MODULE 5: Chemical Bonding covalent compounds or molecules.

The
shared pair of electrons is represented by a
LECTURE
single line (single bond). In a single bond,
I. Octet Rule two atoms are held together by a pair of
electrons. Some compounds are held
When elements form compounds, they together by a double or triple bond.
follow the octet rule one to three that is
obtaining eight electrons in their outermost V. Hybridization of Atomic
energy level. There are three ways for an Orbitals
element to obtain an octet.1) A metal may
In hybridization several atomic orbitals
lose one to three electrons and thus form a
mix to form the same total number of
positive ion or cation similar with electron
equivalent hybrid orbitals.
configuration of the previous noble gas with
the lowest atomic number. 2) A nonmetal
may gain one to three electrons and thus
form a negative ion or anion. 3) Two
nonmetal atoms share their valence electrons
similar to configuration of the next noble
gas.
II. Lewis Dot Structure
To illustrate an atom in chemical
bonding, chemist used a system of dots
devised by Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-
1946) known as the Lewis dot symbol.
Lewis dot symbol consist of the symbol of
an element and the valence electron
distributed around it represented by dots.
III. Formation of Ionic Bond
Metals can lose outer electrons easily to
form a positive ion. The nonmetals gain
electrons added to their outer electrons to
form a negative ion. The electrons from the
metals are transferred into the nonmetals.
IV. The Covalent Bond
When two nonmetals are involved in
making a compound, there is neither no gain
nor loss of electrons. There will be a sharing
of valence electrons to obtain an octet to
enable the atoms acquire a stable noble gas
configuration. Compounds formed are called
 ACTIVITY

2. HCl
A. Draw the Lewis formula for
1. BrF3

Double Bond
1. CO2
2. BeCl2

2. O2

3. SiCl4
Triple Bond
1. N2

B. Explain what is an ionic bond? 2. C2H2

Once the oppositely charged ions form, they
are attracted by their positive and negative
charges and form an ionic compound. Ionic
bonds are also formed when there is a large
electronegativity difference between two
atoms. This difference causes an unequal
sharing of electrons such that one atom
completely loses one or more electrons and
the other atom gains one or more electrons,
such as in the creation of an ionic bond
between a metal and a nonmetal.

C. Explain what is a covalent bond?

Covalent compounds have bonds where
electrons are shared between atoms. Due to
the sharing of electrons, they exhibit
characteristic physical properties that
include lower melting points and electrical
conductivity compared to ionic compounds.

D. Give examples of single bond, double

bond and triple bond. Single Bond
1. Cl2
MODULE 6: Quantitative Composition of IV. Empirical Formula and
Compounds Molecular Formula
I. Molecular Weight ACTIVITY
The smallest particle of a compound that 1. Calculate the molecular weight or
can exist is termed a molecule. A molecule formula weight.
is form by the union of two or more atoms
a. Magnesium Oxide – MgO
of the elements of which the compound is
composed. Molecular weight like an atomic Mg – 1 x 24 = 24
weight is regarded as a relative weight. It is
expressed in gram and is called gram O – 1 x 16 = 16
molecular weight. molecular weight =: 40g
Example: Calculate the molecular weight of b. Aluminum Sulfide
water
Al – 2 x 27 = 54
H=2x1=2
S – 3 x 32 = 64
O = 1 x 16 = 16
molecular weight = 150g
Mol. Wt. = 18 grams
c. Potassium Hydroxide
II. Percent Composition of
Compounds K – 1 x 39 = 39

% of Element = O – 1 x 16 = 16
(total weight of element)(100 %) H–1x1=1
Mol . Wt .
molecular weight = 56g
Example: Calculate the percent composition
of water. First, calculate the molecular 2. Determine the number of moles and
weight of water. number of particles

