ENGLISH SYNTAX

Lectured by : Drs. Surono, M.Hum

By :

1. Rizqi Imaniwati
2. Shofiana Dewi Astuti

(09004210) (09004203)

3.

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF AHMAD DAHLAN YOGYAKARTA 2011 3. VERBAL PHRASE A verbal phrase consists of a verbal and any objects or modifiers. Remember: A verbal is a verb form that does not serve as a verb in the sentence. Instead, it functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. There are three types of verbal: infinitive, participial, and gerund. Remember: A modifier is usually an adjective or an adverb that limits, clarifies, of qualifies another element of the sentence. As there are three types of verbal, there are three types of verbal phrases:
1. INFINITIVE PHRASES 2. PARTICIPIAL PHRASES 3. GERUND PHRASES

Infinitive phrases Infinitive phrases start with an infinitive which is followed by any objects, and/or modifiers.
Examples:

To tour Australia slowly is my dream. infinitive: to tour object: Australia (the direct object of the infinitive) modifier: slowly (an adverb modifying the infinitive) infinitive phrase: to tour Australia slowly I must study to pass my winter exams with good marks. infinitive: to pass object: my winter exams (the D.O. of the infinitive)

modifier: with good marks (a prepositional phrase modifying the infinitive) infinitive phrase: to pass my winter exams with good marks Participial phrases Participial phrases consist of either a past or a present participle and any objects, and/or modifiers . Participial phrases always function as adjectives within a sentence. Examples: That dog keenly hunting the ducks must be a thoroughbred. participial: hunting object: the ducks (the D.O. of the participial) modifier: keenly (an adverb modifiying the participial) participial phrase: keenly hunting the ducks Hidden by the trees, Jerry waited to scare Mark. participial: hidden modifier: by the trees (a prepositional phrase modifying "hidden") participial phrase: hidden by the trees (an adjective modifying "Jerry") Gerund phrases Gerund phrases consist of a gerund and any objects and/or modifiers . A gerund phrase can look similar to a participial phrase because the gerund has the same form as the present participle. The main difference is that the gerund (phrase) functions as a noun (ie. subject, object, subject complement, appositive), and the participial phrase as an adjective. Example: I enjoy riding my bike in the evening. gerund: riding

direct object: my bike modifiers: in the evening

Verb Phrases Verb phrases are groups of words that express action or state of being. They take on various forms. The men live in the dormitory. He stayed at the Hi Hat Hotel. I am learning many new things. She has been there before. They have been working here five years. I could use some assistance. The trip was approved by the professor. Do you want some more pie? Other words can be added to enhance verb phrases: The mayor works here. Neil is not a candidate. They live in the suburbs. She'll leave whenever she wants. Don't talk while eating. (Single verbs) (Past tense verbs) (Progressive verbs) (Perfect verbs) (Perfect progressive verbs) (Verbs and modals) (Passive verbs) (Verbs in questions) (adverbs) (negatives) (prepositional phrases) (adverbial clauses) (phrases)

A verbal is a verb form used as another part of speech. Like Gaul, verbal come in three varieties: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Each type has a different function in a sentence:

Participles function as adjectives. Gerunds function as nouns. Infinitives function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Although a verbal doesn't function as a verb in a sentence, it does retain two qualities of a verb: A verbal is a verb form used as another part of speech. A participle is a form of a verb that functions as an adjective. A gerund is a verb form used as a noun.

A verbal can be described by adverbs and adverbial phrases. A verbal can add modifiers to become a verbal phrase.

http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html

4. PHRASAL VERBS 1. A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb. Example: I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home 2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object.

Example: He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object

3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object.

Example: I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"

4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, separable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a * between the verb and the preposition / adverb.

Example: I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car. She looked the phone number up.

5.

Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the

preposition. In this Phrasal Verb Dictionary, inseparable phrasal verbs are marked by placing a + after the preposition / adverb.

Example: I ran into an old friend yesterday. They are looking into the problem. 6. Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. In this Phrasal

Verb Dictionary, such phrasal verbs are marked with both * and + .

Example: I looked the number up in the phone book. I looked up the number in the phone book.

7.

Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must put

the object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun. Example: I looked the number up in the phone book. I looked up the number in the phone book. I looked it up in the phone book. correct I looked up it in the phone book. Incorrect Reference : English syntax modul kulyah drs .surono ,m .hum
http://www.english-for-students.com/Adjective-Phrase.html

5. ADJECTIVE PHRASE
Adjective phrase as a verb complement. Sometimes it appears that an adjective resides in the verb phrase as a complement to certain verbs. Such a verb may also require one or two arguments (an object) as a verb complement. A verb with this kind of complement is called transitive (with one) or ditransitive (with two). It is also possible that the verb

complemented with an adjective phrase be intransitive. However, the complements following the object or normally interpreted as object complement. We consider these sentences as also containing a degenerate clause of result, the subjects being the same as that of the main clause. 1. This soup tastes quite bitter. 2. My husband has worried himself sick over it. With transitive verbs the adjective complement describes the object. With intransitive verbs it describes the subject. All adjectives are descriptive or qualifying in a general sense rather than identifying or classifying.

Adjective phrase Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an example of the same noun modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the relative pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases. Grammatical Condition Verb in adjective clause is an active verb Verb in adjective clause is progressive Verb in adjective clause is passive Adj. clause has the verb be + adjective + infinitive complement Clause Phrase

People who live in large cities... people living in large cities... Students who are studying at urban campuses... Children who are born with congenital heart disease... Students studying at urban campuses... Children born with congenital heart disease... (the preferred style)

Children who are most likely to Children most likely to recover recover from serious illness... from serious illness... Dr. Francisco Ramirez, chief

Adj. clause has another name for Dr. Francisco Ramirez, who is the modified noun (an appositive) chief pediatric surgeon at Children's Hospital,...

pediatric surgeon at Children's Hospital,... the appositive phrase is preferred style and is nonrestrictive.

What Is an Adjective Phrase? An adjective phrase gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Some also modify noun phrases. A great way to understand adjective phases is to see them at work in a few sentences. Understanding the Adjective Phrase Adjective phrases act just like adjectives. They modify, describe, or give more information about a noun or pronoun. Some examples are: without a penny, of great importance, devoid of life, covered with dirt, running in the park, and man of the hour. Some adjective phrases modify nouns or noun phrases. Following are some sentences with the phrases underlined:

The very small kitten jumped at the big dog. The cost of the car was way too high. The man covered with sweat, trudged his way home. Something in the corner was moving. The big bug under the blanket is moving towards me.

Other adjective phrases modify the predicate of the sentence. Here are some examples:

Extra buttons came with the coat. Gremlins cause mischief inside of machines. We were saddened by the news of his demise. The brownies smell deliciously sweet. I was delighted that he was chosen.

Adjective phrases can also modify objects and will follow the word they are modifying. Examples are:

She wanted to paint her room lemony yellow. My new kitten makes me very happy. I sometimes pity people living in large cities. We are collecting money for children born with heart defects. They were proud of their team winning the championship.

Famous Adjective Phrases Here are some famous adjective phrases from William Shakespeare.

A rose by any other name would smell as sweet The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune And shining morning face, creeping like a snail unwillingly to school Eaten out of house and home Even at the turning of the tide How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is to have a thankless child I will wear my heart upon my sleeve

Understanding Basic Adjectives To better understand the adjective phrase, it might help you if you understand the basic functions of adjectives. Here are the basic categories of adjectives with a few examples:

Quantity - Adjectives can tell the quantity, like any, few, every, some, all, twenty, none, each, and several. Opinion - Adjectives that are based on opinion include: gorgeous, hideous, evil, angelic, amazing, and important. Descriptive - There are many descriptive adjectives that tell the size, age, shape, and color of a noun or pronoun. Some examples are: tiny, gigantic, svelte, huge, antique, youthful, modern, recent, bumpy, smooth, oblong, round, pale, tanned, blue, and yellowish.

Origin - Where an object came from or where it is located would be an adjective of origin, like: polar, northern, Mexican, or Swiss. Composition - Words to describe the purpose and composition of an object would include: hunting, cooking, racing, wooden, silk, or plastic. Comparison - Some adjectives compare words like curlier, curliest, best, worse, least, most beautiful, and less worrisome. Other adjectives like those that do not have two levels of comparison and examples of these include: total, ideal, unique, fatal, chief, and unbroken.

Articles - The articles a, an, and the are adjectives.

Possessive - Adjectives can be possessive, like your, mine, or their; demonstrative, like that, this, or those; and interrogative, like which or what.

