Minerals and Energy

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 What is Mineral ?
" "
Mineral defined naturally occurring definable
is as a
Homogenous substance with a internal structure

found varied forms

ranging from softest
they are in in nature the hardest diamond to the

tale

Mode of occurrence of Minerals

Minerals found The to describe accumulation of
"
used mineral
usually
"
in Orcs term One is an mixed
are
any
with other Elements

minerals in the
following forms
generally occur

1- In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals occur in the Cracks Crevices faults 012 Joints
, may , ,

2. In sedimentary rocks ,
number of minerals Occur in beds OR
layers
3- The decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents also forms the minerals

4 Minerals also alluvial deposits Sands of floors and the base of hills
occur as in
Kelly

S The ocean waters contain vast Quantities of minerals

Classification of Minerals
Metallic
1

Non- metallic Energy Minerals

Ferrous ( Containing Iron ) Nonferrous Eg -

Mica ,
Salt
, potash , sulphur Eg
-
Coal
,
Petroleum and

lead , tin limestone Natural gas

Eg Iron
-
one
,
nickel
,
cobalt Eg Copper
:
, granite , ,
marble

etc bauxite etc sandstone etc

manganese
🫠
Precious

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Eg : Gold , Silver

platinum etc Padhai Ak Mazza

Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three - fourths of the total Value of the Production of metallic

minerals

Iron Ore
1 India is endowed with
fairly abundant resources of iron One

Magnetite is the finest iron with content of up to Excellent magnetic

very high
2 one a iron 70% It has

Qualities

3 Hematite one is the most important industrial iron Orc It contains 50+0 60% Iron
The major iron Ore belts in India are :

found
°
Odisha -

Jharkhand belt -

High Grade Hamatitc One is

in Badampahan mines of Odisha ,

And in
adjoining Singhbhum
district of Jharkhand haematitc iron one is mined in Gua

0
Dung Bastar Chandrapur belt Lies Maharashtra
Chhattisgarh
-

and
-
-

in

very high grade haematites are found in the famous Ballad eat range of hills

in the Bastar District of Chhattisgarh Iron from these mines is Exported to

Japan and South Korea via Visakhapatnam port

°
Bakari -

Chitradurga -
Chikka
mangaluru -
TumKuru belt -

Karnataka

has largest reserves of iron Ore

They are loot Export unit and are known

known to be one of the

largest in the world

°
Maharashtra -
Goa Belt -
includes the state of Goa and
Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra •

Though the orcs are not of very high Quality

but used
can be
Efficiently

Maganese
1

2.
. It is

Nearly 10kg
mainly used in the

of
manganese
manufacturing
require to
of Stell and

manufacture 1- tonne
Fero -

manganese alloy
of steel
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3 Also used in manufacturing bleaching powder ,

insecticides and paints
4. India Rank production of Odisha the largest producer of
5th in the world in
manganese and is
manganese in india

🤠
Non-ferrous Minerals
Minerals that do not contain iron is called non Ferrous minerals India has only few reserves of them These

include copper ,
bauxite , lead ,
Zinc and Gold These minerals
play a vital role in number of matallungical
and Electrical industries
Engineering

Copper
1. Malleable , ductile and Good Conductor of Heat and
Electricity
2 . Used in Electrical cables manufacturing Electronics and chemical industries
,

3- The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh Khatri mines in Rajasthan and Singh bum district of Jharkhand are leading
,

producers of copper

Bauxite
1- Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of wide variety of rocks rich in Aluminium silicates

2. Aluminium is Obtained from bauxite . Aluminium has good conductivity and Great malleability
found in Amankantak platue Matkal hills plateau of Bilaspur Katni
3
Mainly and the
region
-
.