%H = 2 / 18 x 100 = 11.11 % a. 272 g calcium sulfate – CaSO4

%O = 16 / 18 x 100 = 88.89% Ca – 1 x 40 = 40

Total = 100% S – 1 x 32 = 32

III. Mole O – 4 x 16 = 64

A mole is defined as the amount of molecular weight = 136g

substance that contain as many elemental n = m / mw
entities as there are number of atoms in
exactly 12 grams of carbon. The number of = 272 g / 136 g/mol
atoms has been determined experimentally = 2 mole CaSO4
to be equal to 6.02 x 1023 and this is known
as Avogadro’s number. no. of particles = (2 moles) (6.02x1023)
= 1.20x1024 particles b. 2.5 moles hydrochloric acid – HCl
b. 88 g barium chloride – BaCl2 H – 1 x1 = 1
Ba – 1 x 137 = 137 Cl – 1 x 35 = 35
Cl – 2 x 35 = 70 molecular weight = 36g
molecular weight = 207g m = n x m.w.
n = m / mw = 2.5 moles x 36 g/mol
= 88 g / 207 g/mol m = 90g HCl
= 0.43 mole CaSO4 4. Calculate the percent composition of
the following compounds
no. of particles = (0.43 mole) (6.02x1023)
a. Aluminum chlorate – Al(ClO3)3
= 1.20x1023 particles
Al – 1 x 27 = 27
c. 32 g sulfur trioxide – SO3
Cl – 3 x 35 = 105
S – 1 x 32 = 32
O – 9 x 16 = 144
O – 3 x 16 = 48
molecular weight = 276g
molecular weight = 80g
% Al = 27 / 276 x 100 = 9.78%
n = m / mw
% Cl = 105 / 276 x 100 = 38.04%
= 32 g / 80 g/mol
% O = 144 / 276 x 100 = 52.17%
n = 0.4 mole SO3
Total = 100%
no. of particles = (0.4 mole) (6.02x1023)
b. Sodium aluminate – Na3AlO3
= 2.41x1023 particles
Na – 3 x 23 = 69
3. Determine the mass in grams
Al – 1 x 27 = 27
a. 5 moles potassium nitrate – KNO3
O – 3 x 16 = 48
K – 1 x 39 = 39
molecular weight = 144g
N – 1 x 14 = 14
% Na = 69 / 144 x 100 = 47.92%
O – 3 x 16 = 48
% Al = 27 / 144 x 100 = 18.75%
molecular weight = 101g
% O = 48 / 144 x 100 = 33.33%
m = n x m.w.
Total = 100%
= 5 moles x 101 g/mol
5. A compound contains 53.7% iron and
m = 505g KNO3
46.27% sulfur.
Fe – 53.7g / 56 g/mol = (0.96 mol / 0.96
mol)2 = 2Fe
S – 46.27 g / 32 g/mol = (1.45 mol / 0.96
mol)2 = 3S
Empirical Formula = Fe2S3
MODULE 7: Stoichiometry
LECTURE
 ( 28 g FeS )
FeS
( )
88 g FeS 1 mol FeS ( 1 mol H S )
( 1mol )
1mol H 2 S
22.4 L
2

= 7 L H2S

( )( )( 1 mol H S)
1 mol HCl 1 mol H 2 S 22.4 L
( 28 g HCl )
36 g HCl 2 mol 2 HCl 2

= 8.71 L H2S

C.
3. How much zinc chloride in grams will be
produced when 6.54 grams of zinc (FW =
65 g/mole) reacts with 3.65 grams of HCl
(FW=36 g/mole)? Which reactant is the
limiting reactant?
Zn + 2 HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

1 - Zn - 1
2-1-H -2
2 - 1 - Cl - 2
ACTIVITY ( 6.54 g Zn ) (
65 g Zn )(
1 mol Zn 1mol ZnC l 2
1 mol Zn
= 0.101 )
Solve the following: mole ZnCl2
A. Weight – Weight Problem
1. What mass of aluminum chloride is
( 1 mol Zn ) ( 1 mol ZnCl )
() 1mol
1 mol Zn ZnC l 135 g Zn Cl
2 2
produced when 3.54 g of aluminum react ( 6.54 g Zn )
65 g Zn
with hydrochloric acid? 2

2 Al + 6 HCl  2 AlCl3 + 3 H2 = 13.58 g ZnCl2

2 - 1 - Al - 1 - 2

( 136molg HCl )( 2 moles HCl ) =

6-1-H-2-6 HCl 1mol ZnC l 2
( 3.65 g HCl )
6 - 1 - Cl - 3 – 6
( 3.54 g ) (264 g /mole ) 0.051 mole ZnCl2
x=
54 g/ mole

( 136molg HCl )( 2 moles HCl )( 1 mol ZnCl )

