Saneth Joy T.

Austria

BSA 1-2

AIDS ON THE STUDY OF LITERATURE

LITERARY TEMS AND DEVICES

WHAT IS LITERARY TERMS AND DEVICES?

Literary terms devices are specific techniques that allow a writer to convey a deeper meaning
that goes beyond what’s on the page. These devices serve a wide range of purposes in
literature. Some might work on an intellectual level, while others have a more emotional effect.
They may also work subtly to improve the flow and pacing of your writing. No matter what, if
you're looking to inject something special into your prose, literary devices and terms are a great
place to start.
There are many styles of these terms and devices, each serving a different purpose. It also
include powerful figurative language that writers use to summon emotion ranging from guilt to
anger to bliss, and to allow us to see the world in new and magical ways. Words can be
arranged to give poems, songs, and prose alike, rhythm and musicality. They can animate a
story with such wealth of detail, character development, and action that as readers, we are
taken by a story, and feel as if the people on the page are real. Literary terms have a wide range
of application, from the poet’s beauty, to the speaker’s persuasion, to the novelist’s story
development.

LITERARY TERMS AND DEVICES EXAMPLES

ARCHETYPE
 A reoccurring symbol or motif in
the literature that represents
universal patterns of human
nature
 a character, symbol, or behavioral
pattern that is reused throughout
all forms of storytelling
the most common archetype is
probably the Trickster. Tricksters
break the ordinary rules of society
and even nature. They are often
androgynous (having both male
and female attributes), and they
love to play tricks on those around
them. They may also laugh at
things others find terrifying, such
as death or isolation. Tricksters
are believed to symbolize the
chaotic and complex realities of
the world that are beyond the

