My father 

 isn't driving me to school this week because we had an accident and our car is being repaired.
isn't driving
→ Yes! The present continuousis needed here to refer to a temporary situation that is happening at this
period of time.

Oil  floats on water.
floats
→ Yes! The  present simple is correct here for a world truth.

You'd better go to bed early tonight. The plane  leaves at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning so we'll have to be
up by 4.30!
leaves
→ Yes! This is the best answer. The  present simple is used for scheduled events in the future.

What  do you think about the plan to shorten the school holidays?"

do you think
→ Yes! When think has the meaning of having an opinion the present simple must be used. The sentence
means: What is your opinion of the plan ..?

You  are always bumping into things and breaking them. How can anyone be so clumsy?
are always bumping
→ Yes! The present continuousis used for expressing annoyance at something that happens again and
again.

Last week was very wet, but it  hasn't rained once yet this week.
hasn't rained
→ Yes! The present perfect is the correct tense here for an event that has happened (or hasn't happened)
in unfinished time. The word yet is another clue to the need to use the present perfect.

 I  have played tennis three times already this week and it's still only Wednesday.
have played
→ Yes! The expression of unfinished time this week is the reason why the present perfectis needed here.
The speaker is implying that there is a good chance that she will play again.

My father  worked in a bank for 10 years, then he became a computer programmer.

worked
→ Yes! The past simple is correct because your father's time working in the bank is now finished time.

My grandparents live in the USA so I have flown to New York many times.
have flown
→ Yes! The present perfect is needed here. The speaker is not saying when in the past she flew to
America; it is more important for her to say that she has visited them many times, (and will probably do
so again in the future!)

I've bought a new computer. Do you want to see it?

I've bought
→ Yes! The present perfect is the right tense here. There is a clear connection between the past
event buying and the present.

I'm very hungry. It's 11.30 and I haven't eaten anything yet today.
haven't eaten
→ Yes! Today is an expression of unfinished time, so the present perfect is the correct tense here.

My brother, who died last year, was an author. He  wrote many books.

wrote
→ Yes! The past simple is necessary to show that the brother's book writing days are over.

My grandfather died 10 years before I was born, so I  did not meet him.

did not meet
→ Yes! The death happened in finished time so the past simpleis needed here.

Did you see the football match on TV last night?

Did you see
→ Yes! Last night is an expression of finished time so the past simple is correct.

Where's my calculator? I put it on the desk a minute ago and now 

it's disappeared
→ Yes! The present perfect is correct because of the clear connection to the present, i.e. I don't have my
calculator now!

My father  has worked at his bank for 10 years. He really likes his job.
has worked
→ Yes! The speaker's father clearly still works in the bank, so the present perfect is the correct tense to
use for an action that continues into the present.

My father  worked in a bank for 10 years, then he became a computer programmer.

worked
→ Yes! The past simple is correct because your father's time working in the bank is now finished time.

My grandparents live in the USA so I have flown to New York many times.
have flown
→ Yes! The present perfect is needed here. The speaker is not saying when in the past she flew to
America; it is more important for her to say that she has visited them many times, (and will probably do
so again in the future!)

 I was in a big hurry so I  had no time to phone you.

was having
had
→ Yes! The past simple is necessary here

Where's Emiko?" - " She's gone to the library!"

She's gone
→ Yes! This is the usual way of saying why someone is not here now.

I  arrived late for school again this morning. The teacher was not happy!
arrived
→ Yes! It is clear that the speaker is talking later in the day about what happened that morning, so
the past simple is needed.

My grandmother  has smoked for 62 years and she never even coughs. What a lucky woman!
has smoked
→ Yes! Your grandmother is clearly still alive, so the present perfect is correct here.
I tried to find you before school today. Where were you?
Where were you?
→ Yes! Before school today is clearly finished time and so the past simple is needed.

I hope I will have finished this report by the end of the weekend. 
[ finish - future perfect simple ]

What have you been doing in the garden? - Watering the flowers! [ you | do | ? ]

to swim  → to infinitive 
- I would like to learn to swim .
to swim
2.
had been swimming  → past perfect continuous 
- John was very tired last night. He  had been swimmingall day.
had been swimming
3.
is swum  → present simple passive 
- Normally, the butterfly is swumin races only.
is swum
4.
have been swimming  → present perfect continuous 
- Why is your hair all wet? - I have been swimming in the lake.
have been swimming
5.
have swum → present perfect 
- I have swum in the sea every day since I was a child.
have swum
6.
swim  → bare infinitive after a modal verb 
- Cats cannot swim .
swim
7.
swimming  → present participle/gerund 
- I don't enjoy  swimming .
swimming
8.
is swimming → present continuous 
- Look over there! Someone is swimming in the river.
is swimming
9.
swims  → present simple 
- A fish  swims by moving its tail from side to side.
swims
10.
was swimming  → past continuous 
- My friend was quicker than me. She was swimmingalready when I arrived at the pool.
was swimming
11.
was swum → past simple passive 
- The pool was swum by most competitors in less than three minutes.
was swum
12.
had swum  → past perfect 
- John was very tired last night. He  had swum from England to France.
had swum
13.
will have been swimming → future perfect continuous
- By lunchtime he will have been swimming in the lake for two hours.
will have been swimming
14.
had been swimming  → past perfect continuous 
- It's no surprise he was tired. He had been swimmingthe whole day!
had been swimming
15.
swum  → past participle 
- Increasing the swum distance every day will improve your performance.
swum
16.
will swim  → future 
- I think I will swim every day on my holiday next month.
will swim
17.
have swum → present perfect 
- I have swum once a week since coming to Germany.
have swum
18.
to have swum  → perfect infinitive 
- She was the first woman to have swum the English Channel before the age of 20.
to have swum
19.
swam  → past simple 
- I swam in the lake yesterday. It was freezing!
swam
20.
will be swimming  → future continuous 
- At this time next week I will be swimming in the Pacific!
will be swimming