x = 14.16 g HCl HCl 1mol ZnC l 2 135 g Zn Cl2
( 3.65 g HCl )
2
B. Weight – Volume Problem
= 6.84 g ZnCl2
2. How many liters of H2S are produced by
There will be 6.84 grams of ZnCl2
the reaction of 28g of FeS and HCl?
produced and HCl is the limiting
FeS + 2 HCl  FeCl2 + H2S
reactant.
1 - Fe - 1
Limiting Reactant: Zn = 0.101 mole ZnCl2
1-S -1
Excess Regent: HCl = 0.051 mole ZnCl2
2-1-H -2
2 - 1 - Cl - 2
 MODULE 8: Solutions Moles of solution = 1 mol + 19 mol
= 20 mol
ACTIVITY Mole fraction of solute, sugar =
moles of solute
Answer the following:
A. Write the net ionic equation for the moles of solute+moles of solvent
following reaction: 1 mol
=
1. Zn (S) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) 1mol +19 mol
Zn (S) + H2+2 (g) + SO4-2 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) 1mol
=
Zn (S) + SO4-2 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) 20 mol
2. Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + = 0.05
2NaNO3 (aq) Mole fraction of solvent, H2O =
Cu+2 (aq) + NO3- (aq) + 2 Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → moles of solvent
Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na + (aq) + NO3- (aq) moles of solute+moles of solvent
Cu+2 (aq) + OH- (aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) 19 mol
=
B. Molarity
1mol +19 mol
3. How many grams of KOH (FW = 56 g/mole) 19 mol
=
is required to prepare 0.05 M of 250.0 ml 20 mol
solution of KOH? = 0.95
Given:
M = 0.05 mole/L 6. Calculate the mole fraction of alcohol,
L = 250.0 ml or 0.25L C2H5OH and water in mixture of 9.2 grams of
MW = 56 g/mole alcohol in 18 grams of water.
Find: m Given:
Solution: Mass of solute, C2H5OH = 9.2 g
m = M x L x MW Mass of solvent, H2O = 18 g
= (0.05 mole/L) (0.25L) (56 g/mole) MW of C2H5OH = 46 g/mol
m = 0.7 g KOH MW of H2O = 18 g/mol
4. How many moles of NaCl (FW = 58 g/mole) Find: mole fraction of C2H5OH and H2O
are there in 100.0 ml of 0.50 M NaCl? Solution:
Given: 9.2 g
No. of moles of solute =
M = 0.50 mole/L 46 g/mol
L = 100.0 ml or 0.1 L = 0.20 mol
MW = 58 g/mole 18 g
Find: mole No. of moles of solvent =
18 g /mol
Solution: = 1.0 mol
mole = M x L Mole fraction of solute, C2H5OH =
= (0.50 mole/L) (0.1L) moles of solute
mole = 0.05 mole NaCl
moles of solute+moles of solvent
C. Mole Fraction
0.20 mol
=
5. Calculate the mole fraction of the solute and 0.20 mol+1.0 mol
solvent in a solution containing 1 mole of sugar 0.20 mol
=
dissolved in 19 moles of water? Remember that 1.20 mol
water is the universal solvent. = 0.17
Given:
moles of solute, sugar = 1 mol Mole fraction of solvent, H2O =
moles of solvent, H2O = 19 mol moles of solvent
Find: mole fraction of solute and solvent moles of solute+moles of solvent
Solution:
 1.0 mol nRT
= V=
0.20 mol+1.0 mol P
1.0 mol =
=
1.20 mol ( 0.50 mole ) (0.0821 L·atm/mole·K )(273 K)
= 0.83 1 atm
V = 11.21 L
D. Gas Laws
7. What is the final volume of a 1.0L gas at 1.0 10. A mixture of 1.0 mole of N 2 and one mole of
atm if the pressure is increased to 2.0 atm at Ne has a volume of 2.0L at 100 K. What is the
constant temperature and number of moles? total pressure of the mixture? Dalton’s Law of
Boyle’s Law Partial Pressure
Given: Given:
Vi = 1.0 L n1 = 1 mole N2
Pi = 1.0 atm n2 = 1 mole Ne
Pf = 2.0 atm V = 2.0 L
Find: Vf T = 100 K
Solution: R = 0.0821 L·atm/mole·K
V i+ P i Find: Ptotal
Vf = Solution:
Pf
( 1.0 L ) (1.0 atm) nT RT
= Ptotal =
2.0 atm V
Vf = 0.5 L =
( 1 mol N 2+1 mol Ne ) (0.0821 L·atm/mole·K )(100 K )
8. What is the final volume of a 1.0 L gas at 273 2.0 L
K if the temp is increased to 373 K at constant ( 2mol ) (0.0821 L·atm/mole·K)(100 K )
pressure and number of moles? Charles’ Law =
2.0 L
Given:
Ptotal = 8.21 atm
Vi = 1.0 L
Ti = 273 K
Tf = 373 K
Find: Vf
Solution:
V i+ T i
Vf =
T
( 1.0 L ) (273 K )
=
373 K
Vf = 0.73 K

9. What is the volume of a 0.50 mole of gas at

STP if it behaves ideally? Ideal Gas Law
Given:
n = 0.50 mole
R = 0.0821 L·atm/mole·K
STP: T = 273 K
P = 1 atm
Find: V
Solution: