Wolkite University: Senior Project

pesticide production from neem seed
Wolkite University
Chemical Engineering
Department
Senior Project
―Pesticide Production
from Neem Plant
Seed‖
Submitted to Wolkite University in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science

Degree in Chemical Engineering
i pesticide production from neem seed
DECLARATION
We declare that the project for the B.Sc. degree at Wolkite University college of Engineering and
technology, here by submitted by us, is our original work and has not previously been Submitted
for B.Sc. degree at this or any other university and that all resources of materials used for this
thesis have been duly acknowledged.
By
Students Name Signature

Jemila Kufa
Sitina Mustefa
Birhane File
Name of Advisor Signature Date

Mr. Berhe Tekle Adhanom …………………………………
Mr. Habtamu Belachew---------------- ----------------
Signature Date
--------------- -----------------
Signature Date
------------- ----------------
Signature Date
------------------- -------------
June 10, 2016 i

ii pesticide production from neem seed
Acknowledgment
First of all, we would like to thank almighty God to accomplish our task successfully. Next we
would like to gratitude the Department of Chemical Engineering, for giving us the chance to
conduct this project. The next, we would like to thank our advisor Mr. Berhe T/Adhanom (B.Sc)
and Mr.Habtamu .B (M.Sc) for their indispensable guidance and help invaluable effort in guiding
and supervising during the project. We are very much pleased to thank all chemical Engineering
Staffs for supporting us.
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iii pesticide production from neem seed
1 CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACK GROUND ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the study ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 LIMITATION ................................................................................................................................... 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 History of Neem ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Geographic Distribution................................................................................................................ 6
2.2.1 Overview of Neem in the world ............................................................................................ 6
2.2.2 Overview of Neem in Ethiopia ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 Neem AND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 NEEM AND AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 VETERINARY USES........................................................................................................................ 8
2.4 Pesticides............................................................................................................................................. 8
2.4.1 Pesticides in environment ............................................................................................................ 9
2.4.2 PESTICIDES: SYNTHETIC VS NATURAL ............................................................................. 9
2.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bio pesticides and chemical pesticides ................................. 11
2.5 Botanical Pesticides .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.6 Neem excellent source of pesticides ................................................................................................. 12
2.7 What's in a Neem .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.8 Importance of Neem tree and its products ........................................................................................ 14
2.8.1 Neem Leaves .............................................................................................................................. 14
2. 8.2 Neem kernel .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.8.3 Neem seed .................................................................................................................................. 15
2.8.4 Neem flower............................................................................................................................... 15
2.8.5 Neem oil ..................................................................................................................................... 15
2.9 Extraction of oil From Neem Seed ................................................................................................... 16
2.9.1 Essential oils .............................................................................................................................. 16
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iv pesticide production from neem seed
2.10 Sources and Isolation of oils ........................................................................................................... 16

2.11 Extraction Methods of Neem oil ..................................................................................................... 17
3 MATERIALS AND METHOD .......................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Chemicals and Apparatus............................................................................................................ 19
3.2 PROCEDURES................................................................................................................................. 19
3.2 PROCESS Flow Diagram ................................................................................................................. 20
3.3Process flow description .................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.1 Neem seed collection ................................................................................................................. 20
3.3.2 Weighing the collected seed ...................................................................................................... 21
3.3.3 Immersing the collected seed ..................................................................................................... 21
3.3.4 Removing the external cover ..................................................................................................... 21
3.3.5 Grinding ..................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3.6 Mixing ........................................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.7 Filtering ...................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.8 Neem oil ..................................................................................................................................... 23
4 Working principle of the pesticide ...................................................................................................... 24
4.1 Effects on Insects .............................................................................................................................. 24
4.2 Effects Beneficial Insects .................................................................................................................. 25
5 MATERIAL BALANCE .................................................................................................................... 26
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 29
7 Economic analysis .............................................................................................................................. 31
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................. 33
8.1 RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................................................. 33
8.2 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 33
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v pesticide production from neem seed
List of Tables Page

Table 1 moisture content of neem seed …………………………………………… 29
Table 2 mass of filtrate, filter cake and percentage yield of oil ……………………… 29
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Neem tree ……………………………………………………………………… 5
Figure 2.2 Neem leaves …………………………………………………………………..... 14
Figure 2.3 Neem tree kernel ………………………………………………………………. 15
Figure3 .1 Neem seed collection …………………………………………………………… 21
Figure 3.2 Neem seed ……………………………………………………………………….. 21
Figure 3.3 Grinding using mortar and pestle ………………………………………………… 22
Figure 3.4 mixing …………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Figure 3.5 Filtration by using separator funnel ……………………………………………...... 23
Figure 3.6 Neem oil …………………………………………………………………………… 23
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vi pesticide production from neem seed
Abstract
Chemical pesticides used over a period of time cannot sustain the crop yield and also harmful
effects on soil and environment. But pesticide from neem seed enhances the efficiency of
nitrogen fertilizers by reducing the rate of nitrification and hampering pests such as nematodes,
fungi, and insects. The objective of this project was to show a process for extraction of oil
(pesticide) from Neem seed. This extraction was carried out by using separator funnel. In this
extraction n-hexane was chosen to treat the sample (Neem seed powder) with it. Because the
percentage of oil by using n-hexane is better when compared to the other solvents. The moisture
content of the collected neem seed was determined by using the weight of the neem seed after
drying and before drying with the aid of sun light. The percentage of moisture content was
40%.The oil was found to have a color of golden yellow. The percentage yield of oil was
50%.Based on psychochemical characteristics showed that increasing temperature decrease
iodine value, but increase saponification, and acid value, which means that higher extraction
temperature results in higher oil yield but lower oil quality. But in our case we could not perform
any characterization for this oil because lack of reagent and equipment happening on us.
Key Words: -Neem seed, Neem oil, Azadirachtaindica, pesticide, solvent extraction, kinin zaf.
June 10, 2016 vi

1 pesticide production from neem seed
1INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACK GROUND

