I

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-
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-

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 and Industries
How Agriculture
linked ?
are

Manufacturing factors of Industrial location .

Agglomeration Economies
On the basis of Raw materials used
-

Agro based
-
industries
-
mineral -
based industries

classification on the basis of Ownership

ftp.bpfaatsesteF.io
of Industries .

-
Joint sector venture
-

cooperative sector

n the basis of their main Role

- Basic or key Industries .

Manufacturing -

consumer Industries

Industries On the basis of capital Investment

f- large
Small scale Industry
-
scale Industry
n the basis of the Bulk and weight ofmaterial
Raw

f- Heavy Industry
-

light Industry
cotton Textile
Textile Industry
Agro based
-

guk Textile
Industries sugar Industry
Iron and steel Industry
Aluminium smelting
chemical Industry
Mineral based
-

fertiliser Industry
Industries
cement Industry
Automobile Industry
Information technology of Electronic
Industry
Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Degradation
control of Environmental Degradation
steps taken by NTPC
 ②

Manufacturing
Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable
products is called It is considered as the backbone of development
C Cbse
manufacturing
2018 close 2017 2015)
'
.

because : -

, ,
° It reduces the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by creating jobs
in secondary and tertiary sector .

also aimed at down regional disparities by establishing industries

It was
bringing
°

in tribal and backward areas .

Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and

poverty
°
.

Export of manufactured expands trade and goods

commerce and brings in much
°
,

needed foreign exchange .

# How Agriculture and Industries are linked ?

°
They move hand in hand .

°
Many industries like sugar, textile, etc depend on
agricultural products like , cotton
is raw material in cotton textile mills .

On the other hand for increasing agricultural productivity , many industrial

°
,

products are used like fertilisers , irrigation pumps ,

Pvc pipes , tractors .

# factors of Industrial location :

°
Availability of skilled labour .

° " "
Raw material
O n u
Market
°
Regular Electricity
°
Means of communication and transportation .

°
Capital for investment

Agglomeration Economies many industries tend to

# : come
together to make use of
the advantages offered by the urban centres known as
agglomeration economies .

Classification of Industries
# On the basis of Raw materials used :
based material is agricultural product Eg : cotton, jute woollen ,
°
Agro source of raw
-
-
-
.

,
silk , tea, coffee, edible oil .

°
Mineral based source of raw material is mineral Eef 's iron and steel , cement , aluminium
-

fertilisers , machine tools and petrochemicals .

# On the basis of ownership :

Owned and operated by
o
Public government agencies Eg: BHEL , SAIL etc
-
-
.
.

° Private -

Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals .

Ef :
-

Tls co
, Bajaj
Auto Hd , Dabur .

°
Joint Jointly run by the state and individuals or group of individuals Ef: Oil
Ingloig }td
-

. .

,
 ②

Cooperative Owned and operated by the producers material , workers or

suppliers of raw
°
or
-

both They pool in the resources and share the profits

.
and losses proportionately .

Eg : industry is Maharashtra coir Industry in Kerala

-

# On the basis of their main role : -

Basic or key Industries supply their products to manufacture other

°
goods Eef Iron ,
-
.

steel and copper

° Consumer produce -

machine ete
goods
for direct use by consumers Eef sugar, toothpaste paper, .
-
.

sewing .

# On the basis of capital Investment : -

o small scale If the investment is less than Rs L crore on any industry

-

scale If the investment is more than Rs 's crore on any industry

Large
° -

# On the basis of
weight of raw material and finished goods : -

Heavy Industries Use heavy material and produce heavy goods such iron and steel
° -

raw as

industry .

o
light Industries -

use light raw material and produce light goods such as electrical
Industry .

Syllabus rt on "

the basis of material used

"
tf types tf Brody explain that It tf
Sta at 46¥ F !
,

Types of Industries on the Basis of material Used

Agro -

Based Industries

Textile cotton textile

Industry Jute Textile

COTTON TEXTILE
¥ The
:

first cotton textile mill established in Mumbai in 1854

was .

° In the early years , the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton
belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat
growing .

°
It
provides employment to weavers cotton farmers , mill workers , support chemicals
, ,

dye industry and engineering works .

France East countries,

°
India exports yarn to Japan ,
USA , UK , Russia , , European
Nepal Singapore
, ,
Sri Lanka and African countries .

Problems 1 Challenges faced :

This industry face challenges in the form of outdated machinery ,
etc due to this there is more
irregular power
supply competition from synthetic fibres
,
.

important
 ③

of cotton yarn 125 Yo) in World trade than manufactured garments important 14%
of the world trade) from India .

# JUTE TEXTILES
°o°
India is the largest producer of raw jute and stands at second place as an exporter
after Bangladesh .

° Most
of the mills are located in West Bengal , along the banks of Hug li River , in a narrow
belt as :
→
Jute produced in proximity
→
Inexpensive transport
→
Abundant water
→
cheap labour
→
Kolkata city provides further support banking , insurance of port facilities .

