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Capillary Tube
Capillary Tube
t/ -/-
t)'t<
='
Expanslon Deu{cps
@l
Thus the bulb always cont:ols the valve operation even with a colder diaphragm or bellow. The charging of the refrigerant itself in tlre power element results in an increase in operating superheat as the evaporator temperature decreas6s. This limits its use for moderately high evaporator temperatures. For evaporator temperatures which are substantially below OoC,liquid cross-charged expansion valves may be used. They have superheat characteristics which remain fairly constant throughout the evaporator temperature range.
Refiigeruflon
Consider that the state of the entering refrigerant rs saarrglg_d_Iqgg.The mass flow rate m is known. The condenser and evaporator ternperatures arc t*and lo,
ana.o@-gp.''ssuresafePtcandporesiectively.Dividethistemieratus
drop into a number of parts. Let the colresponding pressure drops be Ap1, Ap, and A p3, ..., etc., as shown in Fig. 8.1 1. Now there are {wo approaches to design. ti) Isenthalpic expansiono as shown by line &-a. {ii) Adiabatic or Fanno-line expansion, as strown by line &-b.
h ----+
Fig.
8.11
IjenthelpiSg[pg!$rg[-LslhggoJ1n[gq-tb"9J"g"r*o,-d-y.I.gl4ig 4q9umpren. [n actual practice, however, expansion takes place adiabatically, viz., according to Fanno:line flow. Thus enthalpy does not remain constant sinbe, with pressure drop, the volurne increases and"an increase in kinetic energy is obtained from a decrease in enthalpy. Nevertheless, it may be noted tiom Fig. 8.11 that in the first few steps
of pressure drop, there is not much difference between isenthalpic and Fanno:line flow. The steps of calculations to be followed in both cases are the same and are as follows for the first element. (i) Determine the quality at the end of the decrement assuming isenthalpic flow. Then at point I at Pressurepl ho - hr, Y.=r.'(8.1) hrr,
-'|
Erpansio
Deutres
|ffi|
(8.2)
t)r=o!r+
xr(arr-aI,)
lnlt,
(iii)
Calculate the velocities frorn the continuity equation at both the ends of the : -. element .
u*-
irc1
A
and n,
= ,A ---{
(8.3t
or
wher. c
tt
= Y- = G =Constant
(iv)
ir'*urr1rto.i,y
,-':,YF*'I$
'i
q.
For Fanno-line flow, an iteration procedure is necessary. This is done by applying the correction to enthalpy since hr+ h*. Thus '.^(8.+; The calculations for quality, spe cific volume, vclocity and enthalpy may be repeated until the final value of /r, is equal to its value in the preceding iteration.
/Uote Ap:
fost.
bul, fortunately,
il
convergds veA
(v)
Determine the pressure drop due to the acceleration, Apo. frorn the
momentum equation Adp =
whencc
- fudu
,orri1) = S1tt1
Apt=
'A 4
ur)
(8 5)
(vi.r Determine the pressure drop due to the friction'Lpp, fiorn a'Pr= LP - .LPe
(8.6t
lvii)
Lpr
where
LLu2
(8.7)
2D
I
7'
(8.8)
(8.11
=#frLL=YfuLL(say)
where
Y=
(8.10)
,:4-
ia
il
ii
I
Dup_DG_Z Re=ff=;--;(sav)
(8.1
l)
Z = DG (8.12) Niaz and Daviss haue proposed the following correlation for evaluating the friction factbr:
where
-,' -t=;;m
0.324
They mention that the length ohained by using this correlation is about l0Zo greater than the experimental length. Based on available analytical and experimental data, lbe expreg$eq for-higtion f I terms_of a straight capillarv 9 siven bv Gorasi a et aI' is: . t _ -__t7.24 and /r = tr=
where
^ t7.24 IEtr'' Fy
i.i
I
l.
ll
Eo=l
Fr
Rep=
GD 'and Re.= g
i
I
I
"
where subscripts/and g refer to liquid and gas phases respectively. The friction faefir for the liquid-vapour mixture flowing in the capillary is found by taking into account the percentage weightage of each phase. Thus
!r I
etcample
8.2
Design of
A capillary tube in a one-ton R 22 aft conditioner has a bore of 2.3 mm. Saturated liquid from the condenser enters at a temperature of 48'C and flows adiabatically through the tube until its temperature is 5oC. Determine its length. The friction factor is given by
/^= 1;or
0.32
Solution
Frsrn the sirnple saturat;on cycle, the mass flow rate is
7t
m2
Expottston Deutces
@l
I*t
(J=-=
^m
A
u
0,u2417
4.15 x
10{
= 5.83
103
kgs-t 1r-z
*= 2D
t='l:
Itg:
= t.z674x
106
kgs-r p-r
103)
13.41 kgs-r
6-r
t
rt
In actual practice, the enthalpy does not remain constant in flow through a capillary.Assuming isenthalpic flow, however, the properties and velocities at vari" o'us sections are found and are given in Table 8.1. The last column in the table gives the actual decrease in enthalpy due to increase in kinetic energy, e.g., at the first point
[0.492
5322
ion
3ng
Section
l03t
48 40 30 20 18.548 15.335
u=Ga
10.49 19.63 33.18 53.33
67.A3
Ah
I
2
3
4
q
l0
5
0.9137 l.32
3.375
11.572
1.804
0 0.04r
9.167
5.7A4
0.t79
0.536 r.408
2.232
rs adi
h.