Neem tree is belonged to Meliceae family, and grows rapidly in the tropic and semi-tropic
climate. It is also observed that this tree could survive in very dry and arid conditions. Neem tree
is an evergreen tree, but it may become leafless for a short period in certain conditions [1].It is
fast growing, can survive drought and poor soil and keeps its leaves all year round. It is a tall
tree, up to 30 m high, with leafy spreading branches. Many white flowers have smell of honey
appears for the first time when the tree is 2 to 3 years old, and the tree bears fruit after 3 to 5
years. The ripe fruit are about 2 cm long and oval shaped. Inside the fruit there is a light colored
seed about 1.5 cm long. Neem trees can be grown in areas which have between 400 mm and
1500mm of rain each year. It performs best at an altitude of less than1, 500m Neem trees will
survive very hot temperatures, up to 44°C and as low as 4°C[2].The tree species entered Ethiopia
at the beginning of 19 century. It is very versatile. It has medicinal value in addition to economic.
It can produce timber and firewood while at the same time absorbing carbon and helping with
land conservation. This tree is known in Ethiopia as KininZaf. Ethiopia has also a potential for
the plantation of Neem tree which grows in humid, arid, and hot places having an altitude of up
to 1,500 meters above sea level. The tree is available in many part of the country such as:-
Jijjiga,Mekele,Bahirdar,wolkite,Harar, Diredawa, Adama, Gambella etc. Mainly in Ethiopia the
neem tree bears a fruit starting from March. In developing countries, the losses of crops due
to pest, plant disease and competition from weeds is great. Pesticide produced to kill these
pests in order to prevent these damages, also tend to have adverse effects on humans in various
ways, most especially those produced from synthetic materials. Synthetic chemical pesticides are
chemical substances or mixtures used to control pests, including insects, fungi, molds and weed
plant species. The synthetic pesticide causes toxicological and environmental problems.
However, neem compound shows fewer side effects than convectional insecticides. It provides
ecologically sound methods to control fungal and bacterial diseases. Neem based pesticides are
suitable for use in developing countries because the useful chemicals can be easily removed from
the neem without the use of expensive and complicated equipment. Neem pesticides are also
systemic and do not induce pest resurgence unlike other synthetic insecticides. Every part of
Neem tree has also pesticide applications. Neem products are naturally available materials,
1
cheaper, and also safe for beneficial organisms. There are several methods to obtain Neem oil
from the seeds like mechanical pressing, supercritical fluid extraction, and solvent extraction.
Mechanical extraction is the most widely used method to extract Neem oil from Neem seed.
However, the oil produced with this method usually has a low price, since it turbid and contains
a significant amount of water and metals contents. Extraction using supercritical fluid, the oil
produced has very high purity; however, the operating and investment cost is high. Extraction
using solvent has several advantages. It gives higher yield and less turbid oil than mechanical
extraction, and relative low operating cost compared with supercritical fluid extraction [3].In our
project we use solvent extraction to extract the oil from neem seed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Insects, Pests, fungus and bacteria attack in agricultural crop are cause too heavy losses. In order
to protect them farmers are compelled to use synthetic pesticides but they have shown negative
effect on the environments and human health‘s as well as they kill beneficial insects. Neem does
not usually affect beneficial insects, for example those that eat crop pests. This is because neem
extracts must be eaten to take effect. Insects that feed on plant tissue are likely to be affected but
those that feed on nectar or other insects are unlikely to eat enough neem extract to be affected.
Beneficial insects include bees, parasitic wasps, spiders and ladybirds. Extraction of pesticide
from Neem seed is a very simple process even everyone can prepare it at home. Processing
Neem seed in small industrial scale also requires not complicated physical equipment and it is
cost effective in regarding energy and raw materials saving.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 General Objective

To extract pesticide from neem seed.
1.3.2 Specific objectives

To fulfill first degree requirements
To show all necessary steps for the extraction of pesticide from neem.
To produce neem pesticide in laboratory scale
To introduce low operating cost and environmentally sound method of extracting
pesticide
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To reduce the loss of crops due to insects, pests, fungus and bacteria
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project will contribute a way to extract neem pesticide from neem seed in laboratory scale.
The extraction process consists of treating the sample (neem seed powder) with hexane to get
high percentage of oil. It also indicate the possible way to produce environmentally friend
pesticide easily and with optimum cost.
1.5 LIMITATION
During this project work we was faced some challenges related to universities facilities, such as
lack of equipment in laboratory like grinder. We were used mortar and pestle to grind our
sample. The other challenge was we can‘t do any kind of characterization due to in availability
of chemical used for this purpose like iodine.
June 10, 2016 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORY OF NEEM

Neem is native to India and Burma. Common botanical name of neem tree is Azadirachtaindica.
Azadirachtaindica (syn. Antelaeaazadirachta, Meliaazadirachta) is a tree belonging to the
Meliaceae (mahogany) family. Its centers of origin lie in southern and southeastern Asia. Today
A. indica also occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, America, and Australia. During
the last 20 years neem has been introduced in many countries mainly for a forestation and
fuelwood production in dry areas, but also for other purposes, including use as an avenue or
shade tree and as a producer of natural pesticides. The wood is used as firewood and to produce
excellent-grade charcoal, and the oil is used as lamp oil throughout India. The timber, although it
has a rough grain and does not polish well, is used locally to make furniture. Its popularity in
being used to make furniture is partly due to its insect repellent properties, for insects are
deterred from coming near the furniture or the items inside. The wood is also popular for fencing
and construction. In addition, the tree bark has 12% to 14% tannins, which makes it a good
source for tanning chemicals. Neem has a well-developed root system that can extract nutrients
from lower soil levels, making it an important agent in erosion control because it is virtually
drought-resistant. Farmers in India use neem cake (the residue left after extracting oil from the
seeds) as an organic manure and soil amendment; it enhances the efficiency of nitrogen
fertilizers by reducing the rate of nitrification and hampering pests such as nematodes, fungi, and
insects. [4] The neem tree is also called Indian lilac, is an evergreen, or deciduous, fast-growing
plant which may reach a height of 30 meters. Although it has many uses, the most important use
for neem products is to fight against crop pests and diseases. Worldwide approximately one third
of crops in the field and in storage are lost to pests each year. Neem extracts contain a natural
chemical called azadirachtin. The substance is found in all parts of the tree.
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PROPAGATION
The tree is easily propagated-both sexually and vegetative. It can be planted using seeds,
seedlings, saplings, root suckers, or tissue culture. However, it is normally grown from seed,
either planted directly on the site or transplanted as seedlings from a nursery. The seeds are fairly
easy to prepare. The fruit drops from the trees by itself; the pulp, when wet, can be removed by
rubbing against a coarse surface; and (after washing with water) the clean, white seeds are
obtained. In certain nations-Togo and Senegal, for example people leave the cleaning to the fruit
bats and birds, who feed on the sweet pulp and then spit out the seeds under the trees. It is
reputed that neem seeds are not viable for long. It is generally considered that after 2-6 months in
storage they will no longer germinate. However, some recent observations of seeds that had been
stored in France indicated that seeds without endocarp had an acceptable germinated capacity
(42 percent) after more than 5 years.
Figure2. 1 Neem tree
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2.2 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
2.2.1 Overview of Neem in the world

The Neem tree is native to India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Senegal, Sri Lanka,
and Thailand. It has since been transplanted to many parts of the world, including several
countries in Africa, South America, Latin America, the Caribbean, Middle East, and others. In
the United States, Neem is grown in Florida and California. [4]
2.2.2 Overview of Neem in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is located in the tropical region as a result the weather condition makes a suitable
environment for the growth of Neem tree and about 65-75% of the conditions in Ethiopia are
appropriate for plantation of the tree. There are about 25 places that Neem tree has observed in
Ethiopia. Partially, it is found in the following regions,Amhara,Oromia,Gambella, Jigjiga, and
Humera etc. [4]
2.3 NEEM AND ENVIRONMENT

Neem compared to other species is well adapted to stress conditions [5]. It is also known to
increase soil fertility and water holding capacity. Thus the large scale plantation of neem trees
help to combat desertification, deforestation, soil erosion and to reduce excessive global
temperature [6]. Today, modern societies, finding themselves confounded in the web of their
creation, are willing to revert to nature for remedies and neem tree provides a promising means
in this matter [7]. Neem has high rate of photosynthesis and liberates more oxygen than many
other tree species, thus purifying the atmosphere [8]. The temperature under the neem has been
found to be ~10oC less than the surrounding temperature, during hot summer months in the
northern parts of India [7]. Over 10 km on the plains of Arafat, about 50,000 neem trees were
planted to provide shade for Muslim pilgrims during Hajj. A marked impact on the areas micro
climate, microflora, micro fauna and sand soil properties was noticed. The plantation when full
grown is expected to provide shade to about two million pilgrims [9].In areas of low rainfall and
high wind speed neem is useful as wind breaks. In the Maijia valley in Niger, 20% increase in
grain yield was observed in millet crops protected by double rows of neem trees providing 500
km of wind break. Large scale planting of neem has been initiated in the Kwimba afforestation
scheme in Tanzania. Neem plantations have been used for halting the spread of Sahara desert in
the countries from Somalia to Mauritania [7]. Completely grown neem tree yields about 10-100
June 10, 2016 6

tons of dried biomass/ha, comprised of leaves (50%) and fruits and wood (25% each). Neem
wood is durable and termite resistant and thus used in making poles for house construction,
furniture etc. In rural India, neem is a good source of firewood and fuel. Its charcoal has high
calorific value [7]. Neem has the ability to resprout after cutting and to regrow its canopy after
pollarding. Thus it is highly suited for pole production [9]. Neem leaf powder could be used as
bio sorbent for the removal of dyes like Congo red from water [10].
2.3.1 NEEM AND AGRICULTURE

Approximately one third of world‘s agricultural food stuffs get destroyed by more than 20,000
species of field and storage pests [11]. In India, pest infestation results in the loss of about Rs.
5000 crores worth of agricultural produce every year. To prevent this loss, large amounts of
synthetic pesticides are applied, out of which only 0.1% reaches the target pests and more than
99% contaminates the ecosystem [6]. In addition, synthetic pesticide usage has resulted in
development of resistant pests. Cost-effective, nontoxic, biodegradable, eco-friendly and
botanical ‗soft-pesticides‘ are the need of present day agriculture as an alternative to hazardous
and recalcitrant synthetic pesticides [6]. Neem tops the list of 2,400 plant species that are
reported to have be used as bio sorbent for the removal of dyes like pesticide properties and is
regarded as the most reliable source of eco-friendly bio pesticide property. Neem is also used as
a biocontrol agent to control many plant diseases [12]. The insecticides from neem are non-
phytotoxic with good shelf life and effective against a wide range of insects and pests. Neem
products are effective against more than350 species of arthropods, 12 species of nematodes, 15
species of fungi, three viruses, two species of snails and one crustacean species [13]. Two
tetracyclic triter penoids -meliantetyraolenone and odor atone isolated from neem exhibited
insecticidal activity against Anopheles Stephens [14]. Over 195 species of insects are affected by
neem extracts and insects that have become resistant to synthetic pesticides are also controlled
with these extracts. The apprehension that large-scale use of neem based insecticides may lead to
resistance among pests, as being observed with synthetic pesticides, has not been proved correct.
This is because the neem based insecticides have relatively weak contact effect in insects and
also they have unique mode of action on insect‘s life cycle and physiology [15].The dependency
on synthetic chemicals during early and middle twentieth century has prompted the large scale
synthesis of newer chemicals. Many a times, the side effects of the synthetic pesticides are more
June 10, 2016 7

serious than problems themselves. They are also known to cause health problems in farmers of
both developed and developing countries.
2.3.2 VETERINARY USES

In India, neem has been used for centuries to provide health cover to live stock in various forms.
It has also been very widely used as animal feed. The epic of Mahabharata (3000 B.C.) refers to
two pandava brothers Nakul and Sahadeva, who used to treat wounded horses and elephants with
neem oil and leaves‘ preparations. Neem extracts havingantiulcer, antibacterial, antiviral
properties are used successfully to treat cases of stomach worms,ulcers, cutaneous diseases,
intestinal helminthiasis. All parts of neem viz., gum, bark, leaves, fruits, seeds are used to treat
animals. Neem leaves have been mainly used as antiviral agents against vaccinia, variola, foul
fox and new castle disease viruses. The hot infusion of leaves is used to treat swollen glands,
bruises and sprains. Bark is effective against cutaneous diseases. Seed and kernel oil are used as
antiseptic, antifungal and antibacterial agents. Neem oil has anti hyperglycemic effect [7].
Alcohol and aqueous extracts of flowers of neem exhibits lethal effect against cattle filarial
parasite Seteria cervix [16]. Livestock insects such as maggots, horn flies, blowflies and biting
flies are controlled traditionally using neem [7]. Neem leaves, neem oil and de-oiled neem seed
cake are used as animal feed. Neem leaves contain appreciable amount of proteins, minerals,
carotene and adequate amount of trace minerals except zinc. They also have appreciable amount
of digestible crude proteins (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Thus cattle, buffaloes,
goat, sheep, camel are fed with neem leaves. Neem oil which is rich in long chain fatty acids is
used in poultry feed. De oiled Neem seed cake is rich in essential amino acids, crude proteins,
fiber contents, Sulphur and nitrogen. The processed cake has good appetizer and wormicidal
activity and can be used as an excellent poultry feed [7].
2.4 PESTICIDES
Pesticide is a chemical substance designed to kill or retard the growth of pests that damage or
interfere with the growth of crops, shrubs, trees, timber and other vegetation desired by humans.
Practically all chemical pesticides, however, are poisons and pose long-term danger to the
environment and humans through their persistence in nature or body tissue. Most of the
pesticides are non-specific and may kill life forms that are harmless or useful [17].
June 10, 2016 8

2.4.1 Pesticides in environment

Pesticides sprayed onto crops reach their targets, the rest enter the atmosphere by spray drift,
volatilization from soil or water, surface runoff, biotransformation by microorganisms, plants,
animals, bio magnification through food chain and photodecomposition [18]. One of the major
environmental aspects is the effect of sunlight that may lead to various photo processes and to
photo products which are mostly different from parent pesticides in the environmental properties
and toxicological significance. The quantum of light energy emitted from the radiation is
absorbed by pesticides in environment and this raises the energy state of the molecule, causes
excitation of electrons leading to formation or disruption of chemical bonds [19].
2.4.2 PESTICIDES: SYNTHETIC VS NATURAL

