Contemporary India and Education

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CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION
Book · November 2018
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Dr .AR .Saravanakumar Paavizhi K.

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jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp
Dr.AR.SARAVANAKUMAR
K.PAAVIZHI
S.FLORAL JEYA
Dedicated
to
VALLAL Dr. ALAGAPPAR
Kd;Diu
tsu;e;J tUk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; Mrpupau;fis jpwk;gl cUthf;Ftjw;F “jw;fhy
,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp" vd;w ,e;E}ypd; thapyhf gp.vl;.> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s midj;J
ghlg;gFjpfSf;Fk; tpupthd kw;Wk; Gjpa jfty;fisAk;> Mo;e;j fUj;Jf;fisAk; rpwg;ghf
mikj;Jf; nfhLj;Js;Nshk;.
fy;tpapy; khw;wk; epfOk;nghOJjhd; jdpegu;> rKjhak; kw;Wk; Njrj;jpy; xU
khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;. ,k;khw;wq;fSf;F <L nra;Ak; tifapy; ,e;jpaf; fy;tpia
midj;J epiyfspYk; rPuikf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. fy;tpiar; rPuikj;J nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk;
nghOJ mjw;Nfw;wthW Mrpupau;fis jahu; nra;tJk; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,ijf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;Ljhd; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij mbnahw;wp “jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp” vd;Dk; ,e;E}iy
gilj;Js;Nshk;.
‘fy;tp Kfik’ vd;w ghlg;gFjpia rw;W mjpfstpy; rpwg;gpf;Fk; tifapy; mofg;gh
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; juj;jpidAk;> mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
Njhd;wpa tpjk;> mjd; rpwg;G mk;rq;fis ,e;E}ypy; mofhf vLj;Jf; $wpAs;Nshk;.
,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJ fy;tp epiyapy; xt;nthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; khw;wk; epfo;e;J
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,ij fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ljhd; ,e;j gp.vl; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;w
jfty;fis gy;NtW E}y;fspypUe;Jk;> Ma;T VLfspypUe;Jk;> fzpdp ,izaj;jpypUe;Jk;
Njitahd jfty;fisj; jpul;baspj;J ,e;E}iy gilj;Js;Nshk;.
,e;E}Yf;F mzpe;Jiu toq;fp vq;fs; Kaw;rpia ghuhl;b Cf;fkspj;j vq;fs;
ghrkpF Nguhrpupau; Dr.K.fpU\;z%u;j;jp mtu;fSf;F ehq;fs; kpfTk; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;.
vq;fsJ fy;tprhu; gzpapy; vg;nghOJk; cWJizahf ,Uf;Fk; vq;fs; mofg;gh
gy;fiyf;fof JizNte;ju;> gjpthsu;> njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;Feu; mtu;fSf;Fk;
kdkhu;e;j ed;wpia njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F Cf;fkspj;j vq;fs;
fy;tpapay; Jiwj;jiytu; & Nguhrpupau; Dr.P.rptFkhu; mtu;fSf;Fk;> vq;fs; Jiwapd;
,izg;Nguhrpupau;fs; Dr.S.ypNah ];lhd;yp> Dr.M.thrpkiyuh[h mtu;fSf;Fk;>
cjtpg;Nguhrpupau;fs; jpU.G.P.uh[h> Dr.S.khyjp> Dr.K.fpU\;z%u;j;jp> Dr.D.gh];fud;>
MfpNahu;fSf;Fk; vq;fsJ cskhu;e;j ed;wpia njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
,e;j Gj;jfj;ij cupaNeuj;jpy; mofhf jahupj;Jf;nfhLj;j Shanlax epWtdj;jpw;F
vq;fsJ ghuhl;Lf;fisAk;> ed;wpiaAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,Wjpahf ,e;jg;Gj;jfk;
cUthf Kjw;fhuzkhdtu;fshd vq;fsJ B.Ed., Mrpupa khztu;fSf;F vq;fsJ kdkhu;e;j
ed;wpia cupj;jhf;FfpNwhk;.
ed;wpAld;!
Dr. AR. rutzFkhu;

jpUkjp K. ghtpop
jpUkjp S. GNshuhy; n[ah
ALAGAPPA UNIVERSITY
(A State University Accredited with A+ Grade by NAAC (CGPA: 3.64) in the
Third Cycle and Graded as Category-I University by MHRD-UGC,
2019 : QS ASIA Rank -216, QS BRICS Rank -104, QS India Rank -20)
KARAIKUDI – 630 003
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, DDE
Dr.K.KRISHNAMOORTHY
Asst. Professor in Education
Department of Education, DDE
mzpe;Jiu
“jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp” – vd;w E}ypy; gjpdhd;F ghlg;gFjpfis mikj;J
xt;nthU ghlg;gFjpapYk; rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis Mrpupau; gapw;rp khzhf;fu;fSf;Fk; kw;w
fy;tpahsu;fSk; GupAk; tz;zk; rpwe;j vspa eilapy; nfhLj;Js;sdu;. jiyrpwe;j fy;tpr;
rpe;jidahsu;fspd; jj;Jt fUj;Jf;fis kdjpy; gjpAk; tz;zk; njhFj;J nfhLj;Js;sdu;.
mjd; %yk; gapy;Nthupd; rpe;jidfis vOr;rpAs;sjhf khw;wpf; nfhLf;fpwJ ,e;E}y;.
r%ftpakhjy;> fy;tp Kfik kw;Wk; gz;ghL Nghd;w ghlg;gFjpfspy; ,e;jpahtpd; jw;Nghija
fy;tp epiy vt;thW mike;Js;sJ vd;gij mofhf rpj;jupj;J fhl;bAs;sdu;. fy;tp
vDk; ngauhy; vz;nzOj;jwpitj;jhd; toq;fp tUfpNwhNk jtpu tho;it> kdpjNeaj;ij>
kdpj Fyj;ij Nkk;gl itf;Fk; ey;tho;T kjpg;Gf;fis nfhLf;Fk; “kjpg;Gf;fy;tpia”
ghlg;gFjpahf mikj;J ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; Mrpupa khzhf;fu;fs; vt;thW thoNtz;Lk;
vd;w rpwe;j fUj;Jf;fis ,e;E}y; vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ. fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; nraw;ghl;il
fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpd; fy;tpj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kj;jpa> khepy murhy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; mikg;Gfisg; gw;wp; Mrpupau; gapw;rp khzhf;fu;fSk; gpw fy;tpahsu;fSk;
njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F Vw;g ghlg;gFjpia ,e;E}ypy; mikj;J ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. murpd; mq;fkhfpa
rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; rl;lj;Jiw> rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G
kw;Wk; Fbkf;fspd; cupikfs;> flikfs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis ,d;iwa Mrpupau; gapw;rp
khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; ,e;E}y; mike;Js;sJ rpwg;ghd xd;whFk;. “Nehaw;w
tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk;” - vd;gJ kpfr; rupahd gonkhopahFk;. cly;eyk; vd;gJ
xU kdpjdpd; cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j ,lu;ghbd;wp ,Uj;jiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
,e;E}ypy; cly; eyk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; xU ghlg;gFjpahf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,d;iwa
jiyKiwapdUf;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU ghlg;gFjpapd; ,WjpapYk;
gapw;rptpdhf;fs; kw;Wk; khjpup tpdhj;jhs;fis mikj;J gapw;rp Mrphpah;fs;; rpwe;j
Kiwapy; Njh;tpy; ntw;wp ngWtNjhL kl;Lky;yhJ mjpf jfty;fis njupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F
NgUjtpahf ,e;E}y; mike;jJs;sJ mjpf kfpo;r;rpiaj; jUfpd;wJ. gapw;rp Mrphpah;fs;;
kl;Lkpd;wp> Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wp tUNthu;f;Fk; kw;w fy;tpahsu;fSf;Fk; ,e;E}y; ngupJk;
gad;gLk; vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. rpwg;Gw ,e;E}iy gilj;Js;Nshu;f;F vdJ ,dpa kdg;g+h;tkhd
ghuhl;Ljiy njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
Dr.K.fpU\;z%h;j;jp
SYLLABUS
UNIT I- PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION
Education: Meaning, Definition, nature and Scope- Philosophy: Meaning, Definition and Scope
Educational philosophy: Meaning Definition and Need Relationship between education and philosophy.
myF – 1 jj;JtKk;> fy;tpAk;

fy;tp : nghUs;> tiuaiw> ,ay;Gk;> tuk;Gk;- jj;Jtk;:nghUs;> tiuaiw kw;Wk;
tuk;G - fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;: nghUs;> tiuaiw kw;Wk; Njit- jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk;
,ilNaahd njhlu;G.
UNIT II- CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION

Major schools of Indian Philosophy:
(i) Hinduism (ii) Buddhism (iii) Jainism
myF – ii fy;tpapy; ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

(i) ,e;Jkjk; (ii) Gj;j kjk; (iii) rkz kjk;
UNIT III- CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN THINKERS TO EDUCATION

Educational thoughts of Indian thinkers:
I. Vivekananda
II. Mahatma Gandhi
III. Tagore
IV. Aurobindo
myF – 3 ,e;jpa jj;Jt mwpQh;fspd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfspd; gq;fspg;G:

,e;jpa jj;Jt mwpQh;fspd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs;:
i) Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh; ii) kfhj;kh fhe;jp
iii) ,utPe;jpuehj;jh$h; iv) mutpe;ju;
UNIT IV- CONTRIBUTION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION

Contribution of Western Philosophy in Education
(i) Naturalism (ii) Idealism (iii) Pragmatism (iv) Realism (v) Eclectism.
myF – 4 Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifapy; fy;tpapd; gq;fspg;G:

i) ,aw;iff; nfhs;if ii) fUj;jpay; nfhs;if
iii) gadsitf;nfhs;if iv) Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if
v) rkurf; nfhs;if
UNIT V- CONTRIBUTION OF WESTERN THINKERS TO EDUCATION
Education Thoughts of Western thinkers:
(i) Rousseau (ii) Frobel (iii) Montessori (iv) John Dewey.
myF – 5 Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jt mwpQh;fspd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs;:

i) &N]h ii) GNuhngy; iii) khz;bNrhup iv) [hd;âp
UNIT VI- SOCIOLOGY AND EDUCATION

Concept of Sociology – Relationship between Sociology and Education – Socialization- Culture –
Social mobility – Social stratification- social change – Modernization.
myF – 6 r%ftpaYk; fy;tpAk;

r%ftpay; vd;gjd; nghUs; r%ftpaYf;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G - r%ftpakhjy;
- gz;ghL - r%f ,af;fk; - r%f mLf;Ffs; - r%f khw;wk; - etPdkhf;fy;.
UNIT VII- AGENCIES OF EDUCATION

Education influence of family, community, religion, school and mass media – formal and non-formal
systems of education – Open University system – Distance Education – Alagappa University Directorate
Distance Education.
myF – 7 fy;tp Kfik

fy;tpapd; Mjpf;fj;jpy; FLk;gk;> ,dk;> kjk;> gs;sp> kw;Wk; jfty; gug;G Clfq;fs;
(rhjdq;fs;) - Kiw kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh fy;tpapd; mikg;G – jpwe;j epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;-
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp – mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;.
UNIT VIII- PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION -I

Population explosion – unemployment – Under employment – Illiteracy – Child labour- Communal
violence – Terrorism – Universalisation of primary education.
myF – 8 ,e;jpa r%fg; gpur;ridfSk; fy;tpAk; -I

kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G> Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rid – jFjp Fiwe;j kw;Wk; fy;tpawptpd;ik
– Foe;ij njhopyhsp- ,dthj td;Kiw – gaq;futhjk; - cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f
epiyf; fy;tp.
UNIT IX- PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION –II

Stagnation – Wastage- special education for differentially abled and gifted- Women education – Brain
Drain
myF – 9 ,e;jpa r%fg; gpur;ridfSk; fy;tpAk; –II

Njf;fk; - fopT – FiwghLila my;yJ khw;Wj; jpwd; gilj;NjhUf;fhd kw;Wk;
kPj;jpwd; kpf;NfhUf;fhd rpwg;Gf; fy;tp - ngz; fy;tp – mwpjpwd; kpf;Nfhu; Gyk; ngah;jy;
UNIT X- VALUE EDUCATION AND THE TEACHER
Value: Definition, classification- Value education in schools- Teachers personal values and code of
ethics personal and professional development of teachers.
myF – 10 tpOkf; fy;tpAk; MrpupaUk;

tpOkk;: tiuaiw tifg;gLj;Jjy; - gs;spapy; fy;tp – MrpupauJ jdpg;gl;l
tpOkq;fs; kw;Wk; xOf;f newp kjpg;Gfs; – Mrphpau;fspd; jdp tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopy;
tsh;r;rp.
UNIT XI- INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND EDUCATION

Directive Principles Article 45- Responsibilities of Central and State governments- Amendments
related to education
myF – 11 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lKk; fy;tpAk;

fl;lis Nfhl;ghLfs; - gpupT 45 midtUf;Fk; ,ytr fl;lhaf; fy;tp – kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khepy rl;lg;gpupTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l jpUj;jq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd fy;tp.
UNIT XII- UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION

University Education Commission - Indian Education Commission - Secondary Education
Commission - Ishwarbhai Patel committee-NPE 1986.
myF – 12 gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpf;FO

gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp khd;af; FO - ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf; FO - ,ilepiy fy;tpf;
FO - <];tu;gha; gNly; fy;tpf; FO – Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;if NPE 1986.
UNIT XIII – REGULATORY BODIES OF EDUCATION

MHRD-UCC-NIEPA-NCERT-NCTE-NAAC-TANSCHE-DTERT-DIET-CABE-CBSE.
myF – 13 fy;tpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G

kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiw (MHRD) – gy;fiyf; fof khd;af; FO (UGC) – Njrpa
fy;tp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; epu;thff; fofk; (NIEPA) – Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
epWtdk; (NCERT) – Njrpa Mrpupah; fy;tp epWtdk; (NCTE) – Njrpa jur; rhd;wspf;Fk;
fofk; (NAAC) – jkpof khepy cau; fy;tpf; FO (TANSCHE) – khtl;l Mrpupah; gapw;rp
epWtdk; (DIET) – Mrphpah; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;ffk; (DTERT) – kj;jpa
MNyhridf; fy;tp thupak; (CABE) - kj;jpa ,ilepiyf; fy;tp thupak; (CBSE)
UNIT XIV- HEALTH AND NUTRITION EDUCATION

The concept of health – School health programmes Common ailments of children - First aid Nutrition
deficiencies Balanced diet- Healthy and food habit.
myF – 14 cly; eyKk; Cl;lr;rj;jpw;fhd fy;tpAk;

cly; eyk; kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;jpw;fhd fy;tp – fy;tpf;fhd nray;Kiwj; jpl;lk; -
Foe;ijfis ghjpf;Fk; nghJthd Neha;fs; - KjYjtp - Cl;lr;rj;jpw;fhd gw;whf;Fiw
– ruptpfpj czT – cly;eyKk; czTg; gof;fKk;.
jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy;; fy;tp
myF 1
jj;JtKk; fy;tpAk;
UNIT -1 PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
1.1. fy;tp
1.2 fy;tp vd;gjd; nghUs;
1.3 fy;tp tiuaiw
1.4 Education fy;tp-tpsf;fk;
1.5 Nkiyehl;Lr; fy;tpahsu;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;
1.6 ,e;jpa jj;Jt fy;tpahsh;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;
1.7 fy;tpapd; ,ay;Gfs;
1.8 fy;tpapd; tuk;Gfs;
1.9 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
1.10 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tiuaiw
1.11 jj;Jtj;jpd; tuk;Gfs;
1.12 fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs;
1.13 fy;tpj;jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
1.14 jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;G
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
1.1. fy;tp: (Education)
rKjha tho;f;ifapy; kdpjDf;F fy;tp xU Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. xUtid
ey;ykdpjdhf newpg;gLj;Jtjw;F fy;tp mtrpakhfpwJ. kdpjid khf;fsplkpUe;J
NtWgLj;jp fhz;gpg;gJ fy;tp MFk;. fy;tpjhd; xUtid mwpthsp Mf;FfpwJ. mwpahik
vd;Dk; ,Ul;il fy;tp vDk; xspjhd; Nghf;FfpwJ. ey;y Gj;jfq;fs; mwpTf; fz;izj;
jpwf;Fk; xU jpwTNfhy;. fy;tp xUtid kl;Lk; my;yhky; mtidr; rhu;e;jtu;fisAk;>
rKjhaj;ijAk; ehl;ilAk; cau;j;Jk;. fy;tpjhd; vJ ey;yJ? vJ nfl;lJ? vdg; gFj;jwpaf;
fw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;. ve;j tp\aj;ijAk; cw;WNehf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; rkNahfpjkhf
ele;Jnfhs;sTk; fy;tpawpNt if nfhLf;fpwJ.
1.2 fy;tp nghUs;: (Education-Meaning)
fy;tp vd;gJ fw;wiy vspikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mwpT> jpwd;fs;> kjpg;Gfs;>
ek;gpf;iffs;> gof;ftof;fq;fis nray;KiwgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU topKiwahFk;.
1.3 fy;tp tiuaiw: (Education Definition)

fy;tp vd;gJ tprhykhd ghu;itapy; VNjDk; xU nray; my;yJ mDgtk;. mJ
xU jdp kdpjdpd; kdk;> Fzhjprpak; my;yJ cly;rhu;e;j jpwd;fspd; njhFg;ghd Xu;
tpisthFk;. njhopy; El;g ghu;itapy; fy;tp vd;gJ xU jiyKiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU
jiyKiwf;F kjpg;Gfs;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; njhFf;fg;gl;L ngwg;gl;l r%fk; rhu;;e;j mwpit
gupkhw;Wk; nray;Kiw MFk;.
1
1.4 Education (fy;tp) – tpsf;fk;
fy;tpahsu;fs; Gjpa ,yj;jPd; thu;j;ijfis Muha;e;J fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. mtu;fspd;
$w;Wg;gb Mq;fpy thu;j;ijahd “Education” vd;gJ ,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhw;fshd “Educare”
“Educere” “Educatuum”, “Etuduco” – “educatus”, “educatic”
t. vz; thu;j;ij ngwg;gl;l%yk; nghUs;

ntspf;nfhzu;jy; (“to bring
Latin – thu;j;ij
1. Educaeare up”) cau;j;Jjy; (“to rise”)
“Educare”
tsu;j;jy; (“to nourish”)
topelj;Jjy; (“to lead out”)
Latin – thu;j;ij
2 ‘Educere’ mfw;Wjy; (to draw out)
Educere
ntspf;nfhzu;jy; (to bring from)
,yj;jPd; thu;j;ij fw;gpj;jy; (“act at teacher) my;yJ
3 “Educatum”
‘Educatum” gapw;Wtpj;jy; (training)
,yj;jPd; thu;j;ij E = out of ntspg;gLj;Jjy; duco –
4 Etuduco
E+ducs topelj;JtJ (to lead)
,yj;jPd; thu;j;ij cau;j;Jjy; (“to bring up cau;-
5 Educutus
“Educatus” j;Jjy; (rear) fw;gpj;jy; (educate)
,yj;jPd; thu;j;ij cUthf;Fjy; (a breeding) “a
6 Education
Educatie bringing up” “a rearing”
1.5 Nkiyehl;L fy;tpahsu;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;:

gpshl;Nlh (Plato)-fy;tp vd;gJ ,d;gk; kw;Wk; Jd;gj;ij rupahd Neuj;jpy; czUk;
Xu; jpwd; MFk;. ,J kdpjdpd; cly; kw;Wk; Md;khtpy; mtd; jpwd; rhu;e;J mofpa
kw;Wk; Neu;j;jpia cUthf;FtJ MFk;.
[hd; yhf;: (John Lock) “nrbfs; tsu epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;JtJNghy kdpju;fisg;
gz;gLj;JtNj fy;tp” (plants are developed by cultivation and men by education)
1.6 ,e;jpa jj;Jtf; fy;tpahsu;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;

Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;:
fy;tp vd;gJ kdpjdplk; ,aw;ifahf Gije;;Js;s nja;tPfkhd KOikj; jd;ikia
ntspg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp:
fy;tp vd;gJ Foe;ij kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; cly;> kdk;> Md;kh Mfpa %d;wpd;
rpwg;ghditfis KOikahf ntspf; nfhzUk; nrayhFk; (By education I mean, an allround
drawing out of the best in child and men body, mind and spirit)
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;:
fy;tp vd;gJ ek;Kila midj;J gpur;ridfSf;Fkhd jPu;Tfis Kd;dpUj;jpr;
nry;Yk; Xu; mfykhd ghij. (“The Widest road leading to the solution of all our problems is
education”)
2
1.7 fy;tpapd; ,ay;Gfs;: (Nature)
1.7. 1. tho;f;if KOikAf;Fkhd nray;Kiw
fy;tp vd;gJ tho;f;if KOikf;Fkhd nray;Kiw. Vnddpy; jdp kdpjdpd; tho;tpy;
xt;nthU epiyAk; fy;tpapd; ghu;itapy; Kf;fpakhfj; jpfo;fpwJ.
1.7.2. fy;tp vd;gJ Xu; fl;likf;fg;gl;l epfo;T
Xu; mikg;gpd; fl;Lg;ghLfis Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l nray;ghLfshf khw;Wk; Xu;
epfo;thFk;.
1.7.3. fy;tp vd;gJ jdp kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; tsu;r;rp
r%f Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; xt;nthU gFjpfspYk; Nkk;ghl;il cau;j;JtJ
MFk;.
1.7.4. fy;tp vd;gJ elj;ij khw;wj;ij cUthf;Fk; Xu; fUtp
kdpjdpd; elj;ij khw;wk; Nkk;ghL miljy; fy;tpr; nray;Kiw %yk; eilngWfpwJ.
1.7.5. fy;tp vd;gJ xU gapw;rp
kdpjdpd; czu;Tfs; kdk;> elj;ij> nray;fs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fis Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd
kw;Wk; r%fj;jpw;F cfe;j topapy; gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
1.7.6. fy;tp vd;gJ fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; topelj;Jjy;
jdpkdpjid topfhl;Ljy; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; %yk; Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fis
epiwNtw;wp xUq;fpize;j MSikia KOikailar; nra;fpwJ.
1.7.7. fy;tp vd;gJ tho;f;if
fy;tp ,y;yhj tho;f;if mu;j;jkw;wJ. kw;Wk; kpUf tho;f;if Nghy; Mfpd;wJ
xt;nthU mk;rk; kw;Wk; epfo;tpw;Fk; fy;tpahdJ KOikahd tsu;r;rpf;F Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
1.7.8. fy;tp vd;gJ ekJ mDgtq;fis njhlu;r;rpahf kWrPuikf;fpwJ
[hd; âp vd;gtupd; tiuaiwapd; gb fy;tp vd;gJ ek;Kila mDgtq;fis
r%fj;jpw;F cfe;j kw;Wk; tpUk;gj;jf;f topapy; kWrPuikj;J GJg;gpf;fpd;wJ. Mjyhy;
fy;tpapd; gq;F vz;zw;wjhfTk;> Neu;j;jpahd r%fk; kw;Wk; kdpjDf;F fy;tpapd gq;F
vz;zw;wjhf cs;sJ. jdpkdpj xt;nthUtupd; r%fk; kw;Wk; ehl;by; cs;s jdp kdpjdpd;
KOikahd kfpo;r;rp kw;Wk; tsikia ntspf; nfhzu;tjw;F fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjjhf
tpsq;FfpwJ.
1.8 fy;tpapd; tuk;Gfs;: (Educational Scope)

tuk;G vd;gJ mjDila gad;ghl;Llik kw;Wk; nray;ghl;L eltbf;iffSila
Jiwfs; my;yJ tha;g;Gfisg; gw;wpa xU ntspg;gilahd ghu;itahFk;.
1.8.1. fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
jj;Jttpay; fy;tp> fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> fy;tpapd; ,ay;G> fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>
fy;tpapd; nray;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa fy;tpapd; kpfg;goik tha;e;j kpf
Kf;fpakhd gFjpahFk;.
3
fy;tpapd; tuk;Gfs;
fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
fy;tp cstpay;
fy;tpapd; tuyhW
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
r%ftpay; fy;tp
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fy;tp
kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp
nghUspay; fy;tp
fy;tpg; gpur;ridfs;
fy;tp Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk;

Nkw;ghu;it
1.8.2. fy;tp cstpay;

fy;tpapd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; Foe;ijapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; MFk;. cstpay; Foe;ijiag;
gw;wp ed;whf Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; Foe;ijapd; Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ cly;> kdk;>
kdntOr;rp> r%f nghUj;jg;ghL> jdpegu; NtWghL> MSik> rpe;jpj;jy;> gpur;ridfisj;
jPu;j;jy; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTfpwJ.
1.8.3. r%ftpay; fy;tp
xU Foe;ij rKjhaj;jpy; tsu;fpwJ. mjdhy; rKjhaj;jpd; ,ay;G> tif> gz;ghl;L
mbg;gilapyhd rhu;G Mfpatw;iw gw;wp njupe;J nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhfpwJ.
1.8.4. fy;tpapd; tuyhW
ghlg;gpupTfspd;; gpd;Gyk;> njhlf;fk;> Kd;Ndw;wk;> tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; mjd; mk;rq;fis
njupe;Jnfhs;tJ KfpakhdjhFk;. NkYk; goikahd> ,ilf;fhy> Mq;fpNya> etPdfhy
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis mwpe;J nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
1.8.5. nghUspay; fy;tp
tsUk; thzpgk; kw;Wk; re;ijapy; nghUspay; fy;tp vd;gJ xt;nthUtu;f;Fk; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
4
1.8.6. fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
goikahd fw;wiyg; Nghypd;wp khztu;fSk; fy;tpr; nray;ghLfspy; Mrpupau;fSld;
<LghLld; gq;Nfw;fpd;wdu;. Mjyhy; jpwd; kw;Wk; jpwiktha;e;j fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
1.8.7 fy;tp Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;it
fy;tpapay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfs; R%fkhd Kiwapy; Nkw;ghu;it kw;Wk;
Nkyhz;ik nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. Mjyhy; fy;tpapd; nray;ghLfs; rpwg;ghf nra;a Ntz;Lk.;
epjp> fl;Lg;ghL gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l jiyik> jdpj;jpaq;Fk; jd;ik> jdpegu; Nkyhz;ik
Mfpait mtrpakhfpwJ.
1.8.8. fy;tpg; gpur;ridfs;
fy;tpapd; tuk;G fw;gpj;jy; Nkyhz;ikg; gpur;ridfs;> mjd; gupe;Jiufs; kw;Wk;
jPu;Tfis cs;slf;fp cs;sJ.
1.8.9. kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp
tpUk;gj;jhfj tifapy; cs;s kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ij gw;wp Xu; tpopg;Gzu;it
cUthf;Ftjw;F kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.
1.8.10. Rw;Wr; R+oy; fy;tp
R+opay; rkd;ghLf;F Ez;zwpT kw;Wk; ftdj;ij <l;ly; jw;nghOJ
,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. Mjyhy; R+opay; gpur;ridfisg; gw;wp ed;F njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F
Rw;Wr;R+oy; fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ.
1.9 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs;: (Meaning of Philosophy)

jj;Jtk; (philosophy) vd;w nrhy;> Ntl;if (Love) vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk;. “/gpypnad;”
(philion) kw;Wk; mwpT vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk;. “Nrhgpah” (Sophia) vd;w ,U fpNuf;f
thu;j;ijfspypUe;J te;jjhFk;. vdNt jj;Jtk; vd;w nrhy;iy Muha;tjd; %yk;
ngwg;gLk; nghUs; “mwpT Ntl;if (Love for Wisdom) MFk;. Mdhy; ,d;W eilKiwapy;
jj;Jtk; vd;w nrhy; xUtuJ mbg;gil ek;gpf;iffisAk;> tho;tpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk;
Fwpg;gpLtjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ill;l]; (Titus. 1964) vd;ghu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ Nghy> jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUis fPo;f;fhZk;
Ie;J tif mZF Kiwfs; %yk; ngwyhk;.
i. ,t;Tyfk; kdpj tho;f;if Mfpait njhlu;ghd xUtuJ jdpg;gl;l fz;Nzhl;lNk
jj;Jtk; vdf; $wyhk;.
ii. jj;Jtk; vd;gJ vijAk; gFj;jwpe;J nghJikg;gLj;j KaYk; Mo;rpe;jid KiwNa
MFk;.
iii. vijANk Muha;e;J mjd; KOikiag; gw;wp mwpa Kw;gLtNj jj;Jtk;.
iv. nkhopiaAk; mjd; nrhw;fisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf Ma;T nra;tNjhL mtw;wpd;
nghUisAk; njspTgLj;JjNy jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpag; gzp. mjhtJ cz;ikg;
nghUis ju;f;f uPjpahf mwpa Kw;gLtNj jj;Jtk; MFk;. (jj;Jtk; - mwptpd;
mwptpay;)
v. mbg;gilg; gpur;ridfisAk; mtw;wpw;F jPu;Tfisf; fhz Kw;gLk; nfhs;iffisAk;
nfhz;lNj jj;Jtk;.
5
jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUis %d;W ntt;NtW epiyfspy; ngwKbAk;.
i. nrhy; nghUs; nfhs;Sjy; (Etymological) %ykhf.
ii. nghJthf nkhopapy; mr;nrhy; ifahsg;gLk; Kiwfspd; %ykhf.
iii. jj;Jt Qhdpfspd; mZFKiwfspypUe;J jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffisAk;> Nfhl;ghLfisAk;
mwpjy; %ykhf.
1.10 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tiuaiw (Definition of Philosophy)

