silica fume, fly ash, and
blast furnace slag all increase durability by decreasing permeability and cracking.
 Silica fume is a byproduct of silicone production. It consists of superfine spherical
particles which significantly increase the strength and durability of concrete. Used
frequently for high-rise buildings, it produces concrete that exceeds 20,000 psi
compressive strength. Silica fume can replace cement in quantities of 5-12%.
 Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants; it used to
be landfilled, but now a significant amount is used in cement. This material can be
used to replace 5-65% of the Portland cement
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  Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of steel manufacturing. It imparts added
strength and durability to concrete, and can replace 20-70% of the cement in the MIX

2. Water: -
Water-to-cement ratios between 0.27 and 0.36 are used routinely with proper inclusion of
chemical admixtures, and those as high as 0.40 have been used successfully. The relation
between strength and water-to-cement ratio is not clear for pervious concrete, because unlike
conventional concrete, the total paste content is less than the voids content between the
aggregates. Therefore, making the paste stronger may not always lead to increased overall
strength. Water content should be tightly controlled. The correct water content has been
described as giving the mixture a sheen, without flowing off of the aggregate. A handful of
pervious concrete formed into a ball will not crumble or lose its void structure as the paste
flows into the spaces between the aggregates. Water quality is discussed in ACI 301. As a
general rule, water that is drinkable is suitable for use in concrete. Recycled water from
concrete production operations may be used as well, if it meets provisions of ASTM C 94 or
AASHTO M 157. If there is a question as to the suitability of a water source, trial batching
with job materials is recommended.

3. Admixtures: -
Chemical admixtures are used in pervious concrete to obtain special properties, as in
conventional concrete. Because of the rapid setting time associated with pervious concrete,
retarders or hydration-stabilizing admixtures are commonly used. Use of chemical admixtures
should closely follow manufacturer’s recommendations. Air-entraining admixtures can
reduce freeze-thaw damage in pervious concrete, and are used where freeze- thaw is a
concern. ASTM C 494 governs chemical admixtures, and ASTM C 260 governs air-
entraining admixtures. Proprietary admixture products that facilitate placement and protection
of pervious pavements are also used.

4. Typical ranges of material proportions in pervious concrete: -

Materials Proportions in kg/m3

Cementitious materials 267 to 326
Total aggregates 1190 to 1480
Water: cement ratio (by mass) -
Fine aggregates 0 to 297
Table 3.1 Typical ranges of Materials in Pervious Concrete

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  These proportions are given for information only. Successful mixture design will
depend on properties of the particular materials used and must be tested in trial
batches to establish proper proportions and determine expected behavior. Concrete
producers may have mixture proportions for pervious concrete optimized for
performance with local materials. In such instances, those proportions are preferable.
 Chemical admixtures, particularly retarders and hydration stabilizers, are also used
commonly, at dosages recommended by the manufacturer. Use of supplementary
cementitious materials, such as fly ash and slag, is common as well.
 Higher water cement ratios have been used, but significant reductions in strength and
durability may result.
4. Principle of Pervious Concrete

In pervious concrete the most important and basic principle which turns out to be different
from other types of concrete like PCC and RCC, it has no fine aggregates in it. Pervious
concrete also has interconnected voids and because of that water will percolate and spread in
all the directions which is not possible if those joints are not interconnected.

5. Properties of pervious concrete

General
Strength and permeability of pervious concrete are found to be affected by several factors
including binder types, aggregate type, aggregate grading, mix combination and compaction.

1. Workability

Concrete workability is a broad and subjective term describing how easily freshly mixed
concrete can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished with minimal loss of homogeneity.
Workability is a property that directly impacts strength, quality, appearance, and even the cost
of labour for placement and finishing operations.

Factors affecting workability are: -

 Water content of a mix

 Aggregate properties
 Time

The workability of Portland cement concrete is checked by the slump test. Even though a few
researchers have reported slump values for pervious concrete, the standard slump test is not
suitable for pervious concrete to assess its workability because of lightweight nature of
pervious concrete. It was recommended that workability for pervious concrete should be

1
assessed by forming a ball with the hand to established mouldability of pervious concrete.
Mouldability of pervious concrete is quite sensitive to water content, hence the amount of
water should be strictly controlled.