Pests refer to the living organisms that occur unwanted or cause damage to the crops. Insects,
mice and other animals, unwanted plants (weeds), fungi, microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, and prions etc. are included in pests. By definition, according to Food and Agricultural
Organization [FAO]) and the World Health Organization (WHO: UNO, 1963), a pesticide is a
substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or to mitigate any pest
including unwelcome species of plants or animals; during production and/or storage,
transportation, distribution and elaboration of food; agricultural products or food for animals; or
that may be administered to animals to fight ectoparasite. The thermal so includes herbicides and
compounds used as growth regulators, insecticides, fungicides, defoliants, desiccants, and
inhibitors of fruit thinning and germination. Pesticides include a wide variety of components and
display a broad spectrum of chemical properties (biopesticideindustryalliance.org). Pesticides are
classified in different ways. According to the source of origin, they may be of synthetic
(Chemical) or natural (bio-pesticide). Another way of naming of pesticides is directly by the type
of pests they control, e.g.
 Algaecides to control algae

 Antifouling agents to kill or repel organisms that attach to underwater surfaces
 Antimicrobials to kill microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses).
 Attractants to attract pests (for example, to lure an insect or rodent to a trap). (However,
food is not considered a pesticide when used as an attractant.)
 Molluscicides to kill snails and slugs,
June 10, 2016 9

 Nematicides to kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on

plantroots).
 Ovicides to kill eggs of insects and mites.
 Pheromones to disrupt the mating behavior of insects.
 Repellents to repel pests, including insects (such as mosquitoes) and birds.
 Rodenticides to control mice and other rodents etc.
Chemical pesticides are usually classified by their common source or production method. There
are four basic types of chemical pesticides that are most commonly used-
(I) Organophosphate pesticides (ii) Carbamate pesticides (iii) Organo chlorine pesticides
(IV) Pyrethroids pesticides. Both organophosphate and carbamate pesticides affect the nervous
system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. DDT and
chlordane are the example of organochlorides which have been removed from the market due to
their health, environmental effects and their persistence. Pyrethrin, a natural pesticide, is
obtained from chrysanthemums. Pyrethroid pesticides are developed synthetic products of
pyrethrins. Organochlorides (DDT, dieldrin and aldrin) have high persistence in the environment
of up to about 15 years. Organophosphates (parathion, carbaryl and Malathion) have an
intermediate persistence of several months Carbamates (Tenik, Zectran and Zineb) have a low
persistence of around two weeks. Synthetic pyrethroids are non-persistent, contact and residual
acting insecticides (cypermethrin, permethrin) and are suitable for a wide range of crops and
target insects. Most pesticides are broad-spectrum, that is they kill all insects in a certain area and
may kill other animals like birds and small mammals. A bio-pesticide, according to FAO
definition is - a compound that kills organisms by virtue of specific biological effects rather than
as a broader chemical poison. Differ from biocontrol agents in being passive agents, whereas
biocontrol agents actively seek the pest. The rationale behind replacing conventional pesticides
with bio-pesticides is that the latter are more likely to be selective and biodegradable. Bio-
pesticides are derived from natural materials like animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.
For example, garlic, mint, neem, papaya, canola oil, baking soda etc. All have pesticide
applications and are considered bio-pesticides. Almost all the bio pesticides are categorized
among the three major groups such as (I) microbial pesticides (ii) plant-incorporated-protectants
(PIPs) (iii) biochemical pesticides. According to the U. Environmental Protection Agency
June 10, 2016 10

(USEPA), at the end of 1998, there were approximately175 registered bio pesticide active
ingredients and 700 products. At the end of 2001, there were approximately 195 registered bio-
pesticide active ingredients and 780 products. The most commonly used bio-pesticides are living
organisms (bacteria, viruses and fungi) which are pathogenic for the pest of interest. These
include bio fungicides (Trichoderma), bio herbicides (Phytopthora) and bioinsecticides (Bacillus
thuringiensis). [20]
2.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bio pesticides and chemical pesticides

Botanical pesticides also offer various means of combating insects resistant to products currently
available. Almost all synthetic pesticides rely on neurotoxic agents, meaning they attack the
nervous system of insects. But tropical plants have over time developed literally Pesticides in the
Modern World – Pesticides Use and Management 194 thousands of weapons that kill insects in
other ways. For example, the makabuhay vine, which grows in the Philippines, burns insects
using a chemical that absorbs sunlight. Synthetic pesticides are rapidly losing their effectiveness.
To date, hundreds of insect species have developed resistance to at least one pesticide formula
and a dozen or so species are immune to them all. Some scientists fear that pesticide
manufacturers will eventually be unable to outwit insects. Chemical pesticides do suffer from
several disadvantages due to which the use of bio-pesticides is preferred. Some of the
disadvantages associated with the chemical pesticides are I. Environmental pollution,
ii. Creating health hazards due to the presence of the pesticide residues in food, fiber and
fodder
iii. Development of resistance by the insects.
According to World Health Organization estimates, up to 20,000 people die of pesticide

poisoning in the Third World each year. Some synthetic pesticides are accumulating in soil and
groundwater where they threaten the health of entire ecosystems.
In contrast, the bio-pesticides offer several advantages over synthetic pesticides which are
I. Bio-pesticides are less harmful tjkiohan chemical pesticides because bio-pesticides do

not leave harmful residues,
June 10, 2016 11

ii. Bio-pesticides generally target one specific pest or a small number of related pests in
contrast to broad spectrum chemical pesticides which affect, apart from the pest, other
beneficial insects, birds, mammals or non-target species.
iii. Bio-pesticides are effective in smaller quantities, decompose quickly and do not cause
environmental problems.
iv. When used in Integrated Pest Management programs, bio-pesticides can greatly
reduce the use of conventional pesticides, while the crop yield remains high. Bio-
pesticides are often cheaper than chemical pesticides. [20]
2.5 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES

Botanical pesticides are naturally occurring chemicals extracted from plants. Natural pesticide
products are available as an alternative to synthetic chemical formulations. Plant extracts and
essential oils come under the category of ―Green pesticides‖ as they are safe, eco-friendly and
more compatible with environmental components compared to synthetic pesticides. There are
four major types of botanical products used for insect control (pyrethrum, rotenone, neem, and
essential oils). [21]
2.6NEEMEXCELLENT SOURCE OF PESTICIDES

Neem contains 40 different active compounds called liminoids. The main active ingredient of
neem seed is Azadirachtin. It exhibits anti feed ant, insect repellent and insect sterilization
properties. Insects treated with Azadirachtin during the larval and pupa stages, comprising 60 –
70 percent of their lives, generally die within 3 – 14 days. Unlike chemical insecticides, it works
on the insect‘s hormonal system, not on the digestive or nervous system, and it is claimed that
this does not lead to development of resistance in future generations. Because azadirachtin had a
multi-modal action, it is unlikely that an insect species would develop resistance based on one
mode of action. This is in contrast to most synthetic pesticides with operating on the insect‘s
nervous system and resistance to one chemical leads to resistance to all others with the same
reaction pathway [22].
2.7 WHAT'S IN A NEEM