Kiwg;gb myrp Muha;e;J ,g;Nguz;lj;jpd; ,Wjp cz;ikfis mwpa Kw;gLtNj
jj;Jtk; MFk;. mjhtJ nghUspd; cz;ikj; jd;ikfis myrp Muha;e;J> rpy
nghJthd Nfhl;ghLfisAk>; fUj;JfisAk; mila Kaw;rpnra;tNjhL> mtw;iw
tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;j Kw;gLk; xt;nthUtUk; njupe;Njh njupahkNyh xU jj;Jtthjp
Nghy nray;gLfpd;wdu;. cyfpy; cs;s midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk;> mDgtq;fSk; jj;Jt
tprhuizapd; fPo; tUgtdNt.
xU nghUspd; Njhw;w kjpg;ig jtpu;j;J mjd; cz;ikahd kjpg;igj; NjLjNy
jj;Jtk; MFk;. nrhy;nghUs; gb jj;Jtk; vd;Dk; fpNuf;f nrhy;yhd (/gpyh]gp”>
“Qhdj;jpd;ghy; Ntl;if nfhz;bUj;jy; “(Love for Wisdom) vd;gij czu;j;JfpwJ.
jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; Kf;fpa tiuaiwfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
“nghUl;fspd; cz;ikj;jd;ikiag; gw;wp midtUk; xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;
tpsf;fk; mspf;f Kw;gLtNj jj;Jtk; MFk;”.
- My;/gpul; ntgu;
“ekf;F ed;F gupr;rakhd nghUl;fisf;$l myrp Muha;e;J kPs; Nehf;FjNy jj;Jtk;”.
MFk; - [hd; âp
“jj;Jtk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l fUj;Jf;Fy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; nghJ cz;ikiaAk; fhl;rpj;
Njhw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpd; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; cz;ikj; jd;ikiaAk; fz;lwpa Kw;gLtNj
MFk;”. - Nukhz;l;.
1.11 jj;Jtj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; (Scope of Philosophy)

jj;Jt tprhuiz eilngWk; fsj;ijg; nghWj;J jj;Jtj;jpy; %d;W mq;fq;fs;
cs;sd. mitahtd:
nghUl;fspd; Njhw;wj;ijf; fle;J epw;Fk; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpa Kw;gLk; cz;ikg;
nghUs; ,ay; (Ontology) Kjw;gFjpahFk;. jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUis fPo;f;fhZk; Ie;J
tif mZFKiwfs; %yk; ngwyhk;.
i. ,t;Tyfk; kw;Wk; kdpj tho;f;if Mfpait gw;wpa xUtuJ jdpg;gl;l fz;Nzhl;lNk
jj;Jtk; vdf; $wyhk;.
ii. jj;Jtk; vd;gJ vijAk; gFj;jwpe;J nghJikg;gLj;j KaYk; Mo;rpe;jid KiwNa
MFk;.
iii. vijANk Muha;e;J mjd; KOikiag; gw;wp mwpa Kw;gLtNj jj;Jtk;.
iv. nkhopiaAk;> mjd; nrhw;fisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf Ma;T nra;tNjhL> mtw;wpd;
nghUisAk; njspTgLj;jNy jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpag; gzp. mjhtJ cz;ikg; nghUis
ju;f;f uPjpahf mwpa Kw;gLtNj jj;Jtk; MFk;.
v. mbg;gilg; gpur;ridfisAk;> mtw;wpw;F jPu;Tfisf; fhz Kw;gLk; nfhs;iffisAk;
nfhz;lNj jj;Jtk;.
6
1.12 fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs; (Educational Philosphy)
epA+N]hk; vd;w mwpQu; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; vd;gij %d;W topfspy; Vw;fyhk; vd;fpwhu;.
i. fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ jj;Jt ,aiyr; rhu;e;j xU gpupNt.
ii. fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; fy;tpia tpsq;fr; nra;Ak; xU tpupthd ghu;it.
iii. fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; fy;tpapd; nghJNfhl;ghL.
,k;%d;W tif tpsf;fkhff; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; mike;jpUe;jhYk; Kjypy; $wg;gl;l
tpsf;fNk mbg;gilahdjhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. fy;tpAk;> jj;JtKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U
gf;fq;fs; Nghy tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Nfhl;ghL gf;fj;ij jj;Jtk; vd;Wk;> nray;ghl;Lg; gf;fj;ijf;
fy;tpapay; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. xt;nthU jj;Jt QhdpAk; mtutu; jj;Jt newpfSf;Nfw;g
fy;tpapd; $Wfis Muha;e;jhu;fs;. gy;NtW NjitfSf;Nfw;g> Fog;g epiyia mfw;wp>
gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspypUe;J vOk; tpdhf;fSf;F rupahf tpil mspf;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfspd;
njhFg;Ng fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; (Educational philosophy) MFk;.
fy;tpf; $Wfshd ghlj;jpl;l Vw;ghL> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;> Mrpupaupd; nray;ghL>
khzhf;fupd; xOf;fk; Mfpa jj;Jtg; gpupTfSf;Nfw;g Muha;e;J KbTfisg; ngWjNy
fy;tpj; jj;JtkhFk;.
1.13 fy;tpj;jj;Jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

jj;Jtk; fy;tpf; $Wfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; vt;thW Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;gij
fPo;f;fhZk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; %yk; mwpayhk;.
fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; tiuaiw
fy;tpj;j;Jtk; vd;gJ fy;tpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; jj;Jtthjpfs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd;
kjpg;ig cau;j;Jk; tifapy; fy;tpapd; ,aw;ifj; jd;ikia gw;wpa mf;fiw kw;Wk;
mu;g;gzpg;Gld; ,ize;J nray;gLjy; mtu;fSila kdjpy; gy;NtW tifahd kjpg;Gfis>
kdpj rKjhaj;jpid ghJfhf;f $bajhf mika Ntz;Lnkd;w Xu; mfd;w ghu;itapy;
jj;JtthjpfSk;> fy;tpahsu;fSk; ,ize;J fy;tpj;jj;Jtj;ij fl;likf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1.14 jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;G

jj;Jt ,ay; kw;Wk; fy;tp vd;gJ fw;wypy; ntt;Ntwhd gpupTfs; Mdhy; mit
xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gilaitfs; Vnddpy; Kd; gFj;jwpT ,y;yhj fy;tp kw;Wk; fy;tpr;
nray;Kiw KOikAk; mu;j;jkw;wjhfptpLk;. jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
njhlu;G gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1.14.1 Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;
xt;nthU r%fj;jpw;Fk; fy;tp vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fk;> kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis
topelj;JfpwJ. mjd; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;git jj;Jt ,aypd mbg;gilapy;
mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpshl;Nlh rkd;ghlhd epiyia cUthf;f tpUk;gpdhu;. fy;tp vd;gJ
jFe;j fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;F cjTfpwJ.
1.14.2 fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Kiwfs;
xt;nthU fy;tpAk; jdpg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk;> fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;> fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpf;Fk; Aj;jpfs; Nghd;witfs;
midj;Jk; jj;Jtapaypy; cs;sJ Mjyhy; fy;tp vd;gJ mjd; gy;NtW gFjpfSf;Fk;
jj;Jttpay; topfhl;liyr; rhu;e;Js;sJ.
7
1.14.3 fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
jj;Jtj;jpd; xU jdpg;gl;l gpupNt fy;tpj;jj;Jtk; ,g;gpupthdJ fy;tpapd; jd;ik>
fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l kjk;> r%fk;> ey;nyhOf;fk;> mwptpay; rhu;e;J mike;Js;s
Nehf;fq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
1.14.4 jj;Jtapaypd; khWgl;l xU gFjpNa fy;tp
rpwe;j mwpQu;fshd gpshl;Nlh> mup];lhl;by; Nghd;wtu;fs; jj;Jttpay; vd;gJ
nray;Kiw tbtkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdu;. mij tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fy;tp
mikg;gpd; %yNk toq;fKbAk; vd ek;gpdu;.
1.14.5 ey;nyhOf;fKila kdpjd;
fy;tpapd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; ey;nyhOf;fKila kdpjid cUthf;Fjy; MFk;.
jj;JttpaNy; ey;y kdk;> ey;y cly; kw;Wk; ey;nyhOf;f kdpjd; gw;wp tpsf;FfpwJ.
1.14.6 fy;tp xU khw;wj;jpw;fhd fUtp
rKjhaj;jpYk;> Ke;ija fy;tp KiwapYk; khw;wk; nfhz;L tUtjw;F jj;JttpaNy
mbg;gilahf jpfo;fpwJ.
8
khjphp tpdhj;jhs; -1
gFjp – m
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; Nfs;tpfs;
1. fy;tp vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
2. jj;Jtk; tiuaW.
3. fy;tp vd;gjd;; %yg;nghUs; ahJ?
4. jj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. fy;tpapd; ,ay;Gfs; VNjDk; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
6. fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;: tiuaWf;f
7. Nkiyehl;L fy;tpahsh;fspd; fy;tp gw;wpa ,Uth; $w;wpid $Wf.
8. fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ ahJ?
9. jj;Jtj;jpd; %d;W epiyfs; ahit?
10. r%ftpay; fy;tp vd;gJ ahJ?
gFjp – M
II. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; Nfs;tpfs;
11. fy;tpAk;> jj;JtKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; - ,f;$w;iw Ma;f
12. fy;tpj; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; ahit?.
13. fy;tp vd;gij tiuaWj;J ,e;jpa jj;Jt fy;tpahsh;fspd; fy;tpf; $w;Wfspy;
VNjDk; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf
14. fy;tp jdp xU kdpjDf;F mtrpak; vd;gij tpsf;Ff
15. jj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; epiyfis tpsf;Ff
16. kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp> Rw;Wr;#oy; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ff
17. jj;Jtk;> fy;tpj;jj;Jtk; ,uz;bw;Fk; ,ilNaahd NtwghLfis vOJf
18. fy;tp cstpay; vd;gJ ahJ? mtw;iw tpsf;Ff
gFjp - ,
III. gjpide;J kjpg;ngz; Nfs;tpfs;
19. m. fy;tpapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit? mtw;iw tpsf;Ff
(my;yJ)
M. fy;tpf;Fk; jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;ig tpthp.
20. m. fy;tp vd;gij tiuaW. mjd; ,ay;Gfis tpthpf;f

(my;yJ)
M. jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? mjd; epiyfs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwfis
tpsf;Ff
9
myF 2
fy;tpapy; ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G
UNIT - 2 CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
2.1 ,e;J rkak
2.2 ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;
2.3 Ntjq;fs;
2.4 fPij czu;j;Jk; ehd;F khu;f;fq;fs;
2.5 Ntjk; Nghw;Wk; fy;tp
2.6 FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw
2.7. Gj;j rkak;
2.8 Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhW
2.9 Gj;juJ rka Nghjidfs;
2.10 ehd;F caupa cz;ikfs; (m) Mupa rj;jpaq;fs;
2.11 vz;tif topfs;
2.12 ,iltop my;yJ kj;jpa khu;f;fk;
2.13 Gj;j rkaj;jpd; gpupTfs
2.14 ,yf;fpa tsur;rp;
2.15 Gj;jkjj;jpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
2.16 Gj;jkjk; - fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;
2.17 rkz rkak;
2.18 rkzk; - nrhy; tpsf;fk;
2.19 rkz rkag; gpupTfs;
2.20 Nghjpj;j cz;ikfs;
2.21 rkzf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
2.22 Ie;J ngUk; Nehd;Gfs; my;yJ gQ;rk`htpujk;
2.23 rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;
2.24 rkz ,yf;fpaKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
2.25 rkzu;fspd; mwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;
2.26 rkz kjKk; fy;tpj;jj;Jtq;fSk;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
cyfg; nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; mopAk; jd;ik cilait. MfNt epiyngw;W
epy;yhky; mope;JtpLfpwJ. cyfpy; mopahky; epiyngw;W epd;W ,ilawhky; mDgtpf;fj;
jFe;j ,d;gk; cs;sJ. mt;tpd;gk; Ngupd;gk; vdg;gLk; ngUtho;T. ,g;Ngupd;gg; ngUtho;it
kf;fs; mDgtpf;f ngupNahu;fs; ,iwtdJ mUNshL tFj;j topNa rkaq;fshFk;
,r;rkaq;fspy; ,e;J rkak;> rkzk;> ngsj;j rkaq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> kw;Wk;
mtw;wpd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis mwpNthk;;.
10
2.1 ,e;J rkak; (Hinduism)
Mupau;fs; rpe;Jejp Mw;wpy; trpj;Jte;jNghJ mtu;fis ‘rpe;Jf;fs;’ my;yJ
‘,e;Jf;fs;’ vdg; ghurPfUk;> fpNuf;fUk; mioj;Jte;jdu;. mtu;fs; gpd;gw;wpa rkaNk ,e;J
rkak; vd;W rpy rupj;jpu Mrpupau;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpa ehl;bdupd; kjNk ,e;J kjk;
vdg;nghUs; $WthUk; cz;L. Xu; capu; ve;j fhuzj;jpdhyhtJ tUe;Jtjhf ,Ue;jhy;
mj;Jauj;ij jdf;F Vw;gl;l Jaukhff; fUjp mfw;w Kd;tu Ntz;Lk; mj;jifatNd
,e;J Mthd;. mg;gz;Gkpf;f kf;fis nfhz;l kjNk ,e;J kjkhFk;.
2.1.1 rdhjd ju;kk;
,e;J kjk; vd;gjw;F “rdhjd ju;kk;” vd NtW xU ngau; $Wtu;; ,jw;F
moptpy;yhj mwk; vd;gJ nghUs;> NkYk; ,e;J rkak; KiwNa jpUnewp> mUs;newp>
jtnewp> nkae;newp> rd;khu;f;fk; vd;w gy ngau;fisf; nfhz;lJ. rkak; vd;gjw;F ‘rik’
vd;gJ gFjpaha clk;ig tsu;g;gjw;F czTg; nghUisr; rikg;gJ Nghy ,iwtid
miltjw;F gf;Ftg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
2.2 ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;

xt;nthU rkaj;jpw;Fk; Kf;fpakhd rka E}y; xt;nthd;W cs;sJ. ,e;J rkaj;jpw;Fk;
Ntjk;> Mfkk;> Njhj;jpuk;> rhj;jpuk;> ,jpfhrk;> Guhzk; vdg; gy E}y;fs; cs;sd.
2.3 Ntjq;fs;
nja;tPfkhd fUj;Jf;fisj; jd;Ds; mlf;fp kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gjhy; mJ kiwnadg;
ngau; ngw;wJ. Ntjq;fs; ehd;F. Ntjq;fis tpahru; ehd;fhf tFj;Js;shu;. Ntjq;fNshL
njhlu;Gila Muz;afq;fs; kw;Wk; cgepljq;fs; ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fsha; ngUik
Nru;f;fpd;wd.
2.4 fPij czu;j;Jk; ehd;F khu;f;fq;fs;

kdpjd; jd; cly;> %r;R> kdk;> mwpT Mfpatw;iw gad;gLj;jp ngUKaw;rp nra;J
,iwaUisg; ngw;W tpiutpy; jd;id Kd;Ndw;wpf; nfhs;tJ “tp`q;fk khu;f;fk;” my;yJ
“gwf;Fk; top” vdg;gLk;.
jd;idj; jhNd cau;j;jpf; nfhs;Sk; khu;f;fq;fs; KiwNa>
1. Qhd khu;f;fk;
2. ,uh[ khu;f;fk;
3. fu;k khu;f;fk;
4. gf;jp khu;f;fk; - vd;gdthFk;
,it KiwNa Qhdnewp> ,uh[newp> fu;knewp kw;Wk; gf;jp newp vd;Wk;
Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
2.4.1. Qhd khu;f;fk;
$u;ikahd mwpTilatu;fs; ey;yijAk; nfl;lijAk; mwpe;J vd;Wk;
epiyj;jpUg;gijAk;> tpiutpy; Mo;e;J tpLtijAk; rpe;jpj;J czUk; Mw;wy; cilatu;fs;.
,t; mwptpd; Jiz nfhz;L rj;jpaj;ijAk; KOikahd guk;nghUis NjLk; topNa
‘Qhdkhu;f;fk;’ vdg;gLk;. ey; mwptpw;F topfhl;Ltd KiwNa Ntjhe;jq;fs;> cgepljq;fs;>
gftj;fPij MfpadTk;> ,ukzkfup\p> mutpe;ju;> jhAkhdtu; kw;Wk; jpU%yu; kw;Wk; gy
Md;Nwhu; MfpNahupd; cgNjrq;fSk; MFk;.
11
2.4.2. ,uh[ khu;f;fk;
kdpjd; Ra czu;Tld; clk;G> %r;R> kdk; ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;Lj;jp> xOq;FgLj;jp>
jdf;Fs;Ns xspe;Jfplf;Fk; rf;jpfisj; J}z;b ntspg;gLj;JtJ ‘uh[Nahfk;’ vdg;gLk;.
,JNt ,uh[khu;f;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; ,Wjp ,yl;rpak; kdjpy; my;yJ czu;tpy;
Njhd;Wk; miyfis mlf;FtJ MFk;. “Xk;” vd;w gpuztk; ,q;F topglg;gLfpd;wJ.
2.4.3. fu;k khu;f;fk;
tho;f;ifapy; kdpjd; nra;fpd;w xt;nthU nraYf;Fk; ,uz;L tpjkhd gad;fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1. mr;nraypdhy; rKjhaj;jpw;F gad;; fpilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. mr;nray; mtDila nja;t gf;jpia tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,Utpjkhd gad;fs; cilaitahf xt;nthU nraiyAk; Mf;Fk; tpjpiaf;
fu;k newp vd;w ngaupy; gftj; fPij czu;j;JfpwJ. njhopy;> tho;f;if> Gwtho;f;if
vd;w ntsp tho;f;ifiaAk; Fspj;jy;> elj;jy;> cz;Zjy;> jhdk; nra;jy; Nghd;w nrhe;j
tho;f;ifapd; nray;fs; Mfpa midj;JNk jdf;F mf ,d;gKk;> rKjha eyKk; tsUk;gb
nra;fpd;wd. xU kdpjd; jd; nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; nra;fpd;w Mrdk;. gpuhzhahkk>;
jtk>; ed;D}ywpT Mfpa midj;Jk; cyf ed;ikf;Fk; cjTk;gb vy;NyhUk; ,d;g
tho;Ttho fPij top nrhy;fpd;wJ. vdNt rKjhaj;jpd; mq;fj;jpduhfpa xt;nthUtUk;
jj;jk; flikfis KiwahfTk;> jpwikahfTk; Mw;Wtij fu;k khu;f;fk; vdyhk;.
2.4.4. gf;jp khu;f;fk;
guk;nghUs; kPJ nfhz;l md;gpdhy; kdpjd; mfe;ijia xopj;J jd; rpWikiaj;
jtpu;j;J cyfshtpa czu;Ts;stdha; jpahfk;> md;G thapyhf caupa epiyia
miltJ gf;jp khu;f;fk;.
gf;jd; vij ek;GfpwhNdh mJthfNt jhd; MfptpLfpwhd; vd;gJ fPijapy;
fz;zd; fUj;J ,ij czUk; tpjkhf rhe;jkhd ru];tjp Nghd;w nja;tq;fis
tzq;Fk;NghJ gf;jDk; gzpTilAtd; Mfpwhd;. gw;ww;w rptdhiu tzq;Fk; NghJ
gf;jDk; gw;ww;wtdhfpd;whd;. md;G kpFe;j fz;zid tzq;Fk; NghJ jUkk; Mfpa
MW ew;Fzq;fisf; nfhz;l ,iwtid gf;jpgutrj;jhy; topgLk;NghJ ehKk; me;j MW
ew;Fzq;fis cilatuhfpNwhk;.
2.5 Ntjk; Nghw;Wk; fy;tp

ghuk;gupaj;ijAk;> fyhr;rhuj;ijAk; fhg;ghw;wp tUq;fhy re;jjpapdUf;Fj; jUjy;>
xUq;fpize;j MSikia cUthf;Fjy;> r%fg; nghWg;Gfis khztdJ kdj;jpy;
Cd;wr; nra;jy;> xt;nthUtUk; jdJ Md;kPfj; jd;ikia czur; nra;jy; MfpaitNa
Ntjfhyf; fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;.
2.5.1 ghlj;jpl;lk;
Ntjfhyf; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; jhk; fw;w ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpapidj; jkJ
khztUf;Ff; fw;Wj; jUjy;. Ntjq;fs; kddk; nra;ag;gl;ld. flTSf;Fg; gypapLjy; Nghd;w
Gdpjr; rlq;FfNs gy;NtW tifahd fy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;ld. gypgPlj;jpy; mikg;Gf;Fupa
tpjp KiwfspypUe;J Njhd;wpaJ [pNahkpjp fzpjk;> gypapLjYf;Fupa fhyj;ijf;
fzf;fpLjw;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. thd rh];jpuk; gypaplg;gl;l capupdq;fspd; cly;
gpupf;fg;l;l Kiwapdpd;W Njhd;wpaJ. clypay; GdpjNtjq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lit ,yf;fzKk;> jj;JtKk; MFk;. mf;fhy kf;fSf;Fg; gpuk;k R+j;jpug;gb
12
guk;giuahf MW ghlq;fs; tFf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mit Ntjq;fspd; gFjpfs; vd fUjg;gl;ld.
1. xypapay;
2. re;jk;
3. ,yf;fzk;
4. nrhw;fspd; tuyhW
5. kjr;rlq;Ffs; gw;wpa fy;tp MfpaitahFk;.
mf;fhye;njhl;Nl xU Jiwapy; kl;Lk; rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp ngWk; KiwAk; ,Ue;Js;sJ.
kUj;Jtf; fy;tpAk; md;Nw Muk;gkhdJjhd; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fSk; cz;L.
2.6 FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw

VohtJ tajpy; cgeadk; vd;w rlq;F elj;jg;gl;l gpd; khztu;fs; Mrpukq;fspy;
tho;e;j up\p Kdptu;fsplk; Nru;g;gpf;fg;gl;ldu;. rPluhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kd; mtu;fis
Mrpupau;fs; Xu; Mz;L fhyk; gapw;rpf;fhyk; vdf;nfhz;L mtu;fSila Fzhjpraq;fs;>
<LghL> kdg;ghd;ik ,tw;iw Nrhjpj;jwpe;j gpd;dNu mtu;fisr; rPlu;fshf Vw;Wf;
nfhz;lhu;fs;. khztd; mtdJ khzt tho;f;ifiaf; FUtpd; ,y;yj;jpNyNa fopf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Ie;J taJ Kjy; 16 taJ tiu khztu;fspd; Kjy; gUtkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
khztu; cyf ,d;gq;fisj; Jwe;J> Mrpupauplk; fw;wiyNa Kf;fpankdf; nfhz;L
tho;e;jdu;. Mrpupauplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l khztd; mtu;jk; kfdhfNt fUjg;gl;lhd;.
MrpupaUf;nfd khztu; rpy gzpfisAk; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Ntjq;fis Kiwahff;
fw;W Nfhgj;ijAk;> ngha;ikAk; xopj;J tpl Ntz;Lk;. mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J jpahdpj;jy;
khztuJ flikahFk;. FUFyj;jpy; khkprk;> kJ Nghd;wit cl;nfhs;Sjy; jtpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
rhktu;j;jdh vDk; rlq;F khztu; tho;f;if Kbtiljiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. jhk; fw;w
fy;tpf;fhf MrpupaUf;F xt;nthU khztDk; FUjl;riz mspj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. FUFy
tho;f;ifapy; khztd; MrpupaUf;nfdr; rpy gzptpilfisr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. xU NghJk;
Mrpupaiu vjpu;j;Jg; NgRjy; $lhJ. Mrpupaiutplj; jho;e;j Mrdj;jpNyNa khztu;
mku;jy; Ntz;Lk;. MrpupauJ ngaiuf; $wf;$lhJ vd;w tpjpKiwfs; ,Ue;jd.
2.7. Gj;j rkak;: (Buddhism)

,e;J rkaj;jpy; epytpa FiwghLfshd %lg; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Nts;tpfs;> rlq;Ffs;>
rhjpf; nfhLikfs; Nghd;wtw;iw ePf;f top fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jidapd; tpisNt
Gj;j rkak; Njhd;wf; fhuzkhFk;. Gj;j kjkhdJ ghyp ngsj;jk;> jpUkiw ngsj;jk>;
njd;dhl;L ngsj;jk;> Njuthjk; vd;Wk; gy ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
2.8 Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhW:

Gj;j kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;j Gj;jupd; ,aw;ngau; rpj;jhu;j;ju.;; ,tu; Neghs ehl;by;
fgpy t];Jtpy; cs;s Yk;gpdp tdj;jpy; Rj;NjhjdUf;Fk;> khah Njtpf;Fk; kfdhfg;
gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; rhf;fpa tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu; vd;gjhy; “rhf;fpa Kdp” vd;Wk;> Md;kpfj;
Jiwapy; “Gj;ju;” vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhu;. Rj;Njhjdhu;> rpj;jhu;j;jUf;F ,sikapNyNa
“aNrhjiu” vd;Dk; kq;ifia kzk; Kbj;J itj;jhu;. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; muz;kid
tho;f;if gpbf;fhky; mikjpia ,oe;j mtu; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhf muz;kidia tpl;L
ntspNa nrd;w nfhz;bUe;jNghJ mtu; fzlfhl;rp mtu; kdij khw;wpaJ. taJ Kjpu;e;j
kdpjd;> Nehahsp> gpzk;> Jwtp Nghd;wtu;fs; gLk; Jd;gj;ijf; fz;L mijg; Nghf;f
topfhz Kad;whu;. jdJ 29tJ tajpy; cz;ikiaf; fhz muz;kid tho;it tpl;L
ntspNawpdhu;. Jwtpahd Gj;jUf;F Mrpupau;fspd; mwpTiuAk>; fLe;jtKk; gadspf;fhj
13
epiyapy; cUNtyhtpYs;s Nghjpkuj;jbapy; mku;e;J 7 thuq;fs; jpahdk; nra;jhu;.
,Wjpapy; xUehs; fLikahd jtk; nra;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ “Gjpa xsp” Njhd;wpaJ
36 tJ tajpy; QhNdhjak; ngw;W caupa epiyia mile;jJ Kjy; mtu; “Gj;ju;”
vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;. jdJ 80tJ tajpy; “Frp” efuj;jpy; ,t;Tyf tho;it ePj;J
“kfh epu;thz” epiyia mile;jhu;.
2.9. Gj;juJ rka Nghjidfs;

Gj;ju; jhk; fz;l cz;ikfis 45 Mz;Lfs; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W gbj;jtUk;>
ghkuUk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tz;zk; Nghjid nra;jhu;. midj;Jr; rhjpg; gpupit Nru;e;jtu;fSk;
Gj;j rkaj;jpy; Nru;;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. Miria xopj;jhy;jhd; kd mikjpiaAk;>
Mde;jj;ijAk; mila KbAk; vd;Wk;> mjw;Fj; jPikfisf; fise;J ed;ikfisr;
nra;jhy; Mir mfd;WtpLk; vd;W Nghjpj;jhu;.
2.10 ehd;F caupa cz;ikfs; (m) Mupa rj;jpaq;fs;
1. ,t;Tyf tho;f;if Jd;gkakhdJ. gpzp> %g;G> ,wg;G Mfpa Jd;gq;fs; ek;ikj;
njhlu;;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
2. jhd; ,d;gkhf thoNtz;Lnkd;w ‘jd;dy MirNa’ Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk;.
3. jd;dy Mirfis xopj;jhy; Jd;gq;fs; mwNt ePq;Fk;.
4. vz;tif topfis Nkw;nfhz;lhy; Mirfis xopj;J> Jd;gq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L>
epu;thzk; vd;Dk; caupa epiyia milayhk;.
2.11 vz;tif topfs;
1. ey;y ek;gpf;if: Gj;juplj;jpYk; mtuJ nfhs;ifapYk; ek;gpf;if itj;jy;.
2. ey;nyz;zk;: ,y;yw tho;f;ifiaf; iftpLjy;> ey;y epidTfis kdjpy; gjpar;
nra;jy;.
3. ey;nkhop: Gj;jUila nfhs;iffisj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nrhy;tJ> gpwu; cs;sq;fisg;
Gz;gLj;Jk; nrhw;fisg; Ngrhky; cz;ikAk>; ,dpikAk; fye;j nrhw;fisg; NgRtJ.
4. ew;gzp: JwT tho;f;ifapd; %yk; ew;gzpfisr; nra;jy;.
5. ey;y tho;f;if: gpr;ir vLj;J tho;tjpYk; ey;y newpfisg; gpd;gw;wp tho;tjhFk;.
6. ey;y Kaw;rp: rkaf; Nfhl;ghLfis Kiwahfg; gpd;gw;wp tho Kaw;rpg;gJ.
7. ey;y rpe;jid: kdpj cly; mRj;jkhdJ vd;Wk;> epiyaw;wJ vd;Wk; kdjpy; nfhz;L
ey;ytw;iw epidtpy; nfhs;Sjy;.
8. ey;y jpahdk;: kdj;ij ey;ydtw;wpy; epiy epWj;jp> nksdj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L kd
mikjp ngWjy;.
2.12. ,iltop my;yJ kj;jpa khu;f;fk;

ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; mjpfk; cz;L> cwq;Fk;; ,d;g tho;f;iff;F ,lkpy;iy.
cz;zhky;> cwq;fhky; jhNd tUe;jpthLjYk; $lhJ vd;w Nfhl;ghl;ilf; filg;gpbj;J
cyf ,d;gj;ij ntWj;J> Jwtpahdtu; Gj;ju;. vdNt ,U tif cr;repiyfisAk;
(Extremes) jtpu;j;J vspa topapy; ew;fjp miljy; Ntz;Lk;.
epu;thzk;
“Miria mfw;WtNj epu;thzk;” vd;W Rj;j gPlfj;jpy; $wg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. gpwg;G>
,wg;G vd;w Jd;gq;fspypUe;J tpLgl;L epu;thz epiyia mila J}a tho;Tk;> vz; top
khu;f;fq;fisg; gpdgw;WtJNk ,jd; mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ.
14
fu;ktpid
,e;J rkaj;jpd; fu;ktpidf; Nfhl;ghl;bYk;> kWgpwg;gpYk; Gj;ju; ek;gpf;iff;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. “ehk; tpijj;jjNa mWtil nra;Nthk;” vd;w gonkhopf;F vw;g fle;j
fhy tho;tpd; gaNd ,g;Nghija tho;Tk;> clYk; MFk; vd;whu;. vdNt tpidapypUe;J
ahUk; jg;g KbahJ vd;gij typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
xOf;fk;
,y;ywj;jhUk;> Jwtwj;jhUk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba xOf;f newpfs; gj;J vdf; fzf;fpl;L
fPo;fz;lthW Kjy; Ie;J ,y;ywj;jhUf;Fk;> kw;w Ie;J Jwtwj;jhUf;Fk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,y;ywj;jhu; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bait
1. gpwu; nghUs; tpUk;ghik
2. ngha;ahik
3. nfhy;yhik
4. gpwd; kid tpioahik
5. fs;Sz;zhik
Jwtwj;jhu; gpd;gw;w Ntz;bait:
1. Mly; ghly;fspy; gq;F nfhs;shik.
2. kyu; eWkzg; nghUs;fs; Nghd;w Mlk;gug; nghUs;fis gad;gLj;jhik.
3. mfhyj;jpy; cz;zhik.
4. kfpo;r;rpaspf;Fk; gLf;iffspy; cwq;fhik.
5. gzj;ij itj;Jf;nfhs;shik.
ngsj;jkjj;jpd; NtjE}y; jpupgplfk; MFk;. ,ij kugpd; %d;W $ilfs; mjhtJ
%tifr; rl;lk; my;yJ Gdpjf; nfhs;ifnfhz;l jpUkiw vd;Wk; $Wtu;.
2.13 Gj;j rkaj;jpd; gpupTfs;

Gj;j rkak; `Pdahdk;> k`hahdk; vd ,uz;L gpupthf cs;sd. `Pdahdk;
vd;gJ Nghjprj;Jtu;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. goikahd cz;ikfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ.
,r;rkaj;jpd;gb Gj;ju; rhjhuz kdpjuhf kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Gj;jupd; ey;nyhOf;f newpfspd;
%yk; epu;thzk; milayhk; vd;gij typAWj;jpa rkak; `Pdahd Gj;jrkakhFk;.
jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ghyp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;ld;. ,g;gpupT mNrhfu; fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ.
k`hahdk;> Gj;jiuf; flTshf epidj;J tzq;Ftjd; %ye;jhd; epu;thz epiyia
mila KbAk; vd;gij typAWj;jpaJ. vdNt Gj;jUf;F Myaq;fs; vOg;gp rpiy
itf;fg;gl;lJ. rlq;Ffs;> Nts;tpfs; elj;jg;gl;ld. k`hahd Gj;jrkaf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
rk];fpUj nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;ld. ,g;gpupT fdp\;fu; fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ.
2.14 ,yf;fpa tsur;rp;

yy “tp`huq;fs;” vdg;gLk; ngsj;j klhyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. “gpuhf;fpUjk;”
vdg;gLk; Ngr;R nkhopapy; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ngUk; tsu;r;rpia fz;ld.
yy ngsj;j gpf;FfSk;> ngz; JwtpfSk>; gbf;fhj ghkuu;fSk; Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mtu;fsJ Ngr;R nkhopapy; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpdu;.
yy Gj;j rka Ntj E}y; - jpupgPlfk;.
yy ,J “ghyp” nkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
yy “MAs; Ntjk;” vd;Dk; kUj;JtE}iy ehfhu;[Pdu; vd;gtuhYk;> rkaj;njhlu;ghd
ciueil E}y;fs;> ehlfq;fs; Nghd;wit “mRtNfh\h” “ù;\u;” Nghd;wtu;fshYk;
vOjg;gl;ld.
15
rk cupikAk;> rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk;
yy rhjp> ,dk;> ghy; vd;w NtWghbd;wp vy;NyhUk; Gj;j rkaj;jpy; Nru;e;J mjd;
Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;wp tho;tpy; cau;epiy milayhk; vd;Dk; tha;g;ig Gj;j
rkak; mspj;jJ.
yy ,jdhy; rhjpf; nfhLikfs; kiwe;J rkj;Jtk; epiyj;jJ.
yy mikjp> md;G> fUiz> nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik Nghd;w caupa gz;Gfs; ,e;jg;
gz;ghl;bw;F mspj;j ngUik Gj;j rkaj;ijNa rhUk;.
yy Gj;ju; jd;Dila rPlu;fs; rkaf; nfhs;iffis fz;%bj; jdkhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;shky; gFj;jwptpidg; gad;gLj;jp Muha;e;J Vw;Wf; nfhs;tij
tpUk;gpdhu;.
2.15 Gj;jkjj;jpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs;:

yy Gj;jkjk; Muk;gepiyapy; rw;W JzpTf;nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jhYk>; gpd;du; kdepk;kjp
fhZk; mstpy; nray;gLfpwJ. Mrpupau; xUNghJk; Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ik nfhs;sf;
$lhJ vd;gij ,J typAWj;JfpwJ.
yy Gj;jkjk; ,d;gpaw; nfhs;ifAilaJ. Gwf;fhl;rp> rpe;jid jtpu kw;wtw;iw ,J
ek;gtpy;iy.
yy Gj;jkjk; gadsitf; nfhs;ifahFk;. tho;f;ifapy; jPikfis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl
Ntz;Lk;. cyfj;jpy; vy;yhNk khWjYf;Fl;gl;lJ. vy;yhk; me;epakhdJ.
khWjy;jhd; mz;lj;jpd; tpjpKiw.
yy Gj;jkjk; njhlu;Gj; jd;ikapy; ek;gpf;ifAilaJ. tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU gFjpAk;
rq;fpyp Nghd;W ,ize;J fhzg;gLtJjhd;.
yy vOJnghUs;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; tha;nkhop fy;tpf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpthjq;fs; %yk; tpilfhZk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gazq;fs;
%yk; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs; gug;gg;gl;ld. fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg;gl;L xOf;f
newpfs; typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
2.16 Gj;jkjk; - fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs;

Ntjfhy fy;tpKiwf;F kWg;ghf Gj;jkjf; fy;tp kyu;e;jJ Ntjq;fSf;Fk;>
rlq;FfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; juhky; ed;dlj;ijf;Fk;> JwT tho;f;iff;Fk;> tho;f;ifNahL
njhlu;Gila kUj;Jtk;> thd rh];jpuk>; fzpjk;> nkhopfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fw;gjw;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ. Gj;j klhyaq;fspy; vspikahd JwT tho;f;if tho;e;j Gj;jj;
JwtpfNs Mrpupau;fshf ,Ue;jdu;> “gg;g[h” vd;w rlq;F Kbe;jTld; khztu;fs; Gj;j
tp`huq;fis ehbr; nrd;W 12 Mz;Lfs; fy;tp fw;wdu;. Gj;j gpl;Rthf khwp Mrpupau; gzp
Nkw;nfhs;s tpUg;gg;gl;NlhUf;F ngw;Nwhu;fspd; rk;kjj;Jld; “cgrk;gj;jh” vd;w rlq;F 20
tJ tajpy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. mbg;gilj;jpwd;fshd 3R’s cld;> kUj;Jtk;> Xtpak; rpw;gk;
rkaq;fspd; xg;gPL> thdtpay;> Gj;jkjf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ju;f;f rh];jpuk; Mfpait ‘ghyp’
(Pali) nkhop %yk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
Muk;gf; fy;tp> cau;fy;tp vd ,U tiffshfg; gpupf;f;g;gl;lJ. Muk;gf; fy;tpapy;
thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;> fzpjk; Kjypait Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. cau;fy;tpahdJ rkak;> jj;Jtk;>
kUj;Jtk;> Nghu;f;fiy Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. rhjp mikg;Gfs; mq;Nf
,y;iy. xg;gpLjYf;fhf Ntjq;fSk; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. ghlq;fspd; fUj;JiufNshL
nra;Kiwg; gapw;rpAk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mWit rpfpr;irg; gapw;rp Xu; cjhuzkhFk;.
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;Lg; gazq;fs; fy;tp fw;wypy; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. FO
tpthjKiw> ju;f;f Kiw Mfpait nghJf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfshf ,Ue;jd. ngz;fSf;Fr;
16
rktha;g;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mNrhfupd; jq;if ,yq;iff;Fr; nrd;W Gj;jkjj;jpidg;
gug;gpdhu;. ngz;fs; Gj;jgpf;Fzpfshf ehye;jh> jl;rrPyk;; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; nray;gl;ljhf
gh`pahd;> Athd; Rthq; Nghd;w rPd ahj;jpupfu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
2.17 rkz rkak; (Jainism)