.
Non-Metallic
🥸
Minerals
1- Mica
°
MICA is a mineral made up
of a series of Plates on leaves .
It can be Clear
,
Black ,
Green cried Yellow OR brown

° Mica is the most indispensable minerals used in electric and Electronic industries

It has Excellent electric loss factor and resistance to High Voltage

◦ di -

strength ,
low power , insulating properties
0 Mica deposits are found in northern Edge of Chota Nagpur plateau

2-Rock minerals

1 Limestone is found in rocks composed of calcium carbonates OR calcium and carbonates

magnesium
2 .
It is basic raw material for the cement
industry and Essential for smelting iron Ore in the blast furnace

Conservation of Minerals
Minerals are a non -
renewable resources .
It takes 1000 of Years for the formation and concentration of

minerals . Continued Extraction of ones leads to the depletion of minerals .

So it's important to take the

necessary stops so that mineral resources can be used in a planned and sustainable manner

Energy Resources
Energy resources can be classified as

1 Conventional Sources :
Includes firewood ,
cattle
dung Cake
,
Coal , Petroleum , natural gas and Electricity
[ Renewable]

2 Nonconventional Sources : Includes wind Geothermal

Solan
, ,
tidal , , biogas and Atomic Energy
C. Non -
Renewable)

Conventional sources of energy

1)- Coal

1 Most available fossil fuel

abundantly
generation to the for domestic needs
2 Used in power ,
to supply Energy industry as well as .

3
Lignite is a low grade brown coal ,
which is soft with high moisture content

4 Bituminous coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temp .

S Anthracite Highest Quality of Hard coat

6 Jharia , Raniganj ,
Bokaro are important coalfields

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 Petroleum
2)😳
🤠
Also known as mineral Oil and liquid Gold It is the second higest Energy source used in the form of diesel petrol
kerosene etc

first oil field in India was discovered in Assam in 1867

Mumbai Produces High amount about 63% of India 's petroleum .

Gujrat produces 18% and Assam 16%

🧯
Anke/ cshwar is the most important 011 field in 🧯
Gujrat .

3)-Natural gas
1 Natural It Considered fuel
Gas is an important clean
Energy resource . is an Environment -

friendly
2 The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural Gas

3
Compressed Natural Gas ( CNG ) is Used in Vehicles
💡 🪫replace
to liquid fuels

4 Large reserves of natural Gas have been discovered in the Krishna -

Godavari basin

🤠
4)-Electricity
😃

Electricity is
generated mainly in 2
ways
E:h
Toronto
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7-
😇By running water which drives hydro turbines to Generate Hydro Electricity . It is Renewable resource of Energy

India has a no of multi -

purpose projects like the Bhakna

Nangal Damodar Valley Corporation

2
By Burning Other fuels such as coal , petroleum and natural Gas to drive turbines to produce Thermal power uses non

renewable fossil fuels for Generating Electricity

Non-conventional sources of energy

The renewable of like Solan , wind tide , biomass and from waste material
sources
energy , Energy are called

Non Conventional Sources

Energy
-

Nuclear or Atomic energy

Nuclear Energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms . Uranium and Thorium are used for generating
atomic OR nuclear
power

Solar Energy
👨💼
solar is produced by the Sun 's light Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into
electricity
energy .

Wind power
Wind
Energy Power Use to Generate purpose The wind
or is
Electricity . Wind turbines are used for this largest
farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to madurai
Biogas

Biogas is
naturally produced from the decomposition of Organic waste Biogas is the most efficient use of cattle

dung It improves the Quality of manure

Tidal energy
It is a form of Hydropower that convents the Energy obtained from tides into useful forms of Energy mainly Electricity
of Kambhat Gulf of Gujrat of
in India Gulf ,
Kachchh in ,
Sunder ban Regions W B
-

provide ideal conditions

for utilising Tidal Energy

Geo-thermal energy

When heat and produced heat from the interior of the Earth
Electricity are
by using it is known as

Geo -
thermal Energy
In Pradesh
India Parvati Valley in Himachal and
Puga Valley ,
Ladakh

Conservation of energy resources

Every Sector of the national Economy -

agriculture , industry ,
transport , Commercial and domestic needs inputs of Energy

There is urgent need to develop a sustainable path for energy development Here are some
ways
.

1-
Using public transport systems instead of individual Vehicles

off electricity
2
Switching when not in use

3
Using power saving devices

4 Using non - conventional sources of Energy

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