Calculations can nglv.be done for actual Fanno-line flow, starting from .h*= zffi.314 kJlkg. Point I At 40oC, from the table of properties for R2Z hr=2497 kJ/kg 0.0884 x 10-3 m3lkg
"/=
ht,
166'9 kYkg
ug
hr = h*- Lh
=26A314
260.273
'tl -
166.9
"r
0.884)10-3
ut = Got= 5.83 x
103
x l.?8 x
10-3
= 10.38 m/s
Recheck, 8\
lAbfu h:
10.3g2
5322
Furlher iterotion con be dona for grealer eccuracf. Proceeding in tlris monne4 ileroled volues ore obloined ol various poinls which ore given in'foble 8.2.
Table
8.2 Calculations
(h)iterated
(Ah) iterarcd
kJ/kg
0.0 0.04 0.18 0.52
1.34
U
k
I
2
3
0.0 0.064
zffi.5
260.46 260.324 259.977
5.317
10..474
0.r33
0.191
4
5
0.244
0.261
259.t63 258.424
l.l
.j
14
2.08
rlt '!
r=(l-rl)ft+xr1tr
(l 0.064)0.221 + (0.064) (0.0134) = 0.2071 cP
13.4t
Re,=
*--
0.2071x l0-3
0.32
= 64,?80
f' =
Tab[e
*r*pr
It1
=0'02
8.3
I
2
3
48 40 30 20
4
5
t0
5
0.215.
0.01368
0.22r
o.229 0.239 o.25 o.257
0.0r34
0.0131 0.0127 0.0124 0.0123
0.215 0.2071
9,780
62,400
o.tg7g
0.1917 0.1934 0.1973
I*ngth Calculatiorts:
Consider section ft-1. Total pressure drop
Erpansion Deuices
@l
15.331
=i.212 bar
103 N/rn2
-Mean velocitY
o.o20z+0.02
\=_ -,
5.317
= 0.0201
u=
+t4.474
= 7.82
m/s -= 1.389 m
'"
'
-r_
Illtt/tgvuwr lvrrlour
' The calculations for various secdond ari given in Table 8.4.
{"-1r.;
i;;,
'Table
Sections
bar
0.328 a.574 0.857 1.283 0.844
bar
2.884 2.8A2
1.961
k-1
t-2
2-3
34
4-5
1.009
o.t?5
Andersen, S A, Automatic Refrigeration, Maclaren and Sons Ltd. for Danfoss, Nordborg, Denmark, 1959. 2. Cooper L, C K Chu and W R Brisken, "Simple selection method for capillaries derived from physical flow conditions" Refrigerating Engineering, Vol.65. 3. Gorasia, J N, N Dubey and K K, ,Jain, "Computer-aided design of capillaries of different configurations, ASHP,I^E Transaction 1991, pp. 132-138.
l.
-:-:#t'
ReJrigeratton
i +.
Iiopkins N E, 'Rating tha resuictor iubeo, Refrigerating Engineering, Vo!. 58, No. 11, Nov. 1950, p. 1087. 5. Niaz, R H, and G, Davis, 'Adiabatic two-phase flow in a capillary tube', Synzp. Ser. of Cen. Soc. for Chent. Eng., Vol. i, 1969, pp.2>9-269. 6. Stoecker, W F, Refrigeration and Air Canditioiiirzg, McGraw-Hili, New York 1958, pp. lll-t?g.
8.1 (a) Calculate the pressure of R 12 as it expands through a capillary tube having a bore of'l .05 mm if 4.028 x i 0-2 kg/s of saturated liquid enters the capillary tube at a temperature of 45'C. Neglect heat transfer.
8.3
e,
8.4
8.5
8.6 Design a capillary for a 165L (Qo = 89 W) refrigerator working on (a) R12 tb) R134a The Rl2 compressor is 4.33 CC. The Rl34a eompressor i-< 5.48 CC. Use l;g. 3.21 for cYcle 'r'':r:\',iis.