ALLEGORY
 It has a surface story and another
story hidden underneath the
literary work
 type of narrative that uses
characters and plots to depict
abstract ideas and themes.
 In most allegories, the hidden
story has something to do with
politics, religion, morality, and
other complex subjects that are
difficult to understand and
perceive directly
ALLITERATION
 A type of repetition that reflects in
two or more nearby words of
initial consonant sounds
 The repetition of the consonant
sounds must be at the beginning
of the words
 The alliterative words should flow
in quick succession
ALLUSION
 A popular literary device used to
develop characters, frame
storylines, and help create
associations with well-known
works.
 The allusion is a reference to a
person, place, thing, event, or
other literary work that the reader
familiarizes.
understanding of the human
mind. Tricksters can be evil (like
Loki or the Joker), or they can be
good (like Bugs Bunny).
 George Orwell’s Animal Farm is
one of literature’s most famous
allegories. The surface story is
about a group of farm animals
who rise up, kick out the humans,
and try to run the farm
themselves. The hidden story,
however, is about the Russian
Revolution, and each of the
characters represents some figure
from that revolution. The pigs
represent Communist leaders like
Stalin, Lenin, and Trotsky, the
dogs represent the KGB, the
humans represent capitalists, the
horses represent the working
class, etc.
Tongue Twisters
 Peter Piper picked a peck of
pickled peppers. A peck of pickled
peppers Peter Piper picked.
 She sells seashells by the seashore
 Fred's friends fried fritters for
Friday's food.
 Jollibee Chicken Joy is my Achilles
heel. (weakness)
 He's a smart guy, but he becomes
a lovesick Romeo every time he's
around her. (head over heels)
ANALOGY
An analogy is a literary technique in
which two unrelated objects are
compared for their shared qualities.
Unlike a simile or a metaphor, an analogy
is not a figure of speech, though the three
are often quite similar. Instead, analogies
are strong rhetorical devices used to
make rational arguments and support
ideas by showing connections and
comparisons between dissimilar things.
ANECDOTE
An anecdote (pronounced an-ik-doht) is a
very short story that is significant to the
topic at hand; usually adding personal
knowledge or experience to the topic.
Basically, anecdotes are stories. Like
many stories, anecdotes are most often
told through speech; they are spoken
rather than written down.
FLASHBACK
An event that takes place before a story
begins
moves an audience from the present
moment in a chronological narrative to a
scene in the past
past narratives by characters, depictions,
and references of dreams and memories
FORESHADOWING
gives an indication or hint of what is to
come later in the story
useful for creating suspense, a feeling of
unease, a sense of curiosity, or a dramatic
sensation
HYPERBOLE
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which
Raising children requires the same
dedication you would give to a garden.
Nurture them, feed them, introduce them
to both light and dark, and have patience;
and soon you will see them grow into
blooming wonders.
Picture a mother and a father discussing
whether or not to get a dog for the
family. The father says:
You know, when I was a kid, my dog was
my best friend. My childhood was better
because of him.
The mother contemplates his story—
a.k.a. his anecdote—and then agrees that
they should get a dog.
 In the Book of Matthew, we see a
flashback has been used when
Joseph, governor of Egypt, sees
his brothers after several years.
Joseph “remembered his dreams”
about his brothers, and how they
sold him into slavery in the past.
 The Incredibles
Mr. Incredible sought a new costume
design that included a cape from designer
Edna Mode but she strongly opposed and
cited many historical misfortunes of
superheroes wearing a cape. Edna’s
strong opposition foreshadows
supervillain Syndrome’s gruesome death,
caused by his cape becoming entangled in
a jet turbine.
 He’s so fluffy I’m gonna die!
(Despicable Me)
an author or speaker purposely and
obviously exaggerates to an extreme. It is
used for emphasis or as a way of making
a description more creative and
humorous. It is important to note that
hyperbole is not meant to be taken
literally; the audience knows it’s an
exaggeration.
IRONY
Irony is when there are two contradicting
meanings of the same situation, event,
image, sentence, phrase, or story. In
many cases, this refers to the difference
between expectations and reality.
IMAGERY
is used in poetry, novels, and other
writing that uses vivid description that
appeals to a readers' senses to create an
image or idea in their head. Through
language, imagery does not only paint a
picture, but aims to portray the
sensational and emotional experience
within text
JUXTAPOSITION
Juxtaposition is the placement of two or
more things side by side, often in order to
bring out their differences. Imagine a man
walking a well-groomed dog on a pink
leash on one hand and a rough Rottweiler
on a spiked collar on the other hand. The
juxtaposition could be shocking,
humorous, or just plain strange.
Regardless, this literary term calls
attention to two distinctly different things
by placing them right beside one another,
or juxtaposing them.
 I’m just one stomach flu away
from my goal weight. (The Devil
Wears Prada)
 Aleister Crowley, a famous English
mystic of the early twentieth
century, who taught that a person
could do anything if they
mastered their own mind, died of
heroin addiction. This is ironic
because the way he died
completely contradicts what he
taught.
 "Love, whether newly born or
aroused from a deathlike slumber,
must always create sunshine,
filling the heart so full of radiance,
that it overflows upon the
outward world."
In this novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel
Hawthorne utilizes imagery as a literary
device to create a sensation for the
reader as a means of understanding the
love felt by the protagonist, Hester
Prynne.
Consider this examples of a juxtaposition
in attitude:
A waitress is remarkably rude and
impatient with a doting couple. She is
extremely kind, though, to a quiet man
who is eating alone with a book.
METAPHOR
Metaphor (pronounced meh-ta-for) is a
common figure of speech that makes a
comparison by directly relating one thing
to another unrelated thing. Unlike
similes, metaphors do not use words such
as “like” or “as” to make comparisons.
The writer or speaker relates the two
unrelated things that are not actually the
same, and the audience understands that
it’s a comparison, not a literal equation.
MOTIF
A motif is a symbolic image or idea that
appears frequently in a story. Motifs can
be symbols, sounds, actions, ideas, or
words. Motifs strengthen a story by
adding images and ideas to the theme
present throughout the narrative.
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomatopoeia (pronounced ˌ’AH-nuh-
mah-tuh-PEE-uh’) refers to words whose
pronunciations imitate the sounds they
describe
OXYMORON
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that
puts together opposite elements. The
combination of these contradicting
elements serves to reveal a paradox,
confuse, or give the reader a laugh.
PERSONIFICATION
- is a figure of speech in which an idea or
thing is given human attributes and/or
feelings or is spoken of as if it were
human.
 That football player is really
putting the team on his back this
evening!
Football commentators use this phrase all
the time when an entire team appears to
be depending on its running back. The
image of a single man running hard with a
whole football team on his back is an
expression of hard work and dedication.
 Bad weather:
Throughout a story, there is surprisingly
bad weather—snow, freezing rain, and
even a tornado. These weather
conditions further emphasize the larger
theme of nature’s power over humans.
Some of the most common instances of
onomatopoeias are words for the sounds
animals make:
 Dogs bark, ruff, woof, arf, and
howl. Cats meow, hiss, and purr.
Frogs croak, chirp, and ribbit.
Cows go moo. Horses neigh and
whinny. Lions roar. The rooster
goes cock-a-doodle-do!
 Act naturally.
When sneaking around, causing trouble,
or entering a stressful situation, we often
advise people to “act naturally.” Of
course, if one is acting naturally, one is
not acting. Still, we understand the
phrase because, despite its contradictory
elements, it makes sense.
 Ex-Basketball Player(John Updike)
Off work, he hangs around Mae’s
Luncheonette. Grease-gray and
kind of coiled, he plays pinball,
Smokes those thin cigars, nurses
- This allows writers to create life and
motion within inanimate objects, animals,
and even abstract ideas by assigning
them recognizable human behaviors and
emotions.
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is utilized as a literary
device to indicate the angle or
perspective from which a story is told.
Essentially, point of view refers to the
“eyes” of the narrative voice that
determine the position or angle of vision
from which the story is being relayed..
REPETITION
Repetition is a literary device that
involves intentionally using a word or
phrase for effect, two or more times in a
speech or written work.
For repetition to be noticeable, the words
or phrases should be repeated within
close proximity of each other
SYMBOLISM
Symbolism is a literary device that refers
to the use of symbols in a literary work
A symbol is something that stands for or
suggests something else; it represents
something beyond literal meaning. In
literature, a symbol can be a word,
object, action, character, or concept that
embodies and evokes a range of
additional meaning and significance.
lemon phosphates. Flick seldom
says a word to Mae, just nods
Beyond her face toward bright
applauding tiers Of Necco Wafers,
Nibs, and Juju Beads.
 First Person -In first person point
of view, one of the story’s
characters is narrating the literary
work. This viewpoint is indicated
by the use of first person
pronouns, including “I,” and the
reader assumes that the character
is close to the story’s action.
 Second Person- Second person
point of view utilizes the pronoun
“you” to address the reader and
bring them into the action of the
story.
 Third Person - with third person
point of view, there is a narrative
presence telling the story and
referring to the characters in the
third person, as “he” or “she.”
• Heart to heart
• Boys will be boys
• Sorry, not sorry
• Over and over
• red -symbolizes love and romance
• four-leaf clover–symbolizes good luck
or fortun
SIMILE
A simile is a figure of speech in which two
essentially dissimilar objects or concepts
are expressly compared with one another
through the use of “like” or “as.”
Simile is used as a literary device to assert
similarity with the help of like or as,
which are language constructs that
establish equivalency.
VIGNETTE
In literature, a vignette (pronounced vin-
yet) is a short scene that captures a single
moment or a defining detail about a
character, idea, or other element of the
story. Vignettes are mostly descriptive; in
fact, they often include little or no plot
detail. They are not stand-alone literary
works, nor are they complete plots or
narratives. Instead, vignettes are small
parts of a larger work, and can only exist
as pieces of a whole story.
RHETORIC
Rhetoric is the ancient art of persuasion.
It’s a way of presenting and making your
views convincing and attractive to your
readers or audience
TONE
Horseradish (Lemony Snicket)
A library is like an island in the middle of a
vast sea of ignorance, particularly if the
library is very tall and the surrounding
area has been flooded.
Sandra Cisneros’s novel The House on
Mango Street is a series of vignettes that
together create a portrait of life at “the
house on Mango Street,” which is the
protagonist’s childhood home in a low
income Latino neighborhood in Chicago.
A girl named Esperanza narrates the
story, and each vignette in the book
captures moments, memories, and
observations of her everyday life on
Mango Street—
The house on Mango Street is ours, and
we don’t have to pay rent to anybody, or
share the yard with the people
downstairs, or be careful not to make too
much noise, and there isn’t a landlord
banging on the ceiling with a broom. But
even so, it’s not the house we’d thought
we’d get.
Advertisements are a very subtle form of
rhetoric. Every advertisement you see is
an attempt to persuade you that you
should take a certain action – usually
buying a product or supporting a political
candidate. Knowing this, you can analyze
the various techniques that
advertisements use. Are they stimulating
your appetites, such as your desire for
food or companionship? Are they using
the emotions? Are they presenting logical
arguments?
Great novelists are easy to recognize
Tone does not mean quite the same thing
in literature as it does for the way people
speak, but it’s pretty close; it refers to the
“feel” of a piece of writing. It’s a more
complex and general quality than, say, an
“angry tone of voice”; instead it is closer
to the meaning of “style” or “voice” in
writing, possibly referring to any or all of
the stylistic qualities the writing, such as
formality, dialect, and atmosphere.
from their tones. Often, the tone of the
narration matches the tone that the
major characters use in their everyday
speech. For example, Jane Austen’s
novels are about wealthy families in the
English countryside and the social
conventions that rule their lifestyles;
accordingly, the tone of her novels tends
to be formal and grammatically precise
(though certainly not without humor)! On
the other hand, J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in
the Rye is about a bitter, lonely teenage
boy, and so the tone is much more
informal, biting, and sarcastic.
 LITERARY STYLE