I'm not hungry, I have eaten already. → present perfect 

have eaten
2.
If you arrive late, we probably will be eatingalready. → future continuous 
will be eating
3.
Your breath smells. - Sorry, I have been eatinggarlic. → present perfect continuous 
have been eating
4.
Sorry, your dinner was eaten by the dog when I was out of the kitchen. → past simple passive 
was eaten
5.
My grandfather eats breakfast in bed every day. → present simple 
eats
6.
I was glad not to have eaten the oysters. Everyone who did got sick. → perfect infinitive 
to have eaten
7.
Must you eat so fast? It's not good for you. → bare infinitive after modal 
eat
8.
The skeleton of the eatenantelope was bleaching in the sun. → past participle 
eaten
9.
I ate just an orange for breakfast this morning. → past simple 
ate
10.
I think I will eat pizza for lunch today. → future 
will eat
11.
I like  eating in bed. → present participle/gerund 
eating
12.
I have eatensnails only once. Never again! → present perfect 
have eaten
13.
They had been eating for 15 minutes already when we finally arrived. → past perfect continuous 
had been eating
14.
Do you want to eat now or later. → to infinitive 
to eat
15.
Rice is eatenall over the world. → present simple passive 
is eaten
16.
Look out! The dog is eatingthe cake you made. → present continuous 
is eating
17.
When I got home from work, everyone had eatenalready. → past perfect 
had eaten
18.
When I arrived late the guests were eatingalready. → past continuous 
was eating
19.
It's no surprise he was full. He had been eatingnonstop for two hours. → past perfect continuous 
had been eating
20.
By the end of the meal we will have been eatingnonstop for two hours. → future perfect continuous
will have been eating
Choose Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous
1. I’ve bought / have been buying a brand new car.
2. Have you finished / Have you been finishing eating your sandwich yet?
3. I have been cleaning / have cleaned all day and I still have work to do.
4. They’ve completed / have been completing the first lap of the race.
5. Now that I’ve been reading / have read this book, I can take it back to the library.
6. How many pages have you been writing / have you written since this morning?
7. Has the train arrived / has the train been arriving?
8. I have been reading / have read all day; yet, I am still on the first chapter.
9. Oh, no! There isn’t any chocolate left in the fridge. My sister has been eating / has eaten it all.
10. How long have you known / have you been knowing Peter?
11. You really look so exhausted nowadays; you have been working / have worked too
much lately.
12. I am sorry but I have lost / have been losing my key again.
13. I haven’t seen / haven’t been seeing you for ages.
14. I think you should take a break; you have been running / have run for a long time.

Circle the correct one; Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous:
1. Oh God! Shevchenko has scored / has been scoring again.
2. They have played / have been playing for an hour; yet, they aren’t tired.
3. The new student has been studying / has studied hard recently.
4. How many times have you visited / have you been visiting Spain?
5. You have promised / have been promising me many times not to be late again.
6. He has visited / has been visiting ten museums this week.
7. We are really tired. Because we have travelled / have been travelling around Paris all day.
8. Sally is so happy nowadays; because she has found / has been finding a decent job.
9. I’m out of breath; because I have been running / have run for an hour. 10. I have done / have been
doing my homework, I can hand it in tomorrow.

Complete the following sentences using the Future Perfect Tense form of the verbs in brackets.

1. By this time next year, I  (graduate) from high school.

2. By the time you come back from your vacation, all the flowers  (faint) .

3. By the end of next week, They (get married).

4. The mountaineers  (reach) the top by noon.

5. I hope you (find) a job by this time next year.

6. Rachel  (hand in) the project by this Friday.

7. My brother’s flight  (land) by this time tomorrow.

1. will have graduated

2. will have fainted
3. will have got married
4. will have reached
5. will have found
6. will have handed in
7. will have landed

Present Perfect vs Perfect Continuous Exercise

1. Have you bought Have you been buying your new car yet?
2. Our teacher has checked has been checking more than a dozen exam papers up to now.
3. I have been travelling have travelled to many counties so far.
4. I have lost have been losing my key, I cannot find it.
5. It has rained has been raining non-stop for more than an hour now.
6. Sarah has been waiting has waited for you for a long time; where have you been?
7. Bryan has been learning has learned Spanish for three years.
8. How long have you been playing have you played the piano? "Since I was 5."
9. Maria has found has been finding my lost wallet.
10. We haven't seen haven't been seeing you for ages.
11. My dad has been working has worked in the same company for more than twenty years.
12. My patience has come has been coming to an end.
13. How long have you been watching have you watched TV, your eyes look so red.
14. I have driven have been driving for over eight hours now. I am extremely tired.
15. The jury has reached has been reaching a verdict after three hours.

