UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD

AL-KHWARIZMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION ENG. DEPT.

Digital Communication
Dr. Zinah Abbas

2020-2021
References:

Text books
1- B. P. Lathi "Modern analog and Digital Communication systems”
2- John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi “Digital Communications"
3- BERNARD SKLAR "DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
Fundamentals and Applications” Second Edition.

Reference books

1. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and analog communication system”, John

Wiley,2005.

2. Herbert Taud, Donald L. Schiling, GoutamSaha, “Principles of

Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition, McGraw–Hill2008.
 Introduction to Digital Communication Systems

Digital Communications may be defined as the process of transmitting

digital information to a sink. A digital waveform is a function used to
represent digital information and has a discrete set of values.
However, this doesn’t mean that digital communications deals only with
digital signals or information.
In some cases, analog signals are also used as carriers modulated by a
digital information signal. Information signal may also be in analog
waveform. In this case, analog to digital conversion is needed prior to
transmission then a digital to analog conversion is done at the recipient
side.

Digital communication systems offer a number of advantages over

analog communication systems.
1- The implementation of digital hardware is relatively flexible.
2- It can withstand channel noise and distortion much better as
long as the noise and the distortion are within limits.
3- Privacy and security through the use of encryption.
4- Data compression, error detection and correction are possible.
5- Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive.
6- Signals can be transmitted using Multiplexing.
7- Use of repeaters.
The disadvantages are:-
1- A digital system requires large bandwidth.
2- Synchronization is required.
3- High power consumption due to multiple stages.
4- Additional hardware needed for encoding / decoding.
 Elements of digital communication system

The elements which form a digital communication system are represented by the
following block diagram for the ease of understanding.

1- Information source and input transducer

The source of information can be analog or digital.

2- Source encoder

It convert the output of whether analog or digital source into a sequence of

binary digits. This sequence of binary digits is called information sequence.

3- Channel Encoder

The purpose of channel encoder is to introduce, in controlled manner, some

redundancy in the binary information sequence that can be used at the receiver to
overcome the effects of noise and interference encountered in the transmission on
the signal through the channel.
4- Digital modulator

The signal to be transmitted is modulated here by a carrier. The signal is also

converted to analog from the digital sequence, in order to make it travel through
the channel or medium.

5- Channel

The communication channel is the physical medium that is used for

transmitting signals from transmitter to receiver. Examples: air, wire, coaxial
cable, fiber optic cables.

6- Digital demodulator

This is the first step at the receiver end. The received signal is demodulated as
well as converted again from analog to digital. The signal gets reconstructed here.

7- Channel decoder

The channel decoder, after detecting the sequence, does some error corrections.
The distortions which might occur during the transmission, are corrected by adding
some redundant bits. This addition of bits helps in the complete recovery of the
original signal.
8- Source decoder

The resultant signal is once again digitized by sampling and quantizing so

that the pure digital output is obtained without the loss of information. The source
decoder recreates the source output.

9- Output transducer

This is the last block which converts the signal into the original physical
form, which was at the input of the transmitter. It converts the electrical signal into
physical output (Example: loud speaker).
Difference between Baseband and Passband signal
Baseband signal
1- All sources of information generates
baseband signal, such as audio, video,
image.
2- Signals are transmitted without
modulation.
3- (20Hz to 20 kHz) audio signal
4- Unmodulated signals or demodulated
signals.
Passband signal
1- Baseband signal transmitted at high
frequency modulated signal, Ex. AM,
FM, ……
2- It is high frequency modulated carrier
signal.
3- (550kHz – 1650 kHz) for AM
(88 MHz – 108 MHz) for FM
4- After modulation.
Signal Transmission through Linear System

The Figure below shows the signals transmitted through a linear system.
Distortionless transmission

Constant and t0 is delay time

Bandwidth of digital data

Figure below shows some of common definitions of bandwidth.

 The single-sided power spectral density, Gx (f), for a single heterodyned
pulse, xc(t), takes the analytical form

fc is the carrier frequency and T is the pulse duration.