What Is Literary Style?

When people hear the word 'style', one of the first things that may pop into their minds is
clothing. A person's clothing style can be determined by a variety of factors, including work and
lifestyle situations. Writing works in a similar way. Authors' literary style is determined by the
type of writing they are doing and who their audience is.

Literary style is a unique way of presenting a piece of writing. The combination of word choice,
figurative language, sentence formation, and formality work together to create a 'voice' through
which a story is told. Through literary style, an author can create a mood for the story as well as
a manner for describing the characters, plot, and meaning of a story.

Parts/Elements of literary Style

 Diction: It means the choice and selection of words, phrases, and clauses to use in
writing.
 Sentence Structure: It means the syntactic structure of sentences used in writing.
 Tone: It is an author’s attitude toward his writing, his characters, and his audience.
 Narrator: It means the narrator of the narrative who could be a first-person, third-
person, second-person, or even an omniscient narrator
 Grammar: It means the use of grammatical construction in the writing.
 Punctuation: It means the use of mechanics including capitalization.
 Use of Literary Devices: It means the use of figurative language and other literary or
poetic devices.

4 TYPES OF LITERARY STYLE

1.EXPOSITORY STYLE
The expository writing style is a subject-oriented style. As its name implies, it is a writing that
exposes facts. In this type of writing, the author's primary objective is to educate the readers on a
particular subject or issue.
Common Examples:
Textbooks
How-to articles
Recipes
Business, technical, or scientific writings

Example: The Pleasures of Imagination By Joseph Addison

“The pleasures of the imagination, taken in their full extent, are not so gross as those of sense. …
A man of polite imagination is let into a great many pleasures … A man should endeavor,
therefore, to make the sphere of his innocent pleasures as wide as possible, that he may retire
into them with safety … Delightful scenes, whether in nature, painting, or poetry, have a kindly
influence on the body, as well as the mind, and not only serve to clear and brighten the
imagination, but are able to disperse grief and melancholy …”

2. DESCRIPTIVE WRITING STYLE

In descriptive writing style, the author focuses on describing an event, a character or a place in
detail. The main intention is to create a vivid image of what he/she is describing in the mind of
the reader. Descriptive writing in nature is poetic and the description often incorporates sensory
details.
Example in Sentence:
The sunset fills the entire sky with the lovely deep color of rubies, setting the clouds ablaze.
Example: “Dorian Gray” by Oscar Wilde
““The studio was filled with the rich odor of roses, and when the light summer wind stirred
amidst the trees of the garden… The sullen murmur of the bees shouldering their way through…
or circling with monotonous insistence…”

3. PERSUASIVE STYLE
The main purpose of this writing style is for the author to persuade or convince its
readers. This is where the writer tries to give reasons and justifications to make the readers agree
or believe his point of view.
Example in Sentence:

 What if you vote for me? I assure you that your taxes will be very low, the government
will provide free education, and there will be equality and justice for all citizens. Cast
your vote for me today.
Persuasion is a literary technique. It’s used by writers to ensure that their readers find their
written content believable
3 Types of Persuasion

 `Logos- the use of logic to create a persuasive argument.

 Ethos- refers to an argument that appeals to the audience through empathizing with the
speaker’s credibility
 Pathos- is an appeal made by the writer to the audience’s emotions in order to make them
feel something.
Example: Do not gentle into that good night by Dylan Thomas
“Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright
Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
RAge, rage against the dying of the light.”

4. NARRATIVE WRITING
Narrative writing style is a type of writing wherein the writer narrates a story. It includes short
stories, novels, novellas, biographies, and poetry.
Example in Sentence:
She hears a hoarse voice, and sees a shadow moving around the balcony. As it moves closer to
her, she screams to see a gigantic wolf standing before her.
Example:
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner By Samuel Taylor Coleridge
“It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three.’
By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?
The bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,
…
The guests are met, the feast is set:
Mayst hear the merry din.”