1. Have you finished Have you been finishing your homework yet?
2. My kids have eaten have been eating a few bananas.
3. I have been reading have read most of Agatha Christie's novels.
4. I have fallen have been falling in love with you.
5. It hasn't stopped hasn't been stopping snowing for more than a week now.
6. I have been looking have looked for you; where have you been?
7. Lucas has been practising has practised the violin for five years.
8. How long have you been driving have you driven ? You look exhausted.
9. Larissa has known has been knowing me for more than a decade now.
10. I don't think we have met have been meeting before.
11. My son has been working has worked as an English teacher for a long time.
12. Our holiday has ended has been ending and it's time work again.
13. How long have you been sleeping have you slept ? your eyes are swollen.
14. I have called have been calling you twice today.
15. The referee has whistled has been whistling for the penalty kick to be taken.

1. I have bought have been buying a new pair of shoes.

2. Have you finished Have you been finishing reading that book yet?
3. I have been reading have read but I am still at chapter 10.
4. I haven’t seen haven’t been seeing you for ages, how have you been?
5. I have finished have been finishing my homework so can I play video games now?
6. Sarah has lost has been losing a lot of weight lately, I hope she doesn't get sick.
7. Bryan has been writing has written seven books and they are all published.
8. Bryan has been writing has written all night and he's got 30 pages so far.
9. George has found has been finding an amazing job at the local pharmacist.
10. We are out of money because your mother has spent has been spending it all.
11. There is only a little cake left because your dad has eaten has been eating it in the past 3
days.
12. The new sheriff has come has been coming to town.
13. Santa Clause has brought has been bringing presents to kids for decades.
14. I have driven have been driving for over eight hours now. I am extremely tired.
15. Sales department have submitted have been submitting the last months revenue report.

1. Those children ---- (eat) chocolate all day. That's why they feel sick!

2. Your phone looks old, how long ---- (have) it for?

3. They ---- (run) nonstop for 2 hours, I can't believe how they can do that.

4. Josh ---- (do/homework) for four hours and he still has a lot more to do.

5. I ---- (have) my car for 22 years, I think it's time to retire it.

6. Jerry ---- (not / see) the movie they are talking about.

7. You ---- (eat) two hamburgers, that's more than enough.

8. She ---- (not / take care) herself lately, I am afraid she is going to get sick.

9. We ---- (live) in this town for 16 years and we love it here.

10. Where ---- (you/be) in the past 3 hours?

.Instructions: Find the verbs in the following sentences. They are action verbs.

1. The wolf ran across the sand.

 Hide Answer
The wolf ran across the sand.
2. Sit down.

 Hide Answer
Sit down.

3. The dog barked at the man.

 Hide Answer
The dog barked at the man.

All these verbs are action verbs since they show action.  Action verbs are the most common verbs.

Instructions: Find the verbs in these sentences.  These verbs will be state of being verbs also known
as linking verbs.

1. My uncle is a pilot.

 Hide Answer
My uncle is a pilot.

2. The pie looks good.

 Hide Answer
The pie looks good.

3. You seem upset.

 Hide Answer
You seem upset.

These verbs are linking verbs.  Some common linking

verbs are is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, seem, look, feel, and become.  They do not show action. 
They just show that something exists.

Sometimes a verb can be more than one word.  When a verb is more than one word, it is called a verb
phrase.  Verb phrases can be two, three, or four words.  Verb phrases are made by
using auxiliary or helping verbs with the main verb.

There are twenty-three (23) helping verbs that should be memorized since they are used so often.  If you
will memorize them, it will make knowing and understanding verbs much easier.  They are usually
grouped in the following six groups:

Group 1: is, am, are, was, were

Group 2: be, being, been
Group 3: has, have, had
Group 4: do, does, did
Group 5: shall, will, should, would
Group 6: may, might, must, can, could

Instructions: Pick out the verb phrases in these sentences.

1. You are going to Seattle.

 Hide Answer
You are going to Seattle.

2. You have been resting too much.

 Hide Answer
You have been resting too much.

3. We must be early.

 Hide Answer
We must be early.

4. I will be finished shortly.

 Hide Answer
I will be finished shortly.

These sentences all have what are called auxiliary or helping verbs.  I will refer to them as helping
verbs. 

Some of the helping verbs

 can be used alone as the main verb.  Is, am, are, was, and were can be used alone as linking or state of
being verbs.  Has, have, had, do, does, and did always show action when used alone.  Be, being,
and been can be used with other verbs either to show action or state of being.  The other helping verbs
cannot be used alone but only as helping verbs.

As mentioned before, it's a good idea to memorize the helping verbs. If you haven’t memorized them,
take a few minutes to learn them.

Group 1: is, am, are, was, were (linking verbs when used alone)
Group 2: be, being, been (show action or state of being)
Group 3: has, have, had (show action when used alone)
Group 4: do, does, did (show action when used alone)
Group 5: shall, will, should, would (cannot be used alone) 
Group 6: may, might, must, can, could (cannot be used alone)

Instructions: Find the verb or verb phrases in these sentences.

1. She has too many friends.

 Hide Answer
She has too many friends.
  - action verb

2. You do beautiful work.

 Hide Answer
You do beautiful work.
  - action verb

3. I was in Canada last week.

 Hide Answer
I was in Canada last week.
  - linking verb

4. You are being very stubborn.

 Hide Answer
You are being very stubborn.
  - linking verbs

Instructions: List the verbs or verb phrases in the sentences, and tell whether they are action
verbs or linking verbs.  For extra credit, find the helping verbs.

1. Jim plays basketball.

 Hide Answer
Jim plays basketball.
  -- action verb

2. They will return on the airplane.

 Hide Answer
They will return on the airplane.
  -- action verbs
    will - helping verb 
    return - main verb

3. Badger is a funny dog.

 Hide Answer
Badger is a funny dog.
  -- linking verb

4. I have been here a long time.

 Hide Answer
I have been here a long time.
  -- linking verbs
    have - helping verb 
    been - main verb

5. I should have been playing the drum.

 Hide Answer
I should have been playing the drum.
  -- action verbs
    should have been - helping verbs 
    playing - main verb

6. Go home.

 Hide Answer
Go home.
  -- action verb

Hint: The last verb in a verb phrase is always the main verb.

The use of helping verbs

 causes certain changes inverb phrases
 that we need to be able to recognize. One change is the use of contractions (contractions are two or more
words combined together with an apostrophe).
As mentioned before, it's a good idea to memorize the helping verbs. If you haven’t memorized them,
take a few minutes to learn them.
Group 1: is, am, are, was, were
Group 2: be, being, been 
Group 3: has, have, had 
Group 4: do, does, did 
Group 5: shall, will, should, would 
Group 6: may, might, must, can, could

Instructions: List the contractions in the following sentences.

1. I've done it again.

 Hide Answer
I’ve done it again.

2. You aren't going with us.

 Hide Answer
You aren't going with us.

3. She's staying to tend the kids.

 Hide Answer
She's staying to tend the kids.

A helping verb
 may be connected with another word in a contracted form.  The following sentences have verb phrases
 using contractions.

Instructions: Find the verb phrases in each sentence.  Determine if the verb phases are action verbs
 orstate of being verbs
.

1. I've done it again.

 Hide Answer
I’ve done it again.
  - action verbs

2. You aren't going with us.

 Hide Answer
You aren't going with us.
  - action verbs

3. She's staying to tend the kids.

 Hide Answer
She's staying to tend the kids.
  - action verbs

In sentences that are questions, the verb phrase

 is often separated by another word.

Instructions: Find the verb phrases in these sentences.  Be sure to watch for another word separating
the helping verb
from the main verb.

1. Have you been driving long?

 Hide Answer
Have you been driving long?
  - action verbs

2. Where was the car parked?

 Hide Answer
Where was the car parked?
  - action verbs

3. Can I be of assistance?

 Hide Answer
Can I be of assistance?
  - state of being verbs

Note: The words separating the verb phrases are nouns and pronouns

.  This is very common in sentences that are questions.

Instructions: List the verb phrases in the following sentences.

1. My wife is reading in the hammock under the tree.

 Show Answer

2. The message can't be altered.

 Hide Answer
The message can't be altered.

3. Somewhere a party is being planned.

 Hide Answer
Somewhere a party is being planned.

4. Shouldn't I be a clown for Halloween?

 Hide Answer
Shouldn't I be a clown for Halloween?

5. I've run out of time.

 Hide Answer
I've (have) run out of time.

1. What are the 5 helping verbs that can be used alone as state of being verbs?
 Hide Answer
is, am, are, was, and were

2. What are the 6 helping verbs that always show action when used alone?

 Hide Answer
has, have, had, do, does, and did

3. What are the 3 helping verbs that can show action or state of being?

 Hide Answer
be, being, and been

4. Name the remaining helping verbs that cannot be used alone. Hint: Group 5 & 6.

 Hide Answer
shall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, and could

Not and its contracted form n't are never part of the verb phrase

.

Instructions: Pick out the verb phrases in these sentences.

1. The game will not be finished for another hour.

 Hide Answer
The game will not be finished for another hour.

2. The horse shouldn't have been worked so much.

 Hide Answer
The horse shouldn't have been worked so much.

3. Wouldn't you give me another chance?

 Hide Answer
Wouldn't give me another chance?

Hint: Verb phrases can have one, two, or three helping verbs in them.

Instructions:  Find the verb phrases

 in each sentence. Then pick out the helping verbs
 used in the verb phrases.
1. He should have tried again.

 Show Answer

2. The dog had suddenly come into the yard.

 Hide Answer
The dog had suddenly come into the yard.
  had  -  helping verb

3. Has anyone taken out the trash?

 Hide Answer
Has anyone taken out the trash?
  has  -  helping verb

4. Could they have been pointing at our car?

 Hide Answer
Could they have been pointing at our car?
  could have been  -  helping verbs

5. She's hoping for a call from her sister.

 Hide Answer
She's hoping for a call from her sister.
  's (is)  -  helping verb

Instructions: Answer each question true or false.

1. Verbs never change form.

 Hide Answer
  False  (Lesson 13)

2. A verb is never just one word.

 Hide Answer
  False  (Lesson 4)

3. Verb phrases keep a definite order.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 12)

4. There are twenty-three helping verbs.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 4)

5. Helping verbs cannot be the main verb.

 Hide Answer
  False  (Lesson 5)

6. Helping verbs can be action verbs.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 5)

7. Verb phrases can have three helping verbs.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 4)

8. Verbs can be in contracted form.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 8)

9. State of being verbs show action.

 Hide Answer
  False  (Lesson 1)

10. Verbs are the most important words in a sentence.

 Hide Answer
  True  (Lesson 1)

11. A preposition is always followed by a "noun".

TRUE, if by "noun" we include noun groups, pronouns, proper nouns etc.