,e;jpahtpYs;s gok;ngUk; rkaq;fSs; rkz rkak; xd;whFk;. goikahd upf;
Ntj ke;jpuq;fspy; ,U rkz jPu;j;jq;fuu;fisg; gw;wpa njspthd Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. gy
rhd;Wfs; thapyhf ,r;rkaKk; itjpf rkaj;ijg; Nghd;W goikahd rkak; vd;gij
mwpayhk;. ,Ugj;jp ehd;F jPu;j;j;q;fuu;fspd; Nghjidfs; mlq;fpaJ “rkzk;” vdf;
fUJfpd;wdu;. Kjy; 22 jPu;j;jq;fuu;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW fpilf;fg; ngwtpy;iy. filrp
,Utuhfpa ghu;rt ehjiuAk;> kfh tPuiuANk tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L
tpsf;Ffpd;wdu;. ghu;rtehju; capu;f;nfhiy $lhJ> ngha; NgRjy; $lhJ> nrhj;Jf;fs;
ngw;wpUj;jy; $lhJ. jpULjy; $lhJ vd;w ehd;F cz;ikfis cyfk; mwpe;J Vw;W
thOk;gbr; nra;jhu;. gf;ju;fs; ntz;zpw Mil mzpa mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. kfhtPuupd;
ngw;NwhUk; ghu;rtehjuJ Nghjidfisg; gpd;gw;wpajhf mwpag;gLfpwJ.
2.18. rkzk; - vd;gjd; nghUs;:

[Pdupd; topr; nry;gtu;fs; n[apdu; - rkzu; vdg;gl;ldu;. [Pd; vd;gJ [Pj; vd;w
gFjpapd; mbahfg; gpwe;jJ. [Pj; vd;gjw;F n[apj;jy;> ntw;wp ngWjy; vd;gJ nghUs;.
[Pdd; vd;why; ntw;wp fz;ltd; - mjhtJ jdJ kdijAk; nghwpfisAk; mlf;fp> ntw;wp
fz;ltu; vd;gJ nghUs;. mj;jifa [Pdu;fisf; nfhz;l rkaNk rkz rkak;.
jPu;j;jq;fuu;
jPu;j;jk; vd;gJ MW – Fsj;jpd; Jiw vd;W nghUs; nja;tj; jd;ikAk;> nka;Azu;Tk;
ngw;w jPu;j;jq;fuu;fs; kf;fs; kdjpy; cs;s mwpahik vd;Dk; ,Uis mfw;wp Md;k xsp
tPrp fiuNaw;Wgtu;fs; Mtu;. jhd; fz;l newpiag; gpwUf;Fg; gad;gl cjtpatu;fs; vd;W
nghUs;
2.19. rkz rkag; gpupTfs;

rkz rkaj;jpy; “jpfk;guu;fs;’> RNtjk;guu;fs; vd;w ,U gpuptpdu; cs;sdu;. jpfk;guu;
vd;why; Mil mzpahNjhu; vd nghUs;gLk;. vtd; jpirfis Milahff; nfhz;L
tho;fpwhNdh mtd; jpfk;gud; Mthd;.
RNtjk;guu;
ntz;zpw Mil mzpNthu; RNtjk;guu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;. RNtjk; - J}a;ikahd
ntz;zpwk; vd;gJ nghUs;.
tu;j;jkhd kfhtPuu;
,tuJ ,aw;ngau; tu;j;jkhdu;. ,tu; rkz rkaj;jpd; filrp jPHj;jq;fuu; Mthu;. ,tuJ
je;ijahu; rpj;jhu;j;ju; vd;Wk>; jhahu; jpHryh vd;Wk; mwpfpNwhk;. ,tu; itrhypf;F mUfpy;
cs;s Fz;lf; fpuhkk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; fp.K. 546 y; gpwe;jjhf lhf;lu; Kfu;[p Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
,tuJ kiwT fp.K. 468y; vd;gjid tuyhw;W Mrpupau;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;
aNrhij vd;w kq;ifia kze;J ,y;yw tho;it Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. “gpupaju;rdh” vd;w
ngz; kfisg; ngw;whu;. gpd;du; tu;j;jkhdu; JwT Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs;
miye;J jpupe;jhu;. jt tho;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. gjpd;%d;whk; Mz;by; ,up[pghypfh
vd;Dkplj;jpy; rhy; kuj;jpdbapy; “epu;thzk;” vdg;gLk; cau; epiyia mile;jhu; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. mjd; gpwNf “kfhtPuu;” vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngau; toq;fg;gl;lJ. kfjk;> Nfhryk;
17
Mfpa ehLfspYk;> gpw mUfpYs;s gFjpfspYk; rkz rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp
tho;e;jhu;. jkJ 72 k; tajpy; “ghthGhp” vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; caphpoe;jhh;.
2.20 Nghjpj;j cz;ikfs;

rkzf; nfhs;iffis nrk;ikg;gLj;jp Kiwahf midtUk; Vw;Fk; tpjkhf
toq;fpatu; kfhtPuu; Mtu;. ghu;rtehju; cyfpw;F mspj;j m`pk;ir> rj;ak;> m];Njak;>
mgupf;U`k; vd;w ehd;Fld; kfhtPuu; ‘gpuk;kr;rupak;’ vdg;gLk; ‘jd;dlf;fj;ij’ Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. flTs; vd;w xUtu; ,y;iy vd;Wk; “kdpjuplk; kiwe;jpUf;fpd;w
cau;e;j Fzq;fSk;> kpfr; rpwe;j gz;GfSk; flTs; jd;ik nghUe;jpaJ” vd;Dk; epiyapy;
cyfk; ,aw;ifahf ,aq;FfpwJ vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;.
2.21 rkzf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

tpidg; gadpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;W ew;fjp miltNj rkzj;jpd; Kf;fpa
Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jw;F Kk;kzpfs; my;yJ %d;W ,uj;jpdq;fs; vd;Dk; caupa newpfis
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk. mit ed;dk;gpf;if. ey;ywpT ey;nyhOf;fk; vd;gdthFk;.
Kk;kzpfs;
yy ed;dk;gpf;if
tPL Ngw;wpid mila tu;j;jkhd kfhtPuu; Nghjpj;j VOjj;Jtq;fspYk; KOikahd
ek;gpf;if nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; ,JNt ey;y ek;gpf;if vdg;gl;lJ. ,jid “rkaj; juprdk;”
vdTk; mioj;jdu;.
yy ey;ywpT
,e;j cyfj;ij ahUk; gilf;ftpy;iy. ,J ,aw;ifahfj; NjhdwpaJ. KOikahd
“Qhdk;” my;yJ “rk;af;Qhdk;” ngw;W nghUs;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;tNj ey;ywpthFk;.
yy ew;nray;
nfhy;yhik> ngha;Ngrhik> jpUlhik> nrhj;J Nru;f;fhik> fw;Gilik Mfpa Ie;J
ey;nyhOf;fq;fis gpd;gw;Wtij “rkar; rupj;jpuk;” vd mioj;jdu;.
rpahj;thjk;
rkz rkaj;jpd; kpf caue;j nfhs;if “rpahj; thjk;” my;yJ “mNehfhd;jthjk;”
MFk;. xNu nghUs; gy ,ay;Gfs; nghUe;jpajha; ,Ug;gNj mNehfhe;jk;. gy;NtW
Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;;f;Fk; NghJ xNu nghUs; mNef ,ay;Gfs; cs;sjha; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vg;nghUisf; Fwpj;Jk; jpl;ltl;lkhd njspthd fUj;jpid ntspapl KbahJ vd;gNj ,jd;
tpsf;fk;. xUtd; kw;wtDf;F ez;gdhfTk; NtW xUtDf;F giftdhfTk; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhd;.
,t;thW xt;nthU nghUisAk; mNef Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;g;gJ ‘mNefhe;jthjk;’ MFk;.
mfpk;ir
rkzu;fspd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfshd ,d;dh nra;ahik> mUSilik> nfhy;yhik>
Gyhy; kWj;jy; Mfpa ehd;Fk; ,ize;j ‘m`pk;irNa’ rkzk; vd;gjpd; mbg;gilahFk;.
2.22 Ie;J ngUk; Nehd;Gfs; my;yJ gQ;rk`htpujk;:

yy m`pk;ir (m) ,d;dh nra;ahik
yy rj;ah (m) tha;ik
yy m];Njah (m) gpwu; nghUisf; ftuhik
yy mg;gupfpu`h (m) gw;W ghrk; ,tw;wpypUe;J tpLgLtJ
yy gpuk;kr;rhupak; (m) Ik;Gyd;fisAk; mlf;fpahSfpd;w jd;dlf;fk;.
18
2.23 rkz rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;
rkzj;jpd; ,yf;fpakhd Mfkrpj;jhe;jk; 12 mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
i[dj;jpUKiwahdJ mu;jjkfjp nkhopapy; “Njthjp” vd;gtupd; jiyikapy;
jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it ciueilAk;> nra;As; eilAk; fye;jitahFk;.
,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bw;F rkzj;jpd; nfhil

2.24 rkz ,yf;fpaKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
rkzu;fs; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;by; jq;fspd; mopf;fKbahj Kj;jpiufisg;
gjpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. gpuhfpUjk>; jkpo;> ghyp Nghd;w nkhopfisg; gbj;J mtw;wpd; %yk; rkaf;
fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp nkhopia tsu;j;jhu;fs;. njhy;fhg;gpak;> ed;D}y;> rPtfrpe;jhkzp>
tisahgjp Nghd;w jkpo; E}y;fis mspj;jtu;fs; rkzu;fNs> NkYk;; ,e;jp> F[uhj;jp>
kuhj;jp> fd;dlk;> rk];fpUjk; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; rkz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> jj;Jtq;fisAk;
mspj;Js;sdu;.
2.25 rkzu;fspd; mwf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

kdpj capu; jdJ fu;k tpidfspypUe;J tpLgl mfj;J}a;ik> Gwj;J}a;ik Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhy; gpr;irnaLj;jy;> cz;zh Nehd;G Nghd;w nray;fisg; Gwj; J}a;ikf;Fk; gzpT>
gzp> fy;tp> jpahdk;> cliy ntWj;J ghtj;jpw;F gupfhuk; Njly;> cz;ik NgRjy;> jtk;
Nghd;wit mfj;J}a;ikf;Fk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba newpKiwfshf rkzj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ey;y ek;gpf;if> ey;y mwpT> ey;y xOf;fk; vd;w %d;W ,uj;jpdq;fisg; gpd;gw;wp> Md;k
tpLjiyahfpa epu;thz epiyia mila Ntz;ba topia tFj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,y;yw
tho;tpy; <Lgl;L ,Ug;gtu;fs; m`pk;ir> rj;jpak;> m];Njak;> mg;gupfpu`k;> gpuk;kru;ak;
Nghd;w Ik;ngUk; Nehd;GfisAk; filgpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j mDtpujq;fNshL rpy xOq;F
Kiwfis rkzj;Jwtpfs; gpd;gw;Wk;NghJ mit kfh tpujq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
2.26 rkz kjKk;> fy;tpj;jj;Jtq;fSk;:

yy xt;nthU khztidAk; mtDila gupG+uz MSik tsu;r;rpf;F cau;j;j Ntz;Lk;.
yy RaKaw;rpahy;jhd; tsu;r;rp Vw;gLfpwJ.
yy ,g;gbj;jhd; tsu;r;rp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epu;zapj;jy; jtW.
yy Jd;gq;fSf;Ff; fhuzkhd gw;iw xopg;gij Kf;fpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
yy rkzf; fy;tp vl;L tajpy; njhlq;FfpwJ.
yy midj;J gpuptpdu;f;Fk; fy;tp tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.
yy tsu;r;rp KOtijAk; msTNfhy; nfhz;L msf;f ,ayhJ.
yy fy;tpapy; gad;gLk; msitfis xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;Fjhd; gad;gLNk xopa mtw;iw
KO tsur;rpapd; kjpg;ngz;fs; vd;W fUjf;$lhJ.
yy xt;nthU khztidAk; mtDila jpwikf;Nfw;w tifapy; tsu;j;J MSikia
epiwTwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
yy ed;dlj;ij> ey;nyz;zk;> ed;dk;gpf;if vd;git rkz kjj;jpd; mwr;nrayhFk;.
yy rkzu;fs; jha;nkhopapy; fy;tpia nfhLj;jtu;fs;. #jjpuq;fis kdg;ghlk; nra;jy;>
tpdhtpilKiw> Nfs;tpKiw> fye;Jiuahly>; ju;f;f Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw fy;tpapy;
mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
19
khjphp tpdhj;jhs; - 2
gFjp – m
1. FUFyf;fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
2. Ntjfhyf; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
3. rkz rkaf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis Fwpg;gpLf
4. Gj;j rkaj;jpd; gphpTfs; ahit?
5. Ntjfhyf;fy;tpapd; epiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLf
6. gftj;fPij czh;j;Jk; ehd;F khh;f;fq;fs; ahit?
7. Gj;j rka Nghjidapd; ehd;F cahpa cz;ikfs; ahit?
8. rkzrkaf; fy;tp vjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ?
9. Ntjfhy fy;tpapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis VNjDk; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf
10. rkz rkaf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Kk;kzpfs; vdf; $wg;gLtd ahit?
gFjp – M
11. Ntjfhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy; vt;thW ,Ue;jJ?
12. rkzkjj;jpd; jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
13. gftj; fPijapd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fis tpthpf;f
14. Ntjfhyf;fy;tp Kiwapd; fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mrphpah; khzth; cwT gw;wp tpthp
15. Gj;jkjf;fy;tpapd; Nghjid Kiwfisg; gw;wp vOJf
16. Ntjfhyf; fy;tpiaAk;> Gj;jkjf;fy;tpiaAk; xg;gpLf
17. Gj;jkjf; fy;tp Kiwiag; gw;wp tpthp
18. rkz kjf; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;Ff
gFjp -,
19. m. Ntjfhy fy;tp Kiwiag; gw;wp tphpthf vOJ
(my;yJ)
M. Gj;j kjf; fy;tpapd; jj;Jtk; ahJ? Gj;jkjf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fis $Wf

20.m. .rkzkjf; fy;tp Kiw goq;fhyj;jpy; vt;tHW rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ? rkz
kjj;jpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gp;Lf
(my;yJ)
M. rpWFwpg;G tiuf
i. Ntjq;fs;
ii. Ntjq;fspd; cl;gphpTfs;
iii. gftj;fPij
iv. gftj; fPij ntspg;gLj;jk; jj;jtf; fUj;Jf;fs;
20
myF - 3
,e;jpa jj;Jt mwpQu;fspd;
fy;tpr; rpe;jidfspd; gq;fspg;G
UNIT -3 CONTRIBUTIONS OF INDIAN THINKERS TO EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
3.1 Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
3.2 ,e;jpahtpy; mtuJ gazk;
3.3 NkiyehLfspy; tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;nghopTfs;
3.4 = uhkfpU\;zh kp\d; kw;Wk; = uhkfpU\;zh klk;
3.5 tpNtfhde;jupd; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs;
3.6 tpNtfhde;jupd; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;
3.7 kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs;
3.8 Mjhuf; fy;tp Kiw
3.9 thu;jh jpl;lk;
3.10 fhe;jp[papd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
3.11 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;
3.12 jh$upd; fPjhQ;rypAk;> Nehgy; gupRk;
3.13 jh$upd; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAk>; $u;e;j mwpTj; jpwikAk;
3.14 jh$upd; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtk;
3.15 jh$upd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
3.16 jh$upd; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;
3.17 = mutpe;ju; Nfh\;
3.18 mutpe;jUk;> fy;tpj; jj;JtKk;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; Ntjhe;j jj;Jtj;jpy; kpf nry;thf;F kpf;f jiytu;fSs;
xUtuhf jiyrpwe;J tpsq;Fgtu;. mtu; uhkfpU\;zh guk`k;rupd; jiyik rPluhthu;. NkYk;
= uhkfpU\;zu; klk; kw;Wk; = uhkfpU\;z kp\d; Nghd;w mikg;GfisAk; epWtpatu;.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; Vio kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;> cjtpaw;Nwhu; kw;Wk;
xLf;fg;gl;Nlhupd; eyDf;fhfTk;> ehl;bw;fhf jdJ thof;ifia mu;g;gzpj;j jpahfj;jpd;
tbtkhf jpfo;e;jtu>; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapy; ,Uz;L fple;j ,e;jpahtpw;F xU fyq;fiu
tpsf;fkhfTk>; ,e;jpau;fs; kj;jpapy; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;Lk; tpjkhf jd;dk;gpf;ifAk>;
Ngr;Rj;jpwDk;> cwq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j Njrpa czu;itj; J}z;baJ. ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F
Md;kPf Qhd xspia Gfl;Ltjpy; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;J> Ntjhe;j jj;Jtq;fis ,e;jpah
KOtJk; gug;gp Vio vspNahUf;F Nrit nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;w cd;dj vz;zq;fs;
nfhz;lth; Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
gpwg;G
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; fy;fj;jhtpy; [dtup 12> 1863 y; tp];tehj jj;jh
vd;gtUf;Fk;> GtNd];tup Njtpf;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu;. mtuJ ,aw;ngau; eNue;jpuehj;
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jj;jh mtu; xU Jwtpahf khwpa NghJk; jdJ ,aw;ngaiu Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; vd;W
khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
3.2 Rthkp tpNtfhde;jupd; gazk;

1890 Mk; Mz;by; Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; xU ePz;l Rw;Wg;gazk;
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtUila ,e;j gazj;jpy; ehl;bd; midj;J ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;whu;.
mtuJ ,e;jg; gazj;jpd;NghJ mtu; thuzhrp> mNahj;jp> Mf;uh> gpUe;jhtd;> Mo;thu;
Nghd;w gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W te;jhu;. ,e;j Rw;Wg;gazj;jpd;NghJ mtuJ ,aw;ngauhd
eNue;jpuu; kiwe;J Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; vd;W ngau; ngw;whu;. ey;yJ kw;Wk; nfl;lJ vd;W
gFj;jwpAk; mtuJ jpwDf;fhf kfhuh[h Nfj;up vd;gtu; ,tUf;F “tpNtfhde;ju;” vd;w
ngaupl;lhu; vd;W gyUk; $Wfpd;wdu;. mtuJ ,e;jg; gazj;jpd; NghJ tpNtfhde;ju;
mtu;fs; kd;dupd; muz;kidfspYk;> Viofspd; FbirfspYk; jq;fpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
gy;NtW gFjpfspy; thOk; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gy tifahd kf;fsplk;
mtUf;F neUf;fkhd njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. tpNtfhde;ju;; rKjhaj;jpd; Vw;wj;jho;T kw;Wk;
rhjp nfhL;ikia ftdpj;jhu;. ,e;jpah xU capUs;s Njrkhf Mf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;why;
xU Njrpa Gj;Japu;g;Gj; Njit vd;W czu;e;jhu;.
Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; ,e;jpa Jiz fz;lj;jpy; njd; Nfhb Kidapy;
,Uf;Fk; fd;dpahFkupf;F brk;gu; 24 1892y; nrd;whu;. mtu; flypy; rpwpJ J}uk; ePe;jp
xU jdpg;ghiwapd; kPj mku;e;J jdJ jpahdj;ijj; njhlu;e;jhu;. %d;W ehl;fs; mq;F
jpahdk; Nkw;nfhz;l mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; fle;j> jw;Nghijia kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp
jd; jpahdj;jpy; fz;ljhff; $wpdhu;. mtu; mku;e;J jpahdk; nra;j me;jg; ghiwNa
tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fspd; epidthf gpugykhfTk;> xU Kf;fpa Rw;Wyh jykhfj; jpfOk;
tpNtfhde;ju; ghiw vd;w ngaupy; fd;dpahFkupapy; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ.
3.3 NkiyehLfspy; tpNtfhde;jupd; nrhw;nghopTfs;

1893 y; Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; rpfhNfh cyf kjq;fspd; khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;s mnkupf;fh nrd;whu;. Nkilapy; mtuJ ciuapid njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; mnkupf;fhtpd;
rNfhju rNfjupfNs vd;W mtu; cgNahfpj;j Gfo;ngw;w thu;j;ijfSf;fhff; funthyp
ngw;whu;. Rthkpapd; gpukhjkhd Ngr;Rj;jpwd; %ykhf mnkupf;fhtpYs;s midtiuAk;
nka;kwf;fr; nra;jhu;. mtu; vq;F nrd;whYk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; ngUe;jd;ikiaf;
fUj;J}d;wpg; Ngrpdhu;. mtu; tuyhW> r%ftpay;> jj;Jtk; my;yJ ,yf;fpak; Nghd;w
ve;j xU jiyg;ghf ,Ue;jhYk; jd;;dpr;ifahf vspjhfg; Ngrpdhu;. Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
mtu;fs; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fk; nrd;whu; gy kf;fs; mtuJ rPlu;fshf khwpdu;. mtu;fspy; kpfTk;
gpugykhdtu; khu;f;nul; epNtjpjh> gpd;du;> mtu; ,e;jpah te;J FbNawpdhu;.
3.4 = uhkfpU\;zh kp\d; kw;Wk; = uhkfpU\;zh klk;

Nkw;F ehLfspy; Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;l Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs; ehd;F
Mz;LfSf;F gpd;du; 1897 y; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;jpau;fs; kj;jpapy; Md;kPf tsu;r;rpf;fhd
jfty;fisg; gug;gj; njhlq;fpdhu;. r%f Nrit vd;gJ xU $l;L Kaw;rpahy; kl;LNk
rhj;jpakhFk; vd;W mtu; czu;e;jhu;. ,e;j Fwpf;Nfhis mila Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
mtu;fs; 1897y; = uhkfpU\;zh kp\d; vd;w mikg;ig njhlq;fp mjd; rpe;jidfisAk;>
,yf;FfisAk; Kiwg;gLj;jpdhu;. mLj;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; fq;if ejpf;fiuapy;
NgY}upy; xU jsk; thq;fpdhu;. mq;F mtu; fl;blq;fisf; fl;likj;J = uhkfpU\;zu;
klj;ij epWtpdhu;. kPz;Lk; mtu; [dtup 1899 Kjy; brk;gu; 1900 tiu Nkiy ehLfSf;F
Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
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3.4.1 ,wg;G
Nkiy ehLfSf;F Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;
mtu;fs; fy;fj;jh mUfpy; NgY}upy; mtuhy; epWtg;gl;l = uhkfpU\;zh klj;jpy; [Piy
4> 1902-y; ,we;jhu;.
3.5 tpNtfhde;jupd; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffs;:

yy kdpjuplk; ciwe;jpUf;fpd;w jpwd;fs; tsUkhW mtw;iw tpuptilar; nra;Ak;
nray;KiwfNs fy;tp vd;W fUjpdhu;.
yy tsUk; Foe;ij jdf;Fj; jhNd fw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ> fw;gpj;Jk; nfhs;fpwJ.
yy Foe;ij tsuj; Njitahd #o;epiyfis mikj;Jk;> ghJfhg;G
mspj;Jk; cjtyhNkad;wp mtw;wpy; ,ay;gha; mike;jpuhj capupaf;fj;ijAk;>
jd;ikapidAk; mspf;f ,ayhJ. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl kdpj tho;f;if
epajpfSk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.
yy Mrpupau;fs; Foe;ijfspd; ,aw;ifahd jpwd;fs; tsu tif nra;ayhNkad;wp mjd;
tsu;r;rp tpjpfis khw;wpg; Gjpa xd;wpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;f ,ayhJ.
yy Foe;ijapd; jpwd;fs; KO tsur;rp milar; nra;jy; Mrpupau;fspd;
jiyaha gzp vd;whu;.
yy midj;Jr; rpe;jidfSk;> nray;fSk; KOikia Nehf;fpNa ,aq;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy vg;nghOJNk kdpjdpd; xUq;fpize;j MSik tsu;r;rpia Ntz;bdhu;.
yy MSik tsur;rpf;F mbg;gilahd cly; typikia tw;GWj;jpdhu;.
yy clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij mspj;jhu;.
yy Njrpaj; Njitfs;> gpur;ridfs;> njhiyNehf;F Mu;tq;fs; kw;Wk; cyf muq;fpy;
ek; ehl;bd; gq;fpid Mw;wplr; nra;aj;jf;f tifapy; mike;j tYthd gapw;rpfis
jkJ fy;tpj; jpl;lj;jpy; typAWj;jpdhu;.
yy midtUf;Fk; fy;tp> ghkuUf;Fk; fy;tp vd;w rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.
yy cWjpahd kdj;ijAk>; rpwe;j elj;ijiaAk;> tpupthd mwpitAk;>
jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; cUthf;Fk; caupa fy;tpjhd; ehk; Ntz;LtJ vd;W
typAWj;jpdhu; tpNtfhde;ju;.
3.6 tpNtfhde;jupd; fy;tp Nehf;fq;fs;:

midj;Jg; gapw;rpfSk; fy;tpr; nraypd; KbTk; kdpjid cUthf;FtNj
vd;gJ fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> cs;sj;jpd; tpUg;Gfisf;
fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fs; nfhzu;e;J gaDs;sjhf Mf;FtNj fy;tp vd;Wk; $wpdhu; tpNtfhde;ju;.
,t;tifahd fy;tpjhd; fw;Nghiuj; jd;dk;gpf;if cs;stuhfTk;> cukpf;f cs;sk;
cilatuhfTk; tsu;f;Fk; vd;whu;. ,r;nraYf;Ff; fw;Nghupd; czh;Tfs; rupahd KiwapYk;
Njitahd mstpYk; ftdkhfj; J}z;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. fy;tpapd; caupa
epiy “jd;idj;jhNd czu;jy;” vd;Wk;> ,JNt fy;tpapd; mLj;j Nehf;fkhd ed;dlj;ij
Nehf;fj;ij vspjpy; mila cjTk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu.; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fshf ,tu;
Fwpg;gpLgit.
yy mfpy cyf rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij tsu;;j;jy;
yy tpUg;G ntWg;gw;w eLepiy kdj;ij cUthf;fy;
yy ajhu;j;j tho;f;iff;F Maj;jkhjy;:
yy jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsu;j;jy;
yy nray;Kiw tho;f;iff;fhd Maj;jk;
yy ew;gz;Gfis tsu;j;jy;
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yy Nkiy ehl;bYs;s njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; jpwd;fisf; fw;wwpjy;.
yy epfo;fhy GJikr; nray;fis mwpjy;.
yy Md;kPfk; kw;Wk; jj;Jtk; rhu;e;j fy;tp mspf;fg;gLjy;
yy ed;dpiyg;gLj;Jk; mwptpay; fy;tp.
yy Nkk;gLj;Jk; rkaf;fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;ngWjy;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp (Mahatma Gandhi)

3.7 kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp vd;W md;Gld; miof;fg;gLk; Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp ,e;jpa
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpa khngUk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuu;
Mthu;. rj;jpahfpufk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ,tuJ mwtopg; Nghuhl;lk; ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ kl;Lky;yhky;> ,e;jpa ehL tpLjiy ngwTk; Kf;fpaf;
fhuzkhfTk; mike;jJ. ,jdhy; ,tu; tpLiy ngw;w ,e;jpahtpd; je;ij vd ,e;jpa
kf;fshy; Nghw;wg;gl;lhu;. mfpk;ir vd;Dk; td;Kiwaw;w khngUk; ke;jpuj;ij cyfj;jpw;F
tpj;jpl;l cd;dj kdpju; ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiyf;fhf Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;J mwtopapy;
Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp tpLjiyf;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jjhy; ,tUila jpahfj;ij epidT $Wk;
tifapy; xt;nthU tUlKk; ,tUila gpwe;jehshd mf;Nlhgu; 02 k; Njjpia fhe;jp
n[ae;jpahf cyfk; KOtJk; nfhz;lhLfpNwhk;. jd;Dila tho;ehs; KOtijAk; ghuj
ehl;bw;fhfNt mu;gzpj;j khngUk; kdpju.;
3.7.1 gpwg;G
Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j fhe;jp mtu;fs; 1869 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 02 Mk;
ehs; ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj; khepyj;jpYs;s ‘Nghu;ge;ju;’ vd;w ,lj;jpy; fuk;rhe;j; fhe;jpf;Fk;
Gj;jypgha;f;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhu; ,tUila jha;nkhop F[uhj;jp MFk;. NkYk; mtUila
je;ij fuk;re;j; fhe;jp. Nghu;ge;jupy; xU jpthdhf gzpahw;wp te;jhu;.
3.7.2 Muk;g tho;f;if kw;Wk; fy;tp
Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp mtu;fs; gs;spapy; gbf;Fk;NghNj Neu;ikahd khztdhf
tpsq;fpdhu;. jd;Dila 13 Mk; tajpNyNa f];J}upghia jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;l
Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp mtu;fs; gjpndl;L tajpy; ghup];lu; vdg;gLk; tof;fwpQu;
fy;tpf;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;whu.; jd;Dila tof;fwpQu; fy;tpia ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J
ghujk; jpUk;gpa fhe;jp gk;ghapy; rpwpJ fhyk; tof;fwpQuhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
3.7.3 mfpk;ir
vt;tpj ntWg;Gk;> td;KiwAk; md;gpd; %yk; xopf;fg;glyhNkh> mt;tpjk; jPikfs;
midj;Jk; ed;ikahy; mopf;fg;glyhk;. mfpk;ir> md;G> cz;ik ,itaidj;Jk; xd;iw
xd;W rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. mfpk;irNa vf;fhyKk; nty;Yk;. flTNs mfpk;irapd; md;gpd;
mtjhukhf tbtkhf tpsq;Ffpwhu;. mfpk;irAk;> cz;ikAk; gpupf;f Kbahjgb xd;wpy;
xd;W gpize;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fisg; Nghy cs;sd.
mfpk;ir vd;gJ nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> tplhKaw;rp> ntWg;gpd;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fs;
mlq;fpa xU nfhs;ifahFk.;
3.8 Mjhuf; fy;tp Kiw