Neem protects itself from the multitude of pests with a multitude of pesticide ingredients. Its
main chemical broadside is a mixture of 3or4 related compounds, and it backs these up with 20
June 10, 2016 12

or so others that are minor but nonetheless active in one way or another. In the main, these
compounds belong to a general class of natural products called "triterpenes"; more specifically,
"limonoid."
LIMONOIDS
So far, at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth,
affecting a range of species that includes some of the deadliest pests of agriculture and human
health. New limonoids are still being discovered in neem, but azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol,
and nimbin are the best known and, for now at least, seem to be the most significant.
Azadirachtin
One of the first active ingredients isolated from neem, azadirachtin has proved to be the tree's
main agent for battling insects. It appears to cause some 90 percent of the effect on most pests. It
does not kill insects-at least not immediately. Instead it both repels and disrupts their growth and
reproduction. It will reduce the feeding of many species of pest insects as well as some
nematodes. In fact, it is so potent that a mere trace of its presence prevents some insects from
even touching plants. Azadirachtin is structurally similar to insect hormones called "ecdysones,"
which control the process of metamorphosis as the insects pass from larva to pupa to adult.
Meliantriol
Another feeding inhibitor, meliantriol, is able, in extremely low concentrations, to cause insects
to cease eating. The demonstration of its ability to prevent locusts chewing on crops was the first
scientific proof for neem's traditional use for insect control on India's crops.
Salannin
Yet a third triter penoid isolated from neem is salannin. Studies indicate that this compound also
powerfully inhibits feeding, but does not influence insect molts. Fhe migratory locust, California
red scale, striped cucumber beetle, houseflies, and the Japanese beetle have been strongly
deterred in both laboratory and field tests.
June 10, 2016 13

Nimbin and Nimbidin
Two more neem components, nimbin and nimbidin, have been found to have antiviral activity.
They affect potato virus X, vaccinia virus, and fowl pox virus. They could perhaps open a way to
control these and other viral diseases of crops and livestock. Nimbidin is the primary component
of the bitter principles obtained when neem seeds are extracted with alcohol. It occurs in sizable
quantities-about 2 percent of the kernel.
Others
Certain minor ingredients also work as anti-hormones. Research has shown that some of these
minor neem chemicals even paralyze the ―Swallowing mechanism" and so prevent insects from
eating. Examples of these newly found limonoids from neem include deacety lazadirachtinol.
This ingredient, isolated from fresh fruits, appears to be as effective as azadirachtin in assays
against the tobacco budworm, but it has not yet been widely tested in field practice. ‗Striped
cucumber beetle, houseflies, and the Japanese beetle have been strongly deterred in both
laboratory and field tests. [23]
2.8 IMPORTANCE OF NEEM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS
2.8.1 Neem Leaves
Figure 2. 2 neem leaves

An easily available resource, Neem leaves are evergreen, available throughout the year. Neem
leaves enhance biological functions by strengthening the immune system, boosting respiratory
functions, improves digestive health, and supports the liver by getting rid of the unwanted toxins
in the blood.
June 10, 2016 14

2. 8.2 Neem kernel

Cosmetic industry: - Manufacturing of skin products
Agriculture industry: - pesticide, insecticide, crop and plant protection
Figure 2.3 Neem tree kernels
2.8.3 Neem seed

Pharmaceutical industry: - Drug and medicine: pimples
Cosmetic industry: -Skin creams, moisturizers, face packs
Agriculture industry: -Pesticide, insecticide
2.8.4 Neem flower

Pharmaceutical industry: -Manufacturing of drugs
Cosmetic industry: - as an astringent, facial cream
Agriculture industry: -Honey
2.8.5 Neem oil

Cosmetic industry: Skin product, body lotion, beauty facial care
Agriculture industry: -Pesticide, insecticide, fungicide.
June 10, 2016 15

2.9 EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM NEEM SEED
2.9.1 Essential oils

Essential oils from Neem trees are the volatile, organic constituents of plant matter and
contribute to both medicinal and agricultural usage. These oils were termed essential because
they were thought to represent the very essence in pharmaceutical, cosmetic as well as
agricultural purposes. Volatile oils are chemically complex mixtures, often containing in excess
of hundreds of individual components. Unlike Neem oil, most Essential oils have one to several
major components which impart the characteristic odor and taste such as sweet and spicy, but
Neem oil has bitter taste. However, there are also many minor constituents which also play their
part in producing the final product. (Abdullah, 2009).Chemically, the essential oils are a complex
and highly variable mixture of constituent‘s that belong to two groups: terpenoids and aromatic
compounds. The name terpene is derived from the English word ―Turpentine‖ (Guenther, 1952;
Guenther, 1985). The terpenes are the unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a distinct
architectural and chemical relation to the simple isoprene molecule (CH2==C (CH3)—
CH==CH2).Chemical analysis of essential oils is generally performed using gas chromatography
(GC) (qualitative analysis) and gas chromatography –mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
(quantitativeanalysis). Identification of the main components is carried out by the comparison of
both the GC retention times and the MS data against those of the reference standards, Kovats
retention indices (KI) and comparison with previous literature (Adams, 2001).
2.10 SOURCES AND ISOLATION OF OILS

Essential oils are isolated from different aromatic plants across the world where they are
esteemed as an imperative component of the native medicine systems. These essential oils can be
produced in almost all plant organs such as flowers, buds, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds and roots
etc. These are accumulated in secretary cells, cavities, channels, and epidemic cells (Burt, 2004).
Almost all odoriferous plants contain essential oils. The raw material from which essential oils
are manufactured may be fresh, partially dehydrated or dried (Oz can, 2003).The extraction of
the essential oil depends mainly on the rate of diffusion of the oil through the plant tissues to an
exposed surface from where the oil can be removed by a number of processes. There are
different methods, depending upon the stability of the oil, for the extraction of the oil from the
plant materials. The essential oils obtained by steam distillation or by cold-pressed are generally
preferred for food and pharmacological applications. Due to the bactericidal and fungicidal
June 10, 2016 16

properties of essential oils, their pharmaceutical and food uses are becoming increasing
important as alternatives to synthetic chemical products to protect the ecological equilibrium
(Burt, 2004). The extracted oils can vary in quality, quantity and in the chemical composition
depending upon the agro climate, plant organ, age and vegetative cycle stage (Masotti et al.,
2003).The complexity of the essential oils is a real challenge for determining their reliable and
accurate compositional data. The rapid advances in spectroscopic and chromatographic
techniques have totally changed the picture of chemical study of essential oils. Many techniques
have been used for studying the chemical profiles of essential oil e.g. IR-spectroscopy, UV-
spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The increasing importance of
essential oils in various domains of human activities including pharmacy, cosmetics,
aromatherapy, and food and beverages industry has prompted an extensive need of reliable
methods for analyses of essential oils. The combination of gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) allows rapid and reliable identification of essential oils components. The
yield and the quality of the essential oil are considerably affected by processing methods used for
their handling and storage. The essential oils are enclosed in oil glands present in the cellular
structure of the plant materials. Although essential oils may be produced from an endemic
population, there can be several reasons why the composition and thus, the essential oil quality
from aromatic plants might differ greatly. Genetic, physiological and environmental factors as
well as processing conditions may play an important role while defining the chemistry and
chemical composition of essential oils.
2.11EXTRACTION METHODS OF NEEM OIL