12. Phrasal verbs always consist of two words.

FALSE "I can't put up with people who are always right. I just can't get on with them."

13. The past tense of "must" is "musted".

FALSE Must has no past tense. "I had to go to hospital yesterday."

14. The verb "to think" is never used in continuous tenses.

FALSE "I was thinking about what you said. I think you're right."

15. Questions always use an auxiliary verb.

FALSE "Am I right or am I right?"
16. "Used to doing" and "used to do" mean approximately the same thing.
FALSE "When I came to France I was not used to driving on the right but I soon got used to it. I am also
used to driving on the left because I used to live in England."

17. The word "people" is always uncountable.

FALSE "The Germans and the French are two great peoples."

18. The shortest possible sentence contains a subject, a verb and an object.
FALSE "Think!"

19. The main verb and the direct object are not normally separated.
TRUE "He drives his car fast."

20. The auxiliary verb "to do" is never used in the present simple affirmative.
FALSE "I do apologise for being right."

Instructions: Find the personal pronouns. Tell if they are intensive, reflexive, or possessive,

and if they have an antecedent, name it.

1. I want you yourself to come tomorrow.

 Hide Answer
I want you yourself to come tomorrow.
  -  yourself - intensive pronoun 
  -  you  is the antecedent for  yourself

2. The decision itself is yours to make.

 Hide Answer
The decision itself is yours to make.
  -  itself - intensive pronoun 
  -  yours - possessive pronoun 
  -  decision is the antecedent for itself

3. She gave herself up to the police.

 Hide Answer
She  gave herself  up to the police. 
  -  herself - reflexive pronoun 
  -  She is the antecedent for herself

4. My brother gave me his pet snake.

 Hide Answer
My  brother gave me  his pet snake. 
  -  My  and his - possessive pronouns 
  -  brother is the antecedent for his

5. You can tie your shoe by yourself.

 Hide Answer
You  can tie your shoe by yourself. 
  -  your - possessive pronoun 
  -  yourself - reflexive pronoun 
  -  You  is the antecedent for  your and yourself.

Relative pronouns join dependent clauses

 to independent clauses
. They are who, whoever, whose, whom, whomever, which, and that.  Clauses will be taught in
detail later.

Example: 
He found his money that he had lost.
(That joins the two clauses together into one sentence.)
 

Instructions: Find the relative pronouns in the sentences, and see how many other pronouns
you can find as a bonus.

1. I want the house, which is brick.

 Hide Answer
I want the house, which is brick.
  which  - relative pronoun

2. Jack ordered the meal that we picked up.

 Hide Answer
Jack ordered the meal that we  picked up.
  that - relative pronoun

3. Freddie is the girl who won the contest.

 Hide Answer
Freddie is the girl who won the contest.
  who  - relative pronoun
4. Jon is a man on whom I can rely.

 Hide Answer
Jon is a man on whom I can rely.
  whom  - relative pronoun

5. The student whose answer was wrong turned bright red.

 Hide Answer
The student whose answer was wrong turned bright red.
  whose - relative pronoun

Demonstrative pronouns are pronouns
 that point out. They are this, that, these, and those.
Examples: 
That is my hat.
I like these not those.

Instructions: Find the demonstrative pronouns in these sentences.

1. That is a great idea.

 Hide Answer
That is a great idea.

2. I will take those.

 Hide Answer
I will take those.

3. How much money do you want for this?

 Hide Answer
How much money do you want for this?

4. These are the shoes I want.

 Hide Answer
These are the shoes I want.

Indefinite pronouns  are pronouns

 that do not point out specifically. They point out generally. They include such words as another, any,
anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, many, neither, nobody,
none, no one, one, other, others, some, somebody,  and someone.

Instructions: Find the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.

1. Everybody loves someone sometime.

 Hide Answer
Everybody loves someone sometime.

2. Both of the students should hand in everything they have completed.

 Hide Answer
Both  of the students should hand in everything  they have completed.

3. I didn't see anyone I knew.

 Hide Answer
I didn't see anyone I knew.

4. If no one helps others, nothing gets done.

 Hide Answer
If no one  helps others, nothing gets done.

5. Somebody said that one should touch neither of them.

 Hide Answer
Somebody said that one  should touch neither  of them

Interrogative pronouns  ask questions. Who, whom, whose, which, and what are interrogative

pronouns.

Instructions: Find the interrogative pronouns in these sentences.

1. What is that?

 Hide Answer
What  is that?
2. Who is going with me?

 Hide Answer
Who is going with me?

3. Which is the right answer?

 Hide Answer
Which  is the right answer?

4. Whose was right?

 Hide Answer
Whose was right?

5. To whom did you want to speak?

 Hide Answer
To whom did you want to speak?

Instructions: Find each pronoun and tell what kind it is. It is

either personal, relative, demonstrative, indefinite, orinterrogative.