2. Density (Unit Weight)

Due to high porosity, pervious concrete is a lightweight concrete. The unit weight of pervious
concrete is between 1,500 kg/m3 and 2,200 kg/m3.

3. Void ratio

Percentage of voids in a sample of pervious concrete can vary significantly. The amount of
void space is dependent on the amount of water needing to permeate through to the sub-base.
Comparison of the relationship between percentage of voids in pervious concrete and
compressive strength was done. It was found that there was an inverse proportion of
compressive strength to void ratio. Generally, pervious concrete will have a void ratio
between 15%-30% with an average of 20%. This accommodates both the structural
requirements and the hydrological requirements of the design.

4. Water permeability
A wide range of values for water permeability of pervious concrete has been reported. Some
researchers have claimed that water permeability of pervious concrete is 1 mm/s to 5 mm/s,

1
1
2
and others have reported the permeability, between 20 mm/s and 45 mm/s. Hence, the
permeability of pervious concrete is typically between 5 mm/s and 20 mm/s. The water
permeability of pervious concrete was also reported as the permeability coefficient, intrinsic
permeability and hydraulic conductivity.

ACI recommended that the falling head method developed by Neithalath et al. could be used
to determine the water permeability of pervious concrete.
The falling head method, illustrated by Neithalath et al, measures the time taken by water
level to fall from initial water head to the final water head, and water permeability is then
calculated using Darcy’s First Law. The equation is as follows:
 al / At log (h1/h2)
Where,
k = water permeability
a=cross-sectional area of the specimen
A= cross-sectional areas of the tube
l = length of the specimen
t = time
h1 = the initial water head
h2 = the final water head

5. Durability

Concrete durability is the ability to resist weathering action, chemical attack, and abrasion
while maintaining desired engineering properties for the expected service life of the structure.
Pervious concrete can become clogged, which directly affects the hydrologic performance
and may indirectly affect other aspects of durability, such as freeze-thaw resistance, deicer
salt scaling resistance, and sulphate resistance. Abrasion resistance of pervious concrete is
also of concern, particularly in locations that use snow plows or have turning traffic.
Carbonation and corrosion resistance are not concerning with pervious concrete as it is
neither recommended nor necessary to use reinforcing steel bars or welded wire
reinforcement.

Freeze-Thaw Resistance
The open voided structure of pervious concrete pavements allows for the free transfer of
moisture and storm water through the pavement and into the sub-base. However, if clogging

2
of the pores was to impede the free flow of water, this could cause water to potentially freeze
and expand within the pervious concrete strata (Tennis et al2004). Since a very thin layer of
paste surrounds the aggregate, the expansive nature of freezing cycles could un bond and
crack the paste from the aggregate (Yang et al 2006). Therefore, proper design for saturation
and drainage from the pervious concrete surface is critical. Removal of clogged pores and
annual cleaning is also recommended to ensure adequate drainage during yearly rainfall
events (Tennis et al 2004). While it has been documented that ASTM C666 may not be
applicable to simulate the exact freeze-thaw conditions pervious concrete will experience in
the field, it has been accepted that this test can be considered an extreme measurement for
pervious concrete pavements (Wang et al 2006). Utilizing ASTM C666 for freeze-thaw
testing, 10different samples each varying in mixtures were analysed and found that river
gravel aggregates passing thru 4.75mm sieve with 7% fine particles (sand) and 1.5 lbs/cy of
fibers produced the highest resistance.

While average temperatures vary significantly and freeze-thaw cycles can be quite different
depending on the geographic location within the continental United States, the National
Ready Mixed Concrete Association (NRMCA 2004) has categorized three different types of
freezing- thawing that can occur. Dry Freeze/Hard Dry Freeze: Those areas of the country
that undergo a number of freeze-thaw cycles (15+) but experience little to no precipitation
during the cold months. Recommendations: A 4 to 8-inch-thick sub-base of washed and
cleaned aggregate below the pervious concrete pavement to allow for additional storage of
water. Wet Freeze: is defined as those areas of the country that undergo 15+ freeze-thaw
cycles and experience a moderate amount of precipitation during the cold months. The
precipitation can be in theform of rain or snow. Recommendations: A 4 to 8-inch-thicksub-
base of washed and cleaned gravel should be used.
Hard Wet Freeze: those areas of the country where below freezing temperatures remain for
long, continuous periods. The ground becomes fully saturated due to precipitation andmelting
of snow. Recommendations: Increase the sub-base of washed cleaned gravel to 8 to 24 inches,
add air-entraining admixtures to the pervious concrete pavement mixture, and install a
perforated PVC pipe in the thickened 8 to 24-inch gravel base to help capture and drain the
water.

Abrasion

Surface abrasion is a potential problem. With the use of snow plows, shovels, and snow blowers
in the winter time, and other hard contact applications like chains and tires during the other
2
months, the ability of pervious concrete to resist abrasion is critical (Tennis et al 2004). Since
the texture of pervious concrete differs from conventional concrete, the potential for ravelling of
aggregate particles and cracking is a serious issue. The ability of the pervious pavement
system to resist these harsh treatments is critical to its long-term durability.
The standard method of testing abrasion resistance is ASTM C944. A constant load of 98 N
(22 lbs) is applied though a rotary cutting wheel. The specimen is placed under a cutting
wheel for a duration of 2 minutes. The loss of mass is then recorded. To improve the
resistance to abrasion, a variety of surface applied applications as well as different curing
methods were tested (Kevern et al 2009). Three curing compounds were tested and sprayed
on pervious concrete samples. Of the three different types of curing compounds --standard
white-pigment curing compound, a23-soybean oil emulsion curing compound, and a non-
film-forming evaporation retardant the soybean oil had the biggest improvement in abrasive
resistance (Kevern et al 2009). Along with surface applied applications being tested for
abrasion resistance, different methods of curing were also reviewed and tested. Proper curing
of the concrete is important to allow the cement to hydrate and develop a strong concrete
microstructure. While several approaches exist to help cure the concrete, some are not
appropriate for pervious concrete. The bottom surface of the pervious concrete is exposed to
air and moisture as well as the top surface. Covering the samples with a plastic sheet was
thought to help several specimens enhance the abrasion resistance of pervious concrete. The
samples were then cured in actual field conditions with a gravel sub-base and the results were
compared to the standard air drying. It was found that curing with a plastic sheet placed over
the sample showed a significant increase in abrasive resistance. For cases where surface
applied curing compounds were used, the best performance for abrasive resistance was
through the use of a plastic sheet.

6. Drying shrinkage

Drying shrinkage of pervious concrete develops sooner, but is much less than conventional
concrete. Specific values will depend on the mixtures and materials used, but values on the
order of .002 have been reported, roughly half that of conventional concrete mixtures. The
material’s low paste and mortar content is a possible explanation. Roughly 50% to 80% of
shrinkage occurs in the first 10 days, compared to 20% to 30% in the same period for
conventional concrete. Because of this lower shrinkage and the surface texture, many
pervious concretes are made without control joints and allowed to crack randomly.

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6. Production of Pervious Concrete
1. Mass Production of pervious concrete: -

Regardless of the numerous environmental benefits of pervious concrete, if the cost of

pervious concrete is not comparable to that of traditional pavements, the use of pervious
concrete will most likely be limited. The initial cost of pervious concrete can be up higher
than the initial cost of other conventional paving methods. They attribute this increased cost
to the requirement for more skilled workers during the placement of pervious concrete, and to
the increased thickness of pervious required due to its weaker strength.

To fully understand the cost of pervious concrete one must look further than just the
installation cost. Pervious concrete may have many potential cost benefits such as eliminating
the need for traditional curb and gutter systems, underground piping, retention basins, and site
grading requirements to prevent water ponding. The use of pervious concrete may improve
land utilization by eliminating the need for retention basins. Pervious concrete does not add
water to existing sewer systems. This may save cities money that would otherwise be spent
increasing the capacity of sewer systems, or may save businesses money by avoiding storm-
waterimpact fees.

Another cost issue for pervious concrete is the maintenance. In order to keep the pervious
concrete functioning properly, and prevent clogging, many pervious concrete pavements must
be cleaned occasionally. Common ways of cleaning pervious concrete include pressure
washing and vacuum sweeping. It is concluded that both methods were equally effective, and
typically increased infiltration rates by 200% or more. Pervious concrete may also require a
thicker layer of base material than is needed for traditional concrete to allow for increased
water storage. This will also affect the overall pavement cost.