Problems 1 Challenges faced :

challenges faced by the industry include less demand and stiff competition in the
international market from synthetic fibres and from other jute growing countries
like Bangladesh Philippines Thailand Brazil and Egypt
, , ,
.

# SUGAR INDUSTRY
°o° production
India stands second in the world in sugar production and the first in the
of gur and Khan d Sari .

mills located in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar, Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu e te

Sugar
°
are .

°
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to concentrate in the Southern and
Western state , especially in Maharashtra , because the cane produced here has a
.

higher sucrose content and relatively cooler climate also ensure a longer crushing
season

Problems / Challenges faced :

major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry ,
old and inefficient
methods of production , transport delay in
reaching cane to factories and the
need to maximise the use of by products
.

Mineral Based Industries

# IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY :
°
The iron and steel
industry is the basic industry as all the other industries
heavy , medium and light depend on it for their machinery
,
.

° Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a

country 's development .

°
India ranked 2nd among the world crude steel producer .

°
It is also considered
heavy industry as raw material and finished goods are
both heavy and
bulky It is a public
.
sector
industry .
 ④
2015

°
µge2Nagpur
Chota has maximum concentration of Bron and steel industries as :
→ low cost of iron ore
steel Authority
raw material in proximity
→

High grade of India

ltd .

cheap labour
through TAIL
→
.

of the public market their steel

Most sector
undertakings
°
-

Problems 1 Challenges faced :

India Ps not able to perform to its full potential due to

its High costs and limited availability of cooking coal .

icis Irregular supply of energy .

*is lower
④ Poor
productivity
Infrastructure
of labour
.
.

# ALUMINIUM SMELTING :
°
Aluminium smelting is the second most
important metallurgical industry in
India
°
Aluminium is light , resistant to corrosion , a good conductor of heat , malleable
and becomes strong when mixed with other metals .

°
Used to manufacture aircraft , utensils and wires .

Aluminium located in Odisha West

°
smelting plants in the country are , Bengal ,

cha Hisgash ,
Maharashtra UP and TN
, ,
Kerala :

°
Regular supply of power and assured source of raw material at the minimum
cost are the two prime factors of location .

# CHEMICAL INDUSTRY : Klose 20 HI

°
India produces and inorganic chemicals
organic .

The chemical industry in India is fast and diversifying

growing
°
.

°
The chemical industry is its own
largest consumer Basic chemicals undergo .

processing to further produce other chemicals which are used for industrial
application , agriculture and directly for consumer market .

# FERTILISER INDUSTRY :
°
The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers
( urea) phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium
°
mainly , phosphate
Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserve of commercially
.

usable potash or potassium compound in any form .

°
After the green revolution, the industry expanded The major producers are Gujarat .

Tamil Nadu, UP , Punjab and Kerala .

# CEMENT INDUSTRY :
° This industry requires bulky raw materials, limestone , silica , alumina 4 gypsum
-
.

o cement is essential for construction like houses , building factories etc ,

.
 ⑤

° 1st cement plant set up in Chennai 11904) .

# AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY :
and passengers
°

°
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of
After liberalisation demand of new contemporary models has increased
goods .

°
The industry is located in Delhi , Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata , Gurgaon e te .

# INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY or

Bangalore
has been emerged as electronic capital of India
°
.

° 18 IT
parks has boosted employment .

°
This industry covers a wide range of products like televisions computers, ,
telephone
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation labs e 20163
AIR POLLUTION It is caused by the presence of high proportion of sulphur dioxide
-

and carbon monoxide in the air It is emitted by chemical and .

paper factories ,
brick kilns , refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big
and small factories It causes respiratory problems
. .

ffbse 20183
WATER POLLUTION -

It is caused when organic and

inorganic untreated industrial
waste are
discharged into rivers .

Dyeing petroleum refineries

, ,
tanneries and electro -

plating industries are the main industries causing water pollution .

It threatens
plant , aquatic and human life .

THERMAL POLLUTION This occurs when hot water from factories and thermal
-

plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling Wastes from nuclear power .

plants , nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer , birth defects and
miscarriages .
.

NOISE POLLUTION Noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery,

-

from equipment , etc contribute to noise pollution .

This type of pollution results in hearing impairment , increased heart rate ,

blood pressure and physiological effects .

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION I close 20161

o
minimising use of water for
processing by reusing and
recycling it in two or more
successivestages .

°
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements .

°
Smoke can be used by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories .

°
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories .

°
Generators can be fitted with silencers .

°
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds Treatment .
 ⑥

of industrial effluents can be done in three phrases .

⑨ Primary treatment by mechanical means This involves screening , grinding

.

flocculation and sedimentation .

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process .

④ Tertiary treatment by biological chimpcat and physical processes This involves

,
.

recycling of wastewater .

STEPS TAKEN BY NTPC

°
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance .

°
Minimising waste generation by
maximising ash utilisation .
.

Ecological monitoring reviews and online database

management for all its
power
°
,
stations .

°
Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management ,
ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management .

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