Remember, the purpose of an adjective or an adjective phrase is to change the meaning of a noun or pronoun or to describe it. The functions of an adjective phrase As a part of the verb phrase an adjective phrases is predictive. In the first case such an adjective usually functions to attribute a particular quality to the subject. When there is an object present the adjective phrase attributes the quality to the object as illustrated in (4) of the previous paragraph. (1) My cat is very curious. [COP + AJP] It is also possible for the adjective to be a part of the argument in the predicate. This position is not described in [P3]. An adjective which stands before the noun that it modifies is attributive. (2) My cat is a very curious cat. [COP + [DTP + NOM + MDF] ARG] An adjective within an argument usually (but not always) has a paraphrase that contains an adjective clause instead (3). (3) My cat is one which is very curious. i. A cat may be very curious. ii. My cat is of this kind. The clause in (3) makes the adjective classifying. This is the function of the prepositional phrase in the matrix (3m) and is commonly the function of a predicate noun (4). (4) My cat is a mouser. [COP + ARG] (5) My cat is of a certain kind. [COP + PAP] As an attribute the adjective phrase may assign the reference of the noun it modifies to a particular class. An attributive adjective may also be definitional. It is normal to interpret an adjective that is

definitional in the attribute position (6) as classificatory, but non-definitional when it appears in predicate position (7). (6) My cat is a Siamese cat. (of a certain kind) [ +Classificatory, +Definitional] (7) My cat is Siamese. (from Siam) [+Classificatory, -Definitional] But if the interpreter considers the noun in a particular context to be fully defined and classified, the use of an adjective may be identifying. Classifying and identifying adjective are restrictive. This means that their function is to restrict the possible interpretations of the noun phrase of which they are a part. But when the interpretation of the noun phrase is already restricted, the adjectives function is non-restrictive. The three uses of an attributive adjective The attributive adjective is the post-positive limiter or modifier in [P20]. 20 Determiner Phrase Prepositive Quanter Phrase + Determiner + Post-Positive Limiter This element is further developed in [P28]. Besides being an adverb of extent (possibly gradable), it may also be a clause (AdjC). 28 Post-Positive Limiter negative particle + Approximetive Phrase + Adverb of Extent Specifier Phrase Emphatic particle + Adjective Clause Compare this three uses of the attributive adjective. The adjective in (1) is restrictive (and also classifying). (1) Fido is very curious cat. i. ii. A cat may be very curious. Fido is a cat of this kind.

The adjective in (2) is restrictive (and also identifying), provided I have other not so curious cats. The C is the paraphrase with the adjective phrase reformulated as a clause. (2) Fido is my very curious cat.

i. ii. iii.

Fido is the cat of mine which is very curious. One of my cats is very curious. Fido is that cat of mine.

If I have but one cat, the interpretation is that its being curious is non-restrictive and hence only qualifying or descriptive. (3) Fido is my very curious cat. i. ii. iii. Fido is my cat, which cat is very curious. Fido is very curious. Fido is my cat.

Reference : English syntax modul kulyah drs .surono ,m .hum

http://www.yourdictionary.com/grammar/verbs/verb-phrase-examples.html

6 . ADVERB PHRASE AND ADVERBIAL PHRASE a.) what is a adverb phrase? An adverb is a word, which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Example : he laughed very loudly (the adverb very modifies the adverb loudly , which modifies the verb laughed) And also the work of an adverb can be done by a group of words which is called adverb phrase Adverb are used to tell time (when), place (where) , reason (why) , manner (how) , degree (how much) ,to what extent and frequency (how often). Example : a.) they will leave soon ( time ) b.) he will wait here ( place ) c.) therefore he always punished ( reason ) d.) the boys played well ( manner ) e.) they were quite satisfied ( degree )

f.) she is always late ( frequency ) many adverb are formed from adjectives , with the addition of the suffix ly example : busily , greatly , happily , slowly , softly , quietly reference : maufur , mustolah , English grammar , gontor ,Darussalam , press, 1993 b.) what is adverbial phrase? Adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a group of two or more words opening operating adverbially , when viewed in terms of their syntactic function. .) Since + a point of time .we use since with the present perfect to mark a period lasting till now : I havent seen him since January .) for + period of time answer how long? We use for to refer to periods of time ; - in the past : my wife and I worked in America for five months. - in future : john will be staying in new York for two weeks .) period of time + ago answer how long ago? We use ago with the simple past < I arrived here two months ago Reference : longman English grammar practice for intermediate students , L .G .Alexander. c.) building adverb phrase and adverbial phrase? I will be very grateful if someone makes this clear to me: when adverbs are built by adding a suffix l y, when do we write single l and when double (when the word finishes with l ) eg . Traditional + ly = traditionally Logical + ly = logically http://www.google.co.id/#hl=id&q=building+adverb&oq=building+adverb&aq=f&aqi The building of adverbial phrase :