7. Cost of production
Rate analysis of the pervious concrete for the grade of M15 for 0.03m3 is as follows: -

Materials
Consider Average per Hour Production = 30m³

2
 Description Quantity Unit Rate Amount
Sr. No.
1 Cement 0.24 Bags 350 Per Bag 84
2 Sand 0 m³ 1852 Per m³ 0
3 Aggregate 0.04 m³ 1000 Per m³ 40
4 Fly- Ash 3 kg 2 Per kg 6
5 Micro-Silica 0.75 kg 32 Per kg 24
6 Admixture 0 kg 60 Per kg 0

Total = 154

6 Water at 1 % of total material cost = 1.54

Total = 155.54

Cost of Material Per m³ = Total/0.03 = 5184.67 Rs.

Labours

Considering average monthly production for labours since the wages of labours are monthly. Average monthly
production = 30m³ x 8 hrs x 25 days = 6000m³

Description Quantity Rate Amount Remarks

Sr. No.
1 Storekeeper 1 12000 Per Month 12000 Entry of Materials
2 Plant Operator 1 22000 Per Month 22000
3 Plant Labour 2 8000 Per Month 16000
4 Pump Operator 1 15000 Per Month 15000

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 Carrying and
5 Pump Labour 4 8000 Per Month 32000
Transportation of Pump
6 T.M. Driver 4 14000 Per Month 56000 1 Driver per T.M.
7 T.M. Labour 4 9000 Per Month 36000 1 Labour per T.M.
8 JCB Operator 1 15000 Per Month 15000
9 Lab Incharge 1 25000 Per Month 25000
10 Lab Helper 2 5000 Per Month 10000

Total = 239000

Analysis of Operational Cost (Plants and Equipments)

Expecting/Assuming the Return of Investment Cost within 3 years of Plant Set-up. Therefore consider 3 years
production life of the plant. Hence approximate production in life = 24m³ (per hr. producn.) x 280 (no. of working
days per yr.) x 8 (working hrs. per day) x 3 (yrs. design life) = 1,61,280 m³ = 1,50,000 m³ (Approx.)

Sr. No. Description Quantity Rate Amount Remarks/Calculations

Plant Capacity= 30 m³ per

hr The plant includes batch
1 RMC Plant 1 30,00,000 3000000
plant, belt conveyors and
aggregate feeders

1 each for Cement and Fly

2 Silos 2 5,00,000 1000000
ash of 250 Tonne CPCTY.

For loading aggregate into

3 JCB (Loader) 1 15,00,000 1500000
feeders from shades

Capacity = 6m³ per T.M.

4 Transit Mixers 4 28,00,000 11200000 4=24m³/6m³

2
 Each for Office, Lab,
Operating Office and
5 Container 4 1,50,000 600000 Shade for Aggregates and
other material

Pump for puming concrete

at high floors. Generally
6 Pump 1 20,00,000 2000000
provided by tht RMC
Contractor

Capacity = 30 Metric
7 Weigh Bridge 1 20,00,000 2000000 Tonnes

Total Plant and Equipment Cost = 21300000

TRIP Dist. = 50 km
8 Fuel 6,50,000 70 45500000 (UP+DN) Avg. Mileage =
2.5 km/L = 20 L/ Trip x

4 T.M. = 80 L/22m³
Therfore total fuel required
in design life = 5,50,000L
(app.) Now also adding
adding approximate cost of
fuel for JCB and otther
charges of oiling, greasing
of various parts of plant
and other equipment. =
1,00,000

at 7.5% of cost of palnt

9 Repair and Maintenance
and equipments 1597500

2
 at 30% cost of plants and
10 Depreciation
equipments 6390000

Cost of Utilities
11
and
Lump-Sump 1,20,000
Miscallaneous

Expenses in Licenses
12
and Permissions
Lump-Sump 5,00,000

Total Operating Cost = 7,54,07,500

Cost per m3 = T.Op.C./1,50,000 = 502.7166667 Rs.