1. From whom did you get that?

 Hide Answer
From whom  did you  get that ?
  whom  - interrogative pronoun 
  you  - personal pronoun 
  that - demonstrative pronoun

2. Neither of my brothers would read me the story.

 Hide Answer
Neither of my brothers would read me the story.
  Neither - indefinite pronoun 
  my and me - personal pronouns

3. You need someone who will be kind to others.

 Hide Answer
You  need someone who will be kind to others.
  You  - personal pronoun 
  someone and others  - indefinite pronouns 
  who  - relative pronoun

4. What does this have to do with me?

 Hide Answer
What  does this   have to do with me  ?
  What  - interrogative pronoun 
  this  - demonstrative pronoun 
  me - personal pronoun

5. I liked the play that you hated.

 Hide Answer
I liked the play that you hated.
  I and you - personal pronouns 
  that - relative pronoun

Instructions: Find each pronoun.  Tell if it is personal,relative, demonstrative, indefinite,

or interrogative.  List the antecedent if there is one.  For each personal pronountell if it
is possessive
, intensive, or reflexive
.

1. He himself had helped my mother do something.

 Hide Answer
He himself had helped my mother do something. 
   He - personal pronoun 
   himself - personal pronoun (intensive) 
   my - personal pronoun (possessive) 
   He is the antecedent for himself.

2. Which is the right room for this?

 Hide Answer
Which  is the right room for this?
   Which  - interrogative pronoun 
   this  - demonstrative pronoun

3. These are mine. Whose are these?

 Hide Answer
These are mine. Whose are these?
   These - demonstrative pronoun 
   mine - personal pronoun (possessive) 
   Whose - interrogative pronoun 
   these - demonstrative pronoun

4. This is the book that I would recommend to you.

 Hide Answer
This  is the book that I would recommend to you.
   This  - demonstrative pronoun 
   that - relative pronoun 
   I and you - personal pronouns

5. Everyone has talents. Some have many. No one has none.

 Hide Answer
Everyone has talents.  Some have many.  No one has none.
   Everyone, Some, many, No one, and none - indefinite pronouns

6. He found himself lost in his dream.

 Hide Answer
He found himself lost in his dream.
   He - personal pronoun 
   himself - personal pronoun (reflexive) 
   his  - personal pronoun 
   He is the antecedent for himself and his.

7. I myself heard him blame himself in front of everybody.

 Hide Answer
I myself heard him blame himself  in front of everybody.
   I - personal pronoun 
   myself  - personal pronoun (intensive) 
   him - personal pronoun 
   himself - personal pronoun (reflexive) 
   everybody - indefinite pronoun 
   I is the antecedent for myself, and him is the antecedent for himself.

8. Neither of them has anyone who will help us.

 Hide Answer
Neither of them  has anyone who will help us.
   Neither - indefinite pronoun 
   them - personal pronoun 
   anyone  - indefinite pronoun 
   who  - relative pronoun 
   us - personal pronoun

9. Who would have guessed that that was wrong?

 Hide Answer
Who would have guessed that that was wrong?
   Who - interrogative pronoun 
   that - relative pronoun 
   that - demonstrative pronoun

Adjectives, another part of speech, give us a great deal of terminology.  I will share it with you,
but all that is really important is that adjectives modify or affect the meaning
of nouns and pronouns
 and tell us which, whose, what kind, and how many about the nouns or pronouns they modify. 
They generally come before the noun or pronoun they modify, but there are exceptions to that
rule.  How and why they are different will be explained in later lessons.  They still tell us which,
whose, what kind,  and how many.

There are seven (7) words in the English language that are always adjectives.  They are
the articles a, an, and the and the possessives my, our, your, and their. (The possessives are
from the possessive pronoun list but are always used with nouns as adjectives.)  Being only
seven in number, one should memorize them so they are immediately recognized as adjectives.

Examples: 
The neighbor girl likes chocolate ice cream.
Mr. Johanson is tall, dark, and handsome.

Some authorities like to distinguish between what they call true adjectives and determiners, but
both still just tell which, whose, what kind, and how many.   Those words are the key to
adjectives and should be memorized to make adjectives easy.

Instructions: Pick out the adjectives in the following sentences.

1. The heavy, red dress of Queen Elizabeth weighed over fifty pounds.

 Hide Answer
The heavy, red  dress of Queen Elizabeth weighed over fifty pounds.
2. My sister chose two shirts for my graduation present.

 Hide Answer
My  sister chose two shirts for my graduation present.

3. That small Mexican restaurant in the next block serves fresh meals.

 Hide Answer
That small Mexican restaurant in the next  block serves fresh meals.

4. The little black dog barked at the well-dressed stranger.

 Hide Answer
The little black  dog barked at the well-dressed stranger.

5. An old wood fence had caught several discarded candy wrappers.

 Hide Answer
An old wood  fence had caught several discarded candy wrappers.

Pronouns
 used as adjectives
 are called pronominal adjectives.  Pronouns can be used as adjectives, but they are not always
adjectives as the seven mentioned in Lesson 31. Demonstrative pronouns, this, that, these,
those; interrogative pronouns, whose, which, what; and indefinite pronouns, another, any, both,
each, either, many, neither, one, other, some; when used with a noun become
adjectives.  Cardinal and ordinal numbers can be adjectives.

Examples: 
ten students (cardinal) 
the tenth student (ordinal)

Instructions: List the adjectives in these sentences.

1. Whose car is that red one in the driveway?

 Hide Answer
Whose car is that red  one in the driveway?

2. Those drapes go well with this brown carpet.

 Hide Answer
Those  drapes go well with this brown  carpet.
3. The two men were wondering what signal had brought many people to their rescue.