Quality of neem oil depends on the type of extraction. Manufacturing of neem oil includes the
collection of raw materials for the extraction and selection of extraction method. Neem oil is
extracted from neem leaf and need seed. Neem seed is widely used in the extraction process
instead of neem leaf as the oil content is found to be more in seeds than in the leaf.
Traditional methods of extracting Neem oil Neem oil can be extracted traditionally at home
using cold pressed extraction by hand and around 100 to 150 mgs of oil for every 1 kilogram of
Neem seed. To press Neem oil by hand, the kernels of the Neem seed should be crushed in a mill
or pound in a mortar. Add a small amount of water until the mixture forms a firm paste that can
be kneaded. Knead the paste until oil drops form on the surface and press firmly to extract the
June 10, 2016 17

oil. The kneading and pressing should be continued in turn until the maximum amount of oil is
removed. The oil content of the seed kernel is about 45%, even though preparation of the oil at
home possible, but this traditional method of processing Neem oil was not effective on percent
yield. (The Neem tree, HDRA - the organic organization).Neem oil extraction is also done by
Mechanical pressing, Steam pressure extraction and Solvent extraction. Mechanical pressing
extraction consists of grade wise separation of seeds. Grading of seeds is done according to the
amount of oil content in the seeds and with sizes as well. Firstly, the fruits are collected in a
drum, and the kernels are separated to obtain the seeds. Later the seeds are woven dried and then
feed into the oil extracting machine in case of mechanical pressing method. The neem oil is
obtained by pressing it mechanically and collected in a drum. Thus filtration is done to remove
the various unwanted particles left in the extracted oil in order to obtain pure neem oil. In case of
Steam pressure extraction method, the neem seeds after the drying process are feed into the
steam boiler. This process makes the extraction process easier. The seeds get swollen by
steaming thus the oil in squeezing becomes easy. The process of steaming is accompanied by
increasing of pressure in the boiler which drives the oil out from the seed without any pressing.
In some industries, the left seed's kernels after the steam boiling is pressed to further extraction
of oil up to 98% leaving just the outer layer of the seeds. The same filtering process is followed
as done in the mechanical pressing method. The solvent extraction method can be applied
directly to any low oil content raw materials. It can also be used to extract pre-pressed oil cakes
obtained from high oil content materials. Because of the high percentage of recovered oil,
solvent extraction has become the most popular method of extraction of oils. The extraction
process consists of treating the raw material with hexane and recovering the oil by distillation of
the resulting solution of oil in n-hexane called miscella. Evaporation and condensation from the
distillation of miscella recovers the n-hexane absorbed in the material is re used for extraction.
Filtrate was heated and evaporated to obtain solvent-free oil. In the method of solvent extraction,
it is seen that the purest form of neem oil is obtained along with the presence of active
compounds. The oil extracted using solvent extraction method seems to be lighter in color as
well as odor when compared with other methods.
June 10, 2016 18

3 MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Some of the lists of chemicals and apparatus we have used during our project work are
listed below:
o 250ml Hexane
o Separator funnel
o Beaker
o Stirrer
o Water
o Mortar and pestle
o Balance
o Bottle
3.2 PROCEDURES
Neem seed was obtained from gubrie. Impurities were removed manually. 500 gm of neem seed
was soaked in 1liter of water for 24hr and then the flesh part was removed off from the seed
easily. The neem seed is grinded gently by using mortar and pestle. The pounded neem seed
powder is gathered in a beaker and mixed, soaked for 48hr.The soaked sample was diluted by
water and filtered by using separator funnel, the impurities was removed and the sample was
filtered again for further clarification. Finally, the brownish yellow color oil that function as
pesticide is withdrawn from the funnel.
June 10, 2016 19

3.2 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
Neemseed weighing the Immersing the

collection collected seed
seed in a water
Removing
the outer coat
of the seed
Grinding
Mixing
Filtering
neem oil
3.3PROCESS FLOW DESCRIPTION
3.3.1 Neem seed collection

Neem seed is collected from gubrie. The seeds that are used for preparation of neem oil extract
should be at least 3 months old and should not be used after 8-10 months. Before 3 months or
after 8 months, the azadirachtin quantity is quite low in the seed and hence it cannot efficiently
be used for pest control.
June 10, 2016 20

Figure 3.1 neem seed collection
3.3.2 Weighing the collected seed

The collected seed is weighed by digital balance and become 700gm.
3.3.3 Immersing the collected seed

The seed is immersed in a water for 24hr in order to remove the cover of the seed easily.
3.3.4 Removing the external cover

The external cover of the seed is removed manually.
Figure 3.2 (A) seed with external cover (B) seed without external cover
June 10, 2016 21

3.3.5 Grinding
The seed grinded gently by using mortar and pestle.
Figure 3.3 grinding using mortar and pestle
3.3.6 Mixing
250gr of neem seed powder is mixed with 100ml hexane in a beaker and stirred before remain
for 48hr.
f
Figure 3.4 (A) Material for mixing (B) Sample Mixing
(C) Mixed sample after 48 hr.
June 10, 2016 22

3.3.7 Filtering
The mixed sample is filtered by using separator funnel to separate the cake, liquid oil. The
second filtration was taken place for further clarification.
Figure 3.5 Filtration by using separator funnel
3.3.8 Neem oil
Neem Oil or Neem Seed Oil is a Brownish Yellow color Liquid, with smell of Garlic.
Figure 3.6 Neem oil
June 10, 2016 23

4 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE PESTICIDE

Azadirachtin is the most active. It reduces insect feeding and acts as a repellent. It also interferes
with insect hormone systems, making it harder for insects to grow and lay eggs. Neem oil has
many complex active ingredients. Rather than being simple poisons, those ingredients are similar
to the hormones that insects produce. Insects take up the neem oil ingredients just like natural
hormones. Neem enters the system and blocks the real hormones from working properly. Insects
"forget" to eat, to mate, or they stop laying eggs. Some forget that they can fly. If eggs are
produced they don't hatch, or the larvae don't moult. Obviously insects that are too confused to
eat or breed will not survive. The population eventually plummets, and they disappear. The cycle
is broken. Insects must eat the treated plant to be killed. Therefore, bees and other pollinators are
not likely to be harmed.
4.1 EFFECTS ON INSECTS