Grand Total= 5727.216667

Contractors Profit at 30% of Grand Total = 7445.381667

CGST+SGST = 18%+18% = 36% = 10125.71907 Rs.per m3

Table 7.1 Rate Analysis of M15

Grade Pervious Concret

28
Self-Draining Concrete: Merits, Demerits and
Applications
Merits of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete and mortar show several advantages and disadvantages over conventional
concrete. From the performance viewpoint, pervious concrete and mortar demonstrate the
following advantages, benefiting the environment: -

 Decreasing flooding possibilities, especially in urban areas

 Recharging the groundwater level

 Reducing puddles on the road

 Improving water quality through percolation

 Sound absorption

 Heat absorption

 Supporting vegetation growth

 Pervious concrete is a relatively new paving material valued for its use as a stormwater
best management practice.

 Water on road surfaces which will decrease hydroplaning, glare.

2. Demerits of Pervious Concrete

The disadvantages of self-draining concrete are as follows: -

 Low strength due to high porosity

 High maintenance requirement

 Limited use as a load bearing unit due to its low strength.

 Pervious concrete cannot be used for the construction of roads that

experience heavy traffic.

 The most significant problem for pervious concrete is clogging, so frequent

maintenance is required.

 Clogging leads to a decrease in water permeability, and also causes a

29
 decrease in the advantages of using pervious concrete.

3. Applications of Pervious Concrete: -

Pervious concrete has been used in pavement applications ranging from driveways
and parking lots to residential streets, alleys, and other low-volume roads. Within
these applications, pervious concrete has been used as the surface course, as a
drainable base course (often in conjunction with edge drains to provide subsurface
drainage), or as a drainable shoulder (to help provide lateral drainage to a pavement
and prevent pumping). The focus in recent years has been on its use as a surface
course as a means of providing storm water management.

Design & Construction of Pavements by

Pervious Concrete
1. Sub-base Preparation
Creating a uniform sub-base is a critical component to an effective and efficient
pervious pavement design. As stated previously, care must be used when
compacting the sub-base soil. Over compaction will decrease the porosity of the soil
and will not allow the pervious pavement to drain well. Under compaction could
allow differential settlement in the pervious pavement which would result in
cracking. Due to the minimal water in the pervious concrete mix, the sub-base must
be moist prior to placement of the pervious concrete. If the sub-base is too dry, the
soil will draw water from the pervious pavement and dry out the pavement
prematurely.

2. Placement and Consolidation

As with conventional concrete, there are a variety of ways to place pervious
concrete. Due to the stiffness of pervious concrete, slump testing has been
inadequate for quality acceptance. It has been suggested that unit weight tests
provide the best measurement for quality control. Due to the low amount of water
and high evaporation rates, placement should be continuous with rapid spreading
and strike off. Vibrating and manual screeds should be used to help settle and level
the pervious concrete. Consolidation should then be accompanied with the use of a
steel roller (ACI Committee 522 2006). It has been widely accepted that
consolidation and compaction can play a very large role in compressive strength as
well as permeability of concrete. It was reported that porosity varied linearly in
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 concrete slabs 6 in. or greater. This was due to the compaction methods using the
steel roller.

3. Joints
Once the pervious concrete has been put in place, control joints should then be cut. Similar to
conventional concrete, pervious concrete is subjected to random cracking due to hydration and
shrinkage. It is recommended that joints should be spaced at a maximum of 45 feet with a depth
of ¼ of the slab thickness (GCPA 1997 and Paine 1992). While saw cutting is possible although
not preferred, the standard method of creating control joints has been with using a rolling joint
tool. Since hydration and shrinkage are often imminent right after placement, joints should be
placed soon after consolidation of the pervious pavement