 Hide Answer
The two men were wondering what  signal had brought many people to their rescue.

4. The third person entering the city park won another prize.

 Hide Answer
The third person entering the city park won another  prize.

5. That tie is a good one for this suit.

 Hide Answer
That tie is a good  one for this  suit.

Proper nouns, possessives and modifiers made from them, and common nouns can

be adjectives
.

Examples:
July storms
winter weather
Jim's boat
boy's bed

Some authorities call nouns used to described another noun,noun adjuncts. They tell

us whose or what kind.

Instructions: Find the adjectives in these sentences.

1. Dan's new hat blew down the man's stairway.

 Hide Answer
Dan's new hat blew down the man's  stairway.

2. Stormy spring weather can cause many flash floods.

 Hide Answer
Stormy spring weather can cause many flash floods.

3. Pam's new suitcase was ready for the Canadian trip.

 Hide Answer
Pam's new suitcase was ready for the Canadian trip.

4. December winds can make a dangerous Christmas trip.

 Hide Answer
December winds can make a dangerous Christmas trip.

5. The student's hope was the teacher's happiness.

 Hide Answer
The student's hope was the teacher's happiness.

Verb
 forms can also be used as adjectives
. They are called participial adjectives.
Examples:
the lost mine
the howling wolf

Instructions: Pick out the adjectives in these sentences.

1. The soaking rain caused much damage.

 Hide Answer
The soaking  rain caused much damage.

2. The broken dish cut the crying girl.

 Hide Answer
The broken  dish cut the crying girl.

3. A great work was done by the person with a giving spirit.

 Hide Answer
A great work was done by the  person with a giving spirit.

4. The laughing hyena was sleeping in its cage.

 Hide Answer
The laughing hyena was sleeping in its cage.

5. The eager student found the torn book.

 Hide Answer
The eager student found the torn book.

Adjectives
 are not limited in how many can be used with anoun to modify it as in the big black frightening
curly bear. These adjectives follow an order pattern when two or more are used together. There
is no written rule but just common usage.

Examples:
Correct: the second three days
Incorrect: three second the days
Correct: both his friends
Incorrect: his both friends

Instructions: Because many words can be both pronouns and adjectives depending on how they
are used in a sentence, decide if the italicized words are pronouns
 or adjectives in the following sentences. Remember that pronouns stand alone, but adjectives are
used to modify nouns.

1. Do either of you have any of this material. Any amount would help.

 Hide Answer
Do either of you have any of this material.  Any amount would help.

2. Each girl did her chores, and their mother gave each a hug.

 Hide Answer
Each girl did her chores, and their mother gave each a hug.

3. This  is our answer, and no one  disagrees.

 Hide Answer
This is our answer, and no one disagrees.

4. Both have many chances to play, but neither one is better.

 Hide Answer
Both have many chances to play, but neither one is better.

5. What is your  name because neither of us knows it?

 Hide Answer
What is your name because neither of us knows it?
Instructions: Find all the adjectives in these sentences.

1. Our first idea met with many strong complaints.

 Hide Answer
Our first  idea met with many strong complaints.

2. The happy shout from the three frolicking children greeted their dad on his return.

 Hide Answer
The happy shout from the three frolicking children greeted their dad on his return.

3. Star Wars is an exciting movie for most people.

 Hide Answer
Star Wars is an exciting movie for most people.

4. The flooded basement caused terrible damage.

 Hide Answer
The flooded  basement caused terrible damage.

5. The Johanson family just returned from a hot, exhausting trip to Arizona.

 Hide Answer
The Johanson family just returned from a hot, exhausting trip to Arizona.

Instructions: Write the positive, comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives.

1. jolly

 Hide Answer
jolly, jollier, jolliest

2. honest

 Hide Answer
honest, more honest, most honest

3. dim

 Hide Answer
dim, dimmer, dimmest
4. friendly

 Hide Answer
friendly, friendlier, friendliest

5. little

 Hide Answer
little, littler, littlest - when referring to size uses 
less, lesser, least - when referring to amount uses

6. many

 Hide Answer
many, more, most

7. ill

 Hide Answer
ill, worse, worst

8. much

 Hide Answer
much, more, most

9. perfect

 Hide Answer
Cannot be compared since there is no more perfect or most perfect.

10. bad

 Hide Answer
bad, worse, worst

Adverbs are words that modify (1) verbs

, (2) adjectives
, and (3) other adverbs. They tell how (manner), when (time), where (place), how much (degree),
and why (cause). Why is a common one-word adverb that tells why. Adverbs that tell us how,
when, where, and why always modify the verb. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives
or other adverbs. These adverbs are also called qualifiers because they strengthen or weaken the
words they modify.
Examples:
He kicked the ball solidly. (how)
He kicked the ball immediately. (when)
He kicked the ball forward. (where)
He kicked the ball too hard. (how much)

Instructions: Find the adverbs in the following sentences and what they tell us.

1. Paul answered the question quickly.

 Show Answer

2. The answer was given too softly.

 Hide Answer
The answer was given too softly. 
  - too (how much)
  - softly (how)

3. I soon understood what he said yesterday.

 Hide Answer
I soon understood what he said yesterday. 
  - soon (when)
  - yesterday (when)

4. Becky and Pam wanted to know then and there.

 Hide Answer
Becky and Pam wanted to know then and there. 
  - then (when)
  - there (where)

5. Why do we misunderstand others so often?

 Hide Answer
Why do we misunderstand others so often? 
  - Why (why) 
  - so (how much)
  - often (when)

Instructions: Pick out the adverbs in these sentences.