The growing accumulation of experience demonstrates that neem products work by intervening
at several stages of an insect's life. The ingredients from this tree approximate the shape and
structure of hormones vital to the lives of insects (not to mention some other invertebrates and
even some microbes). The bodies of these insects absorb the neem compounds as if they were
the real hormones, but this only blocks their endocrine systems. The resulting deep-seated
behavioral and physiological aberrations leave the insects so confused in brain and body that
they cannot reproduce and their populations plummet. Increasingly, approaches of this kind are
seen as desirable methods of pest control: pests don't have to be killed instantly if their
populations can be incapacitated in ways that are harmless to people and the planet as a whole.
Neem seed extracts are known to act on various insects in the following ways:
 Disrupting or inhibiting the development of eggs, larvae, or pupae;

 Blocking the molting of larvae or nymphs;
 Disrupting mating and sexual communication;
 Repelling larvae and adults;
June 10, 2016 24

 Deterring females from laying eggs;

 " Sterilizing adults;" Poisoning larvae and adults;
 Deterring feeding;
 Blocking the ability to "swallow" (that is, reducing the motility of the gut);" Sending
metamorphosis awry at various stages
 Inhibiting the formation of chitin.
4.2 EFFECTS BENEFICIAL INSECTS

Neem seems remarkably benign to spiders, butterflies, and insects such as bees that pollinate
crops and trees, ladybugs that consume aphids, and wasps that act as parasites on various crop
pests. In the main, this is because neem products must be ingested to be effective. Thus, insects
that feed on plant tissues succumb, while those that feed on nectar or other insects rarely contact
significant concentrations of neem products. [24]
June 10, 2016 25

5 MATERIAL BALANCE
Note: All material balances had performed based on the experimental work in the laboratory.
700g Dryer 500g Removal of 300g 100g

Grinding
flesh part
200g 200g 200g

Total Material Balance
Accumulation=Input – output + Generation- Consumption
Since we have no accumulation and generation
Input =output +consumption (Waste)
700g=100g+ (200+200+200) g
700g=700g
Step one Material balance on mixer
M2
M
Mixer
M1 M3
Where
M1=mass of sample (neem seed powder) =100g
M2=mass of hexane
M3=mass of mixed sample
M1=M2+M3
M2=Density of hexane *volume of hexane
M2=654.8kg/m3*100ml
June 10, 2016 26

Volume of hexane 1L/1000ml*100ml*1m3/1000l=0.0001m3

M2=654.8kg/m3*0.0001m3=0.06548kg=65.48g
M3=M1+M2
100g+65.48g=165.48g
Step two material balance on dilution Using water
M4
M3 M5
Dilution
M4=Density of water* volume of water

Where M4 is mass of water volume of water used=1L=0.001m3
M5 is of diluted sample 1000kg/m3*0.001m3 =1kg=1000g
M3+M4=M5
165.48g+1000g=1165.48g
Step three material balance on filtration
M6
M5
First filtration
m
m
m
M7 M6-mass of filtrate
M7-mass of filter cake
Volume of filtrate by reading from separator funnel=250ml
M6=density of water*volume of filtrate 1l*250ml/1000ml*1m3/1000l=0.00025m3
1000kg/m3*0.00025m3=0.25kg=250g
M5=M6+M7
M7=M5-M6=1165.48g-250g=915.48g M6
Second filtration
Step four material balance on second filtration M8
M9
June 10, 2016 27

Volume of second filtrate by reading from separator funnel=50ml

1l*50ml/1000ml* 1m3/1000l=0.00005m3
M8=1000kg/m3*0.00005m3=0.05kg=50g
M6=M8+M9
M9=M6-M8=250g-50g=200g
June 10, 2016 28

6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Determination of Moisture Content
The sample was weighed before and after drying by sun light and their initial and final masses
Were noted. The difference in mass gave the individual moisture contents by employing the
formula:
Percentage of moisture content=M1-M2*100
M2
Where, M1 = Initial mass; 700-500*100=40%
M2 = Final mass 500
Determination of Percentage Yield
Percentage yield=mass of extracted oil*100 = 50g*100=50g
Initial mass of sample used 100g
Table 1 Moisture content of neem seed
sample weight in gram Moisture content Waste
Neem seed with 700 - 200

moisture
Dry neem seed 500 40% 200
Neem seed without peel 300 - 200
Neem seed powder 100 - 200
Table 2 Mass of filtrate, filter cake and percentage yield of oil.
mass of filtrate mass of filer cake
first filtration 250g 915.48g

second filtration 50g 200g
percentage yield 50% -
Neem seed was collected from gubrie, on April 2016, impurities like stone dust were removed by
hands. The seeds that are used for preparation of neem oil extract should be at least 3 months old
and should not be used after 8-10 months. Before 3 months or after 8 months, the azadirachtin
June 10, 2016 29

quantity is quite low in the seed and hence it cannot efficiently be used for pest control therefore
Seasonal and maturity variations affect the oil yield. We were observing that the reason to get
concentrated oil was treating the sample (neem seed power) with hexane and remaining for a
long time which is 48hr.so, this indicate the effect of time on oil yield. The part of the plant
(neem tree) which is used for extracting is leading a variation on yield oil. Thus the extract by
using neem seed is better when compared to leaves. From our material balance calculation we
were discussed that the mass of filter cake on the first filtration was 915.48g and second filtration
200g.from this we were observed that there was loss on the filter cake, even though there is loss
the filter cake can be used for fertilizer, but in our case we only show that the possibility for
getting pesticide. We were also observed that better oil yield can be found if we extract by using
kernel, but the absence of decorticating machine is limited us.
June 10, 2016 30

7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Note: -The economic analysis we done based on lab scale and the material balance calculation.
Raw Materials
The principal raw materials neem seed which is harvested from neem tree. The solvent used was
n-hexane.
Utility
The major utilities used on this project is only water.
Table 3 list of utility
Utility Unit quantity cost(Birr)

Water liter 1 10
List of equipment
Table 4 list of equipment
No Description Quantity
1 Separator funnel 1
2 Mortar and pestle 1
3 Stirrer 1
4 Bottle 1
5 Beaker 3
6 Balance 1
All list of equipment we were used are obtained from laboratory. We were extract 100ml of
pesticide oil. Purchase cost for 100ml of hexane is 5birr and 1Lof water is 10birr.The expense
cost for extraction is totally 15birr. The sell price unit of our product is 30birr for 100ml of
pesticide oil. Therefore, the extracting cost and sell price is optimum, thus our project is
profitable.
June 10, 2016 31

Based on data obtained from people used synthetic pesticide the cost of 1L/hectare is 600birr.
These pesticides:
Reduce soil fertility
High cost
Cause environmental hazards, like poisons
Kill the beneficial insects like bee
But neem oil pesticides:
Increase soil fertility
Low cost
Eco friend
Systematic mode of action (not affect beneficial insects).
June 10, 2016 32