9. Comparison of Pervious Concrete with

Ordinary Concrete
Sr. Properties Self- Draining Concrete
No.
1. Material Pervious concrete constitutes of
cement, aggregates and water. It is
a No- Fine concrete or consists of
less fine with respect to ordinary
Fines Content of that Grade.
2. Permeability It allows water to pass through it.
Its Permeability may be up to 5
mm/sec.
3 Compressive The compressive strength of this
Strength concrete is less than that of
ordinary concrete. However, the
desired characteristic strength can
be gained by adding suitable
strength gaining additives like Fly-
Ash, Micro- Silica etc.
4. Cost The cost of Self- Draining
concrete is high as compared to
conventional concrete. The cost
31
Ordinary Concrete
Ordinary Concrete comprises
of cement, sand, aggregates,
water with suitable
admixtures.
It is impermeable. Its
permeability is about 1.5
mm/sec.
The desired characteristic
strength is obtained by the
normal mix as designed
without adding any strength
gaining additives.
The cost of conventional
concrete for M20 grade is
4000 Rs. per m3.
 per m3 5200 Rs.
.5. Durability Less durable as compared and
cannot sustain heavy loads.
6. Maintenance Requires high maintenance and the
voids need to be cleaned by
blowing and pressure washing.
7. Application Not applicable for traffic loads and
mostly used in water logging
areas.
8. Design Codes No specific Indian Standard (IS)
Codes for design guidelines.
9. Preference Preferred in water- logging areas
and areas where water recharging
is required. Economy of the
concrete also plays a major part in
determining the suitability of the
use of this concrete.
Table 10.1 Comparison between Self- Draining Concrete and Ordinary Concrete
32
More durable and can sustain
heavy loads.
Maintenance cost after
hardening is very low.
Applicable in traffic as well as
non-traffic areas –roads,
housing etc.
The mix design guidelines in
IS 10262 (2009) are used as
reference for mix design of
Ordinary Concrete.
Preferred where impermeable
surfaces are required.
 CONCLUSION
Pervious or Self- Draining Concrete, is a modern innovation in concrete that can be used for pavements to
recharge the ground water table and hence help in meeting the water demands as well as preventing water
logging.
In this study M15 Grade Pervious Concrete cubes were casted, with and without micro- silica and tested for
compression and permeability. As discussed, the average compressive strength of cubes without micro- silica
was 7.6 MPa, almost 50 percent of the characteristic strength. However, after adding micro- silica, the results
improved and 100 percent characteristic strength, that is 15.2 MPa was achieved. Various researches show that
the permeability of this concrete was 5 mm/sec over 1.55 x 10-4 mm/sec of ordinary cement- concrete.
Another main factor for dealing with materials is its economy. The material cost of pervious concrete is Rs.
5200 per m3 while that of ordinary concrete is Rs. 4600per m3. Hence pervious concrete is economical. Also,
it reduces the money wasted in case of water logging for de- watering in monsoon. Hence it can be said to be
highly economical over ordinary concrete when used in pavement construction.

REFERENCES
33
Sr. Website/Journal/Research Papers Author/s Edition/Volume Page
No. Nos.
Referred
1 A Review on Permeable Concrete Satish Kumar, Vol. 4, Issue 12, 605-606
as a Road Pavement Dr. Devinder December-
Sharma, Er. 2017
Neeraj Kumar
2 Pervious Concrete Test Cells on Bernard December - 0 - 239
MnROAD Low-Volume Road Izevbekhai, 2011
Alexandra
Akkari
3 Portland Cement Pervious Norbert Delatte, Report to RMC 0 – 75
Concrete Pavement: Field Dan Miller Research &
Performance Investigation on Foundation,
Parking Lot & Roadway December 1,
Pavement 2007
4 Study of Pervious Sourabh Vol. 4, Issue 6, 2563 – 2566
Concrete Rahangdale, June 2017
Shobhit Maran,
Sumit
Lakhmanil
,Mayuresh
Gidde
5 Optimal Mix Designs for Stephen A. Vol. 3, Issue 12, 42 – 50
Pervious Concrete for an Urban Arhin, Rezen December 2014
Area (IJERT) Madhi, Mr.
Wasi Khan
6 Permeable Technique for Rutal M. Vol. 8, Issue 6, 1224 – 1228
Construction of Road Pavement Diyora, June 2019
(IJERT) Mihirkumar
Contractor,
Niravkumar
Contractor,A
purvakumar

34
 Gajjar,
Dhruvkumar
Patel.

7 Water Absorbing Pavements by Jannathul Thasni, Vol. 5, Issue 5, 2003 - 2006

using Pervious Concrete Jouhar Shareef, May 2018
Krishnapriya.P ,
Ramees .K,
Sameer.M,
Shamiya,Fazil.P

Sr. No. Name of the Website

1 ‘Concrete drains prevent groundwater recharge’ - The Hindu
2 :: Pervious Pavement :: Pervious Concrete for Green, Sustainable Porous and
Permeable Stormwater Drainage ::
3 (PDF) Advantages and disadvantages in using permeable concrete as a pavement
construction material (researchgate.net)

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