An 'adverbial' or 'adverbial phrase' is a word or expression in the sentence that action in the verb was done.
For example:

does the same

job as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the

I sometimes have trouble with adverbs. He spoke very quietly. I've read that book three times. She's gone to the bank. The first tells us the frequency of the action (sometimes), the second how he carried out the

action (quietly), and the third how many times the action has happened (three). The fourth is a little different, as in this case the adverbial (gone to the bank) is more or demanded by the verb (has). To remember the form of such verbs use your notebooks to write down the different forms. For example:

less

to go [somewhere] to put [something][somewhere] This information is also useful when deciding the order of adverbials in a sentence. Unlike the previous parts of the sentence, a sentence can contain an indefinite number of adverbials, although in practice it's a good idea to keep them few in number. http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/sentencetext.htm

d.) functions of an adverb phrase and adverbial phrase - as modifiers of verbs - as modifiers of adjectives

- as modifiers of another adverb - as modifiers of the whole sentence For example : fortunately , the very small boy threw the ball very quickly : the boy quikly threw the ball there twice yesterday
-

adverbial in final position : ( the order : adverbs of place , manner , time ) eg . the witness walked to the stand hesistenly when he was called other complex structures that function as adverbial : he put the book on the table ( prepositional phrase ) Ill do it when I have time ( adverbial clause )

Reference : English syntax modul kulyah drs .surono ,m .hum

7.) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE a.) what is prepositional phrase ? A prepositional is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relationship to some other words in a sentence. Example : the flies crawled on the refuse heap My sister sat beside him

In a sentence prepositions show the relation of one word to another word. Prepositions require an object to complete them, typically a noun or a pronoun. A preposition and its object is called a prepositional phrase. The Prepositional Phrase: If a word in the table below does not have an object, then the word is not functioning as a preposition.

b.) building prepositional phrase Building Sentences with Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases may do more than just add minor details to a sentence: they may, in fact, be needed for a sentence to make sense. Consider the vagueness of this sentence without prepositional phrases: The workers gather a rich variety and distribute it. Now see how the sentence comes into focus when we add prepositional phrases: From many sources, the workers at the Community Food Bank gather a rich variety of surplus and unsalable food and distribute it to soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly. Notice how these added prepositional phrases give us more information about certain nouns and verbs in the sentence:

Which workers? The workers at the Community Food Bank. What did they gather? A rich variety of surplus and unsalable food. Where did they gather the food? From many sources. Who did they distribute it to? To soup kitchens, day-care centers, and homes for the elderly. Like the other simple modifiers prepositional phrases are not merely ornaments; they add details that can help us understand a sentence.

Building with Simple Modifiers Use adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases to expand the sentence below. Add details that answer the questions in parentheses and make the sentence more interesting and informative. Jenny stood, raised her shotgun, aimed, and fired. (Where did Jenny stand? How did she aim? What did she fire at?)

http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/prepphrases.htm there are many small words in English such as up , down , and by which we call prepositional in fact , we use these prepositions or adverb particles. Understanding the difference between the two will help us to understand phrasal verbs a preposition must have an object ( a noun , or a pronoun ) , so it is always related to a noun : across the road , over the wall , up the hill, down the mountain. Example : we drove round the city ( round has a noun object , so its a preposition ) (we drove round ( round has no abject , so its an adverb particle ) c.) functions of a prepositional phrase - that in the above example the prepositions express a relationship of place , prepositions can show a relationship of time : Example : we shall meet at three oclock. Please complete your report by Monday We are leaving on Sunday Prepositional can also be used to show a relationship of manner. Example : please handle this vase with care He did the planning in an efficient manner Their behavior is above reproach while prepositions are used most commonly to show relationship of place, time , and manner , they may also be used for other functions , as indicated below Example : a.) we did it for him ( purpose )

b.) this machine is worked by hand ( means ) c.) she fainted from exhaustion ( reason ) here is a list of some of the more common prepositions : of , in , on , up , into , for , with , by , from , till , after , before , near , against , across , behind , below , beneath , above , over , about , between , through , under , around , upon - there is another functions : a.) prepositional object ,eg: the mother looked at her child tenderly all the children were laughing at the jokers b.) object + prepositional object ,eg: please remind me of ( about ) the time of the meeting I have consulted my lawyer about the will c.) subject, eg: over the fence is out from ten to two is a good time to find me in the office references : Darussalam press book , gontor ponorogo