LITERARY APPROACHES
What Is Literary Approach?

When we say literary approaches these are theories or technique that you may used
when interpreting a certain literary piece. It’s the practice of studying, evaluating, and
interpreting works of literature. Similar to literary theory, which provides a broader
philosophical framework for how to analyze literature, literary approaches offers readers
new ways to understand an author’s work.

What Is the Purpose of Literary Approaches?

The purpose of literary approaches is to broaden a reader’s understanding of an
author’s work by summarizing, interpreting, and exploring its value. After giving the text
a close reading, a critic formulates a comprehensive literary analysis that can inform or
challenge another reader’s understanding of the text. The practice of literary criticism
creates space for readers to better understand the beauty and complexity of the world
through literature.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LITERARY APPROACHES

 FORMALISM - it operates on the idea that any literary text is autonomous. It rejects the
perceived connection between the text and the author
 New Criticism- It also called as "close-reading" - textual reading that leaves out authorial and
other external factors
 Marxism - its derived from the name of Karl Marx, a German philosopher and scholar who
theorized about society and history. This approach involves how the elements of the class
struggle - primarily the differences between the bourgeois and proletariat
 Structuralism- It is an approach that relates the text to the larger, wider structure through inter-
textual connections or repetitive pattern. A text may be undertaken in different ways using this
approach: one is by the revelation of the binary operation within the text.
 Poststructuralism: Deconstruction - The term deconstruction was coined by French philosopher
Jacues Derrida. It rejects the binary opposition of Structuralism, thus it shows that meaning is
indefinite and undecided
 New Historicism (1980s) - One of its proponents is Michel Foucault. In this approach, history is
nothing but a narrative text that is contaminated by people's personal biases, assumptions, etc.,
under the influence of the culture in which they belong.
 Feminism - In this approach, a text was read within a social context. In Particular; it analyzes
textual representation from the woman's perspective like stereotyping and objectification of
womanhood.
 Moralism - Moralism is an approach that judges the value of a literary work based on its moral
and ethical influence on its readers.
 Reader- response - is the approach that makes the reader as the creator of meaning - it is not
the text nor the author. The reader's purpose, concerns, needs and experiences influence how
the literary work is read and how meaning is created
 LITERARY CONVENTION

WHAT IS LITERARY CONVENTION?

Literary conventions mean the aggregate of norms and standards (i.e., plot,
character; setting, icon, theme, or effect in a genre story) created in the realm of
literary heritage. Each literary genre possesses certain conventions that produce
remarkable effects. They are the defining elements of the different genres and
subgenres. In short, they give identity for each genre. For instance, you cannot
call it a “horror” story if it doesn’t have recognizable elements like creepy and
dark settings, ghosts or monsters, etc. Conventions can also refer to the way
ideas are expressed: literal or figurative. In this sense, it can mean the use of
language that includes grammar (i.e., tense, syntax), vocabulary, story structure,
etc. Literary genres are collections of conventions that aim to create novelty and
creativity.

What Is the Difference Between Literary Conventions and Literary

Devices?
Literary conventions help to categorize a text within its specific literary genre. A
literary device is a figure of speech that heightens imagery or textual
interpretation. Common literary devices include simile, personification,
euphemism, flashback, alliteration, oxymorons, or hyperbole. While literary
conventions can help set the tone and expectations for a work of literature,
literary devices deal with the experience of the language and interpretation of
the narrative. However, some devices, like soliloquy or foreshadowing, can help
to categorize a genre like certain literary conventions.
 Short-story Convention
Short-story Convention - Short stories tend to be less complex than novels. Usually, a
short story will focus on only one incident, has a single plot, a single setting, a limited
number of characters, and covers a short period of time. In longer forms of fiction,
stories tend to contain certain core elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the
introduction of setting, situation and main characters); complication (the event of the
story that introduces the conflict); rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the
protagonist and their commitment to a course of action); climax (the point of highest
interest in terms of the conflict and the point of the story with the most action);
resolution (the point of the story when the conflict is resolved); and moral. Because of
their short length, short stories may or may not follow this pattern. Some do not follow
patterns at all. For example, modern short stories only occasionally have an exposition.
More typical, though, is an abrupt beginning, with the story starting in the middle of the
action. As with longer stories, plots of short stories also have a climax, crisis, or turning-
point. However, the endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and may or may
not have a moral or practical lesson.

ESSAY CONVENTION
ESSAY CONVENTION - A literary essay is a piece of writing in which the author identifies a
theme, or big idea, from a text by generating a thesis statement. Within the literary essay, the
author uses several pieces of evidence from the text to support the thesis statement. An essay
is a relatively short written composition that articulates, supports, and develops an idea or
claim. Like any work of expository prose, it aims to explain something complex. Explaining in
this case entails both analysis (breaking the complex "thing" down into its constituent parts and
showing how they work together to form a meaningful whole) and argument (working to
convince someone that the analysis is valid). In an essay about literature, the literary work is
the complex thing that you are helping a reader to better understand. The essay needs to show
the reader a particular way to understand the work, to interpret or read it. That interpretation
or reading starts with the essayist's own personal response. But an essay also needs to
persuade the reader that this interpretation is reasonable and enlightening—that it is, though it
is distinctive and new, it is more than merely idiosyncratic or subjective.
Important Convention of Essay:

narrative prose
deals only with real people, events or ideas
present facts or discusses concept

DRAMATIC CONVENTION
DRAMATIC CONVENTION- are literary devices that break the illusion of reality.

Suspension of disbelief- The belief of the audience that something is real/true even when it is
clearly not. e.g. Puppet shows, wrestling matches, Superman/Clark Kent glasses disguise etc.

Soliloquy- is a speech in which a character who is alone on stage revels private thoughts and
feelings indirectly to the audience. the other characters cannot hear.

Monologue - A speech by a character often talking directly to the audience.

Aside- is a brief remark delivered by a character to express private thought while other
characters are on stage.

Passage of time- the transition from one scene or act to another might involve a considerable
passage of time in the plot.

Drama conventions are the specific actions or techniques the actor, writer or director has
employed to create a desired dramatic effect/style. Its a set of rules, which both the audience
and actors are familiar with and which act as a useful way of quickly signifying the nature of the
action or of a character.

Dramatic conventions may be categorized into groups, such as rehearsal, technical or theatrical.
Rehearsal conventions can include hot seating, role on the wall and still images. Technical
conventions can include lighting, dialogue, monologue, set, costuming and entrances/exits.
Theatrical conventions may include split focus, flashback/flashforward, narration, soliloquy and
spoken thought.

POETIC CONVENTIONS
POEM - A poem is a piece of writing in which the words are chosen for their beauty and
sound and are carefully arranged, often in short lines which rhyme
POETIC CONVENTIONS

 SIMILIES - Comparing two things using the words “like” or “as”

Ex. “Cutting, swift as an executioner”

“ Keith walks inside like a defeated soldier” (Herrick, S. By the River , page 34)

 METAPHORS - Comparing two things without using the words “like” or “as”

Ex. “the battlefield we call a playground”

“ the moon is a shiny silver fingernail” (Herrick, S. By the River , page 34, 179)

 PERSONIFICATION - Giving human feelings to something that is not alive

Ex. “the branches scrape their fingers down my window…” (Herrick, S. By the River, page 79)

 ASSONANCE - repetition of the same vowel sound in words close together

Ex.‘fly high’

 ALLITERATION - repetition of same letter to start two or more words in a row

Ex.‘cool, calm and collected’

 REPETITION - Repeating the same word or phrase to draw attention to it.

Ex. “Mrs. Appleyard says... Mrs. Appleyard says... Mrs. Appleyard says... Mrs. Appleyard says... Mrs.
Appleyard. Mrs. Appleyard. Go and get stuffed.” (Herrick, S. By the River, page 23)

 ONOMATOPEAIA - A word that sounds like the word it represents.

Ex. “lightning snaps electricity”

“Dad slams our shutters”

“Raindrops pound the chook shed” (Herrick, S. By the River, page 149)

 IMAGERY- Descriptive language used to show what is physically happening, particularly using the
five senses

Ex. “All I can hear are frogs, rhythmic and low, and my heart, beating, waiting for Johnny” (Herrick, S. By
the River, page 160)

 RHYME - Using words that sound alike

Ex. “as we hide, eyes wide” (Herrick, S. By the River, page 101)

 RHYTHM - Using syllable length and stress to create a beat or pace in poetic lines.

Ex. “’ NO!’ I shout again, ‘NO!’ I pick up a rock, hurl it blind, turn and run, Keith fasts behind as the glass
shatters and doors bang. I don’t stop until bedroom safe” (Herrick, S. By the River, page 100-1)