,e;jpahtpd; r%f nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis ed;F mwpe;jpUe;j fhe;jp[p>
ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;jpau;fs; fpuhkq;fspy; tWikapy; tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jp
24
tUtij kdjpy; nfhz;L ,e;jpaf; fy;tp Kiw Fiwe;j nryTlDk;> khztu;fis
Ranjhopy; Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> Rar;rhu;Gilatuhf ,aq;fTk; cjTk; tifapy; mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjp Mjhuf; fy;tpKiwia cUthf;fpdhu;. xt;nthU gs;spAk;> jd;
Rw;Wg;Gwr;R+oypy; cs;s nghUl;fisAk>; tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
E}y; E}w;wYf;Fk;> nerT nea;jYf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vl;lhz;Lf;
fy;tpf;Fg; gpwF ifj;njhopy; xd;iw tUkhdk; <l;Lk; tho;f;ifj; njhopyhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,ay;igf; nfhz;l ,f;fy;tpKiw ,e;jpahtpw;F kpfTk; Vw;wjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
3.9 thu;jh jpl;lk;

fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhis ,Wjpahf;Ftjpy; fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifiaAk;> fw;gpf;Fk;
ghlg;nghUl;fis epu;zapg;gjpy; ajhu;j;j thjj;ijAk;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
gadsTf; nfhs;ifiaAk; fhe;jp[p xd;W Nru;j;Jj; jdJ fy;tpr; rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;. jdJ fy;tpr; rpj;jhe;jj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;j thu;jh vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s
Mrpukj;jpy; gs;spiaj; Jtf;fp elj;jpdhu;. vdNt Mjhuf; fy;tpj; jpl;lk;> thu;jh jpl;lk;
vd;w ngauhYk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
3.10 fhe;jp[papd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;

fhe;jp[p jk; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fisAk;> nghUshjhu r%ff; nfhs;iffisANk
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkJ fy;tpj;jj;Jtk;> fy;tpf; nfhs;if> Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw Mfpatw;iw mikj;jhu;. mNj rkaj;jpy; ekJ ehl;bd;
Njit> #o;epiy Mfpatw;WfNfw;g vy;NyhUf;Fk; Vw;w fy;tpahf mike;jpl Ntz;Lnkd;gNj
,tu;jk; Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Ue;jJ. mj;NjhL Nkiyehl;Lf; fy;tp ty;Yeu;fspd; fy;tpf;
nfhs;iffSf;F vt;tpjj;jpYk; Fiwtpy;yhj tifapYk; mike;Js;sJ ,tuJ Mjhuf;
fy;tpj; jpl;lk;.
3.10.1 fhe;jp[papd; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;
fhe;jp[p xU rpwe;j ,yl;rpathjp. vdNt> Mdkpf tsu;r;rpNa fy;tpapd; gpujhd
Fwpf;Nfhs; vdf; fUjpdhu;. Foe;ijapd; cly;> cs;sk;> Md;kh ,it xUq;fpize;j
KO tsu;r;rpf;F mbNfhYtNj fy;tp vd;whu;. ,j;jifa xUq;fpize;j tsu;r;rpNa
Njrpaf; fy;tpapd; Fwpf;NfhshFk.; Md;kpf rf;jpapidg; gyg;gLj;JtNj cz;ikahd
fy;tp vd;whu;. ,J jtpu fy;tpahdJ rpwe;j Fbkfid cUthf;fy;> ed;dlj;ijia
tsu;j;jy;> njhopw;fy;tpapy; gapw;rp mspj;jy;> ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;il tsu;;j;jy; Nghd;w gy
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.
mwpT tsu;r;rpapd; Nehf;fNk ey;y xOf;fj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJjhd;. xOf;fj;ij
ntspf;fl;Lg;ghLfspd; %yk; kl;LNk nraw;gLj;j ,ayhJ. Raf;fl;Lg;ghL xOf;fj;jpw;F
mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. fhe;jp[p xt;nthU jdpkdpjDila nghUshjhuj; NjitapidAk;
czu;e;jpUe;jhu; vdNtjhd; njhopw;fy;tp Kiwapidf; nfhzu;e;jhu;. ngUshjhuj; jd;dpiwTk;
fy;tpapd; gad;ghLfspy; xd;whf mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. Njrpaj; njhopy;fshd
Ntshz;ik> Fbirj; njhopy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw khztu;fNs fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
typAWj;jpdhu;. mjd;%yk; mtu;fs; jk; fhy;fspy; Rakhf epw;f ,aYk; vd;gJ ,tuJ
fUj;J. ehl;bd; fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;> gz;ghl;ilAk; fy;tp tsu;j;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fhe;jp[papd;
jPtpukhd ek;gpf;ifahFk;. Njrpag; ghuk;gupaj;ij khztupilNa Cl;LjNy fy;tpapd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. ,e;jf; fy;tpapd; mbg;gilapy; mikAk; fyhr;rhuk;
ntspg;Gwj; Njhw;wj;;jpy; eil> cil> ghtidfspy; thf;F rhJupaj;jpy; ngupNahu>; Mrpupau;
25
MfpNahuplk; ele;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; ntspg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU khztDk;
jdJ nrhe;j Njrj;jpy; Xu; md;dpaidg;Nghy; thohky; Xu; cz;ikahd ,e;jpadhf
thof; fy;tp top tFf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. fy;tp vd;gJ nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;j;jpw;Fk;>
Md;kPf tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilNa xU ghykhf nraw;glNtz;Lk;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk;
gs;spapd; eilKiwapy; gpd;gw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. njhopw;fy;tpAk;> cly; ciog;Gk;>
ciog;gpd; Nkd;ikapid khztUf;F czu;j;Jk; ,uhl;il ,jw;F xU rpd;dkhf tpsq;Fk;.
FOr; nray; Kiwfs; xw;WikapidAk;> ey;nyz;zj;ijAk; tsu;f;Fk. fpuhkj;J kf;fs;
jq;fs; nrhe;jj; njhopy;fspy; ehl;lk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gs;spapy; vt;tpjg; ghFghLk;
,Uj;jy; $lhJ. fy;tp Kiw tho;f;ifNahL ,iae;jjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3.10.2 ghlj;jpl;lk;
fy;tpapd; ghljpl;l Kiwfs; Foe;ijapd; #o;epiyapidAk>; jpwidAk; ikakhff;
nfhz;L mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ekJ ehL> ek; kf;fs;> ekJ tho;f;if Kiw> ekJ ntspg;Gwr;
r%fr; #oy; Nghd;wit ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpy nkhop
Nghjidf;F khwhfj; jha;nkhop %yNk fy;tp mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpynkhop
Nghjdh Kiwf; fy;tp tsu;r;rpapidj; jLf;Fk; xU ngupa jilf;fy; MFk; vd;whu;
fhe;jp[p. nray;Kiwf;fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf kl;Lkpd;wp fy;tp fw;Fk;
KiwahfNt nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; nray;Kiwf;fy;tp gy;NtW r%ff; fy;tpg;
gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wy; gilj;jJ. Foe;ijapd; KO tsu;r;rpapidg; gw;wpf;
$Wk;NghJ> Foe;ijapd; midj;J cly; cWg;GfSk; jpwikahf ,ize;J nraw;gLk;NghJ
kl;LNk mwptpidg; Gfl;l KbAk; vd;whu; fhe;jp[p. xUq;fpize;j cly; cs;s tsur;rpNa
Md;kPf Kd;Ndw;wj;pw;F top tFf;Fk;. Md;kpf tsu;r;rp cs;sj;ijg; gapw;Wtpj;jypNy jhd;
mlq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt Foe;ijapd; KO tsu;r;rp vd;gJ cly;> Md;kh> mwpT tsu;r;rpfspd;
njhFg;ghFk;. nghUshjhuj; jd;dpiwTf;F top tFg;gJ njhopw;fy;tpNaahFk;. gy;NtW
fw;wy; fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk;> nghJTilikr; rKjhaj;jpidr; nray;gLj;jTk; njhopw;fy;tp
mtrpak; vd;whu; fhe;jp[p.
3.10.3 fw;gpf;Fk; Kiw
fhe;jp[p ,izg;G Kiwf; fy;tpia typAWj;jpdhu;. ,izg;G Kiwf; fy;tp vd;gJ
nray;%yk; fw;wy; MFk;. FUl;L kdg;ghlk; nra;J fy;tp fw;wiyj; jtpu;j;J> khztd;
Rakhfr; nray; %yk; fw;gij Cf;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. nray;Kiwf; fy;tpapidj; Njhw;W
tpj;J> Cf;Ftpj;j fy;tp mwpQu;fshd ng];lyh]p> nù;ghu;l;> &N]h> GNuhgy;> âp>
khz;bNrhup Nghd;Nwhu;fspd; fy;tpj;jpl;l mbg;gilapNyNa fhe;jpabfspd; nfhs;iffSk;
mike;jpUe;jd.
.3.10.4 fy;tpapd; epiyfs;;
fhe;jp[p Muk;gf; fy;tp fl;lhaf; fy;tpahf khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;jpa
kf;fspy; 7 Kjy; 14 tajpw;Fl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl
ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. me;je;j khepyNk gs;spg; gbg;gpw;Fupa nghUshjhug; nghWg;gpid Vw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. khztupilNa jd;dk;gpf;if> r%f Nrit> mfpk;ir> gpuk;kr;rhupak;
Nghd;w Fzq;fs; fy;tpapd; %yk; tsu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fspd; fy;tpapd; %yk;
ekJ nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpid kl;Lk; ehlhky;> jhNk Njrj; njhz;lu;fshf khwp>
Njrpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;nfdr; nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk. mjd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; fy;tpapd;
gy gbfis ,tu; mikj;jhu;.
26
3.11 ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; (Rabinderanath Tagore)
Kd;Diu
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; milahskhfj; jpfo;e;jtu.; mtu;
xU ftpQu;> jj;JtQhdp> ,iraikg;ghsu;> vOj;jhsu; kw;Wk; xU fy;tpahsu;;. 1913y; mtuJ
ftpijj; njhFg;ghd “fPjhQ;ryp” vd;w gilg;Gf;fhf Nehgy; gupR ngw;wtu;. tp];tghujp
gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpa ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; gpugykhf “FUNjt”; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ gpugykhd ,irj;jl;Lfs; midj;Jk; ,utPe;jpurq;fPj; vd;w Ngupy;
miof;fgl;ld. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ,utPe;jpurq;fPj; epajpapYs;s ,uz;L ghly;fshd “[d fz
kd” kw;Wk; mku;Nrhdhu; ,e;jpa kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; Njrpa fPjq;fshf cs;sJ. ek;
ehl;bd; Njrpa fPjj;ij cUthf;fpa mj;jifia rpwg;G tha;e;j ftpQuhd ,utPejpuehj;
jh$u; mtu;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
3.11.1 gpwg;G
,utPe;jpjuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; fy;fj;jhtpy; xU gzf;fhu gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; Nk
7> 1861 md;W gpwe;jhu.; mtu; NjNte;jpuehj; kw;Wk; rhujh Njtp jk;gjpaUf;F xd;gjhtJ
kfd;. mtuJ jhj;jh xU gzf;fhu cupikahsuhfTk>; r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjpahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
3.11.2 Muk;g fhyf; fy;tp
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; Xupaz;ly; nrkpdup gs;spapy; jdJ Muk;gf; fy;tpiaj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. Mdhy; mtUf;F ghuk;gupa fy;tpKiw gpbf;fhjjhy; gy Mrpupau;fspd;
tPl;bNyNa gbf;fj; Jtq;fpdhu.; ,tUf;F gjpNdhU tajpy; cghead vd;w G+Z}y; rlq;F
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpd; 14 gpg;utup 1873 Mk; Mz;L ,tuJ jfg;ghdhUld; fy;fj;jhit
tpl;Lg; Gwg;gl;L gy khjq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,tuJ je;ijahupd;
rhe;jpepNfjd; Njhl;lj;jpw;F nrd;wdu;. gpd;du; ,kakiyg; gFjpahd ly;n`srpia
milAk; Kd; mk;upj;rhupYk; jq;fpdu;. ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; gyUila Rarupijfs;
kw;Wk; tuyhWfisf; fw;wJld; tPl;bNyNa thdpay;> mwptpay;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa
ghlq;fisAk; gbj;jhu; fhspjhrupd; kughu;e;j ftpijfisAk; Mu;tj;Jld; fw;whu;.
3.12 jh$upd; fPjhQ;rypAk;> Nehgy; gupRk;

1909 y; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; fPjhQ;rypia vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;. 1912 Mk;
Mz;by; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf INuhg;gh nrd;whu; ,e;j yz;ld; gadzj;jpd; NghJ mtu;
fPjhQ;rypapy; ,Ue;J rpy ftpijfs; kw;Wk; ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;jhu;
,tu; yz;ldpy; kjpf;fj;jf;f Mq;fpNya Xtpauhd tpy;ypak; vd;gtiu re;jpj;jhu;. ,tuJ
ftpijfshy; ngupJk; <u;f;fg;gl;l Nuhj;njd;];Bd; mtu;fs; mtuJ ftpijfis <l;];
kw;Wk; gpw Mq;fpyf; ftpQu;fSf;Fk; nfhLj;jhu.; <l;]; mtu;fSk; ngupJk; <u;f;fgllhu;
nrg;lk;gu; 1912y; yz;ldpy; cs;s ,e;jpa r%fj;jpd; xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gjpg;gpy;
fPjhQ;ryp ntspaplg;gl;l NghJ jh$u; mtu;fs; mjw;F Kd;Diu vOjpdhu;. 1913 Mk;
Mz;by; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$upd; fPjhQ;rypf;F ,yf;fpaj;Jf;fhd nehgy; gupR toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1915 Mk; Mz;by; jh$u; mtu;fSf;F Mq;fpNya [hu;[; kd;du; ru; vd;Dk; tPug;gl;lk;
toq;fpdhu;.
3.13 jh$upd; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAk;> $u;e;j mwpTj; jpwikAk;

1921y; ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; tp];tghujp gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtpdhu;. mtu;
jdJ Gj;jfq;fSf;fhf fpilj;j Nehgy; guprpd; %ykhff; fpilj;j cupikj; njhif
midj;ijAk; ,e;j gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw;fhf nfhLj;jhh.; jh$u; mtu;fs; xU gilg;ghf;f
27
Nkijahf kl;Lky;yhky; Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ijAk;> Fwpg;ghf Nkw;fj;jpa ftpijfs;
kw;Wk; mwptpaypy; kpfTk; mwpTilatuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;. jw;fhy etPd epA+l;ldpd;
,aw;gpaypy; jh$u; mtu;fSf;F Mo;e;j rpe;jid ,Ue;jjjhy;> Fthz;lk; nkf;fhdpf;]
pd; nfhs;iffs; gw;wp; My;gu;l; Id;];BDld; 1930 ele;j xU tpthjj;jpy; mtuhy; jdJ
fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itf;f Kbe;jJ. mtuJ rkfhyj;jtu;fshd Mygu;l; Id;[;Bd; kw;Wk;
n`r;. [p. nty;]; Nghd;NwhUld; ele;j $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ehlh gjpT ciuahly;fs;
%ykhf mtuJ jpwikfis mwpa Kbe;jJ. 1940y; rhe;jpepNfjdpYs;s Mf;];/Nghu;L
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; xU rpwg;G tpoh Vw;ghL nra;J ,utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fSf;F
,yf;fpa Kidtu; gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3.13.1 ,wg;G
ePz;l fhyk; Neha;tha;gl;l FUNjt; utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; mtu;fs; fy;fj;jhtpYs;s
jdJ %jhijau; tPl;by; Mf];l; 7> 1941 md;W fhykhdhu;.
3.14 jh$upd; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtk;

&N]hitg; NghyNt ,tUk; ,aw;ifapid Mjhukhff; nfhz;lhu;. ,tUila
jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fshy; ,tu; xU fUj;Jf;nfhs;ifthjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,jidNa
,tu; ehk; flTisf; fhz;Nghk;> Nkyhd cz;ikfSf;fhf tho;Nthk;> khR epiwe;j
tho;f;ifapypUe;J tpLgLNthk;> Gw cyfpy; fhZk; nry;tj;ij tpLj;Jj; nja;tPf xsp
vd;Dk; nry;tj;ij milNthk;> md;gpidg; ngWNthk;! mjpfhuj;ij tpLg;Nghk;! vd;W
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Vida fUj;jpay; jj;Jtthjpfisg; NghyNt jh$Uk; vd;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk;
cz;ikfSk;> kjpg;GfSk;> moFfSk; vq;Fk;> vjpYk;> vg;NghJk; gutpapUg;gjhf ek;gpdhu;.
flTs; kdpj cUtpYk>; gpw capu;fs; tbtpYk; ntspg;gLtjhy; rf kdpju;fSf;F
cjTtNj flTSf;Fr; nra;Ak; njhz;L vd;W fhe;jp[piag; Nghd;Nw ,tUk; fUjpdhu;.
mjdhy;jhd; fy;tp> tho;f;ifNahL ,ize;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;.
jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij kjpj;jy;> Md;kpf <LghL> ajhu;j;jthjk; kdpjhgpkhdk;> cyf
rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa mupa gz;GfNs jh$upd; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaf; $Wfshf
mike;jd.
3.15 jh$upd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;

jh$upd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtj;jpy; ehd;F Kf;fpaf; $Wfs; cs;sd. mit Rje;jpuk;>
gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f RantspaPL> ,aw;ifAlDk; kdpjDlDk; ey;YwT> cyf rNfhjuj;Jtk;
Mfpad.
3.15.1 Rje;jpuk;
Rje;jpuj;NjhL nray;gl Foe;ijfis mDkjpj;jhy;jhd; mtu;fspd; Mo;kdj;jpYs;s
MirfSk>; czu;TfSk; jilapd;wp ntspg;gLk;. mjdhy; GijAz;L fplf;Fk; Mw;wy;fs;
kyu;tjw;F tha;g;G Vw;gLk;. “mUq;fhl;rpafj;jpy; mirtw;W ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fisg; Nghy;
Foe;ijfis tFg;giwapy; kzpf;fzf;fhf cl;fhu itj;J ghlq;fisf; Foe;ijfspd;
kPJ jpzpg;gJ nfhLikapYk; nfhLik” vd;W jh$u; rhbdhu;.
3.15.2 gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;f Ra ntspaPL
fhe;jpabfs; $wpaijg; NghyNt nray; topahfTk>; Neupil mDgtq;fs; thapyhfTk;
fy;tp mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;. ifj;njhopy; ,ir> Xtpak;> eldk;> ehlfk;
Nghd;wtw;iw typAWj;jpdhu;. cly>; cs;sk;> rpe;ij %d;Wk; ,ize;jNj KOikahd
fy;tpahFk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;.
28
3.15.3 ,aw;ifAlDk;> kdpjDlDk; ey;YwT
,aw;ifNahL xd;WtNj flTis neUq;Fk; top> mofhd ,aw;ifr; #oypy;
Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. &N]hitg; Nghy; jh$Uk; ,aw;if
tpUk;gpahf ,Ue;jhYk; jh$upd; ,aw;iff; Nfhl;ghL rKjhaj; jhf;fj;ij cs;thq;fpf;
nfhz;ljhFk;. ,zf;fkhff; $b thOk; tifapy; fUiz> gupT> kdpj Neak;> xj;Jiog;G
Mfpa ew;gz;Gfis tsu;j;jpLk; tpjkhf fy;tp mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W jh$Uk; vz;zpdhu;.
3.15.4 cyfr; rNfhjuj;Jtk;:
fy;tpapd; %yk; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; Md;kpff; $Wfis Nkiy ehl;L mwptpaNyhL
,izj;jpl jh$u; Kaw;rp nra;jhu;. ‘cyf rNfhjuj;Jtk;’ Vw;gLk; tifapy; fy;tpahdJ
xw;Wik> rka ey;ypzf;fk;> rkhjhd rftho;T Nghd;wtw;iw tsu;j;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
3.16 jh$upd; fy;tpNehf;fq;fs;

fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fshf cly; tsu;r;rp> mwpT tsu;r;rp> xOf;f> Md;kpf tsur;rp>
r%f tsur;rp Mfpatw;iw typAWj;Jfpwhu; jh$u;.
3.16.1 cly; tsur;rp
cly; tsu;r;rp vd;gJ kdtsk; kw;Wk; cly;eyj;NjhL njhlu;GilaJ. Mifahy;
kfpo;r;rpahd ,aw;ifr; #oypy; Foe;ijfs; Xb>Mb jq;fs; typikiag; ngUf;fpf;
nfhz;Lk;> Gyd;fs; gapw;rp ngw;Wk;> cly; MNuhf;fpaj;JlDk; jpfo Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; jh$u;
tpUk;gpdhu;.
3.16.2 mwpT tsu;r;rp
khztupd; mwpjpwid tsu;j;jpLk; tifapy; Rarpe;jid> RaKaw;rp> Raf;fw;wy;>
Neub mDgtq;fisg; ngWjy; Mfpatw;wpw;Nf fy;tpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
3.16.3 xOf;f Md;kpf tsu;r;rp
vspa tho;f;if> Raf;fl;Lg;ghL mfnthOf;fk; %yk; rydkw;w mikjpahd kd
epiyiaAk>; Md;k tsu;r;rpiaAk; mila Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; vLj;Jiuj;jhu;.
3.16.4 r%f tsu;r;rpAk;> gd;dhl;Lr; rpe;jidAk;
fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; r%f Kjpu;r;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. midtUk;
rkk;> midtUk; cld; gpwth rNfhjuu;fNs vd;W vz;Zk; cau; kd epiyia va;jpl
fy;tp cjt Ntz;Lk;.
3.17 = mutpe;ju; Nfh\; (Sri Aurobindo Ghosh)

Kd;Diu
mutpe;j Nfh\; xU Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l tPuu;> ftpQu;> Nahfp> jj;JtQhdp vdg; gd;Kfk;
nfhz;l khDl mwpQu; Mthu;. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuuhf jd;Dila tho;f;ifia
njhlq;fp Md;kPfthjpahf tho;e;j mutpe;j Nfh\pd; tho;f;if tuyhW kw;Wk; gq;fspg;ig
tpupthff; fhz;Nghk;.
3.17.1 gpwg;G
mutpe;j; mf;uha;l; Nfh\; vd;w ,aw;ngau; nfhz;l mutpe;j Nfh\; mtu;fs; 1872
Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 15 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F tq;fhs khepyj;jpYs;s
nfhy;nfhj;jhtpy; fpU\;z jd Nfh\Pf;Fk;> ];tu;zyjh mth;fSf;Fk; %d;whtJ
Foe;ijahf xU ngq;fhyp FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu;.
29
3.17.2 Muk;g tho;f;if kw;Wk; fy;tp
= mutpe;ju; jd;Dila njhlf;f fy;tpia lhu;[pypq;fpYs;s Nyhnul;Nlh fhd;ntd;by;
gapd;whh;. gpwF 1879 Mk; Mz;L rNfhjuu;fSld; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;w mtu; fy;tpia
mq;F njhlu;e;jhu; yz;ldpYs;s Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,sq;fiy fy;tpiaj;
njhlq;fp gl;lKk; ngw;whu;. gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk nghONj Gulr;rpfukhd rpe;jidahsuhf
tpsq;fpa mutpe;j; mtu;fs; cyf ,yf;fpaq;fs;> tuyhW> Gtpapay; vd midj;Jk; fw;Wj;
Nju;e;jtuhf tpsq;fpdhu;.
3.18 mutpe;jUk;> fy;tpj; jj;JtKk;

yy fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; midj;Jk; jdpkdpj> rKjha vjpu;fhyj;jpw;Nfw;gNt mika
Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.
yy ey;y Fbikg; gz;gpid tsu;g;gJ fy;tpapd;; jiyaha flik.
yy Nkw;fj;jpa mwptpay; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; jkJ ghlj; jpl;lj;jpYk; ,lk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;whu;. mitaidj;Jk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;jpy; gz;gl;l kdq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa
tsu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;J.
yy gpw ,e;jpaj; jj;Jtthjpfisg; NghyNt fy;tp Foe;ijapd; cly;> cs;s xOf;f
tsu;r;rpia Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mutpe;jUk; fUjpdhu;. cstpay; mwpQu;fs;
$WtJ Nghd;W xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; jj;jk; jdpj;jd;ikAld; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fis
KOikahf kyur; nra;tNj fy;tp vd;gijAk; mutpe;ju; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhu;.
yy Ik;Gyd;fspd; gapw;rpNahL> kdj;jpid MwhtJ Gydhff; nfhz;L fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
mutpe;jupd; fw;gpj;jYf;fhd Nfhl;ghLfs;
yy vijAk; ahUf;Fk; fw;gpf;f KbahJ: mtutUk; jhNk tpUk;gpf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau; vd;gtu; khztu;fspd; fw;wYf;F cjTgtNu.
yy Gyd; fhl;rpfshf mfepidtpy; Njf;fp itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. ,tw;wpd; njhFg;Ng
‘Kd;dwpNthL ,ize;j czu;jy;’ MfpwJ. vdNt Foe;ijf;Fr; rupahd Gyg;gapw;rp
mspj;jNy Mrpupaupd; Kjy;gzp.
yy mwpe;jtw;wpypUe;J mwpahjtw;wpw;Fr; nry;yy;> mUfpw;Fg; gpd;dNu njhiyT Nehf;fy;
Mfpait fy;tpg; Nghf;fhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
yy Nahf epiyapd; %yk; ekJ rhjhuz epiyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rpy tpNr\
kdj;jd;ikfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;w mtu; ek;gpdhu;.
yy khztd; vd;gtd; gs;spapy; Xu; capuw;w nghUshf Mrpupauhy; fUjg;glf;$lhJ.
yy fy;tpapd; eltbf;iffs; ahTNk khztdpd; ed; elj;ijia tsu;g;gjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy fy;tp Vw;ghLk; kdj;ijg; gz;gLj;JkhW mia Ntz;Lk;.
3.18.1 mutpe;ju; $wpa kdj;jpd; ehd;F epiyfs;
yy fle;jfhy epidTfs; epiwe;jJ – rpj;jepiy
yy kdk;> kdR ,J Neupilahf Gyd;fs; %yk; gy fUj;Jfis cUthf;FfpwJ.
yy mwpT> Gj;jp ,J ntspapypUe;J fpilf;Fk; gy fUj;Jf;fis
xUq;fpizf;fpwJ.
yy cz;ikia czu;j;jy; kdj;jpd; ,e;j ehd;F epiyfSk; fy;tp fw;gjw;F kpf
mtrpak; vd;whu;.
30
yy xt;nthU kdpjdpd; jdpj;jd;ikAk; mtdJ fle;j fhyk; (kuG) epfo;fhyk;
(#o;epiyfs;) Mfpatw;why; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
yy Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw khztdpd; cstpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpwhu;.
Muha;e;jwpjy; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wj; jpfo Foe;ijfspd; kdk; vd;w fy;tpr; rhjdk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk>; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba nghUisf; ftu;r;rpahfj; Njhd;wr;
nra;jhy; khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij ntF vspjpy; <u;;f;f KbAk; vd;W mutpe;ju; fUjpdhu;.
yy khztu;fspd; fw;wypy; cw;W Nehf;fy; tptuq;fisr; Nrfupj;J KbTfis Cfpj;jwpjy;>
fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;ig Nrhjpj;jwpjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mjpf tha;g;Gfs; mikAk;
tz;zk; Mrpupau; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
yy fy;tpahdJ Md;k tpLjiyiaAk;> nghUs;rhu;e;j tho;f;if tsj;ijAk; ngw;Wj;ju
cjTjy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy jpahdk;> kdj;ij xUepiyg;gLj;Jjy;> Nfs;tp Kiw> tpupTiu Kiw Nghd;wit
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwahf ,tuhy; typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
31
gFjp – m
1. Mjhuf;fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
2. jh$hpd; fiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wp vOJf.
3. Mrpukg; gs;spapd; rpwg;gpayGfis Fwpg;gpLf.
4. tp];tghujp gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. rhe;jpepNfjdpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis Fwpg;gLf.
6. mutpe;jhpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; VNjDk; rpytw;iw Fwpg;gpLf
7. jh$h; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; vitahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;?
8. fhe;jp[papd; ifj;njhopy; ikaf;fy;tp gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
9. mutpe;jhpd; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb kdjpd; ehd;F gFjpfs; ahit?
10. jh$h; fhe;jp[p MfpNahuJ fy;tp rpj;jhe;jq;fis xg;gpLf
gFjp – M
11. kdpjdplk; Vw;fdNt mike;Js;s g+uzj;Jtj;jpd; ntspg;ghNl fy;tpahFk; tpthjpf;f.
12. jh$hpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtj;ij tpthp.
13. ,d;iwa ek; ehl;L fy;tpapy; Mjhufy;tpapd; jhf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
14. tpNtfhde;jh; kw;Wk; fhe;jp[papd; tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fisAk; fy;tp
rpe;jidfisAk; xg;gpLf.
15. fhe;jp[papd; fy;tp rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk;> fy;tp eilKiwfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
16. Mrpukg; gs;s;papd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
17. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jhpd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfis tpthp.
18. mutpe;jhpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fis tphpthf vOJf.
gFjp -,
19. m. Rthkp tpNtfhde;jhpd; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs; ,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf;F ve;jsT
Vw;Gilik vd;gij Muha;f.
(my;yJ)
M. jh$hpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs; ,d;iwa fy;tp Kiwapy; vw;gLj;jp ,Uf;Fk;
jhf;fq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjp.
20. m. .fhe;jp[papd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs; r%fg; nghUshjhu khw;wj;jpw;F top tFf;fpd;wd-

,f;$w;iw Muha;f.
(my;yJ)
M. mutpe;jhpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fisAk;> fw;gpj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
32
myF - 4 fy;tp gq;fspg;gpy; Nkiyehl;L

jj;Jtf; nfhs;if
UNIT – 4 CONTRUIBUTION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
4.1. ,aw;iff; nfhs;if:
4.2 ,aw;iff; nfhs;if vd;gjd; nghUs;
4.3 ,aw;iff; nfhs;if gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;:
4.4 ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.5 ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; tiffs;:
4.6 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifAk;
4.7 gadsitf; nfhs;if (pragmatism)
4.8 ‘gadsitf; nfhs;if’ vd;gjd; nghUs;
4.9 gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.10 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> gadsitf; nfhs;ifAk;
4.11 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if
4.12 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if – tpsf;fk;
4.13 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if - nghUs;
4.14 fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.15 fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifAk;> fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
4.16 fy;tp Vw;ghLk;> fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifAk;
4.17 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if (Realism)
4.18 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if- nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw
4.19 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.20 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;;
4.21 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk;> fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk;.
4.22 rkurf; nfhs;if
4.23 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
fy;tpAk;> jj;JtKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fs; Nghy; tpsq;FfpwJ. xU gf;fk;
jj;Jtk; vd;Wk;> kw;nwhU gf;fj;ij fy;tp vd;Wk; $wyhk;. jj;Jtk; ,y;yhj fy;tp;
gFj;jwpthw;wy; ,y;yhj fy;tp MfpwJ. ,J fy;tpr; nray;Kiwia KOikahf ghjpf;Fk;.
,f;nfhs;if Nkiy ehl;by; vt;thW fUjg;gl;Lr; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; Kf;fpa jj;Jt nfhs;iffSk;> mit fy;tp eilKiw nray;ghLfis
vt;thW ghprPypf;fpd;wd vd mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;nfhs;iffis ek;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffSld;
xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;g;gjhy; rpwg;ghd fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;Jr; nray;gl topgpwf;Fk; vdf;
fUjyhk;.
33
4.1. ,aw;iff; nfhs;if: (Naturalism)
,g;Nguz;lj;jpd; cz;ik rlg;nghUl;fs;jhd; vd;W $WfpwJ. ,aw;if nfhs;iffs;.
rlg; nghUshd ,aw;if gug;G> kw;Wk; ,af;fk; Nghd;w gz;Gfis tpsf;FtNj ,aw;if
nfhs;if vd;W ,aw;if nfhs;if thjpfs; $Wfpd;wdh;.
4.2 ,aw;iff; nfhs;if vd;gjd; – nghUs;

,aw;ifjhd; tho;f;ifapd; ,Wjp cz;ik. midj;Jk; rlg;nghUs;fshy; MditNa.
,aw;ifiaj;jhz;b vJTNk ,y;iy. ,aw;ifapd; epajpfisf; fz;lwpjNy cz;ikahd
mwpitg; ngWk; topahFk;. Gyd;fNs mwptpd; Eiothapy;fs;. ,aw;ifapd; epajpfs; gb
elj;ijia newpgLj;jpf;nfhs;tNj ,aw;iff; nfhs;if vd;wwpag;gLfpwJ.
4.3 ,aw;iff; nfhs;if gw;wpa tiuaiwfs;

yy N[k;]; thh;l;: flTis ,aw;ifapypUe;J NtWgLj;jpAk;> Md;khit
rlg;nghUistplf; fPohdjhf kjpj;Jk;> ,aw;ifapd; khwhj epajpfisNa
cah;e;jitahf vz;zp; Nghw;Wk; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghNl ,aw;iff; nfhs;if
vd;wwpag;gLfpwJ.
yy u];f;: mwptpay; Nehf;fpypUe;J kl;LNk jj;Jtj;ij mZfpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
epiyghl;bidf; nfhz;lJ jhd; ,aw;if nfhs;if.
yy ngh;hp: ,aw;iff; nfhs;if vd;gJ mwptpay; md;W> khwhf
mwptpaypy; Mo;e;j ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;bUj;jyhFk;. Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy; mwptpay;
mwpNt ,WjpahdJ: mwptpaiyj;jtph;j;J> mjw;F mg;ghy; vj;jifa mwpTk; ,Uf;f
KbahJ vd;W mWjpapl;Lf; $Wk; Nfhl;ghNl ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifahFk;. mjd;gb
mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfisj; jj;Jtr; rpf;fy;fspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;gh;.
4.4 ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghLfs; tUkhW:
yy ,aw;iff; nfhs;if > fUj;jpay; nfhs;iff;F vjph;g;G njhptpf;Fk; tifapy; Njhd;wpaJ.
,aw;ifNa midj;jpw;Fk; gpd;dzpahf mike;J nray;gLfpwJ. tho;f;ifapy;
vjph;g;gLk; midj;Jk; ,aw;ifapd; ntt;NtW tbtq;fNs.
yy mwptpay; mwpT jhd; cz;ikahdJ. mwptpay; tsh;r;rp mila ekJ fUj;Jfspy;
khw;wk; Vw;glyhk;. Mdhy; ,aw;if epajpfs; khw;wkiltjpy;iy. mwptpaiyj;
jj;Jt hPjpahfg; nghJikg;gLj;JjNy ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifahFk;.
yy ,aw;ifiaj; jtpw Ntnwhd;Wk; cz;ikapy;iy. flTs;> mff;fhl;rp> kWcyfk;
Nghd;wit Nghypahdit.
yy kuGk;> #o;epiyAk; Nrh;e;J kdpj MSikia cUthf;Ffpd;wd. #o;epiy vd;gJ
Gwr; #o;epiy> kw;Wk; cstpay; #o;epiyNa mjpf nry;thf;FilaJ. mjw;Nfw;g;g
kdpjd; jd;id khw;wpaikJf; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
yy gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; midtUk; ey;yth;fNs. rKjha ghjpg;Gfshy; jPath;fshf
khwptpLfpwhh;fs;.
yy ,aw;ifahf mike;jitahTk; ey;yitNa. nraw;ifahditahTk; Nghypfs;.
yy xt;nthUtUk; jj;jk; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;g KO tsh;r;rp miljYk;> ,aw;if epajpfSf;F
Vw;g kdpj elj;ijia newpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;SjYNk tho;tpd; cah;kjpg;GfshFk;.
34
4.5 ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; tiffs;
,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; %d;W tiffs cs;sd mitfs;
i) nghUswptpay; ,aw;iff; nfhs;if
kdpjdpd; %isAk;> clYk; rlg;nghUs;fs; vdTk; mit ,aq;Fk;NghJ rf;jp
ntspg;gLfpwJ vdTk; ,f;nfhs;ifapdh; tpsf;Ffpd;wdh;.
ii) caphpay; ,aw;iff; nfhs;if
ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;Js;sJ ,f;nfhs;if. gy;NtW caphpdq;fspd;
tsh;r;rpapidAk;> njhlh;r;rpidAk; tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; tsh;r;rpahdJ mtDila
,ay;ghd kdntOr;rp epiyapidAk>; mlf;f epiyapidAk; rhh;e;jJ. r%fj;jpw;Fj; Jiz
nra;Ak; tifapy; ek;ik khw;wpaikg;gjw;F fy;tp Ntz;LNk md;wp jd;idj; jhNd
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,y;iy vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ.
iii) ,ae;jputpay; ,aw;iff; nfhs;if
kdpjid xU ,ae;jpukhf epidj;Jr; nray;gLtJ ,f;nfhs;if. kdKk;> Md;khTk;
cz;ik vd;gij kWj;Jj; jplg;nghUs; kl;LNk cz;ik vd;W tpsf;FfpwJ. kdpjd;
jplg;nghUshy; Mdtd; vd;gij typAWj;jp mtd; jdf;nfd ve;jtpjkhd Nehf;fKk;>
gilg;ghw;wYk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
4.6 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifAk;

yy “jd;idj;jhNd czh;e;J Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;” vd;gij fUj;jpay; nfhs;if
nfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;W> ,aw;if Foe;ijapd; “Ra ntspg;ghL” vd;gij Kd;dpWj;JfpwJ.
yy kdpjd; vd;Dk; ,ae;jpuj;ij KOikahf ,af;fpl cjTtNj fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;
vd;fpd;wdh; xUgphptpdh;.
yy kdpjd; jd; #o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g khwpf;nfhs;tjw;F> Njitahf jpwd;fs; midj;ijAk;
mspj;J> tho;f;ifg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngwr; nra;tNj fy;tp vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
yy kf;^fy; Nghd;Nwhh;> Foe;ijapd; ,ay;G+f;fq;fisg; gz;gLj;Jtjd; %yNk mjd;
jdpj;jd;ik tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpGhpe;J> r%fj;jpd; jPa ghjpg;GfspypUe;J fhj;jpl
KbAk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
yy ngh;dhh;l;\h Nghd;w ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifahsh;fs; ngw;Nwhh;fsplk; ,Ue;J ngWk;
caphpay; kughy; Vw;gLk; Foe;ijfspd; jdpj;jd;ikia> fy;tp msg;gJld;>
jiyKiw jiyKiwahf kdpjd; mile;J tUk; r%f kugpidAk; mth;fSf;F
mspj;jpl Kw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdh;.
yy midj;Jf; fy;tpr; nray;fSk; Foe;ijia ikakhf itj;Nj jpl;lkplg;glNtz;Lk;.
yy Ra ntspg;ghL> #o;epiyfSf;Nfw;wthW nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; ,aq;fp> tho;f;ifg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhd jpwd;fisg;ngWjy;> jdpj;jd;ikNahL $ba
MSik tsh;r;rp> Gyg;gapw;rp> ,ay;G+f;fq;fisg; gz;gLj;Jjy;> Foe;ijfspd;
,ay;GfSf;F Vw;w fy;tpaspj;jy; Mfpatw;iwNa ,aw;iff; nfhs;if fy;tpapd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
4.6.1 fy;tp Vw;ghL
yy fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ fw;Nghhpd; cs;shh;e;j jpwd;fs; midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jk;
nray;fisf; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
yy Foe;ijfspd; Njitfs;> Mh;tq;fs;> Mw;wy;fs; Mfpad ,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;ij
eph;zapj;jd.
yy midj;Jr; nray;fSk;> jpwd;fSk; cstpay; mbg;gilapy; ,jDs;
,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
35
yy fw;Nghhpd; taJ> tsh;r;rp epiy Mfpad Kf;fpa fhuzpfshf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
yy ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> jhtutpay;> tpyq;fpay;> fzpjtpay; Nghd;w mwptpay;
ghlq;fSf;Fj; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;ld.
yy cly; eyk;> Rw;Wg;Gw Rfhjhuk; Nghd;witAk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;wd.
yy mwptpay; rpe;jidfis ikakhff; nfhz;litahfTk;p> kdpj mDgtq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;litahfTk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.6.2 fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
yy tpisahl;L Kiw %yk; fw;gpj;jiy kpf typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
yy Fwpg;gl;l fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs; fw;gpj;jypy; ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lnkd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gltpy;iy.
,jidNa “fw;gth;fSf;Fg; ghlq;fis mspf;fhjPh;fs;: mDgtq;fis mspAq;fs;”
vd;W &N]h Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.
1. tsh;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
2. nray; Nfhl;ghL
3. jdpj;jd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL
4. Raf;fw;wy; Nfhl;ghL
Mfpatw;wpw;F ,zq;f fw;gpj;jiy mikf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpwJ ,aw;iff; nfhs;if.
yy Neub mDgtq;fs; %yk; fw;gpj;jiy mikf;f ,aw;iff; nfhs;is typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
yy Neub mDgtq;fspypUe;J mwpitg; ngwf;$ba jhNd fz;lwpAk; Kiw
ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy cw;W Nehf;fy;> ghpNrhjid nra;jy; Mfpait fw;wypy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapdu; typAWj;Jfpd;wdh;.
yy n`h;ghh;l;bd; fw;gp;;j;jy; gbKiwfshd Maj;jg;gLj;Jjy;> mDgtq;fis mspj;jy;>
njhlh;GgLj;Jjy;> gad;gLj;Jjy; vd;Dk; Ie;J gbfisAk; rpwe;j fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwahf
,aw;iff; nfhs;is Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
4.6.3khzth; xOf;fKk;> fl;Lg;ghLk;
yy ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifahsh;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;iltpl Rje;jpuj;ijNa tpUk;Gfpd;wdh;.
yy khzth;fspilNa fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;if tpisTfshy; epfo Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
yy ,aw;ifr; #oNy rpwe;j ,ay;ghd fl;Lg;ghLfis tsh;f;Fk; vd;Wk; ,f;nfhs;if
$WfpwJ.
yy fw;NghUf;F mspf;fg;gLk; Rje;jpuNk mth;fsplk; fl;Lg;ghl;bid tsh;j;J> Ra
xOf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
yy fl;Lg;ghLfs; vd;gd tsh;e;jth;fSf;fhdit. vdNt mit tsUk; Foe;ijfs;Nky;
jpzpf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
4.6.4 Mrphpahpd; gq;F
yy Mrphpah; Foe;ijfisg; gw;wp mwpe;jtuhfTk;> Foe;ijfspd; kdeyd;fisAk;>
kdg;ghq;FfisAk; mwpe;jtuhfTk>; vg;NghJk; nray;fisg; gpd;dzpapypUJ
Cf;Ftpg;gtuhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ijfspd; tsh;r;rp epiyapid cw;W Nehf;fp> nra;jpfisAk;> ,yf;FfisAk;
jhNd mspf;fhky;> mtw;iw khzth;fs; jhNk ngwr; nra;gtuhfTk; nray;gl
Ntz;Lnkd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
yy mth; njhiyNehf;F cilatuhfTk;> Ma;Tr; rpe;jidfs; epuk;gpatuhfTk;> fw;wy;
#oy;fis cUthf;fpaspg;gtuhfTk; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
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4.7 gadsitf; nfhs;if (pragmatism)
(pragmatism) gadsitf; nfhs;if vd;w thh;j;ij fpNuf;f thh;j;ijapypUe;J
ngwg;gl;lJ. mjd; nghUs; ‘to do’ “to make” (cUthf;Fjy;), to accomplish (rhjpj;jy;)
Mjyhy; me;j thh;j;ijahdJ nray; my;yJ gapw;rp my;yJ nray;ghL vd;w Kiwapy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. mDgtNk cyfpd; ikakhf tpsq;FfpwJ. gadsitf; nfhs;if
vd;gJ mnkhpf;f ehl;by; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifahFk;. fUj;jpay;
nfhs;if> ,aw;iff; nfhs;if Mfpatw;iwg;Nghd;W xUikf; nfhs;ifaha; ,y;yhky;
gadsitf; nfhs;if gd;ik nfhs;ifaha; tpsq;FfpwJ. cz;ik vd;gJ xt;nthUtUk;
ngWk; mDgtNk. ntt;NtW kdpjh;fs; gy;NtW mDgtq;fisg; ngw;W> khWgl;l
cz;ikfis czh;fpd;wdh;. gadsitf; nfhs;ifiaj; njhlq;fp itj;jth; ]hz;lh;];
gpah;]; (1839-1914) vd;gth;. ,jid eilKiwahf;fpath; tpy;ypak; N[k;]; (1842-1910).
fy;tpf; fUj;jhf cUthf;fpath; [hd;âp (1859-1952) kw;Wk; fpy;ghh;l;hpf; Mth;.
4.8 ‘gadsitf; nfhs;if’ vd;gjd; nghUs;

yy gadsitf; nfhs;if vd;gJ ‘nray;’ vd;w nghUSila ‘g;uhf;kh’ vd;Dk; fpNuf;f
Nth;r; nrhy;ypUe;J te;jjhFk;
yy rpe;jidiaf;fhl;bYk; nraYf;;Nf Kf;fpak; mspj;J> rpe;jidfs; nray;fSf;fhd
fUtpfNs vd;W ,f;nfhs;if typAWj;Jtjhy;> ,f;nfhs;if ‘fUtprhh; nfhs;if’
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
yy kdpj mDgtq;fspypUe;Nj kjpg;Gfs; Njhd;Wtjhf ,f;nfhs;if ciug;gjhy; ,J
‘kdpjtpay;’ gadsitf; nfhs;if vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
yy mwpitg; ngWtjw;F tpQ;Qhd Kiwapy; mike;j ‘ghpNrhjidf; nfhs;if’ vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy Nguhrphpah; hPl; vd;ghhpd; $w;Wg;gb ‘nray;gLjy;’> <LgLjy;> ‘nghWg;Ngw;wy;’> vjph;
nfhs;Sjy;’ Nghd;witNa gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; ikaf;fUj;J.
yy tpy;ypak; N[k;]; vd;ghuJ tiuaiwg;gb “fUj;Jfs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;iw
kjpg;gplTk;> mtw;wpd; cz;ikj;jd;ikia mwpaTk;> mtw;wpdhy; tpisfpd;w
gad;fisj; ju msTNfhyhfg; gad;gLj;jpLk; kdg;ghd;ik Kiw my;yJ jj;JtNk
gadsitf; nfhs;ifahFk’;.
4.9 gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

yy kdpjd;> ,aw;if> rKjhak;> mwpT> kjpg;Gfs;> fUj;Jfs; vd midj;Jk; khwpatz;zk;
cs;sd.
yy cz;ik vd;gJ xUth; ngWk; mDgtNk> mDgtk; vd;gJ xUtuJ rpe;jid> nray;>
czh;T Mfpa %d;iwAk; cs;slf;fpaJjhd;> epue;ju cz;ik vd;w xd;W ,y;iy.
yy mwpT vd;gJ mDgtj;jpy; tpisfpd;w gad;.
yy cz;ik> mDgtk; nray;Kiwf;F gad;gLfpwJ. nray;jhd; mwpTf;F Kd;Ndhbhf
tpsq;FfpwJ.
yy rpe;jidiaf; fhl;bYk; nraNy Kjd;ik ngWfpwJ.
yy gpugQ;rj;jpy; KOikahd kjpg;Gfs; vd;Wk; epiyahd mwg;gz;Gfs; vd;Wk; vJTk;
,y;iy.
yy kjpg;Gfis> kdpjd; jhNd gilj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhd;. vy;yhg; nghUs;fSk; kdpjd;
%ykhfj;jhd; mspf;fg;gLk; jd;ikiag; ngWfpd;wd.
yy ew;nray; my;yJ mwr;nray; vd;gJ> mjdhy; ngwg;gLk; gad;fis xl;bNajhd;
kjpg;gplg;gLk;.
37
yy ve;j xd;wpd; kjpg;igAk; mjd; r%f tpisTfs; %ykhfj;jhd; mstpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy kdpjDila MSik tsh;r;rpahdJ r%f #o;epiyapy;jhd; tsh;r;rp ngWk;.
yy epfo;fhyNk ftdj;jpw;FhpaJ. ,we;j fhyKk;> epr;rakpy;yhj vjph;fhyKk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;glNtz;bait my;y.
yy rhjdq;fSk;> topKiwfSk;; jhd;; Kf;fpaNk jtpu ,Wjp Nehf;fq;fs; my;y.
4.10 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> gadsitf; nfhs;ifAk;

yy jj;Jtj;jpdpd;Wk; fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vOfpd;wd vd;gijf;fhl;bYk; gaDs;s
fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfspypUe;Jjhd; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jfs; ntspg;gLfpd;wd.
yy fy;tpapd; ,Wjp Nehf;fq;fis Kd;$l;bNa eph;zapf;f KbahJ.
yy tho;f;iff;F cjTk; tifapy; Gjpa kjpg;Gfis khztd; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;StNj
fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;.
yy gadsitf; nfhs;ifahdJ nray;> nghWg;Gfs;> gq;Nfw;G> epfo;epiyfisr; re;jpj;jy;
Mfpatw;iwf; fy;tpr; nray;fSf;F mbg;gil vd;fpwJ.
yy ‘fy;tp fy;tpf;fhfNt’ vd;w $w;wpid Vw;fhky; fw;Nghhpd; Mh;tk;> Mw;wy;fs;>
Jbg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw miljiy Nehf;fp topfhl;Ljy;jhd; fy;tp vd;W ,f; nfhs;if
epWTfpwJ.
yy nrayhf;fk; epuk;gpa> cs;sj;ij tsh;g;gijNa Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L> mjid
tsh;f;fTk; Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
yy kdpjdpd; jdpj;jd;ikf;F ,f;nfhs;if KJnfYk;G Nghd;wJ.
yy ve;jg; nghJtpjpiaAk;> nghJikg;gLj;jpr; nray;gLj;j ,ayhJ. Vndd;why; xt;nthU
kdpjDk; jdpj;jd;ik epuk;gpatd;.
yy gadsitf; nfhs;ifahdJ> Kiwahd mikg;G kw;Wk; mikg;Gr; rhuh #oy;fspy;
fy;tpr; nray; epfo typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
yy fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhfr; r%fj;jpwd;fis tsh;j;jiyAk;> mjd;topf; fw;Nghiur;
rKjhaj;jpy; gaDs;s Fbkf;fshf Mf;FjiyAk; ,fnfhs;if typAWj;Jfpd;wJ.
4.10.1 fy;tp Vw;ghL
yy tho;f;ifia ikakhff; nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lk; MFk;. mDgtq;fisg; gfph;e;J
nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; gad;kpf;fahtw;iwAk; jpl;lj;jpy; ,izj;jiy ,f;nfhs;if
tpUk;GfpwJ.
yy mDgtq;fisr; nray;topapy; ngwNt ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ. mr;nray;fs; r%fg;gad;>
njhopw;gad; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mikj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;fpwJ.
yy Foe;ijapd; tsh;r;rp> taJ kw;Wk; Mh;tq;fSf;F Vw;w fy;tp Vw;ghL mika Ntz;Lk;.
njhlf;f epiyapy; thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;> vz; fzf;Ffisr; nra;jy;> ,aw;if mwpT>
ifNtiy> rpj;jpuk; tiujy; Nghd;wtw;iw khzthfspd; Mh;tj;jpw;F Vw;g mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. nkhop> cly;eyk;> r%f mwpT> mwptpay;> fzpjk;> Gtpapay; Nghd;wit
Nrh;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yy tho;f;ifapy; Njhd;Wk; cz;ik epiyfis vjph; Nehf;fp ,tw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;
gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;Tfhzj; Njitg;gLk; mwpT> nray;jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
Foe;ij jhNd Kad;W mila Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ.
yy rpe;jidiaf; fhl;bYk; nraNy rpwe;jjhFk; vd;W $WfpwJ.
yy ‘nra;J fw;wy;’ vd;gJ ,th;fsJ fy;tp Kiwapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.
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yy gpur;ridfisj; jPh;j;jy;> jhNd fz;Lgpbj;jy; Mfpait typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
yy nray;jpl;l KiwNa ,f;nfhs;ifapd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. nray; jpl;lKiwapy; ,lk;
ngWk; 5 gbepiyfshtd:
1. gpur;rpidia czh;jy;
2. Njh;e;njLj;j gpur;rpidf;Fhpa jPHit mile;jpLk; topKiwfis thpirg;gLj;jp>
nray; jpl;lj;ijj; jpl;lkpLjy;
3. nray; jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;Jjy;.
4. ,Wjpapy; tpise;j gaidAk;> nraw;gLj;Jk; KiwiaAk; kjpg;gpLjy;
5. nray; jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;J njhlh;e;J gzp nra;a
Mrphpah; cWJizahf ,Uj;jy;
4.10.3 khzth; xOf;fKk;> fl;Lg;ghLk;
yy mwg;gz;Gfs; epue;jukhdit vd;w epiy kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
yy Fwpf;NfhSld; mike;J> gs;spr; nray;fis ,izg;gjhy; epfOk; $l;Lr; nray;fNs>
rKjha epiyapy; jpfoNtz;ba fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F tif nra;Ak; vd;W ,f;nfhs;;if
fUJfpwJ.
yy mjpfhuj;jhy; Nky;epiyapypUe;J jpzpf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; gadw;wit.
yy jd;idj;jhNd fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJjhd; khzth;fs; ngWk; fl;Lg;ghL
MFk;.
yy khzth;fNs epajpfisAk;> tpjpfisAk; gs;spapy; cUthf;fpr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
yy mth;fNs Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l tpjpKiwfs;> mth;fsplk; mlf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w
mwg; gz;Gfis tsh;f;Fk;.
4.10.4 Mrphpahpd; gq;F
yy Foe;ijfspd; ez;guhfTk;> topfhl;bahfTk;> mwpTiug; gfh;gtuhfTk;> #o;epiyfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JgtuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy ‘nray; jpl;lj;jpd; newpahsh;’ vd;w tifapy; Mrphpah; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yy khzth;fs; $l;Lr; nraypy; jpwikAld; gq;F nfhs;Sjiy Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy khzth;fs; fye;J MNyhrpj;jy;> nray;gLjy;> jpl;lkpLjy;> kjpg;gpLjy; Mfpatw;iw
mDgtj;jpd; %ykhfg; ngw mth; JizGhpa Ntz;Lk;.
yy Mrphpah; rpwe;j gapw;rp ngw;wtuhfTk;> jpwd; tha;e;jtuhfTk;> nray;jd;ik
epuk;gpatuhfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy [dehafg; gz;G kpf;ftuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.11 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if (Idealism)

Ibayprk; (Idealism) vd;w thh;j;ij fpNuf;f thh;j;ijapypUe;J ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. fUj;J>
kw;Wk; kdk; vd;git xt;nthd;wpYk; cs;s cz;ikia kl;LNk rhh;e;Js;sJ. ,f;nfhs;if
Nkiy ehl;by; vt;thW fUjg;gl;Lr; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; Kf;fpa jj;Jt nfhs;iffSk;> mit fy;tp eilKiw nray;ghLfis vt;thW
ghpe;Jiuf;fpd;wd vd mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;nfhs;iffis ek;ehl;Lf; nfhs;iffSld;
xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;g;gjhy; rpwg;ghd fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;Jr; nray;gl topgpwf;Fk; vdf;
fUjyhk;.
39
4.12 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if tpsf;fk;
fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhdJ nghUs; rhh;e;j cyiftpl Md;kpf
cyfNk cz;ikahdJ vd;gjhFk;. kdpjdpd; rpwg;gpay;G Md;kpfj;jd;ikapy; cs;sJ.
kdk; nray;gLtjhy; jhd; mwpT ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpwJ. fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifahdJ
kdpj kdj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nrYj;JfpwJ. xUthpd; rpe;jidAk;> nraw;ghLk; mthpd;
kd ,ay;GfisNa rhh;e;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL kdj;J}a;ikNa xUtid cahpa epiyf;F
cah;j;JfpwJ. ,f;nfhs;ifahdJ kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwFk; ,iwj;jd;ikia mila cjTfpwJ.
4.13 fUj;jpay; nfhs;if - nghUs;

yy kdpj tho;tpy; ,Wjpahd cz;ikg; nghUs; vJ vd;W MuhAk; NghJ> kdk; my;yJ
Md;khNt midj;jpw;Fk; mbg;gilahf mikfpwJ vd;gij $WfpwJ fUj;jpay;
nfhs;if.
yy fUj;jpay; nfhs;if kpfTk; goikahdJ> Ntjfhyk; Kjw;nfhz;Nl ek; ehl;by;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
yy Nkiyehl;Lj; jj;Jt mwpQh;fshd gpNsl;Nlh> rhf;uB];> nlfhh;l];> yPg;dpl;];> fhz;l;>
n`fy;> ngh;f;yp> GNuhgy; Nghd;NwhUk;> ek; ehl;by; fhe;jp[p> Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;>
jh$h;> mutpe;jh; Nghd;NwhUk; fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifiag; gy;NtW tpjkhf mZfp
jq;fs; fUj;Jfis ntspg;gLj;jpdh;.
yy kdpjd; ,aw;ifahfNt Md;kPfj; jd;ikkpf;ftd; vd;Dk; fUj;Jfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ fUj;jpay; nfhs;if.
yy kdk; nraw;glhtpby;> ve;jg; nghUSk; mh;j;jkw;Wg; Ngha;tpLk;: fUj;JfNs
epiyahdit vd;W $WfpwJ.
4.14 fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs; gpd;tUk; epiyfspd; mikfpwJ.
yy fUj;JfNs epiyahdit
cyfj;jpy; cs;s midj;ijAk; gFj;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,Wjpapy; epiyj;J epw;gJ
rlg;nghUs; my;y> kdNk vd;Wk; $WfpwJ fUj;jpaw; Nfhl;ghL. kdNk nghUspd; ,Ug;ig
czh;j;JfpwJ mjhtJ fhZk; nghUl;fs; ahTk; kdk; jUk; gpk;gq;fNs vd;W fUj;jpay;
nfhs;if vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
yy Gyd; khw;wkiltJ
Gyd; khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJ: Mdhy; cz;ik fUj;J tbtkhdJ: vdpDk; khwhky;
epiyj;jpUf;Fk;.
yy kdpjd; Md;kpfj;jd;ikAilatd;
kdpjd; Md;kpfj;jd;ikAilatdhjyhy; kw;w caph;fis tpl Nkk;gl;L tpsq;;Ffpwhd;.
kdpjdJ Md;kpfj; jd;ik mtdJ mwpT> gz;ghL> fiy> ePjp> kjk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk;
ntspg;gLfpwJ.
yy guk;nghUspy; ek;gpf;if
cyfpy; cs;s midj;jpYk; epiwe;jpUf;fk; rf;jpNa flTs;. kdpj kdk; guk;nghUspd;
rpwpa $W. kdpj kdk; jdJ cz;ikj; jd;ikiaAk;> Mw;wiyAk; czh;j;JfpwJ.
yy gpugQ;rj;jpd; epajpfs; flTshy; gilf;fg;gl;lit
kdpjd; mwpe;jpUe;jhYk;> mwpahtpl;lhYk; cyfpy; epyTk; Nfhl;ghLfSk;> epajpfSk;
KOik ngw;W ,aq;Ffpd;wd. gpugQ;r epajpfis kdpjd; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kw;gLfpwhd;.
Mdhy;> mtw;iwg; gilf;f ,ayhj gpugQ;rj;jpd; cz;ikf; fUj;Jfs; kdpjdpd; cl;fhl;rp
rpe;jid %ykhff;fz;l tpisTfNs MFk;.
40
yy mwpT mftag;gl;lJ
mwpTk;> cz;ikAk; NtWgl;lit. mwptpd; Jiz nfhz;L cz;ikiaj; NjLjy;.
yy epiyahd kjpg;Gfspy; ek;gpf;if
kjpg;Gfs;> jdpkdpjidr; rhuhky; nghJthfTk;> Gwtaj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. kjpg;Gfs; epiyahdit> KOikahdit. kjpg;Gfis fz;LzUk; tha;g;G> kdpj
kdg;gf;Ftj;ijr; rhh;e;Js;sJ. ,Wjpahf ek;ikf; ftUk; kjpg;G ek;kplk; cs;s Md;kPfj;
jd;ikia kyur; nra;fpwJ. kdpjdpd; MSikia cah;j;jpl cz;ik> ed;ik> moF>
,dpik Nghd;w kjpg;Gfis tsur; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
4.15 fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifAk;> fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;

fUj;jpay; nfhs;if fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf fPo;fz;ltw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
yy kdpj MSikia tsh;r;rp milar;nra;jy;
khzth;fs; jk;ik czh;e;J> KOik ngw;W> Md;kpf cah; vy;iyia vl;lr;
nra;jNy fy;tpapd; jiyaha Fwpf;Nfhs;. khzth;fspd; MSikiar; rpwg;gilar; nra;jy;>
jd;dpiwT ngw mth;fSf;F cjTjy;> khzth;fsplk; xLq;fpf; fhzg;gLk; Md;kpfg;
gz;Gfs; ntspg;gl;L KOik ngw cjTjy; Nghd;wit fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
yy midtUf;Fk; fy;tp
fy;tpahdJ rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wp vy;NyhUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mg;nghOJjhd; rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk;> ePjp epiwe;j Nkk;gl;l r%fk;
cUthFk;. etPd fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifia Kd; vLj;Jr;nrd;w Nguhrphpah; `hh;d; vd;ghh;
fy;tpapd; cldbf; Fwf;Nfhs;fshf gpd;tUgtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
I. rpwe;j cly; MNuhf;fpak;>
II. nra;jpwd;fspd; Njh;r;rp>
III. r%f ePjp>
IV. ey;nyhOf;f elj;ij
,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> Md;kpf kzk; fkOk; rkjh;k rKjhaj;ij cUthf;fpLk;
vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
yy gilg;ghw;wiy tsh;j;jply;
nghUs; rhh;e;j Gw cyfj;ijj; jd; Nehf;fq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wp mikj;jpLttjw;Fj;
Njitahd gilg;ghw;wiy cUthf;Fk; jpwid khzhf;fhplk; tsh;f;f fy;tp cWJizahf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. GwTyif kdpjd; jd; NjitfSf;Fk;> Nehf;fq;fSf;Fk; Vw;g
khw;wpaikf;Fk; jpwd; ngw;wpl fy;tp cjt Ntz;Lk;. mwnewp rhh;e;j tpOkq;fs;>
nra;jpwd;fisg; ngWtjd; thapyhfTk;> mofpaypd; kjpg;Gfs; kdpjd; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
ifj;njhopy;fs; %ykhfTk; ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;.
4.16 fy;tp Vw;ghLk;> fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifAk;

khzth;fSf;F mwpitAk;> Qhdj;ijAk; mspg;gjhff; fy;tp Vw;ghL mika Ntz;Lk;.
kdpj nray;ghLfis
I. mwpT rhh;e;j nray;fs;>
II. moFzh;it ntspg;gLj;Jk; nray;fs;>
III. xOf;f newpfisg; NgZk; nray;fs;
vd tifg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. kdpjtpay; ghlq;fSk;> mwptpaw; ghlq;fSk;> nghUspaw;
ghlq;fisf; fhl;bYk; gad;kpf;fit vd;W fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapdh; fUJfpd;wdh;. mwptpaw;
ghlq;fs; njhopw; ghlq;fis tpl mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit.
41
yy tpsf;Fjy;> tpthjpj;jy;> tpdh-tpil Kiw> tphpTiufs; Nghd;wtw;iw fUj;jpay;
nfhs;if Mjhpf;fpwJ.
yy fy;tpapd; r%fj; njhlh;igAk; fUj;jpay; nfhs;if typAWj;JfpwJ.
yy Foe;ijfs; jhkhfNt fw;wypy; <LgLtij ,th;fs; Mjhpf;fpd;wdh;.
yy khzth;fis MSik tsh;r;rpapy; <LgLj;j Mrphpah; jFe;j fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis
ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
yy kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; cWg;gpduhf tho;e;J gpwUld; xj;Jioj;Jk;> mjd; gz;ghl;bid
tsh;f;f Kaw;rp nra;jy;.
yy jdp kdpjdpd; KO Mw;wy;fisAk;> jpwd;fisAk; czur;nra;jy;.
4.16.2 khzth; xOf;fKk;> fl;Lg;ghLk;
yy Gwf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; topNa mff;fl;Lg;ghl;il khzth;fs; mile;jpl JizGhpa
Ntz;Lk;.
yy fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; khzth;fs; nray;gl;L> gpd;dh; nghWg;Gfis tfpf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;.
yy fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ kdpj Rje;jpuj;jpw;F mbg;gil top KiwahFk;. Foe;ijfs; fy;tp
fw;gjd; %yk; r%f kuGfSf;Fk;> epWtd mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J
cyfj;jp;y; Kf;fpakhdtw;iw Gjpajhff; fz;Lgpbj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy r%f kuGfs; vd;git goq;fhyj;jpy; Gj;jprhypj;jdj;jhy; tbtikf;fg;gl;L> jw;rkak;
epytptUk; fUj;JfshFk;. ,j;jifa fUj;Jfspd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; <LgLtjw;F>
khzth;fSf;F Mrphpah;fs; Cf;fkspj;J topfhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.16.3 fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifAk;> MrphpaUk;
yy MrphpaUf;F kpf cah;e;j epiy mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy xt;nthU khzhf;fhpd; jd;ikf; Nfw;gTk;> fw;gjw;F cfe;j #o;epiyia Mrphpah;
mikj;Jj; ju Ntz;Lk;.
yy rpwe;j fy;tpahsuhfTk;> gz;ghL cilatuhfTk;> MSik ngw;wtuhfTk; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
yy mwnewpfspd; ,Ug;gplkhfTk; Mrphpah; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy cz;ikg; nghUspid mwpa topfhl;bahfTk;> J}z;LNfhyhfTk; Mrphpah; mika
Ntz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jhNd xU Kd;khjphpahfTk; Mrphpah; jpfo Ntz;Lk;.
yy fw;gpj;jy; %ykhf khzth;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j kjpg;GfisAk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;
milaj; J}z;l Ntz;Lk;.
4.17 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if (Realism)

Kd;Diu
kdk; rhh;e;j fUj;JfNs cz;ik vd;W fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapdUk;> rlg;nghUspd;
mbg;gilapyhd Gw cyfNk cz;ik vd;W ,aw;if nfhs;ifapdUk; xUikf;
nfhs;ifspd; ,U JUtq;fshf ,Uf;Fk;; epiyapy;> kdk;> rlg;nghUs; Mfpa ,uz;LNk
cz;ikapd; mbg;gil vd;w ,Uikf; nfhs;ifia Mjhpg;gJ Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if
my;yJ “fhl;rpg;nghUs; cz;ikf; nfhs;if” vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
mhp];lhl;bYf;Fg; gpwF ,ilg;gl;lf; fhyj;jpy; kWkyh;r;rp Vw;gl;l 17-Mk; E}w;whz;L
tiu Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsh;r;rp VJk; fhzg;glhky;> tPo;r;rpaile;j epiyapNyNa Gw cz;ikf;
42
nfhs;if fhzg;gl;lJ. [hd; yhf; (fp.gp. 1690-1781) ,f;nfhs;iff;F kPz;Lk; Gj;Japh; Cl;b
jj;Jt Ma;tpy; vijAk; Muha;e;jwpAk; kdpj Mw;wYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fpilf;fr; nra;jhh;.
n`h;ghh;l; (Herbert)> ];ngd;rh; (spencer) MfpNahh; Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa
Mjuthsh;fshfj; jpfo;e;jdh;.
Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if
yy ,f;fUj;Jfs; mhp];lhl;bypd; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj (fp.K. 383-323) mwpag;gl;Ls;sd.
yy mhp];lhl;by; kdpj cliy gUg;nghUshfTk;> kdj;ij tbtkhfTk; fUJfpwhh;.
4.18 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if- nghUs; kw;Wk; tiuaiw

cs;sk; czh;e;jhYk>; czuhtpl;lhYk; Gw cyfpy; cs;s nghUs;fs; jj;jk; jdpj;
jd;ikNahL ,Ue;JtUk; vd;W $Wk; jj;Jtg; gphpNt Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
“,aw;if cyfk; ekf;F vt;thW fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wNjh mij mg;gbNa xg;Gf;nfhs;Sk;
mZFKiwjhd; Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifahFk;” “ekJ Gyd;fhl;rp mDgtq;fSf;Fg;
gpd;Dk;> mtw;Wf;fpizahf xg;gTk; Xh; cz;ik cyfk; cz;L vd;W typAWj;JtNj Gw
cz;ikf; nfhs;ifahFk;”. - uh];: “kdpj kdj;ijr; rhh;e;jpuhj Gwg; nghUs; cyfk; vd;gJ
cz;ikahdNj vd;W $Wk; jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifNa Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if vdg;gLk;.”-
fhh;lh; V.Fl;
4.19 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

yy Gw cyff; fhl;rpfNs kdj;ij Ms;fpd;wd. kdk; fhl;rpia Ms;tjpy;iy.
yy nghUs;fshy; epiwe;j Gwcyfk; cz;ikahdJ.
yy Gwcyfpd; gz;Gfs;> ehk; Gyd; fhl;rp topNa czh;tJ NghyNt cs;sd.
yy mDgt mwpNt nka;ahdJ.
yy mtuth; ngWk; mDgtq;fNs mtuth; kjpg;Gfisj; jPh;khdpf;fpd;wd.
yy ,aw;if epfo;TfisNa cw;W Nehf;fp cz;ik mwpitg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;
yy kdpjd;> #o;epiy ,tw;wpd; ,iltpidahy; jhd; tho;f;ifj;jj;Jtk;> fy;tpj;jj;Jtk;
Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cUthfpd;wd.
yy nghUs;fs; khwhj;jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gijg; Nghd;Nw kjpg;GfSk; khwhjit.
yy cyfk; ,aw;if epajpfSf;F cl;gl;L ,aq;FfpwJ.
yy ek; Gyd;fNs mwpitg; ngWk; thapy;fs;.
yy ,t;Tyfpd; Njhw;wj;ij ehk; czh;e;jhYk; czuhtpbDk; mJ ,Ue;J nfhz;Nljhd;
,Uf;Fk;.
4.20 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;

fy;tpapd; midj;Jf; $WfSk; Gw cyf tho;f;ifAld; njhlh;Gilait vd;W
,f;nfhs;if fUJfpwJ.
yy ,f;nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk mwnthOf;fk; MFk;.
yy n`h;ghh;l; mwnthOf;fj;jpd; gbepiyfshf
i. mfr; Rje;jpuk;
ii. KOik
iii. gaDW jd;ik
iv. ePjp Nghd;wtw;iw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;
43
yy ];ngd;]h; vd;ghUk; mwnthOf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilahf
i. Ra ghJfhg;G
ii. jd;idj;jhNd fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; gapw;rp
iii. Foe;ij tsh;g;Gf;fhd fy;tp
iv. Xa;T Neuj;Jf;fhd nray;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy fy;tp vd;gJ tho;f;ifapy; xUrpy tha;g;Gfisj; J}z;LtjhfTk;> rthy;fisr;
re;jpg;gjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;nfhs;if typAWj;JfpwJ.
yy njhopw; ghq;fpid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;s fy;tpNa fw;gth;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j
tho;f;ifia cUthf;Fk; vd ];ngd;rh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy ve;jf; fy;tpr; nraYk; clNd Jyq;Fk; gb vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; gb
nray;gl vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;nfhs;ifjhd; fy;tpapy; mwptpay; mbg;gilf;F
tpj;jpl;lJ.
yy fy;tpahdJ> ntsp cyfr;nray;fisf;fw;W mijg;Gupe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g
jw;fhy tho;f;if mikg;ig cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;nfhs;if
typAWj;JfpwJ.
4.20.1 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; fy;tp Vw;ghL
yy mwptpay;> fiy kw;Wk; fiyg;ghlq;fs;> mjdjd; ,ay;GfSf;fhff; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
Nrh;f;fg;glhky;> fw;Nghhpd; cz;ik tho;f;if epiyapy;> nra;Kiw mbg;gilapy;
Njitg;gLk; ,ay;GfSf;fhfr; Nrh;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wJ.
yy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jha;nkhoptopf;fy;tp> Gyd;topf; fy;tp> njhopw;f; fy;tp> Mfpatw;Wf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
yy ,yf;fpaq;fs; cyifg;gw;wpa xU KOf;fUj;jpidg; ngWtjw;fhfTk;
,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
yy nghJfy;tpf;fhd midj;J mwpTg; gFjpfisAk; ,f;fiyj;jpl;lk; jd;Ds; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
yy cah;fy;tp epiyapy; njhopw; fy;tpAk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
yy mwptpay;> ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Xtpak;> ,ir> kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fs;
,f;fiyj;jpl;lj;jpDs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.
4.21 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk;> fw;gpj;jy; KiwfSk;.

yy Gyd; top mDgtq;fs; mspf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;W fUJfpd;wJ.
yy xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;lGyd; top mwpT fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; mjd; top mwptpidg; ngWtijAk;
,f;nfhs;if ghpe;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
yy njhpe;jtw;wpypUe;J njhpahjtw;wpw;Fk>; cz;ik epiyapypUe;J gUg;nghUs; epiyf;Fk;
fUj;Jfis gbg;gbahf fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk; vdg; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
yy njhFg;G Kiw my;yJ tpjptU Kiwapidr; rpwe;j fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw vd
,f;nfhs;if fUJfpd;wd.
yy Nfhl;ghLfSk;> fUj;JfSk; md;whl tho;f;if epiyapy; gad;glj;jf;f epiyapdpy;
fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJfpd;wJ.
yy nray;Kiwfs; njhFg;ghf ,y;yhky;> gFg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd ciuf;fpd;wJ.
yy n`h;ghh;bd; fw;gpj;jy; gbepiyfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
yy fw;wiy tYg;gLj;jf; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; fUj;Jfs; tho;f;ifapy; nray;gLj;jg;glf;
$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;JfpwJ.
44
4.21.1 Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifAk; MrphpaUk;
yy ghlg; nghUs;fisg; Gwtaj;jpypUe;Jk;> ghlr; nray;fis mftaj;jpypUe;Jk; Nehf;fpf;
fw;gpf;Fk; jpwid Mrphpah; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghlg; nghUs;fspd; kjpg;GfisAk;> ,d;wpaikahikfisAk; czh;e;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
yy J}z;ly; - Jyq;fy; Kiwfisf; fw;gpj;jypy; ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
yy mwptpay; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfisg; gw;wpa njspe;j fUj;Jfs; nfhz;ltuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghpNrhjidfs; epfo;j;Jk; kdg;ghq;F ngw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; Nguhw;wypy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltuhfTk;> mth;fspd;
nrayhf;fk; epuk;gpa cs;sj;jpid mwpe;jtuhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy nghpJk; eyk; gaf;Fk; MrphpaUila mwf;fy;tp ,ay;ghd gpd;tpisTfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.22 rkurf; nfhs;if (Eclectism)

1. khwptUk; r%fg; nghUshjhu #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;gf; fy;tpapy; khw;wq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s> midj;J jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffspYk; cs;s Kuz;ghLfisf; Fiwj;J
mtw;wpw;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; nghJf; fUj;Jfis xd;wpidj;;J toq;Ftij fy;tpapy;
rkurj; jd;ik vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ (Eclectic tendency in education).
2. rpy nfhs;iffSf;F kl;LNk Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; gy jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J
jw;fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g xd;W gl;l fUj;jpidf; nfhz;l jj;Jtk; “rkurj; jj;Jtk;”.
3. gy;NtW fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fSk; fy;tp eilKiwfisg; gw;wp khWgl;l epiyg;ghLfisf;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
4. ve;j xU fy;tpj; jj;JtKk; fy;tpapy; vjph;gLk; midj;Jg; gpur;ridfSf;Fk;> vy;yh
fhyj;jpw;Fk;> vy;yh #o;epiyfSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;$ba jPh;tpid mspg;gjhf ,y;iy.
4.23 fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;

gy jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; jkf;Fs;Ns khWghLfis nfhz;bUe;jhYk; rpy Kf;fpakhd
Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; mit xd;Wgl;Ls;sd. gy jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffSk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; Njrpaf;
fy;tp xUq;fpizg;Gg; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb 1918 Mk; Mz;by; mwpf;ifia rkh;g;gpj;jJ.
mtw;wpy;
1. cly; eyk; guhkhpj;jy;;
2. mbg;gilr;nray;fspy; Fwpj;J Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sy;:
3. jukhd FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fsha; ,Uf;f Kaw;rp nra;jy;:
4. ifj;njhopy; gapw;rp ngWjy;
5. FbAhpik NgZjy;:
6. Xa;T Neuq;fisg; gaDs;s Kiwapy; fopj;jy;:
7. mwnthOf;fk; fw;gpj;jy; Kjypad:
Nkw;$wpa gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fspy; cld;ghL fhzg;gl;lhYk; mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfspYk;>
fUj;Jiuahly;fspYk; NtWghLfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; mjpfkhf cs;sd.
yy ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nfw;g fw;gpj;jiy Cf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
yy KbTfis vLg;gjw;Fk>; KbTfis milAk; topfspYk; Foe;ijfSf;F KO
Rje;jpuj;ij mspf;fpd;wd
45
yy tpisahl;L kw;Wk; nra;J fw;wy; KiwfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy mNefkhf midj;J Kf;fpa jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffSNk fPo;f; fz;ltw;iw Mjhpf;fpd;wd.
I. jdpegUf;F kjpg;gspj;J> xt;nthU MSik tsh;r;rpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jug;glNtz;Lk;.
II. kdpj kdk; typikkpf;fJ> mjid Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jpl fw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
III. jdpkdpj tsh;r;rpAld;> r%fj;jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; vd;gNj fy;tpapd;
Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
IV. fiyj;jpl;lk; gue;Jgl;L nefpo;Tld; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghUj;jg;ghl;L elj;ijia
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> r%f mf;fiwia tsh;j;jy;> kjpEl;gj;Jld nray;gLjy;
Mfpatw;iw khzth;fsplk; tsh;j;jpLk; tifapy; fzpjk;> mwptpay;> tuyhW>
Gtpapay;> nkhopg;ghlq;fs;> Ez;fiyfs;> njhopw;ghlq;fs;> cly;eyf; fy;tp
Nghd;wtw;iw fy;tp Vw;ghl;by; ,lk; ngwr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
4.23.1 kjpg;Gfs; (or) tpOkq;fs;
kjpg;Gfs; my;yJ tpOkq;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;. mit>
1. gad;ghl;L tpOkk; 2. fUtprhh; tpOkk;.
yy xt;nthU jj;JtKk; fy;tpapy; fiyj;jpl;lijAk; mjw;F Njitg;gLk; fUtpfisAk;
khzth;fs; gad;gLj;Jtij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
yy midj;Jf; jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffSk; xNu tpjkhd kjpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mofpay;
jd;ikfisj; jdpkdpjDf;F mspf;fpwJ.
yy xt;nthU jj;JtKk; jdpkdpjh;fshy; ,d;gkhf mDgtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
$WfpwJ.
4.23.2 khzth;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk; rpwg;Gfs;
yy fy;tpapy; rkurj;jd;ik vd;gJ khzth;fSf;Fr; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
yy kdpjDf;F chpa kjpg;gpid toq;FfpwJ.
yy Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Fk; epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
yy vy;yh jj;Jtq;fSk; xg;gPl;L Nehf;fpy; rkepiyf;F topfhl;LfpwJ.
yy kw;w jj;Jtq;fisg; gw;wpAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sr; nra;fpwJ.
46
gFjp – m
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
1. Gw cz;;ikf; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?
2. gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; NtW ngah;fs; ahit?
3. fUj;Jf; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?
4. rkurf; nfhs;ifapd; ed;ikfs; ahit?
5. gadsitf; nfhs;if vd;gij tiuaW.
6. ,aw;if nfhs;ifapd;gb fy;tp vd;gJ vijf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ?
7. fUj;Jf; nfhs;ifapd; rpwg;gpy;Gfs; ahit?
8. gadsitf;nfhs;ifapd; epiw Fiwfis Fwpg;gpLf.
9. fy;tp rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; rkurg;Nghf;F vd;why; vd;d?
10. ,aw;if nfhs;ifapd; fy;tpf;fUj;Jfspy; cs;s FiwghLfs; ahit?
gFjp – M
II. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
11. ,aw;if nfhs;ifapd; %d;W tiffs; ahit?
12. Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d? mjd; fy;tp rpj;jhe;jj;ij tpsf;Ff.
13. gadsitf;nfhs;ifapd; fy;tpg; gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Ff.
14. fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;fp mjd; fy; t pj;
jhf;fq;fis Muha;f.
15. fy;tp rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; rkurg; Nghf;F vd;why; vd;d? mtw;wpd; fy;tpf;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kw;Wk; jj;Jtf;nfhs;ifia tpthp.
16. ,aw;if nfhs;ifapd; fy;tpg;gq;fspg;ig tpsf;Ff.
17. Gw cz;ikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpa nfhs;iffs; ahit?
18. fy;tpf;F fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa gq;fspg;ig Fwpg;gpLf.
gFjp -,
III. gjpide;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs;
19. m. ,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; fy;tpapy; fUj;jpay; nfhs;if ve;j msT
Vw;GilaJ vd;gij tpthjpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;fp
mtw;wpd; fy;tpj; jhf;fq;fis Muha;f.
20. m. ,aw;iff; nfhs;ifapd; fy;tp rpj;jhe;jj;ij tpthpj;J
mf;nfhs;if ,d;iwa ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf;F ve;j msT
nghUj;jkhdJ vd;gij tpthjpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. Gw cz;ikf; nfhs;ifapd; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsf;fp mjd; fy;tp
rpj;jhe;jj;ij jpwdha;T nra;f.
47

myF - 5
Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jt mwpQu;fspd; fy;tpr;
rpe;jidfs;
UNIT - 5 CONTRIBUTION OF WESTERN THINKERS OF EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
5.1 &Nrh: (Rousseau) – tho;f;if tuyhW
5.2 &N]h Kd;nkhope;j jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
5.3 &N]htpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
5.4 fy;tpapy; &N]htpd; gq;fspg;G
5.5 vkpypapy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfSk>; fiyj;jpl;lKk;
5.6 ngz;fs; fy;tp
5.7 GNuhngy; (Friedrich Frobel 1782-1852)
5.8 /GNuhngy;ypd; fUj;jpay; jj;Jtk;
5.9 /GNuhngy;ypd; fy;tpj; jj;JtKk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
5.10 fpz;lu;fhu;ldpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
5.11 fpz;lu;fhu;ldpd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
5.12 fy;tpapy; /GNuhngy;ypd; gq;fspg;G
5.13 [hd; âpapd; tho;f;if
5.14 âpapd; jj;Jtk;
5.15 âpapd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs;
5.16 fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
5.17 nray;jpl;l Kiwapy; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba gbfs;
5.18 khz;bNrhup
5.20 khz;bNrhup Kiwapd; fy;tpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
5.21 khz;bNrhup fy;tpKiw
5.22 fy;tpapd; epiyfs;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
5.1 &Nrh: (Rousseau) – tho;f;if tuyhW

thOk;NghJ tWikAld; Nghuhba &Nrh> kiwe;jNghJ xU ruhrup kdpjdhf
fUjg;gl;L rhjhuz ,Lfhl;by; Gijf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; gjpdhW Mz;Lfs; fopj;J
mtUf;F Gjpa mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;fNt Gijf;fg;gl;l mtuJ rlyk; Njhz;bnaLf;fg;gl;L
kPz;Lk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;L gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; mzptFj;J tu Gfo;ngw;w Pantheon–
muq;fpy; kPz;Lk; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. cyf tuyhw;wpy; ,g;gbg;gl;l kupahijia
ngw;wtu; mtu; xUtu;jhd;. 1712 Mk; Mz;L [Pd; khjk; 28 Mk; ehs; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd;
n[dpthtpy; (Geneva) gpwe;jhu;. &Nrh gpwe;j xUthuj;jpw;Fs; mtuJ jhahu; fhykhdhu;.
vdNt je;ijapd; fz;fhzpg;gpy;jhd; tsu;e;jhu; &Nrh. je;ij fbfhuk; gOJ ghu;f;Fk;
Ntiyapy; ,Ue;jhu; FLk;gk; Vo;ikapy; thbaJ. je;ijf;F jiyrpwe;j jj;Jt E}
48
y;fisg; gbg;gjpy; ngUk; Mu;tk; ,Ue;jJ. me;j Mu;tk; &NrhTf;Fk; gutpaJ. FLk;g
Vo;ik fhuzkhf mtu; Kiwahf gs;spf;F nrd;W fy;tp fw;f Kbatpy;iy. &NrhTf;F
VO taJ epuk;Gk; Kd;Nd vOjTk; gbf;fTk; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jhu; je;ij. me;j rpwpa
tajpNyNa fpNuf;f fhtpaq;fisAk>; Nuhkpd; tuyhw;iwAk; kfDf;F gbj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;
je;ij. mjdhy; gytpj E}y;fis gbf;Fk; Mu;tk; &NrhTf;F ,sk;tajpNyNa Vw;gl;lJ.
gjpdhd;fhk; tajpy; xU tof;fwpQuplk; Ntiyf;F Nru;e;jhu; &Nrh ePjpkd;w jPu;g;Gfis
efy; vLg;gJ mtuJ gzp. xUKiw filapy; xU Gjpa Gj;jfj;ijg; ghu;j;jhu; &Nrh>
mij vg;gbahtJ thq;fp thrpj;JtplNtz;Lk; vd;w Mty; Mdhy; ifapy; gzk; ,y;iy.
jdJ cilfis tpw;W me;j Gj;jfj;ij thq;fpdhu;. mLj;j ,uz;L ehl;fSf;F rhg;ghL
,y;iy> ,Ue;Jk; Gj;jfj;ij gbj;J Kbg;gjpNyNa mtu; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. ,g;gb
Gj;jfq;fis gbj;Jg; gbj;J> jd; mwpit ngUf;fpf;nfhz;l &Nrh jkJ Kg;gjhtJ
tajpy; fl;Liufs; vOjj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,j;jhyp> ghup]; vd;W ,uz;L ,lq;fspYk; rpy
Mz;Lfis fopj;jhu;. mq;Fk; ve;j NtiyapYk; mtuhy; epiyj;J epw;f Kbatpy;iy.
,ilapy; ehlfk;> ftpij vd epiwa vOjpdhu;. xUKiw gpnuQ;R gj;jpupf;if xd;W
mwptpay; tsu;r;rp> kdpjdpd; xOf;fj;ij cau;j;jpapUf;fpwjh vd;w jiyg;gpy; fl;Liug;
Nghl;b xd;iw mwptp;j;jpUe;jJ. jkJ vz;zq;fis> mofhfTk;> njspthfTk; vOjp me;jg;
Nghl;bf;F mDg;gpdhu; &Nrh. me;j Nghl;bapy; mtUf;F Kjy; gupR fpilj;jJ. mjd;gpwF
mtuJ vOj;Jf;F ey;y mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;jJ. ghuprpNyNa gy Mz;Lfs; jq;fp gy
E}y;fis vOjp ntspapl;lhu;. &Nrh vOjpa kpfr;rpwe;j jj;Jt E}y; The Social contract
vdg;gLk; rKjha xg;ge;jk;> kdpjd; Rje;jpukhfj;jhd; gpwf;fpwhd; Mdhy; vq;Fk; mbik
rq;fpypahy; fl;lg;gLs;shd; vd;w Gfo;ngw;w tupfSld; njhlq;Fk; me;j E}y; 1762 Mk;
Mz;L ntspahdJ. murd; vd;gtd; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf kf;fNshL Vw;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd;
gadha; cUthdtd;> kf;fspd; cupikfis fhg;ghw;Wfpw tiuapy;jhd; mtd; murd;.
mt;tpjpfis murd; kPWk;NghJ kf;fSk; jk;ikf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xg;ge;j tpjpfis kPwyhk;
vd;gJjhd; me;j E}ypy; mtu; $wpapUe;j fUj;J. mjd;gpwF mtu; vOjpa Emile vd;Dk;
E}y; mtiu Gfopd; cr;rpf;F nfhz;L nrd;wJ. Foe;ijfSf;F fy;tp fw;Fk; Kiw gw;wp
vLj;Jiuj;jJ me;j E}y;.
5.2 &N]h Kd;nkhope;j jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

yy nghUl;fis cs;slf;fpa Gw cyfNk cz;ikahdJ.
yy kdk; vd;gJ nghUistplj; jho;thdJ: kdj;ijAk; nghUl; $Wfshfg; gFf;f
KbAk;.
yy ,aw;ifapypUe;jhy; kl;LNk cz;ikahd mwpitg; ngw Kbak;.
yy Fwpg;gpl;l kdpjj; Njitfis xl;bNa ‘kjpg;Gfs;’ cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. cz;ik
kjpg;Gfs; ahTk; ,aw;ifapy;jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vdNt ,aw;ifia xl;bNa tho
Ntz;Lk;.
yy ru;t ty;yik gilj;j kdpjd; vtUk; ,y;iy.
yy vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl kdpjd; vtUkpy;iy.
yy vy;yhtw;iwAk; tpl kdpjd; jdpj;jd;ik nfhz;L rpwe;J tpsq;ff; fhuzk; mtdplk;
cs;s Muha;e;jwp;e;J nray;gLk; gz;Ng.
yy kdpju;fs; jq;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l mikg;Ng
r%fk;.
49
5.3 &N]htpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk;
&N]htpd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs; gpd;tUkhW mika Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpdhu;.
yy ,aw;ifapd; ,dpa #oypy; Foe;ijfs; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ijapd; ,ay;G+f;fq;fisAk;> jw;Nghija kdg; Nghf;FfisAk; itj;Nj
fy;tpiaj; njhlq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy fy;tpr; nray;Kiwfs; ahTk; Foe;ijiaAk;> mjd; jdpj; jd;ikiaAk; ikakhf
itj;Nj mike;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpepiy> Mu;tq;fs; cs;shu;e;jj; jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;Nfw;g fy;tp
mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy Gj;jfq;fs; %yk; ngwg;gLk; mwpitAk;> tha;nkhopf; fy;tpiaAk; xJf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy fy;tpapy; Foe;ijf;F KOr;Rje;jpuk; mspj;jy; vd;Dk; fUj;Nj Kjd;ik ngwNtz;Lk;.
&N]h fy;tpf;F Mw;wpa njhz;bd; fhuzkhfj; jkf;nfdj; jdp ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wpUf;fpd;whu;. gpw;fhyf; fy;tpahsu;fs; GNuhngy;> ng];l;lyh]p> khz;bNrhup kw;Wk;
bA+gp Nghd;Nwhu; ,tUila fy;tpf; fUj;Jfshy; <u;f;fg;gl;Lj; J}z;lg;ngw;wdu;. ,tu;
jk; vz;zq;fshy; ghkudpd; ghJfhtyuhfTk;> jdpkdpjr; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Ff; fhtyuhfTk;
tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tUila fy;tpf; fUj;Jfspy; ,tUila ,ay;Gr; rpe;jidfs; ntspg;gLtijf;
fhzyhk;. fy;tp vd;gJ Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;Gr; rf;jpfspd; ntspg;ghNl vd;fpwhu;. ,J jtpu
nra;Kiwr; nray;fs;> nra;J fw;wy;> fz;Lgpbj;jy; Kiw> fz;lwpKiwfs; MfpaitAk;
,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. fy;tpapy; ,tUila Fwpg;gplj; jFe;j rpwg;Gf; fUj;jhdJ>
thu;j;ijfSf;F Kd; nghUs;fs;> milahsq;fSf;F Kd; nghUs;fs;> vd;gJ MFk;.
,tu; mikg;G Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghLfisf; fy;tpr; nray;fspypU;eJ xJf;fp tpl;lhu. fy;tpr;
nray;fspy; jdpj;jd;ik kw;Wk; rKjhag; gz;G ,it tsu xUq;fpize;j gapw;rpapid
tpUk;gpdhu;. fy;tpapy; mspj;j fUj;Jf;fs; midj;jpYk; Nkyhf &N]h fy;tpr; nraypy;
Foe;ijia Kf;fpa Neu;Kff; $whff; fUjpaJ rpwg;ghd fUj;jhf mike;jJld; fy;tp
cyfpy; xU Gjpa mj;jpahaj;ijak; Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;Nw nfhs;syhk;. mj;Jld; fy;tp
cyfpy; xU GjpaKiwf; fy;tp mikaTk;> cUthfTk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mf;fUj;J
Foe;ij ikaf;fy;tp Kiw vd;W rpwg;ghfg; gpd;du; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. vdNtjhd &N]h
mtu;fs; fy;tpj; Jiwapy; Foe;ij ikaf; fy;tpapd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tpia &N]h %d;W Kf;fpa epiyfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
mit 1. ,aw;ifahd tsu;r;rp> 2. cly; tsu;r;rp 3. vjpu;kiwf; fy;tp.
1. ,aw;ifahd tsur;rp
Foe;ijfs; ,aw;ifahd #o;epiyapy; ,aw;ifNahL ,ize;J rKjhaj;jpd; J}
z;Ljy;fSk>; ,ilA+WfSk; Fiwe;j epiyapy; mtu;fSf;F ,aw;ifNahL Vw;gLk; Neubj;
njhlu;Gfspd; %yKk;> ,aw;ifapd; tpisTfshYk; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lk; vdgNj &Nrhtpd;
nfhs;if> mj;NjhL Foe;ijfspd; ,aw;ifahd jd;ikf;Nfw;gTk; fy;tp mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;whu;.
2. cly; tsu;r;rp
cly; tsu;r;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ typikahd clypy;jhd;
typikahd cs;sk; fhzg;gLk; (Sound mind in a sound body). vdNt clypd; cWjpia
tsu;f;Fk; fy;tpjhd; fw;Nghiu ey;y cs;sk; nfhz;ltuhf cUthf;Fk.; MfNt cly;
tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.
3. vjpu;kiwf; fy;tp:
rKjhaj;jpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fl;gl;L mjd; ghjpg;Gfshy; Foe;ijfs;
tsu;r;rpAWtijtplj; jk; Mw;wy;> Mu;tk; Njit> ,tw;wpw;;Nfw;g tsu;tNj vjpu;kiwf;
fy;tpahFk;. ,f;fy;tp Kiwahy; Foe;ijfspd; tsu;r;rp ,aw;ifahf mikfpwJ vd;fpwhu;
&N]h.
50
5.4 fy;tpapy; &N]htpd; gq;fspg;G
fy;tp vd;gJ Foe;ijf;F kfpo;r;rpaspf;Fk; nrayhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;> Foe;ijapd;
Mu;tk; ghlj; jiyg;igf; fw;gjw;Ff; Foe;ij Maj;jkhapUj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;F cupa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W &N]h typAWj;jpdhu;.
yy fy;tpr; nray; Kiwfspy; Foe;ijfs; mtu;fSila jdpj;jd;ikfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
cupa mq;fPfhuk; fpilf;f &N]h toptif nra;jhu;.
yy &N]htpd; fUj;Jg;gb fw;gpj;jy; jpwikahfTk;> Rtuh];akhfTk; mika njhFj;jwpjy;
Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yy Foe;ij jhNd tpUk;gp nra;Ak; nray;fspypUe;Nj fy;tpr; nray;fisj; njhlq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;whu; &N]h.
yy ,aw;ifapd; gpd; tpisTfs; %yk; Foe;ijfis newpg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia
Kd;nkhope;jhu;.
yy Foe;ijapd; Jtf;ffy;tpapy; Gyd;fspd; gapw;rpf;Fk;> clypaf;fr; nray;fSf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;.
yy fw;wy; #oy; ,aw;if moNfhL tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;.
yy fy;tpapy; ifj;njhopy; fw;wYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;.
&N]htpd; fy;tp eilKiwfisj; njhlu;e;J INuhg;ghtpy; fy;tp kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
fy;tpf;F. &N]htpd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wp ,uhgu;l; Mu;. u];fpd; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ. gz;ila
fy;tpf;F gpshl;Nlh vg;gbNah mg;gbj;jhd; etPd fhy fy;tpf;F &N]h. ehisa gs;spfspd;
xt;nthU mj;jpahaKk; &N]htpd; $w;Wf;fis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltjhf mikAk;” vd;whu;
mtu;.
5.4.1 &N]htpd; vjpu;kiwf;fy;tp – xU tpsf;fk;
yy r%fg; ghjpg;Gfs; VJkpd;wp xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; jdJ ,ay;ghd Mw;wy;fSf;F
Vw;g tsu;r;rpaila cjTk; ,aw;iff; fy;tpiaNa vjpu;kiwf;fy;tp vd;W &N]h
Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy ,aw;ifiag; Nghd;Nw gpwf;Fk;NghJ xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; fs;sk; fglkw;W
J}a;ikahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
yy rKjhaj; jPq;FfspypUe;J khrw;w Foe;ijfis mtu;fSila Muha;e;jwpAk; jpwd;
tsu;r;rpailAk; tiu ghJfhg;gJ mtrpak;.
vdNt Foe;ijfspd; Jtf;ff; fy;tp ,aw;ifr; #oypy; mikAkhW ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; &N]h.
5.4.2 mwpthu;e;j nray;fspy; <Lglj; Njitapy;iy
Foe;ijfs; jq;fspd; ,ay;Gg;Nghf;fhd tpisahLjy;> XLjy;> Fjpj;jy;> glk; tiujy;>
tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;> Ntbf;if ghu;j;jy; Nghd;w nray;fsp;y; Neuj;ij mjpfk; nrytpl
Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nray;fspd; %yk; jq;fs; Neub mDgtq;fis njhlu;e;J khw;wpaikg;gjd;
%yk; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,JNt cz;ikahd vspa fy;tp MFk;.
5.4.3 Gj;jf topf; fw;wYf;F ,lkpy;iy
gs;spg; ghlq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjhy; Foe;ij ftiyiaj; jtpu;f;fpwJ vd;fpwhu; &N]h.
r%fj;jpy; cs;s nkhop Njitaw;w Fg;ig vd;fpwhu;. RaKaw;rpahYk;> Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij
Muha;e;jwpjyhYk; ngw;wpLtNj gaDs;s fy;tp.
51
5.4.4 gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F mbikahfhjpUj;jy;
r%fg; gof;f tof;fq;fisf; Foe;ijfspd; kPJ jpzpj;jy; $lhJ. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;
gs;spf;F tUjy;> cz;Zjy;> tpisahLjy; vd;w r%ff; fl;Lg;ghLfis cUthf;fpdhy;
Foe;ij Foe;ijj;jd;ikia ,oe;J ,ae;jpug; nghk;ikahf khwptpLk;.
5.4.5 ePjpNghjidAk;> jz;lidAk; $lhJ
Foe;ijfis mtu;fs; Nghf;fpNyNa tpl;Ltpl Ntz;Lk; Foe;ijfSf;F ve;jtpj
jz;lidAk; $lhJ. ,aw;ifapd; tpisTfspypUe;J Foe;ijfs; xOf;fj;ijak;
fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. Foe;ij xU nraiyg; gzpTf;fhf nra;jy; $lhJ
khwhf mf;Foe;ij jdJ Njitf;fhfTk;> ,ay;ghfTk;> fl;lisfSf;F mbgzpahkYk;
ve;jr; nraiyAk; nra;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
5.4.6 tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jy;
nray;topf;fw;wYk;> tpisahl;L %yk; fw;wYNk Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nrhy;topf;
fw;wy; epidTr; Rikia kl;Lk; mjpfg;gLj;Jtjhy; cz;ikahd fw;wy; epfo tha;g;gpy;iy.
5.4.7 r%ff; fy;tpf;F ,lk;
Foe;ijfisr; rKjhaj;jpd; jhf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLtpj;J ,aw;ifapd; mutizg;gpy;
fw;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. Fkug;gUtk; mile;jTld; jq;fspd; Muha;e;jwpjy;>
jPu;khdpj;jy; Mfpa jpwd;fspd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf r%fj;jpypUe;J jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; epiyiaf; Foe;ijfs; milthu;fs;. mg;nghOJ mtu;fSf;F r%fj;jpy;
,irthf ele;J nfhs;s cjTk; ghlq;fisg; GFj;jyhk;;. Mjyhy; r%ff; fy;tpf;fhd
,lkpy;iy.
5.5 vkpypapy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfSk;> fiyj;jpl;lKk;

&N]h kdpjdpd; tho;f;if epiyfis ehd;F gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fpd;whu;. mit
1. Fotpg;gUtk; (1-5)
2. Foe;ijg;gUtk; (5-12)
3. ghy gUtk; (12-15)>
4. Fkug; gUtk; (15-20)
,e;j ehd;F epiyfSf;Fk; ntt;NtW tifahd fy;tpia cupa Kiwapy; mspf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. NkYk; ngz;fSf;F mspf;f Ntz;ba fy;tp gw;wpAk; tptupf;fpwhu;.
,tUila Gfo;ngw;w vkpyp vd;w E}y; ,t;tidj;J epiyfspd; fy;tpr; nray;fSf;F
tbthf;fk; je;J tpsf;fk; mspf;fpwJ.
5.5.1 Fotpg; gUtk;
,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfspd; Rje;jpuj;jpy; FWf;fpLk; vjidAk; td;ikahff;
fz;bf;fpwhu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf Rje;jpukhd jpwe;jntsp tpisahl;Lfs;> clw;gapw;rp
Mfpatw;iwg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; Foe;ijfs; cly; ,af;fr; nray;fspy;
<LgLtjpy; kpf Mu;tk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. ,itjhk; vspa> Ra tsu;r;rpf;F cjTk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifiaAk; tsu;f;Fk;. cs;Szu;Tf;F ,izahfj;jhd; gof;fq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
vdNt mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwfSf;Fk>; tho;f;if KiwfSf;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gl
tpUk;GtJ ,y;iy vd;Wk; $Wfpwhu;. mj;Jld; ,k;Kiwfisf; fw;gpj;jypYk; ifahs
Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. ,g;gUtf; Foe;ijfSld; ciuahLk; NghJ vspa nkhopapidf;
ifahs Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. ,tUila fUj;jpd;gb fy;tpapd; Kjy;gb Foe;ijfspd;
,aw;;ifr; #oypy; fl;Lg;ghlw;w ,aw;ifr; nray;fspy; mtu;fis <Lglr; nra;tJ MFk;.
52
mNjNghd;W mtu;fs; Gyd;fs; tsu;r;rpailtjw;fhd tha;g;G mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
,jd;gb fy;tpahsu;fs; jk; fy;tpr; nray;fshy; Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;G+f;fq;fs;> ce;jy;fs;
Mfpatw;iw ey;topg;gLj;jp> ,aw;ifNahL mike;j fy;tpapy; <Lglr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ &N]htpd; fUj;jhFk;.
5.5.2 Foe;ijg; gUtk;
,g;gUtj;ij xUtupd; tho;f;ifapd; Kf;fpakhd gUtkhf &N]h fUJfpd;whu;.
,g;gUtj;jpy; Gyg;gapw;rpia ,d;wpaikahjjhf typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ePe;Jjy;> Fjpj;jy;>
gSJ}f;Fjy;> glq;fs; tiujy;> msj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy; Gyg;gapw;rpf;Fk;> clw;gapw;rpf;Fk; kpf neUq;fpa njlhu;G cz;L. ,g;gUtj;ijNa
mwpnthOf;fg; gapw;rpf;F cupa rPupa gUtkhfTk; fUJfpd;whu;. ,ay;G+f;fq;fisr;
rhu;e;J mwpTg; gapw;rpAk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;;. ,g;gapw;rpfs; kiwKfkhfTk;>
,aw;ifahfTk; miktNj rpwe;jJ.
5.5.3 ghygUtk;
,g;gUtj;jpid mwpTg; gapw;rpf;F Vw;w gUtkhf &Nrh Fwpg;gpLfpwhu; ,g;gUtNk
gFj;jwpTg; gapw;rpf;Fk;> mikg;GKiwf; fy;tpf;Fk; cupajhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Foe;ijfspd; Mu;tj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fy;tp fw;gpf;f ,JNt rpwe;j gUtkhFk;. ,jd;
tpisthfr; rpe;jpf;fTk;> nrayhw;wTk; Foe;ijfs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. VjhtJ xU
gzpapy; ,tu;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;fTk; mwptpay;> nkhop> fzpjk;> cly; ciog;igr;
rhu;e;j nray;fs; kw;Wk; rKjha tho;fif Mfpatwpwpy; mtu;fs; gapw;rpapidg; ngwTk;
,g;gUtj;ijj; Nju;e;j gUtkhff; fUJfpd;whu;. &N]htpd; fUj;Jg;gb fy;tp vd;gJ
clYf;Fk;> cs;sj;jpw;Fk; mikjpia mspf;fty;yjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
,jidNa xU Foe;ijiag; Gj;jfq;fSld; ,ize;jpUg;gijtpl mtid xU gzpkidapy;
gzpaku;j;jpdhy; mtd; cly; ciof;fpwJ. mjd; tpisthf mtd; cly; gapw;rpAld;>
mwpTg; gapw;rpAk; ngWfpd;whd; vd;W &N]h Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,t;tiff; fy;tpahy;jhd;
fw;Nghiu md;Gs;sk; nfhz;l ,sfpa kdk; gilj;jtuhfTk>; czu;r;rpfspd;top jpUe;jpa
cz;ikfis mwpgtuhfTk; cUthf;fKbak; vd;Wk; cWjpahf ek;Gfpwhu;.
5.5.4 Fkug; gUtk;
,g;gUtj;ij mwf;fy;tpf;F cupa gUtkhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fpwhu; &N]h> NkYk;
r%f cwTfis czu;e;J nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; ,g;gUtk; khztd; tsu;f;fg;glTk;>
gapw;Wtpf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu.; kw;wtu;fis kjpf;fTk;> cw;wtu;fsplk; md;G
nfhs;sTk; mtu;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Vw;w gUtk;. kdnOr;rpfSk; cupa Kiwapy; tsu;f;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $Wfpd;whu;. ,jd; tpisthf &N]h ve;j mikg;G Kiwf; fy;tpapidAk;
Vw;fhJ ,aw;ifAld; njhlu;G nfhs;sr; nra;J kdntOr;rpfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s
,g;gUtj;ij cupj;jhf;Ffpwhu;. tuyhW ,aw;ifahff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;NghJ xU kdpjid
ajhu;j;j czu;TlDk;. cz;ikf;Fg; Gwk;ghd elj;ijfisj; jd;Ds; nfhs;shjtdhfTk;>
Neu;ikahd nfhs;if cilatdhfTk; cUthf;Ffpd;wJ vd;fpwhu;. ,t;tpisTfis
cUthf;f tuyhw;W ,aiyNa gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. ,aw;ifia cw;WNehf;Ftjd; %yKk;>
fijfs; %yKNk mtu;fs; ePjp newpfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gUtj;jpdUf;Fg;
gupRfSk;> jz;lidfSk; mspf;fg;glyhk; vd;W gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;.
53
5.6 ngz;fs; fy;tp
vkpyp vd;W cUtfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU khztDf;F vt;tpjk; xt;nthU epiyapYk;
fy;tp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUj;Jiuaspj;jhNuh mNjNghy; ngz; fy;tpf;F
Nrhgpah vd;w ngz;iz cUtfg;gLj;jp mtSf;F Vw;w fy;tpiaf; $wpAs;shu;.; fy;tpapy;
ijaw;fiy> moFf;fiy> rikaw;fiy> clw;gapw;rp Kjypait mlq;fp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vdf; $Wfpwhu; &N]h. ,d;iwar; #oy; ,jd; nghUj;jg;ghL rw;W NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;Zf;Fk; rktha;g;G mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;;> mts; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk; Mw;wYf;Fk; Vw;w
fy;tpiag; ngw tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J ,d;W kpf tYthf cs;sNj ,jw;Ff;
fhuzk;. &N]htpd; fUj;Jf;fspy; gy ,d;iwa fy;tp Kiwf;Fk; mbg;gilahf ,Ug;gij
ehk; fhz;fpNwhk; &N]hitf; Foe;ij cstpaypd; je;ij vd;Nw ,d;Wk; Nghw;WfpNwhk;.
5.7 GNuhngy; (Friedrich Froebel 1782-1852)

/GNuhngy; xU n[u;khdpaf; fy;tpahsu;;. fpz;lu; fhu;ld; jj;Jtj;jpd; je;ij vd;W
miof;fg;gLgtu;. tpisahl;Lfs;> ghly;fs;> rpW njhopy;fs; Mfpait mlq;fpa ghyu;
fy;tpiag; gupe;Jiu nra;jtu;. ,tuJ fUj;jpidj; njhlu;e;J cynfq;fpYk; Vuhskhd
fpz;lu;fhu;ld; gs;spfs; Njhd;wpd. 1782 ,y; n[u;khdpaf; fpuhknkhd;wpy; ghjpupahupd;
kfdhfg; gpwe;j /;GNuhngy;> rpWtajpNyNa jhia ,oe;jhu;. ,tuJ je;ij kWkzk;
Gupe;J nfhs;s> ngw;Nwhupd; mutizg;Gf; fpl;lhj epiyapy; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa te;J
,aw;ifia ,urpj;J> tpae;J Nghw;Wtjpy; mjpf Neuj;ij nrytpl;lhu;. ,tuJ khkh
,tiuj; jj;J vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. fpuhkg;gs;spapy; Nru;ff;gl;L mq;F xOq;fhff; fy;tp
fw;f Kbahjjhy; gs;spia tpl;L tpyfpdhu;. Mrpupau; njhopypy; ntw;wp fz;l /;GNuhngy;
mj;Jiwapy; mjpfg;gbahd gapw;rpfs; ngw;W ntu;&z; vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;j ng];lhyh[p
gs;spapy; gzpapy; Nru;e;jhu;. 1816 ,y; jhNd xU gs;spia epWtp ng];lhyh[papd;
mZFKiwfisf; ifahz;lhu;. ‘Rakhfr; nra;J fw;wy;’ jj;Jtj;ij tw;GWj;jpdhu;. 1837
,y; fpz;lu;fhu;ld; gs;spiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. xt;nthU Foe;ijaplKk; jdpj; jd;ikfs;
cs;sd. ,it kyu cjTtNj Njhl;lf;fhuid nahj;j Mrpupaupd; gzp vd;whu; ,tiu
“Foe;ijg; G+q;fhtpd; je;ij” vd;wioj;jdu;.
5.8 /GNuhngy;ypd; fUj;jpay; jj;Jtk;

yy fUj;jpay; vd;w nrhy; ‘,yl;rpak;’ my;yJ ‘fUj;J’ vd;w Ntu;r;nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;J
ngwg;gl;lJ.
yy fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifg;gb fUj;JfNs mopahjit> nghUl;fs; mopAk; jd;ik
cilait.
yy ,t;TyifAk;> kdpjidAk; kdk; my;yJ Md;kh vd;gjd; %yk; tpsf;f Kw;gLfpwJ.
yy /GNuhngy; KOik fUj;jpay; nfhs;ifapy; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;ltu; ,tu; typAWj;jpa
,uz;L fUj;Jf;fs;.
i. Ntw;Wikfspy; xUikg;ghL
ii. tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
yy ,t;Tyfk; KOtJk; cs;s midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; flTspd; xUq;fpizg;ghff;
fUjpdhu;.
yy jh$iug; NghyNt /GNuhngy;Yk; kdpjd;> ,aw;if> flTs; Mfpa ,k; %d;Wf;Fk;
,ilNa cs;s ,izg;igj; jd; Nfhl;ghlhf ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
yy cly;> cs;sj;jpwd;fspd; xUq;fpize;j tsu;r;rpapdhNyNa kdpj MSik Nkk;gl
Kbak; vd;gJ mtu; $w;W.
yy jd;dpr;irahf <LgLk; RaNtiyfs; thapyhfNt Foe;ijfspd; Kotsu;r;rp
rhj;jpakhfpwJ vd;Wk; fUjpdhu;.
54
5.9 /GNuhngy;ypd; fy;tpj; jj;JtKk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;
/GNuhngy; fw;gpf;f tpUk;gpa fy;tp gw;wpa mtUila vz;zq;fNs mtUila
fy;tpj; jj;Jtq;fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpjdpd; cs;spUe;J vOk; tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;LtNj cz;ikahd fy;tp. fy;tp %yk;
cs;shu;e;j jpwd;fis kyur; nra;Jk;> Md;kpf czu;Tfis J}z;lr; nra;Jk; kdpjd;
,iwtid neUq;f cjt KbAk;.
yy Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rp epiyfSf;F Vw;gf; fy;tp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yy Ntw;Wikfspy; xw;Wik fhzr; nra;tNj fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy r%fr; #oypy; Ranray;fspy; <LgLtjd; %yNk Foe;ijfsplk; mwpT tsu;r;rp
Vw;gLfpwJ.
yy fy;tpapd; Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; Foe;ijfsplk; KOikahd MSik tsu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;JtNj vd;gJ /GNuhngy;ypd; fUj;jhf cs;sJ.
5.10 fpz;lu;fhu;ldpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

fpz;lu;fhu;ldpd; Kjd;ikf; $Wfshtd:
yy Rakhd nray;
yy gilg;ghw;wy;
yy r%fg; gq;Nfw;g;G
yy Rakhd nray;fs;:
Rje;jpukhftplg;gl;l epiyapNyNa Foe;ijfs; ,q;Fkq;Fk; Xbahb gy;NtW
RNar;irahd nray;fspy; <Lgl;L nrhe;jkhfr; rpe;jpf;Fk; jpwd; ngWfpd;wdu;. nray; topf;
fy;tp mtuJ jhuf ke;jpuk;. ghly;> clypaf;fk;> nghUl;fis gy;tiffspy; mikj;jy;
Nghd;w RNar;irahd nray;fspy; <LgLk; NghJ mwpit <l;LtJld; kfpo;r;rp> kdepiwT>
kd mikjp Mfpatw;iwAk; Foe;ijfs; ngWfpd;wdu;.
yy gilg;ghw;wy; my;yJ tpisahl;L topf;fw;wy;
Foe;ijfs; ,aw;ifapNyNa gilg;ghw;wy; kpf;ftu;fs; “flTs; jd;idg; Nghy;
kdpjid cUthf;fpdhu;. kdpjDk; flTisg; Nghy; gytw;iw cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;" vd;whu;.
gy;NtW nray;fspy; <LgLk;NghJ Foe;ijapd; Mf;fj;jpwd; ntspg;gLk;. ,jw;fhf gw;gy
tpisahl;Lfis /GNuhngy; gupe;Jiuf;fpwhu;. mitahtd i) Gj;Jzu;r;rp tpisahl;Lfs;
ii) jPu;T tpisahl;Lfs; iii) fw;gid tsj;ijAk;> mwpthw;wiyAk; tsu;f;f cjTk;
tpisahl;Lfs; iv) xw;Wikia tsu;f;Fk; tpisahl;Lfs; v) ed;dlj;ijia cUthf;f
cjTk; tpisahl;Lfs; vi) thrpj;jy;> vOJjy;> vz; fzpjk; Mfpa %d;W mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fis tsu;f;Fk; tpisahl;Lfs;. gy;tif tpisahl;Lfspd; %yk; Mf;fr; rpe;jidAk;>
Cf;fKk;> Kaw;rpAk; jhNd tsUk; epiy fhzg;gLtjhy; tpisahl;L topf;fy;tp Kjd;ik
ngWfpwJ. “tpisahl;L topf;fw;wy;” vd;gijg; gpugyg;gLj;jpatu; /GNuhngy;.
5.11 fpz;lu;fhu;ldpd; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

5.11.1 nray;topf;fw;wy;
fpz;lu;fhu;ldpy; tof;fkhfg; ngz; MrpupiafNs ,Ug;ghu;fs;. md;Gk;> NerKk;
kpf;f xU #oiy cUthf;fp> Foe;ijfs; gs;spiaj; jk; tPlhfNt fUJkhW nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F mwpT+l;LtJ gpujhd Nehf;fkd;W: khwhf RantspaPl;bw;fhd tha;g;Gfis
cUthf;FtNj Kf;fpa gzpahFk;. RantspaPl;bw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghly;> cly;
mirTfs;> epu;khzg; gzpfs; Mfpa %d;iwAk; ,izj;Nj nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
55
cjhuzkhf xU fUj;J my;yJ fijiar; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mJ ghlyhfg; ghlg;gLfpwJ.
ghl;Lf;Nfw;wthW khztu;fs; mgpeak; gpbg;gu;. my;yJ ghliy cs;slf;fpa FWehlfj;ij
ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;. mjw;Fupa #oiy my;yJ gpd;dzpia> fl;ilfs;> Ngg;gu; Jz;Lfs;
fspkz;> tz;zk; jPl;Ljy; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;Ftu.; ,t;thW nra;fpd;w
nray;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUs;fis mtu;fNs Kad;W Njbg; ngWfpwh;fs;. ,jdhy;
Kaw;rpAk;> J}z;LjYk; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tho;f;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; rhjhuz nghUl;fisg;
gw;wp ,jw;nfdg; /GNuhngy; 50f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghly;fSk;> ehlfq;fSk; nfhz;l njhFg;igg;
gilj;Js;shu;.
5.11.2 Mrpupau;; my;yJ jha;f;F topfhl;lf; $ba xU jhuff; Fwpf;Nfhs;
yy ,irNahL ghl Ntz;ba tupfs;
yy ghly; tupfis tpsf;Fk; glq;fs; my;yJ mgpeaq;fs;
yy gupRfSk; njhopy;NtiyfSk;
/GNuhngy; tpisahl;L topf;fw;wypy; gad;gLj;jpait gupRfSk;> njhopy; NtiyfSk;
MFk;. fw;gpj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fNs gupRfs; MFk;. ,it xU
Fwpgpl;l tupirf; fpukj;jpNyNa Foe;ijfSf;F mspf;fg;gl;ld. nkd;ikahd ge;Jfs;>
fdrJuf;fl;ilfs;> Nfhsq;fs;> cUisfs; Nghd;wit gy;NtW tz;zq;fspYk;> cUt
mstpYk; jahupf;fg;l;L mLf;Ff;fl;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp Foe;ijfs; cUtq;fis
tbtikj;Njh> gpupj;J itj;Njh tpisahLk; NghJ jpir> nghUspd; jd;ik> J}uk;> fhyk;>
cUt mikg;G Mfpatw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
njhopy; Ntiyfs; vd;git fhfpjk;> fspkz;> kuf;fl;ilfs; Nghd;w nghUl;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW tbtq;fis cUthf;Fjy;. tz;zk; jPl;Ljy;. glk; tiujy;> ghrpkzp
Nfhh;j;jy;> fhfpjk; ntl;Ljy;> kuf;fl;ilfis nrJf;Fjy;> gha; gpd;Djy;> $il Kiljy;>
ijay; Ntiy Nghd;witahFk;. gupRfSk;> ntFkjpfSk; Foe;ijfspd; ghu;it njhL
czu;r;rp Mfpatw;iwg; gapw;rpapd; %yk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wd. njhopy; Ntiyfs; Foe;ijfspd;
gilg;ghw;wiy tsu;f;fpd;wd.
5.11.3 tpisahl;L
tpisahl;L vd;gJ Foe;ijapd; Rantspg;ghL Foe;ijapd; cr;rfl;l kyu;r;rpf;Fk;>
kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; toptFf;fpwJ. Kjpatu;fSf;F gzp vg;gb Kf;fpaNkh> mg;gbNa
Foe;ijfSfF tpisahl;L Kf;fpak;. tpisahl;bd; %yk; Jzpr;ry;> Cf;fk;> ,ay;G+f;fk;
Mfpait Nkk;gLfpd;wd.
5.11.4 Gyd;topg; gapw;rp
Foe;ijfSf;Fr; nrhw;fshy; fw;gpf;fhky; Gyd; fhl;rpf;Fk;. njhL czu;r;rpf;Fk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; mtu;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd nghUs;fisf; nfhLj;J
mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; nray;fis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.11.5 ,aw;ifg; gbg;G
Foe;ijfSf;F ,e;j cyfj;ij Nerpf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk.; ghlj;jpl;lk;
Foe;ijfspd; Mu;tj;ijg; gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,aw;ifNahL ,iae;J tho;tjhy; xOf;f
tsu;r;rp> kdtsu;r;rp> Md;kpf tsur;rp Nghd;wit Foe;ijfsplk; ,ay;ghf mikAk;.
5.11.6 ghlj;jpl;lk;
Rar;nray;fisj; jtpu fzpjk;> nkhop> fiyfs;> rka ePjp MfpaitAk; ghlj;
jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;l;Ls;sd. clYiog;G> ,aw;ifia ,urpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; ,lKz;L.
gpwNuhL ,ize;J fw;Fk; #oypy; md;G> xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL MfpaitAk; ,lk;ngWk;.
56
5.11.7 Mrpupaupd; gq;F
rpwe;j Njhl;lf;fhuu; xt;nthU nrbiaAk; ftdpj;Jg; guhkupg;gJ Nghy Mrpupau;
xt;nthU Foe;ijiaAk; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk; mtu;fis jj;jk; cs;shu;e;j jpwd;fSf;F
Vw;g tsu;r;rpailar; nra;J Kd;Ndw cjTjNy Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
5.11.8 fl;Lg;ghLk;> xOf;fKk;
fpz;lu;fhu;ldpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tpjpfSk;> fl;Lg;ghLfSk; ,y;iy. ghJfhg;Gk;>
$l;LwTNk xOf;ff;$Wfshfg; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd Rar;nray;fspy; <LgLjYk; gupRfSk;>
njhopy; NtiyfSk; khztu;fspd; cly; kw;Wk; cs;sj;jpd; gapw;rpf;F toptFj;J xOf;fk;
jhNd Njhd;w cjTfpd;wd.
5.12 fy;tpapy; /GNuhngy;ypd; gq;fspg;G

yy cyfpd; Kjy; Foe;ijg; G+q;fhg; gs;spiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu; “thUq;fs; ehk;
Foe;ijfSf;fhf tho;Nthk;” vd;Dk; ,tuJ Gfo;kpf;f $w;W Foe;ij ikaf;
fy;tpiaAk;> ghyu; fy;tpiaAk; Cf;Ftpj;J eilKiwg; gLj;jpaJ.
yy khztu; flik “nra;tJ” nra;jpfisg; ngWtjd;W vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb fy;tpapy;
khztu;fspd; RaNtiyfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhu;.
yy fw;wypy; ghpRfSf;Fk;> njhopy;NtiyfSf;Fk; Kd;Dupik nfhLj;J khztu;fspd;
Rantspg;ghl;bd; %yk; gilg;ghw;wiy tsu;f;f topnra;jhu;.
yy ghyu; fy;tpapy; Foe;ijfSf;Fr; Rje;jpuKk;> r%fr; #oYk; mspf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.
yy nra;J fw;wy;, tpisahl;L topf;fw;wy;, ‘Foe;ij ikaf;fy;tp ghyu;fy;tp Mfpait
,tuhy; gpugyg; gLj;jg;gl;ld.
yy ghyu; fy;tpapy; Foe;ijfSf;Fg; Gyg;gapw;rpia r%fr; #oypy; mspj;jpLk; Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
5.13 [hd; âpapd; tho;f;if: (john Dewey)

rKjha czu;NthL jdp kdpjd; r%fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; NghJjhd; fw;wy; epfo;fpwJ.
mJjhd; cz;ikahd fy;tp vd;gJ gadsitf; nfhs;ifapidj; je;j jj;Jt
mwpQu; [hd;âpapd; mirahj ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,tUila ,sikf; fhyr; rpe;jidfs;
n`f;fy; mtu;fspd; jj;Jtr; rpe;jidfshy; ftug;gl;Lj; J}z;lg; gl;ld. gpNsl;Nlhtpd>;
rpe;jidfSk; vOj;JfSk; ,tUf;F Mu;tj;ij Cl;bd. 1859 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgupy;
[hd; âp mnkupf;fhtpy; ntu;khz;l; khepyj;jpy; gu;ypq;ld; vd;w Cupy; gpwe;jhu;. gl;lg;
gbg;gpw;Fg; gpd; Mrpupau; njhopiy Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. `hg;fpd;]; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; 1884
,y; jj;Jtj;Jiwapy; lhf;lu; gl;lk; ngw;wgpd; rpfhNfh gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; gzpGupe;jhu;.
mg;NghJ (1896) Nrhjidg; gs;spia mq;Fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,q;F jk; fy;tp cj;jpfisAk;>
fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nrhjidf;Fl;gLj;jpa gpd;dNu mtw;iw cyfpw;F vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. Rkhu;
30 Mz;Lfs; nfhyk;gpah gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; jj;Jtg; Nguhrpupauhf ,Ue;J Xa;T ngw;wgpd;
1952 ,y; ,aw;if va;jpdhu;.
5.14 âpapd; jj;Jtk;

âpapd; jj;Jtf; fUj;Jfs; lhu;tpdpd; gupzhkf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; N[k;]pd;
gadsitf; fUj;J Mfpatw;wpd; njhlu;r;rpNa MFk;. ,tUila jj;JtkhdJ tho;tpd;
nray;Kiwg; gFjpiar; rhu;e;Jk;> Rl;bf;fhl;LtJkhf mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. tho;tpd;
57
Nehf;fq;fis> epiwTwr; nra;a xU rpwe;j Mw;wy; kpff rf;jpahfr; nraw;gLtNj cz;ik
vd ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. tho;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisj; jdpkdpjr; nray;fSk;> rKjhar;
nray;fSk; epUzapf;fpd;wd. ,r;nray;fs; rKjha kjpg;Gfshy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nray;fs; vd;WNk epiyahdjhf ,Ue;jJ ,y;iy. nray;fis epUzapf;Fk; kjpg;Gfs;
khWk; jd;ik cilad.
MfNt nray;fSk; khWgLfpd;wd. ,k;khw;wq;fs; khwptUk; rKjhaj; NjitfSf;Nfw;g
khWgLfpd;wd. vdNt> khw;wq;fSf;F kdpj tho;tpy; ,d;wpaikahj ,lKz;L. ,e;j
khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g xUtd; jd;id khw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tif khw;wj;jpw;F cjTtJ
fy;tp. ,f;fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ljhd; fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; mila Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; typAWj;Jfpwhu;. rpe;jidfSf;Fk;> nraYf;FkpilNa cs;s njhlu;gpid tpsf;fp
ve;j mstpw;Fr; rpe;jid nray;fisg; ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gjidAk; njspthf;fp ,Uf;fpd;whu;.
âpapd; jj;JtkhdJ Ma;Tf;nfhs;if> fy;tpf; nfhs;if Mfpa ,U jj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs;
,ize;j xU nfhs;ifahFk;.
5.15 âpapd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs;

fy;tpj; jj;Jtk; ntt;NtW Muk;gqfisAk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; nfhz;l nray;
mikg;GfSf;Fg; Gwta Maj;jf; fUj;Jfis mspggjd;W. gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T
fhz topKiwfisr; rpwe;j cs;sg;ghq;F tsu;r;rpAw tbtikj;Jj; je;J mwtopr;
nray;fs; cUthtjw;F topfhl;LtNj fy;tpahFk; vd;gJ âpapd; fUj;J. ,f; fy;tpia
tho;f;ifapd; ,d;wpaikahj Njit vdTk;> ,f;fy;tpia kdpjd; jd;Dila nghWg;Gfisr;
ruptu epiwNtw;wTk; #oy;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; cjTk; vdTk; $wpAs;shu;. fy;tpapd;
,UgFjpfshf ,tu; cstpaiyAk;> r%ftpaiyAk; fUJfpd;whhu;. vdNtjhd; Foe;ijfspd;
cs;Szu;TfisAk;> NjitfisAk; mwptjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp mtu;fspd;
jpwd;fs; rupahd topapy; tsu;r;rpAwg; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. mj;NjhL
mit midj;Jk; rKjha czu;NthL Vw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijAk; czu;j;jpAs;shu;.

fy;tpapd; jiyaha Fwpf;Nfhs; KOikahd fy;tp mspg;gjhFk; vd;W âp
$Wfpd;whu;. ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;jhd; rKjhaj; NjitfisAk; kw;Wk; jdpkdpjdpd; tsu;e;JtUk;
NjitfisAk;> #o;epiyfisAk; vjpu;nfhs;s cjTk; vd;fpwhu;. Foe;ijfis ,aw;ifr;
#o;epiyNahLk;> rKjhaj;NjhLk; njhlu;Gnfhs;sr; nra;af; fy;tp cjtNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
gs;spfs; khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;wYf;F cjtr; rupahd rpf;fy;fs; epiwe;j #oiy cUthf;fpf;
nfhLj;J mtw;wpypUe;J kPsTk;> jPu;T vLf;fTk;> Muha;r;rpr; rpe;jidfis tsu;fTk;
cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. Foe;ijfis ,aw;ifr; #o;epiyNahLk>; rKjhaj;NjhLk;
njhlu;Gnfhs;sr; nra;af; fy;tp cjtNtz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. gs;spfs; khztu;fSf;Ff;
fw;wYf;F cjtr; rupahd rpf;fy;fs; epiwe;j #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;J mtw;wpypUe;J
kPsTk;> jPu;T vLf;fTk;> Muha;r;rpr; rpe;jidfis tsu;f;fTk; cjt Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
,t;tifg; gapw;rpjhd; fw;Nghuplk; fPo;f;fhZk; jpwd;fis tsu;f;Fk; vd;W âp ek;gpAs;shu;.
yy cWjpahd Mu;t%l;ly;> ,ilA+Wfis ePf;fj; J}z;lg;gly;.
yy gpur;rpidfSld; ,ize;j cz;ikf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.
yy ,ad;w jPu;Tfis cUthf;Fjy;.
58
5.16.1 jPu;Tfisr; Nrhjpj;Jr; rupghu;j;jy;
,jd; mbg;gilapy; eilKiw tho;tpw;fhd khztu;fis cUthf;FtJjhd; fy;tpapd;
Fwpf;Nfhs; vdTk;> ve;j epiyapYk; fy;tpahdJ tUq;fhy tho;Tf;fhd jahupg;G vd;W
nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;Wk; vr;rupj;jpUf;fpd;whu;.
516.2 ghlj;jpl;lk;
Foe;ijfspd; NjitfisAk;> Mu;tq;fisAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ghlj;jpl;lk;
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> czT> ciwAs>; rKjha Nehf;fk;> Ngr;R> vOj;J> gbg;Gg; Nghd;wit
ghlj;jpl;lj;ij epUzapf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. ,J Nghd;w nray;fspdhy;jhd; Foe;ijfs;
Mu;tj;NjhL fw;fpwhu;fs; vdf; $Wfpd;whu;. mtUf;F ve;j xU epiyahd jpl;lj;jpYk;
ek;gpf;if ,y;iy. ,jw;F khwhfr; nray;fs;> mDgtq;fs;> ghl ,ay;fs; Mfpait
xUq;fpize;j ghlj;jpl;lj;jpid mtu; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu.; Foe;ijapd; mwpthw;wiyg;
gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ mJ xU KOikahd rf;jp> mjpy; gFjpfs; vd;gd fpilahJ.
vdNt> xUq;fpizj;j mDgtq;fs; mwpit KOikAk; njspT ngwr; nra;Ak; ,t;tif
mDgtq;fis mspg;gJjhd; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; jiyaha gzp vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
fw;wiy %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fpwhu; âp. mit:
i) ehd;F Mz;Lf; fhy tpisahl;Lg; gUtk; (8 taJ tiu)
ii) ehd;F Mz;L fhyf; fl;Lg;ghlw;w jd; ,af;ff; ftdg; gFjp (12 taJ tiu)
iii) kWjspf;fg;gLk; ftdg;gFjp (12 Mk; tajpw;F Nky;)
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; âp fy;tpj;jpl;lj;ij kpfTk; nghUSs;sjhfTk;> gaDs;sjhfTk;
khw;wpapUf;fpwhu;. NkYk; ,j;jpl;lk;jhd; fw;Nghupd; jpwd;fis tsu;f;fTk;> rKjhaj;jpy;
nghUSs;s> gaDs;s r%f mq;fj;jpduhtjw;Fj; jFjpAs;stuhf mtu;fis tsu;f;fTk;
gad;gLk; vd;W cWjpahff; $wpAs;shu;.
midj;Jf; fw;wYk; fw;Nghupd; midj;Jr; nray;fspd; Jiz tpisTfshf ,Uf;f
Ntz;LNkad;wp xUNghJk; fw;wYf;fhf kl;Lk; vd;wpUj;jy; $lhJ vd;W âp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
,f;fUj;jhdJ ,tUila Neu;Kiwf; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; mDgtf; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg;
gw;wpj; njspthf;;FfpwJ. ,k;Kiwfspd; topahff; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; gq;Nfw;Gfspd; %ykhf
Neupilahd mDgtq;fisg; ngWfpd;wdu;. vdNt fw;gpg;Nghu; ,t;thW fw;Nghu; jhNk
mDgtq;fisg; ngw tpioAk; fhyk; tiu fhj;jpUe;J mtu;fsplk; Mu;tj;ijj; J}z;bf;
fw;wYf;F cjt Ntz;Lk; vdj; njspthf;fpAs;shu;. ,t;tifr; nray;fSf;F ,aw;ifahd
Mu;t Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Mu;t%l;ly; Mfpatw;iwg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. NkYk; tho;f;ifapd;
%yk; fw;wy;> nra;J fw;wy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; rpwe;j fw;wYf;Fk;> fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; cupa
Kiwfshfg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. ,e;epiyapy; nray;jpl;l Kiwiag;gw;wp tpsf;fp> vt;thW
fw;Nghupd; rpf;fy;fisAk;> MuhAk; jpwidAk;> Mu;tj;ijAk; ifahSfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk;
njspthf;fpapUf;fpd;whu;. Dr.J.A.];Bntd;]; vd;gtu; nray;jpl;l Kiwiag; gupe;Jiu
nra;jhu;. ,k;Kiwapy; ghlj;jpl;lk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd; EZf;fq;fSk; Foe;ijfspd;
Nehf;fpypUe;J Muhag;gl;L tbtiff;fg; ngw;wpUf;fpdwd. ,J nra;J fw;wy;> tho;f;ifapd;
%yk; fw;wy; Mfpa Nfhl;ghLfis typAWj;JfpwJ. ,k;Kiwapd; rpwg;G mk;rk; fw;gtu;fs;
jhq;fs; fw;f tpUk;Gk; ghlg;nghUs;fisAk;> mjidf; fw;Fk; KiwfisAk; Nju;enjLf;Fk;
cupik ngw;wjhFk;. fw;wiy gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bd;> KOkdj;Jld; $ba my;yJ
Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j gaDs;s nray;fspd; tpisthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,k;Kiwapy; khztu;fs; jhq;fs; ghlg; nghUs;fisj;
njupe;njLj;J> fw;Fk; Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpl;L> KO <Lghl;Lld; fw;gu;. ,JNt nray;
59
jpl;lj;jpd; rhuk;rk; MFk;. jpl;lKiwia tpsf;f Kw;gl;l lhf;lu; fpy;ghl;upf; ,jid KO
kdj;njhL rKjhar; #oypy; epfo;fpd;w gaDs;s fw;wy; vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
5.17 nray;jpl;l Kiwapy; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba gbfs;

yy fw;wYf;Fupa tha;g;gpid mspj;jy;.
yy Nju;e;njLj;jYk;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mikj;jYk;
yy jpl;lkpLjy;
yy nrayhf;fy;
yy jPu;T fhzy;
yy gjpT nra;jy;
5.17.1 Mrpupaupd; gq;F
MrpupaUf;F kpfg;ngupa nghWg;G ,k;Kiwapy; mspf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mrpupau;
fw;NghUf;F topfhl;bahr; nray;gLfpd;whu;. Mrpupau; nray;fSf;fhd topfis mikj;Jj;
jUtjd; %yk; fw;NghUf;Fr; rpwe;j top fhl;bahfTk>; cw;w ez;guhfTk;> Nju;e;j
jj;Jtr; rpe;jidiahsuhfTk;> mr;nray;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilr; nra;jpfisAk;>
topfisAk; fhl;Lfpwhu;. Vw;fdNt cs;s ghlf; fUj;Jf;fisj; jpUj;jp mikf;fNth>
cau;thf;fNth my;yJ khztu;fspd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fisj; jpUj;jp mikf;fNth>
gof;fq;fis khw;wNth kl;Lk; gs;spapy; Mrpupau; Njitapy;;iy. ,jw;F khwhf Mrpupau;
rKjhaj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;w Kiwapy; vt;tifj; J}z;Ljy;fs; fw;Nghiu khw;wj;jpw;F
cs;shf;FNkh> ghjpf;FNkh> mt;tifj; J}z;LjYf;F cupa Kiwapy; rpwe;j gapw;rpapidAk;>
J}z;Ljy;fisAk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mrpupaupd; nray; gw;wp âp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
,Wjpahf khztu;fsplk; Mrpupau; nfhs;s Ntz;ba gupTzu;itj; njspthf;fp> mjd;
mtrpaj;ijAk; czu;;j;jp ,tw;iwf; ifahs Mrpupau;fis mwpTWj;Jfpd;whu;.
5.17.2 xOf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL
âp Rje;jpukhd fl;Lg;ghl;bidAk;> Raf; fl;Lg;ghl;bidAk; kjpf;fpwhu;. ,t;tiff;
fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jz;lidfspdhNyh> guprspj;jypdhNyh> ntspg;Gw tw;GWj;jypdhNyh
nfhz;L tu ,ayhJ. ,j;jifa Raf;fl;Lg;ghL Foe;ijfspd; ,aw;if czu;Tfis
xNu jpirapy; nfhz;L nrYj;Jtjd; %yKk;> $l;LwNthL> Fwpf;NfhNshL nraw;gLk; ghlj;
jpl;lj;jpd; %yKk; tsu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tif nray;Kiwj; jpl;lj;jpy; khztu;
jkJ KOg;nghWg;gpid czu;e;J Raf;fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jhNk ngWfpd;wdu;. ,t;tifahd
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; %ye;jhd; gs;spapy; khztu;fspd; r%fj; jpwikfis tsu;f;f ,aYk;.
5.18 khz;bNrhup
,j;jhyp ehl;by; kUj;Jtuhfj; jkJ tho;f;ifia Muk;gpj;j lhf;lu; kupah
khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu; Foe;ijfs; kdtsu;r;rpapy; Fd;wpa epiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;Ff;
fhuzk; mtu;fspd; Gy tsu;r;rpf; FiwNt vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;jtu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
mtu;fSf;Fr; rpy Gyg; gapw;rpfis mspj;Js;shu;. gpd;du; ,k;Kaw;rpfs; rhjhuz
,ay;Gila ruhrupf; Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspf;fTk;> gapw;Wtpf;fTk; $ba Gjpa
fy;tp Kiwahf ntw;wpfukhf cUthff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd. khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu;
kpf Mokhf &Nrhtpd; ,aw;iff; nfhs;ffshy; ftug;gl;ltu;. tpisahl;bd; %yNk
fy;tp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gupe;Jiuf;Fk; ,tu;> mtu;fspd; tpisahl;bw;fhf kpfr;
rhjhuzkhd nray;fisNa mspf;fpd;whu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ,tu; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia
tpsf;Fk;NghJ Foe;ijfs; tpisahLk;NghNj cldb Nehf;fq;fis> Njitfis epiwT
60
nra;J nfhs;sj; Njitahd mwptpidg; ngwj; J}z;lg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd;W $wpAs;shu;.
Foe;ijfs; tpisahLtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUs;fis ,tu; jhdhfNt fw;f cjTk;
fUtpfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,J ,tUila fw;gp;j;jy; Kiwfspy; Kjd;ikahdjhFk;.
khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu; (1870 – 1952) rpWtajpy; fzpjg;ghlj;jpy; kpFe;j Mu;tk; fhl;ba
,tu;> gpd;du; nghwpapaypYk;> mijaLj;J capupaypYk;> ,Wjpahf kUj;Jtj;jpYk; <LghL
nfhz;L gapd;whu;. ,tu; ke;j Gj;jpAs;s Foe;ijfis Muha;e;J> kdtsu;r;rpf; Fd;Wjy;
mbg;gilapy; fy;tprhu;e;j gpur;rpidNaad;wp> kUj;Jtg; gpur;rpid my;y vd;w KbTf;F
te;jhh;. ,j;jifa Foe;ijfl;F> ghyu; fy;tp Kiw %yk; Gyg;gapw;rpAk;> jir ,af;fg;
gapw;rpAk; jUtjhy; mtu;fs; ,f;Fiwapdpd;Wk; tpLjiy ngw KbAk; vd;whu;.
mwptpy; gpd;jq;fpa Foe;ijfl;F fy;tp Nghjpf;Fk; Nuhkhdpa Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gzpapil
gapw;rp toq;Fk; rpwg;Gg; gs;spf;F ,af;Feuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,q;F ngw;w mDgtj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; jd;Dila Kjy; “Foe;ijfs; tPL” vd;w gs;spia 1907 ,y; njhlq;fpdhu;.
,q;F Foe;ijfs; jkf;F tpUg;gkhd Kiwapy;> jj;jk; Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;gf; fw;wdu;. fw;gpj;jy;
fUtpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld> mit Raf;fw;wYf;fhdit: jtWfisj; jhNk jpUj;jpf;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mike;jit. ,j;jifa Rafw;wiy Foe;ijfs; kpfTk; tpUk;gpdu;.
Gyg;gapw;rpAk;> jir ,af;fg; gapw;rpAk; toq;fg;gl;ld. Foe;ijfs; cw;rhfkhfTk;>
RWRWg;ghfTk; ,aq;fp Gjpadtw;iwf; fz;lwpAk; ghzpapy; fw;wdu;. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gf;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwahd “khz;bNrhup Kiw” gpugykile;J cyfpd; gyehLfspYk; gutpaJ.
1940 ,y; khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu; ,e;jpah te;J gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; jq;fpg; gy ,lq;fspy;
gs;sp Mrupau;fSf;F khz;bNrhup Kiwapy; gapw;rp mspj;Jr; nrd;whu;.

