Mathematics in our World

Prelim
MATH 1 – LESSON 1
LESSON 1.1 THE NATURAL ORDER

 We live in a world of pattern

SYMMETRY

 Indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other.
 When the shape is exactly the same as another when it is slid, turned, or flipped
 Comes from the Greek word meaning ‘to measure together’
 For two objects to be symmetrical, they must be of the same shape and size, with one object having a
different orientation from the first.
Reflection Symmetry – line (or mirror) symmetry
Rotational Symmetry – a figure has a rotational symmetry of order n if 1/n complete turn leaves the figure
unchanged.
Formula for angle of rotation:
Angle of rotation = 360 degree/n
Glide reflection symmetry – a reflection in a line or plane combined with a translation along the line or in
plane, results in the same object.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

 It is a sequence of whole numbers 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

 The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it.
 Next to 34 is 55 because of 34 + 21
 Formula: Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2
FLOWER PETALS

 The number of petals in a flower consistently follows the Fibonacci sequence.

 This lily has three petals, buttercups, which have five, the chicory's 21, the daisy's 34, and so on.
 The ideal packing arrangement as selected by Darwinian processes allows for the best possible
exposure to sunlight and other factors.
SEED HEADS

 Seeds are produced at the center, and then migrate towards the outside to fill all the space.
 Sunflowers provide a great example of these spiraling patterns.

PINECONES
  The seed pods on a pinecone are arranged in a spiral pattern.
 Each cone consists of a pair of spirals, each one spiraling upwards in opposing directions.
 The number of steps will almost always match a pair of consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
 A 3-5 cone is a cone which meets at the back after three steps along the left spiral, and five steps along
the right.
NAUTILUS SHELL

 Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the logarithmic spiral, as does the cochlea of the inner ear.
 It can also be seen in the horns of certain goats, and the shape of certain spider's webs.
GOLDEN RATIO

 We take any two successive Fibonacci numbers; their ratio is very close to φ which is approximately
1.618034...
 The bigger the pair of Fibonacci numbers, the closer the approximation
 We can calculate any Fibonacci number using the Golden ratio

MATH 1 – LESSON 2
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGES AND SYMBOLS
LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
The use of language in mathematics differs from the language of ordinary speech

 Not temporal
 Devoid of emotional content
 It is Precise
SYSTEMATIC THOUGHT

 Does not mean reducing everything to symbols and equations

 Requires precise verbal expression
 Mathematics is communicated in the definition-theorem- proof format
DEFINITION
A definition is a concise statement of the basic properties of an object or concept which unambiguously
identify that concept or object.

 Concise
 Complete
EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS
Good definition

 A rectangle is a quadrilateral all four of whose angles are right angles.

Poor Definition

 A rectangle is a parallelogram in which the diagonals have the same length, and all the angles are right
angles. It can be inscribed in a circle and its area is given by the product of two adjacent sides.
 A rectangle is a parallelogram whose diagonals have equal lengths.
EXAMPLES OF DEFINITIONS
Bad definition

 A rectangle is a quadrilateral with right angles.

Unacceptable definition

 Rectangle: has right angles

THE IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE

 There is no access to the ideas without a knowledge of the language in which the ideas are expressed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

It is ...
  Precise (able to make very fine distinctions)
 Concise (able to say things briefly)
 Powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative ease)
VOCABULARY VS. SENTENCES

 Vocabulary (the word)

 Combined words with complete thoughts (the sentences)
 Nouns of mathematics (used to name mathematical objects of interest)
 Sentences of mathematics (which state complete mathematical thoughts)
EXPRESSIONS VS. SENTENCES
Expression: 5, 2+3, 5x
Sentence: 2 + 3 = 5, 5x + 7 = 21

MATH 1 – LESSON 3
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING
Topic: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Propositions

 A declarative sentence
 Either true or false, but not both
Examples:

 Quezon City is in Metro Manila.

 Montalban is in the province of Rizal.
 One plus six equals seven
 9−7=3
Non-examples:

 What is the password of your WI-FI?

 Turn-on the lights.
Inductive Reasoning

 It is a method of reasoning from particular to general.

 The process of reaching a general conclusion by examining specific examples
 Bottom-up approach
Inductive Reasoning
1. The chair in the living room is red. - premise
The chair in the dining room is red. - premise
The chair in the bedroom is red. - premise
All the chairs in the house are red. - conclusion

2. All the tigers observed in a particular region have black stripes on orange fur. - premise
Therefore, all the tigers native to this region has black stripes on orange fur. - conclusion

3. Jonathan leaves home at 8:30 in the morning and arrives late for work, based on which he concludes that
he will be late for work every time he leaves at 8:30 AM.
4. Every time you eat peanuts, your throat swells up and you cannot breathe. So, you are allergic to peanuts.
5. In a certain hospital, 7 out of 100 women over 60 checked and found out that they have certain type of
cancer. It was then concluded that in that area, the probability that a woman over 60 has a cancer of the same
type.
Inductive Reasoning on Patterns and Sequences

 Predict the next 3 figures. Describe a pattern in a sequence of numbers.

  What is the next number in the following sequences?
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ____
17, 14, 11, 8, 5, ____
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ____
Weak Inductive Reasoning
1. Diane buys a red candy in the store near their house.
Diane buys a blue candy in the store near their house.
Therefore, Diane buys every color of candy in the store near their house.
2. Some dogs that have been observed can bark.
Therefore, all the dogs can bark.

Deductive Reasoning

 It is a method of reasoning from general to particular.

 It implies logical certainty.
 Top-down approach
Validity of an Argument
A deductive reasoning is said to be valid if

 the conclusion logically follows from the premises

 it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion is false
A deductive reasoning is said to be invalid if

 the conclusion does not follow from the premises

 Its premises are true and yet the conclusion is false.
Valid arguments
All men are mortal. - premise
Socrates is a man. - premise
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. - conclusion

All actors are robots. - premise

Chris Hemsworth is an actor. - premise
Therefore, Chris Hemsworth is a robot. - conclusion

Invalid Arguments
All cows are mammals. - premise
Bessie is a mammal. - premise
Therefore, Bessie is a cow. - conclusion

Some mushrooms are edible. - premise

Deadly Dapperling is a mushroom. - premise
Therefore, Deadly Dappering is edible. - conclusion

Analyzing Deductive Reasoning Using Euler circles

Type 1: Universal Affirmative
All A is B

Type 2: Universal Negative

No A is B

Type 3: Particular Affirmative

Some A is B
Type 4: Particular Negative
Some A is not B

Circle Method for Testing the Validity of an Argument

 Diagram both premises in the same figure.

 If the conclusion is shown in the figure, the argument is valid.