1. Daily we did our very hard lessons.

 Hide Answer
Daily we did our very hard lessons.

2. The yearly crop was totally ruined by the weather.

 Hide Answer
The yearly crop was totally ruined by the weather.

3. Hourly we listened to the rapidly falling rain.

 Hide Answer
Hourly we listened to the rapidly falling rain.

4. The friendly person suddenly ran up to me.

 Hide Answer
The friendly person suddenly ran up to me.

5. The unusually large dog jumped outside and licked my face.

 Hide Answer
The unusually  large dog jumped outside and licked my face.

Instructions: Find the adverbs in these sentences and tell which word they modify.

1. Terri did not do the work correctly.

 Hide Answer
Terri did not do the work correctly. 
  - not and correctly modify did do

2. Mom was never so deeply pleased with the kids.

 Hide Answer
Mom was never so deeply pleased with the kids. 
  - never and deeply modify was pleased 
  - so modifies deeply (telling how much)

3. Badger actually likes almost every cat he sees.

 Hide Answer
Badger actually  likes almost every cat he sees. 
  - actually modifies likes 
  - almost modifies every (telling how much)
4. I recently found that you wouldn't help.

 Hide Answer
I recently found that you wouldn't help.
  - recently modifies found 
  - n't modifies would help

5. You will not go tomorrow to that very scary movie.

 Hide Answer
You will not go tomorrow  to that very scary movie.
  - not and tomorrow modify will go 
  - very modifies scary (telling how much)

Note: Adverbs that modify verbs always modify the whole verb phrase
 when it is made up of more than one word.

Adverbs
 may be compound. Example: He speaks rapidly and well.

Instructions: Find the adverbs in these sentences.

1. We shouldn't decide this very important decision quickly or foolishly.

 Hide Answer
We shouldn't  decide this very important decision quickly or foolishly.

2. Suddenly and quietly the boys slipped from the room.

 Hide Answer
Suddenly  and quietly the boys slipped from the room.

3. The girls did the dishes laughingly and happily together.

 Hide Answer
The girls did the dishes laughingly and happily together.

4. Marilyn types rapidly and accurately.

 Hide Answer
Marilyn types rapidly and accurately.

5. Either today or tomorrow we will go to the zoo.

 Hide Answer
Either today  or tomorrow we will go to the zoo.

Adverbs
 that tell us how, when, and where can shift position in the sentence.

Examples:
I am often out of town.
Often I am out of town.
I am out of town often.
 

Instructions: List the adverbs in these sentences.

1. Jeff does his work wisely.

 Hide Answer
Jeff does his work wisely.

2. Seldom do we see everyone at the same time.

 Hide Answer
Seldom do we see everyone at the same time.

3. Ann often visits from Canada.

 Hide Answer
Ann often  visits from Canada.

4. Now let's check this again.

 Hide Answer
Now let's check this again.

5. I see what you mean now.

 Hide Answer
I see what you mean now.

Adverbs that tell us how, when, and where can shift position in the sentence.

Instructions: Find the adverbs in the following sentences, tell what word they modify, and what
they tell us. Remember that adverbs tell us how, when, where, why and modify the verb. They
also can shift in a sentence. Adverbs that tell us how much modify adjectives or other adverbs.
These adverbs must come before the word they modify.

1. Haven't we often stopped here before?

 Hide Answer
Haven't we often stopped here before?
  - n't (when/how), often (when), here (where), and before (when) modify have stopped

2. Boyd does his work faithfully and carefully.

 Hide Answer
Boyd does his work faithfully and carefully. 
  - faithfully (how) and carefully (how) modify does

3. My children sometimes say that I have always been highly critical.

 Hide Answer
My children sometimes say that I have always been highly critical. 
  - sometimes (when) modifies say 
  - always (when) modifies have been 
  - highly (how much) modifies critical
 

4. Yesterday Jim came by once or twice.

 Hide Answer
Yesterday  Jim came by once or twice. 
  - Yesterday (when), by (where), once (when), and twice (when) modify came

5. The baby lay there very safely in the crib.

 Hide Answer
The baby lay there very safely in the crib. 
  - there (where) and safely (how) modify lay 
  - very (how much) modifies safely

6. Today the dog seemed rather restless.

 Hide Answer
Today the dog seemed rather  restless. 
  - Today (when) modifies seemed 
  - rather (how much) modifies restless
Not all adverbs are formed from adjectives. Some common ones are never, not, here, there, then,
when, where, always, too, now, and very. Remember that adverbs tell us how, when, where,
why, and how much and modify verbs
,adjectives
, or other adverbs.

Instructions: Find the adverbs in these sentences.

1. We cannot go to the movie now.

 Hide Answer
We cannot go to the movie now.

2. Yesterday it was a very hot day.

 Hide Answer
Yesterday  it was a very hot day.

3. I have never been there before.

 Hide Answer
I have never been there before.

4. Your clothes are too rad.

 Hide Answer
Your clothes are too rad.

5. Jane always had the right answer near.

 Hide Answer
Jane always had the right answer near.