8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
8.1 RECOMMENDATION
Ethiopian government introduce pesticide chemicals from abroad to control them. All the
imported from abroad are cost in efficient and have side effect on the environment. To save
expense of hard currency for importing pesticide chemicals and to increase the agricultural
productivity, the industries producing pesticide from neem should be installed in Ethiopia, since
the raw material is available in sufficient manner and the operating process is not complex.
Neem pesticides can be an excellent investment opportunity, in view of eco-friendly nature of
the product, it can be used in relevant and growth oriented sectors such as pesticides export
prospects. Finally, it is advisable to use extracts of Neem seed using n-hexane as a solvent for
insect sides because of the toxicity of n- hexane.
8.2 CONCLUSION
There are different methods of essential oil extraction from neem seed. In our project we use
solvent extraction method by using hexane. The extracted oil is golden yellow color with odor
smell and the percentage oil yield obtained was 50%.the quality of the oil could be affected due
to several reason, like impurities with neem seed and solvents. We were spray the neem oil
obtained on cockroach and observing that it was taken almost 3days to kill, but this not indicate
the weakness of neem oil when compared to roach killer, since neem oil is very systematic to
work on insects rather than roach killers by entering their hormones and affect their cycles like to
eat, mate, laying eggs.
June 10, 2016 33

REFERENCES
[1] ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences EXTRACTION OF NEEM OIL
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss) USING N-HEXANE AND ETHANOL: STUDIES OF OIL
QUALITY, KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC
[2] HDRA - the organic organization -The Neem Tree
[3] ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences EXTRACTION OF NEEM OIL
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss) USING N-HEXANE AND ETHANOL: STUDIES OF OIL
QUALITY, KINETIC AND THERMODYNAMIC
[4] Agro Forestry Tree Database
[5] Kumar, R.V., Gupta, V.K., (2002) Thrust on neem is need of today. In: Employment news,
July 20 26.New Delhi, India.
[6] Sateesh, M.K., (1998) Microbiological investigationson die-back disease of neem

(Azadirachta indica A.Juss.). Ph.D. thesis. University of Mysore. Mysore,India.
[7] Anonymous., (2006) Neem – Growing neem, organic farming, health, animal health,
environmental use, and home uses, economic potential, patents, new bazaars, research papers,
world neem conference. Neem foundation (Internet) Mumbai, India – [cited2006 Jun 20].
[8] Nigam, S.K., Mishra, G., Sharma, A., (1994) Neem: A promising natural insecticide. Appl
Bot Abstr, 14: 35-46.
[9] Ahmed, S., Bamofleh, M., Munshi, A., (1989) Cultivation of neem (Azadirachta indica) in
Saudi Arabia. Econ Bot, 43: 35-38.
[10] Anonymous., (1992) Neem – A tree for solving global problems. National Academy Press,
Washington D.C., U.S.A.
[11] Bhattacharyya, K.G., Sharma, A., (2004) Azadirachta indica leaf powder as an effective bio
sorbent for dyes: a case study with aqueous Congo red solutions. JEnviron Manage, 71: 217-229.
[12] Mc Ewen, F.L., (1978) Food production – the challenge of pesticides. Bio Sci, 28: 773-777.
June 10, 2016 34

[13] Kak, R.D., (2000) Biocontrol of plant diseases through neem. In: Proceedings of
InternationalConference on Integrated Plant DiseaseManagement for Sustainable Agriculture (Vol. I).
IndianPsychopathological Society, IARI, New Delhi, India, pp. 368-369.
[14] Nigam, S.K., Mishra, G., Sharma, A., (1994) Neem: A promising natural insecticide. Appl Bot
Abstr, 14: 35-46.
[15] Siddiqui, B.S., Afshan, F., Gulzar, T., et al., (2003) Tetracyclic triterpenoids from the leaves of
Azadirachta indica and their insecticidal activities. Hem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 51: 415-417.
[16] Anonymous., (1992) Neem – A tree for solving global problems. National Academy Press,
Washington D.C.U.S.A.
[17] Mishra, V., Parveen, N., Singhal, K.C., et al., (2005) Ant filarial activity of Azadirachta indica on
cattle filarial parasite Seteria cervix. Fitoterapia 76: 54-61.
[18] Wilkinson CF (1976) Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology. Plenum Press. New
York.
[19] Plant Based Pesticides: Green Environment with Special Reference to Silk Worms Dipsikha
Bora, Bulbuli Khanikor and Hiren Gogoi.
[20] Nirmala Devi1 and Tarun K. Maji2 Gauhati University, Guwahati Tezpur University, Napaam India
[21]Nebil El-Wakeil, Botanical Pesticide and Their mode of action
University, Napaam India
[22]World Distribution and Trade in neem products with reference to their potential in china
[23] Wilkinson CF (1976) Insecticide Biochemistry and Physiology. Plenum Press. NewYork.
[24]NEEM A Tree for Solving Global Problems Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Board on Science and
Technology for International Development National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.
June 10, 2016 35

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pesticide production from neem seed

Submitted to Wolkite University in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science

Students Name Signature

Name of Advisor Signature Date

June 10, 2016 i

June 10, 2016 ii

June 10, 2016 iii

2.10 Sources and Isolation of oils ........................................................................................................... 16

June 10, 2016 iv

List of Tables Page

June 10, 2016 v

June 10, 2016 vi

1.1 BACK GROUND

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3.1 General Objective

1.3.2 Specific objectives

June 10, 2016 2

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

June 10, 2016 3

2.1 HISTORY OF NEEM

June 10, 2016 4

Figure2. 1 Neem tree

June 10, 2016 5

2.2 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

2.2.1 Overview of Neem in the world

2.2.2 Overview of Neem in Ethiopia

2.3 NEEM AND ENVIRONMENT

June 10, 2016 6

2.3.1 NEEM AND AGRICULTURE

June 10, 2016 7

2.3.2 VETERINARY USES

June 10, 2016 8

2.4.1 Pesticides in environment

2.4.2 PESTICIDES: SYNTHETIC VS NATURAL

 Algaecides to control algae

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 Nematicides to kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on

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2.4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of bio pesticides and chemical pesticides

According to World Health Organization estimates, up to 20,000 people die of pesticide

I. Bio-pesticides are less harmful tjkiohan chemical pesticides because bio-pesticides do

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2.5 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES

2.6NEEMEXCELLENT SOURCE OF PESTICIDES

2.7 WHAT'S IN A NEEM

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Nimbin and Nimbidin

2.8 IMPORTANCE OF NEEM TREE AND ITS PRODUCTS

2.8.1 Neem Leaves

Figure 2. 2 neem leaves

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2. 8.2 Neem kernel

Agriculture industry: - pesticide, insecticide, crop and plant protection

Figure 2.3 Neem tree kernels

2.8.3 Neem seed

Cosmetic industry: -Skin creams, moisturizers, face packs

Agriculture industry: -Pesticide, insecticide

2.8.4 Neem flower

Cosmetic industry: - as an astringent, facial cream

Agriculture industry: -Honey

2.8.5 Neem oil

Volume of hexane 1L/1000ml100ml1m3/1000l=0.0001m3