“Foe;ijapd; tho;f;ifia vspa Kiwapy; tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf fy;tp kpfTk;
cjtp Gupfpd;wJ” vd;fpwhu; khz;bNrhup. xt;nthU Foe;ijak; kw;wtw;wppyUe;J clyhYk;>
mwpthw;wyhYk; NtWgl;bUf;fpd;wJ. FOthff;fy;tpiag; Nghjpg;gjd; %yk; Foe;ijfspd;
‘jdpj;jd;ik’ eRf;fg;l;LtpLfpwJ. xt;nthU Foe;ij kPJk; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;j;ggl;L
mjDila kdNtfk;> Mw;wy;> ,tw;wpw;Nfw;gj; jd;id mDrupj;Jf; nfhs;SjNy MFk;.
Foe;ij xt;nthd;Wk; jdf;Fs;spUf;Fk; jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F topnra;tNj
fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; vd;fpwhu; khz;br;Nrhup.
5.20 khz;bNrhup Kiwapd; fy;tpf; Nhl;ghLfs;

yy jdpj;jd;ikf; Nfhl;ghL
xt;nthU Foe;ijAk; jd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ikis> ,ay;Gfis> Mu;tq;fis> jpwd;fis
tha;g;Gfs; mspf;fg;gLk;NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. mjw;Fupa trjpfis cUthf;fp
mspg;gjd; %yk; kdpju;fspd; jpwd; ntspg;glTk;> nrk;ikg;glTk; mj;jpwd;fshy; kw;wtu;fs
gad;glTk; fy;tpr; nray;fs; cjtNtz;Lk; vdTk; $Wfpwhu;. ,r;nray;fSf;F cupa
gUtkhff; Foe;ijg; gUtj;jpidf; fUJfpd;whu;. cly;> cs;s mbg;gilapy; ,tu;fs;
jdpj;Jg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. ,g;gapw;Wtpj;jy; KOikahf mika
Ntz;Lkhapd; Mrpupau; fw;Nghuplk; neUq;fpg; gofp mtutupd; cs;sf; fplf;iffisAk;>
elj;ijfisAk; kpff; ftdkhf czu Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. vd;gJ khz;br;Nrhupapd;
fUj;jhFk;.
yy Gyg;gapw;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
Gyd;fs; mwptpd; Eiothapy;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt rpwe;j mwptpidg;
ngWtjw;Fg; Gyg;gapw;rpfNs Kjw;gbahf mika Ntz;Lk;. rupahd KiwapYk;> Njitahd
61
mstpYk; Gyg;gapw;rp mspf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; Foe;ijfspd; fw;wypy; Vw;gLk; Nrhu;tpw;Fk;>
gpw;Nghf;Ff;Fk; mJNt fhuzkhf mikAk; ,jid ,tu; 3 Kjy; 7 taJ tiu
cs;s Foe;ijfisf; nfhz;L epfo;j;jpa gupNrhjidfs; njspthf;Ffpd;wd. gFj;jwpT
tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> Nju;e;njLj;Jj;jPu;T fhzYf;Fk; ,tu; cUthf;fpa Kiwapd; %yk; ,tu;fs;
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; NghJ cupa jpwd;fs; tsu;tJld; J}z;ly;fis cupa fhyj;jpy;
mspf;fTk; ,aYk; vd;fpwhu;.
yy Raf;fw;wy; Nfhl;ghL
fw;wy; vd;Dk; nray; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghJthdJ ,ijNa fy;tpr; nray;pd;
mbg;gilahff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;. Raf; fw;wy; KiwNa rpwe;j fw;wYf;F
toptif nra;Ak; vdTk;> fw;Nghupd; jpwDf;Fk;> toptFf;Fk; Ntfj;jpw;Fk; Vw;wthW
fw;f cjTk; vdTk; $wp ,jidNa fw;gpj;jypd; mbg;gilf; $whff; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;Wk; typAWj;Jfpwhu;. NkYk; ,r;nray;fshy; fw;gpj;jypypUe;J fw;wYf;Fg; nghWg;G
khw;wg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;whu;. mjhtJ Mrpupaupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpypUe;J fw;NghUf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy Rje;jpu czu;Tf; Nfhl;ghL
Rje;jpuk; xt;nthUtupd; gpwg;Gupik vd;W fUJk; khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu; fy;tpapy;
Rje;jpu czu;tpw;F mjpf Kf;paj;Jtk; mspf;fpd;whu;. mj;Jld; fy;tpapy; Rje;jpu czu;Tjhd;
Foe;ijapd; cs;sj;jpy; Gije;J fplf;Fk; Mw;wy;fSk;> jpw;dfSk; ntspg;gl tha;gg;spf;Fk;
vdTk; $Wfpd;whu;. NkYk; fw;wYf;F cs;shf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; KOiahf czug;gl
Ntz;LNkahdhy; mtu;fspd; ,ay;ghd jpwd;fs; ntspg;glg; Nghjpa tha;g;Gfs; mspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wp> mwpTjhd; mtu;fisj; jhk; tpUk;gpa Nehf;fj;ij miltjw;fhd
topfspy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;; vd;W cWjpahff; fUJfpd;whu;.
yy clw;gapw;rpf; Nfhl;ghL
cWjpahd clNy cWjpahd cs;sk; ciwAk; ,lk; vd;gJ cz;ikNa.
vdNt clw;gapw;rpf;F kpf cd;djkhd ,lj;ijf; fy;tpapy;; khz;bNrhup mspf;fpd;whu;.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; mspf;fg;gLk; gapw;rpahdJ fw;Nghupd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g cly;
cWg;GfisAk;> jirfisAk; gad;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ vd;W $wp clw;gapw;rpapd;
mtrpaj;jpid typAWj;Jfpd;whu;.
5.21 khz;bNrhup fy;tpKiw

khz;bNrhup fy;tpKiwia %d;W gFjpfshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1.cly; ,af;ff; fy;tp> 2. Gyg;gapw;rpf; fy;tp 3. nkhopf; fy;tp ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
fPo;fhfZk; nray;fisf; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu;.
yy thof;iff;fhd nray;fspy; gapw;rp
yy Gyg;gapw;rp Kiwfs;
yy fw;gpf;Fk; fUtpfspy; gapw;rp MfpaitahFk;.
tho;f;iff;fhd gapw;rpahdJ Foe;ijfs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs Rje;jpukhfg; Ngzpg;
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;> jq;fs; Njitfisj; jhq;fNs G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;sTk; cjTk;
Gyg;gapw;rpahdJ Gyd;fisj; jdpj;Njh my;yJ ,izj;Njh mwpT ngWtjw;F cjtf;$ba
KiwapYk;> nkhopg;gapw;rpf;fhd nray;fspd; %ykhfg; ngaupd; mbg;gilapy; nghUis
mwpaTk;> ,Wjpahf vOjTk; nra;a cjTk; vd;gNj khz;bNrhupapd; fUj;J.
5.21.1 ghlj;jpl;lk;
khz;bNrhup nfhs;ifg;gb ghlj;jpl;lk; Foe;ijfspd; ,ay;GfSf;F Vw;gr; Rje;jpukhff;
fw;f tha;;g;G mspf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kiwapd;gb Foe;ijfs; Kjyhtjhf mtu;fSila
62
Mw;wYf;Fk;> Gyg;gapw;rpf;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. gpd;du; ,g;gapw;rpahdJ fzpjk;>
tpisahl;L Kjypa JiwfSf;Fk; tpupthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5.22 fy;tpapd; epiyfs;

5.22.1 Kjy; epiy
,e;epiyapy; Gyg;gapw;rpf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij mspj;Js;shu;. Nfl;ly;>
ghu;j;jy;> njhLjy;> Ritj;jy;> Kfu;jy; Mfpa czu;r;rpfis cupa Kiwapy; epiwthf
mspf;ff;$ba njhlu;Gs;s Gyg;gapw;rpfis mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jfpwhu;.
,jid tpisahl;Lfs;> gy;NtW nray;fs; %yk; nra;a KbAk;. KOikahd tsu;r;rpAs;s
Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> tsu;r;rp Fd;wpa khztu;fSf;Fk; mtutu; jpwikf;Nfw;g ,r;nray;fs;
NtWgl Ntz;Lk;.
5.22.2 ,uz;lhk; epiy
,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijfSf;F tpisahl;Lfs; %ykhff; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tif
tpisahl;Lfspy; gy cUtikg;Gfs; nfhz;l tz;zq;fshy; NtWgl;l fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tpisahl;lhdJ nghUs;fis mtw;Wila ngau;fSld;
,izj;J czuTk;> Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthfg; nghUs;fspd;
ngau;fisf; nfhz;Nl mtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. gbj;jiytpl vOJjy; vspjhdJ.
MfNt gbj;jYf;F Kd;ghf vOJjypy; gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5.22.3 %d;whk; epiy
,e;epiyapy; gbj;jiyg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. gbf;Fk; NghNj Foe;ijfs; gbg;gdtw;wpd;
nghUSzu;e;J gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. vOj;Jf;fisg; ghu;j;J xypfis vOg;gTk;> jpUk;gr;
nrhy;yTk; Vw;gLk; jpwNd gbj;jy; vdg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ijfs; cUt mikg;Gfisg; ghu;j;J
mt;wiwg; Gupe;J nfhs;sTk; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gyd;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
gapw;rpadhJ cUt mikg;Gfisf; fz;L czuTk;> mtw;iw mDgtpf;fTk; mtw;iw
cUthf;FtJld; mt;tifiar; rhu;e;j cUtg; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;Nl cUtq;fisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;sTk; tha;g;gspf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhu; khz;bNrhup. mj;Jld; ,t;tifg; gapw;rpahy;jhd;
mtu;fspd; rpe;jid tsu;r;rpiaAk;> fw;gidj; jpwidAk; Cf;Ftpf;f KbAk; vd;gJ
mtuJ ek;gpf;if. ,e;j gUtj;jpy;jhd; mtu;fs; cUt mbg;gilr; rpe;jidapypUe;J
cUtkw;w rpe;jidfSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gLfpd;wdu; vd;Wk; $wpAs;shu;.
5.22.4 ehd;fhk; epiy
,e;epiyapy; Foe;ijfspd; nra;Kiw tho;f;iff;Fk; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nghJthfj; jd; Rj;jk;> ,Ug;gplq;fisr; Rj;jkhf itj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; cupa
gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cWjpahd cly; tsu;r;rpf;Fr; rpy clw;gapw;rpfisAk;
gbj;jy;> vOJjy;> fzpj ,ay; Mfpatw;wpy; gapw;rpfisAk; mspj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gapw;rpfs;
midj;ijAk; mjw;nfd mtu; mspj;J jhdhfNt jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gad;gLk;
fUtpifs;g gad;gLj;jp mtw;NwhL Foe;ijfis tpisahlr; nra;Jk;> ifahsr; nra;Jk;
gapw;rp mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,g;gapw;rpfNshL tpyq;Ffs;> jhtuq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fTk;> nghWik> ek;gpf;if> ,uf;fk; Nghd;w Fzeyd;fis
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sTk; gapw;rp mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhu; khz;bNrhup mk;ikahu;.
5.22.5 Mrpupau;
khz;bNrhupapd; fy;tp Kiwapy; Mrpupau; xU ifNju;e;j topfhl;bahfTk;>
Mf;fg;gzpfspy; jpl;lkpl;L khztiu <LgLj;jypy; jpwik kpf;ftuhfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
63
Mrpupau; khztuJ ,ay;ghd tsu;r;rpf;F cjtpfis mspj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfspd;
cstpaiy mwpe;J fw;gpg;gjw;F Vw;w Neuj;ijj; Nju;e;njLj;J Mrpupau; fw;gpf;f
Kay Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfs; tsu;r;rpf;F Mrpupau; J}z;LNfhyhfj;jhd; mika KbAk>;
cstpay; mbg;gilapy; fw;gpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; Rje;jpu czu;Tfs; kpf;ftu;fshfTk;>
,ay;ghd fl;Lg;ghLfisg; ngw;wtu;fshfTk>; ciog;gpd; Nkd;ikia czu;e;jtu;fshfTk;
tsu;fpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiwfisf; ifahSk; Mrpupau; gad;kpf;ftuhfTk;> cz;ikahff;
fw;wiy Cf;Ftpg;gtuhfTk; jpfo;fpwhu;. fLk; ciog;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Mrpupau;
rKjhak; Foe;ijfisf; nfhLikf;Fk;> fLikf;Fk; cs;shf;fpa fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
md;id khz;bNrhupapd; fhuzkhf kiwe;jd. khz;bNrhup mk;ikahupd; tuthy; fw;gpj;jypy;
xU Gj;Jzu;Tk;> Gjpa NtfKk>; kfpo;r;rpAk; Njhd;wp xU Gjpa rfhg;jk; cUthfpaJ.
64
gFjp – m
1. &N]htpd; jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifapy; ,lk; ngWk; %d;W Kf;fpa $Wfs; ahit?
2. blhbf; fUtpfs; vd;why; vd;d?
3. [hd;âp ghpe;Jiuj;j fiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. khz;br;Nrhhp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
5. vjph;kiwf;fy;tp vd;gijg; gw;wp &N]h Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ?
6. âpapd; fy;tp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
7. khz;br;Nrhhp mk;ikahhpd; fy;tpf; fUj;Jf;fs; ahit?
8. &N]h nkhope;j fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
9. nray;jpl;l Kiwapd; gbfs; ahit?
10. khz;br;Nrhhp fUtpfspd; jdpg;gz;Gfs; ahit?
gFjp – M
11. ngz;fy;tp Fwpj;j &N]htpd; fUj;Jf;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
12. khz;br;Nrhhp jj;Jtj;ijAk;> GNuhngy;ypd; jj;Jtj;ijAk; xg;gpLf.
13. âpapd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfis tphpthf tpsf;Ff.
14. fy;tpf;F &N]htpd; gq;fspg;ig Fwpg;gpLf.
15. khz;br;Nrhhp Kiw> fpz;lh;fhh;ld; Kiw ,tw;wpw;F ,ilNaahd xw;WikfisAk>;
Ntw;WikfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
16. âpapd; fy;tp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs; ahit?
17. fy;tp eilKiwfspy; âpapd; gq;fspg;ig Fwpg;gpLf.
18. fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; gw;wp &N]htpd; fUj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
gFjp -,
19. m. [hd; âpapd; fy;tpf;fUj;Jf;fis kw;w fy;tpahsh;fspd; fy;tpf;
fUj;JfsplkpUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpd;wd? tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. khz;br;Nrhhp Kiwapd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> mtw;iw nray;gLj;Jk;
KiwiaAk; tpsf;Ff.
20. m. fpz;lh; fhh;ldpd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfisf;$wp mg;gs;spfspy; filgpbf;fg;gLk;
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. &N]htpd; vkpypf;F ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l tsh;r;rp epiyfSf;Nfw;w
ghl mZFKiwia tpsf;Ff.
65
myF – 6
r%ftpaYk;> fy;tpAk;
UNIT – 6 SOCIALOGY AND EDUCATION

nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
6.1 r%ftpay;
6.2 r%ftpay; nghUs; kw;Wk; fUj;J
6.3 r%ftpay; - tiuaiwfs
6.4 r%ftpaYf;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G
6.5 r%ftpakhjy;
6.6 gz;ghL
6.7 gz;ghL tpsf;fk;
6.8 gz;ghL - tiuaiw
6.9 gz;ghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs;
6.10 ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
6.11 r%f epiy ngah;T r%f ,af;fk;
6.12. r%f epiy ngah;tpd; tiffs;
6.13 fy;tpAk;> r%f epiyg; ngah;Tk;
6.14 r%f epiyg; ngah;tpd; - ed;ikfs;
6.15 r%f mLf;Ffs;
6.16 r%f mLf;Ffs; - nghUs;
6.17 tiuaiw
6.18 r%f mLf;fiktpd; tiffs;
6.19 rKjha khw;wk;
6.20 rKjha khw;wk;: nghUs;
6.21 rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs;
6.22 rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd fy;tp
6.23 ,e;jpa rKjhak; etPdkakhjy;
6.24 etPdkakhjy; : gz;Gfs;
6.25 ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ij etPdkakhf;FjYf;fhd fy;tp
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
fy;tp xU rKjhag; gzp> gs;sp rKjhaj;jpd; xU mq;fkhFk;. gs;spapy; gapYk;
khzhf;fh;fis mth;fs; thOk; rKjhaj;jpy; rpwg;ghfg; gq;Nfw;fj;Njitahd gapw;rpfs;
mspf;Fk; flikAk;> nghWg;Gk; gs;spiaNa rhUk.; xU rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rp mq;Fs;s
gs;spapd; tsh;r;rpiag; nghWj;Nj mikAk;. 'Mw;wy;fspy; kpfr;rpwe;j Mw;wy; kdpj Mw;wy;”
vd;whh; khh;\y; ];lhypd;. mj;jifa kdpjdJ kdj;jpidg; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp> mtidg;
gz;Gs;stdhf> ed;ndwpapy; nry;gtdhf cUthf;FtJ fy;tpf;$lq;fspd; jiyaha
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gzpahFk.; fy;tpr; rhiyfspd; nray;ghLfis nrk;ikg;gLj;jp Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tJ rKjhaj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. fy;tp rKjha tho;f;ifNahL njhlh;GilaJ. kdpj
tho;f;ifia tsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ek; ehl;by; gy fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs; nray;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wd. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp ,af;fk; vd;gJ xU $l;L Kaw;rpahf r%fePjpia
epiyehl;l> gs;sp eph;thfj;jpy; fpuhk kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gld; gs;spj; Njitfisf; fz;lwpe;J
mtw;iw epiwNtw;wp tUfpd;wJ. gs;sp eph;thfj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpd; <LghLk;> gq;Nfw;Gk;
gs;spr; nray;ghLfspd; kPJ rKjhaf; fz;fhzpg;G kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
6.1 r%ftpay; (Sociology)

r%ftpay; vd;gJ> rKjhaj;jpy; kdpj elj;ijia Muha;fpwJ. mjhtJ rKjhaj;jpy;
cs;s gy;NtW r%f mikg;Gfs;> mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfs;> gy;tif r%f FOf;fs;>
,tw;why; Vw;gLk; r%f cwTfs; kw;Wk; mDgtq;fs; Nghd;wit kdpj eljpijapy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fis Muha;tNj r%ftpay;.
6.2 r%ftpay; nghUs; kw;Wk; fUj;J (Meaning & Concept of Sociology)

r%ftpay; vd;gJ kdpjdJ gy;tif ,il tpidfis mjhtJ mtd; mq;fk;
tfpf;Fk; FOtpYs;s gpw kdpjh;fs;> mf;FOtpYs;s r%f mikg;Gfs; KOikahf
rKjhaj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,J Nghd;w gy;NtW FOf;fs; Mfpatw;NwhL jdpj;jdpahfTk;>
xd;wpiae;Jk; mtd; GhpAk; ,iltpidfisAk;> mtw;why; mtdJ elj;ijapy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fisAk; Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL Muha;tNj MFk;. ,iltpidfshdJ kuGfs;> gof;f
tof;fq;fs;> cil mzpAk; Kiw> czTg;gof;fq;fs;> jpUkzr;rlq;Ffs;> rka topghLfs;>
rhjpg;ghpTfs;> Foe;ij tsh;g;Gg; Nghd;w gy;NtW eilKiwfis cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
6.3 r%ftpay; - tiuaiwfs;

kdpjh;fs; r%ff; FOf;fshf thoj; njhlq;fpajd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpa kdpj
elj;ijfisg; Gwtaj;jd;ikNahL Muha;jNy r%ftpay; MFk;. r%ftpay; vd;gJ>
tiyg;gpd;dy; Nghd;W> njhlh;Gfs; nfhz;L tpsq;Fk; vz;zw;w r%f mikg;Gfs;>
kdpj FOf;fs; Mfpatw;why; cUthfp> r%jhaj;jpy; tho;tjd; %yk; kdpjd; ngWk;
KOikahd mDgtq;fis Muha;tjhFk;. NkYk; FLk;gk;> cwtpdh;fs;> rkak;> mwnewpfs;>
r%fg;ghFghLfs;> fpuhk – efu tho;f;if Kiw| Nghd;w midj;J mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk;
Muha;tjpy; mJ ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.
6.4 r%ftpaYf;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;G (Relationship between sociology and Education)
fy;tp Kiw r%f mikg;gpid gpujpgypf;Fk; fz;zhb Nghd;wJ. fy;tp epiyaq;fs;
me;je;jr; r%fq;fspd; vjph;ghh;g;GfisAk;> ,yf;FfisAk; xl;bNa mikfpd;wd. fy;tp
epiyaq;fspd; nray;ghLfs;> fiyj;jpl;lq;fs;> fw;gpf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs; Nghd;wit r%fj;jpd;
,d;iwaj; NjitfisAk;> tUq;fhyj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fisAk; rhh;e;Nj ,Uf;Fk;.
6.4.1 fy;tpr; r%ftpay;

yy fy;tpr; r%ftpayhdJ r%ftpay; fUj;Jfisf; fy;tp mikg;gpYk;> fy;tpapd;
eilKiwr; nray;fspYk; gad;gLj;j KaYk; gphpthFk;.
yy W.R. ];kpj; vd;gth;> r%ftpaypd; tpjpfisAk;> KiwfisAk; fy;tpg; gpur;ridfSf;F
tpilfhz gad; gLj;JtNj fy;tpr; r%ftpay; vd;W tpsf;fkspj;Js;shh;.
yy fy;tpr; r%ftpaypd; je;ijahd Nguhrphpah; Ngd; vd;gth; epWtdq;fs;> r%ff;
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FOf;fs;> r%f Kiwfs;> r%fj; njhlh;Gfs; Mfpatw;why; jdp kdpjd; milAk;
gad;fis tpthpf;Fk; r%f mwptpaNy fy;tpr; r%ftpay; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy lhl;]d; vd;gth; fy;tpr; r%ftpayhdJ kdpj MSik tsh;r;rpf;Ff; fy;tp Kiw
vt;thW gad;gLfpwJ vd;gij rpj;jhpf;Fk; r%f mwptpay; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy “fy;tp epiyaq;fisr; r%f epiyaq;fshff; fUjp Muha;e;J mwpAk; mwptpay;
gphpNt fy;tpr; r%ftpay;” vd;W Fy;g; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
yy “fy;tpg;gpur;ridfSf;Fr; r%ftpaypd;; mbg;gilapy; tpsf;fk; jUk; ,aNy fy;tpr;
r%ftpay;” vd;W gpd;Nd> n]ypdp MfpNahUk; fy;tpr; r%ftpaYf;F tiuaiw
jUfpd;wdh;.
6.4.2 fy;tpr; r%ftpaypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

fy;tpr; r%ftpaypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf fPo;tUgit Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
yy r%fj;jpy; Mrphpah;fSila gq;F> gzpfis tpthpj;J mth;fSila
gzpfisr; r%f czh;Tld; ,izj;jy;.
yy rPuhd Mrphpah; - khzth; cwTfis tsh;j;jy;
yy r%f khw;wj;jpy; fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; gq;if Muha;jy;
yy gs;sp mike;Js;s rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfis ed;F mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;
yy gs;spfSf;Fk;> gpw r%f epWtdq;fSf;FkpilNa neUq;fpa njhlh;gpid cUthf;Fjy;
yy r%fr; rpf;fy;fisAk;> Nghf;FfisAk; ftdpj;J mit fy;tp epiyaj;ijg;
ghjpg;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
6.4.3 khwptUk; ,e;jpa r%jhaj;jpw;fhd fy;tp Kiw

ek;ehl;by; Vw;gl;LtUk; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> cw;gj;jp ngUf;fKk;> fy;tp tsh;r;rpAk;>
fzpdp njhlh;ghd njhopy; El;g Nkk;ghLk; gy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp cs;sd. mjw;Nfw;g
fy;tpapy; gy Gjpa khw;wq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW.
yy midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; fy;tp
yy Njrpa vOj;jwpT ,af;fk;
yy jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh;> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhuJ fy;tpf;F Kd;Dhpik.
yy ngz;fs; fy;tpf;Fr; rpwg;gplk;.
yy kfpo;Tld; fw;wy;> nraybg;gilapy; fw;wy;> njhopy;rhh; fy;tp Mfpad Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly;.
yy Vio khzth;fSf;F fy;tpf;fld;fs;
yy causT Neh;j;jpiaf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhs;Sjy;.
yy mwkjpg;Gfs;> ciog;G> rkar;rhh;gpd;ik Nghd;w gz;Gfis typAWj;jy;.
yy Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; kdpjdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;lit vd;gijf; fw;gpj;jy;.
6.5 r%ftpakhjy; (Socialization)

r%ftpakhjy; vd;gJ tho;ehs; KOikf;Fkhd nray; Kiw> mr;nray;Kiwapd;NghJ
rKjhaj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;G kw;Wk; kw;w kf;fSld; vt;thW gofNtz;Lk; vd;gij fw;Wf;
nfhs;SfpNwhk;. nghJthf “kdpjdpd; ,aw;if” vd;W ehk; epidj;Jf;nfhs;Sk midj;J
gof;ftof;fq;fSk; cz;ikahf r%ftpakhjypd; %yk; fw;Wf;nfs;fpNwhk;. NkYk;
r%ftpakhjypd; NghJ ehk; elf;f> Ngr kw;Wk; cztUe;j r%fj;jpw;F xj;jpirTld;
gof;f> tof;f tpjpKiwfis gpd;gw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iw fw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
,aw;ifapy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; r%fj;jpd; gilg;G. mth;fspd; Njit kw;wth;fSld;
r%ftpakhjYld; njhlh;GilaJ. r%ftpakhjy; vd;gJ tho;f;if KOikf;Fkhd
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fye;Jiuahlypd; %yk; ehk; epiyahd kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;ff;$ba kdpjdhf
cUthfpwJ. NkYk; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd
jpwd;fis ngWfpNwhk;. r%ftpakhjy; nray;KiwahdJ xU Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j fhuzpahf
kdpjd; kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; tho;tpy; mikfpwJ. Vnddpy; r%ftpakhjy; vd;gJ ,dk;
kw;Wk; MSik tsh;g;gjpy; xU fUtpahf nray;gLfpwJ. kdpjdpd; MSik vd;gJ
kugpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;. r%ftpakhjy; nray;Kiw kdpjid xU Fwpg;gpl;l topapy;
Fwpg;gpl; kdg;ghd;ik> ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l mDgtq;fspd; %yk; topelj;jp
Cf;fg;gLj;JfpwJ. r%ftpakhjypd; nray;Kiw gpwg;G Kjy; njhlq;FfpwJ. Xh; Foe;ij
jd;Dila ngw;Nwhh;fsplj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;Gfspy; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Muk;gpf;fpwJ. Foe;ijapd;
,e;j fw;wy; nray;KiwahdJ vJ ey;yJ? nfl;lJ? vJ r%fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfp;wJ?
vd;gij njhlh;e;J fw;wy; epfo;fpwJ. mth;fs; nkhopj; jfty;fis ghpkhwpf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
NkYk; xUtUf;nfhUth; gfph;e;J nfhs;sTk; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh;. r%ftpakhjy; vd;gJ
gs;sp> Ntiy> ez;gh;fs;> cwtpdh;fs;> Gjpa kdpjh;fs; kw;Wk; vz;zw;w Kiwfspy;
njhlh;fpd;wJ. r%ftpakhjy; vd;gJ gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu epfOk; Xh; njhlh; epfo;thf
jpfo;fpwJ.
6.6 gz;ghL (Culture)

cyfpy; thOk; kf;fs; midtUk; ,ay;ghfNt rPUk; rpwg;Gkhf tho tpUk;gfpd;wdh;.
mikjpAk;> kd kfpo;r;rpAk; epiwe;j tho;Nt ey;tho;T MFk;. ,j;jifa ey;tho;T tho
rKjhak; rhd;Nwhh;fs; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghL gw;wpa fUj;JfisAk;
gz;ghl;Lf; fy;tpahy; ehk; ngWk; ed;ikfs;> kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;GfisAk;
tphpthff; fhz;Nghk;.
6.7 gz;ghL tpsf;fk;

‘gz;ghL’ vd;Dk; nrhy; rPh;gLj;Jjy;> nrk;ikg; gLj;Jjy; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. cyf
caph;fspd; tho;f;iff;F ,d;wpaikahjJ czT. ,t; czit ey;Fk; coTj; njhopy;
gw;wp $Wkplj;J ts;Sth; cotd; epyj;ij gyrhy; co Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwhh;. nghpa
kz; fl;bfs; JfshFk; tiu co Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW cOtjhy; me;epyj;jpw;F xU gpb
vUTk; ,l Ntz;lhk; vd;fpwhh;. ,t;thW cOtjhy; kz; Jfs;fspilNa fhw;Wk; #hpa
ntspr;rKk; GFe;J gaph;fl;F Ntz;ba Cl;lr; rj;ij jUfpd;wd vd;w NgUz;ikia
cah;j;Jfpwhh;. ,jidNa> ‘gz;gL;j;Jjy;’ vd;fpNwhk.; ,j;jifa gz;gl;l epyj;jpy; cotd;
jhd; tpijj;jtw;iw gd;klq;F ngUf;fp tpisnghUisg; ngWfpwhd;. mJNghy ek; kdj;ij
ey;y gof;f tof;fq;fshYk;. fy;tpap;thYk;> cah;e;j mDgtq;fshYk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp
ew;Fzj;ij tsh;g;gNj ‘gz;ghL’ MFk;. kdij Kjd;ikgLj;jf; fhuzk; ehk; vij
kdjpy; rpe;jpf;fpNwhNkh mjidNa nrhy;yhfTk;> nrayhfTk; ntspg;gLj;JfpNwhk;. vdNt
jhd; “mfj;jpd; moF Kfj;jpy; njhpAk;” vd;w gonkhop tof;fpy; cs;sJ. vdNt kdjpy;
ey;y vz;zq;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ey;y vz;zq;fshfpa rpwe;j mwpT>
xOf;fk;> mlf;fk;> gzpT> ,d;nrhy;> gpwh;f;F cjTk; kdpjNeak; Nghd;w cahpa gz;Gfis
tsh;j;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
6.8 gz;ghL – tiuaiw

gz;ghL gw;wp rhd;Nwhh;fSk;> tuyhw;W ty;Yeh;fSk; $wpAs;s fUj;Jfs; gz;ghl;bd;
rpwg;gpid tpsf;Ftjhf mikfpd;wd.
yy E.B. nla;yh;: “kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpy; Xh; mq;fj;jpdd;. ,e;epiyapy; mtd; mile;Js;s
69
mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy> xOf;fk;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> rl;lk;> gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
jd;Ds; mlf;fpa xU KOikahd njhFg;Ng gz;ghL”.
yy thy;Nlh;: “mtuth; md;whlg; gzpfis Neh;ikahd kdepiyAlDk;> Neh;ikahd
Nehf;fj;JlDk; kfpo;r;rpAlDk; nra;tjpy; jhd; gz;ghL kpsph;fpwJ.”
yy Nf.vk;.Kd;\p: gz;ghL vd;gJ rPhpa tho;T Kiw> ,t;tho;T Kiw kf;fs; ek;gpf;if
itj;Js;s mbg;gil kjpg;gPLfshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy lhf;lh; rh;.rp.gp. ,uhkrhkp ma;ah;: “tho;tpw;Fhpa tof;fkhd gzpfis jpwikahfr;
nra;tij cgepljq;fs; typAWj;Jfpd;wd. cgepljf; fUj;Jfis gpujpgypg;gNj
gz;ghL.”
yy jkpo; nkhopapy; ‘gz;ghL’ vd;gJ “rhd;whz;ikahfpa xOf;fk;” my;yJ “cah;e;j
topr; nry;Yjy;” vd;w nghUis jd;Ds; nfhz;L tho;it rpwg;gilar; nra;tJ
vd;W nghUs;gLfpwJ.
6.9 gz;ghl;bd; ,ay;Gfs;

gz;ghL fw;W czuj; jf;fJ. cyfpy; Njhd;Wk; vtUk; ,ay;ghfNt cahpa
gz;ghsuhfg; gpwg;gjpy;iy. jhd; thOk; rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; cahpa
tho;f;if newpKiwfNs rpwe;j gz;ghsuhf cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
6.9.1 epiyj;j jd;ik
gz;ghL epiyahd jd;ik nfhz;lJ. gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs; khwhj> mopahj jd;ikAila
gz;ghL mjidj; njhlh;e;J tUk;.
6.9.2 nefpOk; jd;ik
gz;ghL epiyj;j jd;ik nfhz;lJld;> nefpOk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. tplhg;gpbahf
xd;iwNa nfhs;shky; #o;epiyf;Fj; jFe;jhw;Nghy tise;J jUk; ,ay;G nfhz;lJ. rpy
,lq;fspy; fbdkhd cWjpAlDk;> rpy ,lq;fspy; vspikahdjhfTk; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs;
nray;gLtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
6.9.3 eilKiw tho;tpw;Fg; gad;gLjy;
gz;ghL jdp kdpjdpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;> r%jha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; chpa
Fwpf;Nfhis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. eilKiw tho;tpw;F Ntz;ba ,dpwpaikahj
tho;tpay; newpfis nfhz;lJ. tha;ikahfpa ngha; Ngrhik> m`pk;irahfpa gpw
caph;fl;F jPq;F nra;ahik> ,uf;fkhfpa fUiz kdg;ghd;ik vd;W gy md;whl tho;tpay;
cz;ikfis $wyhk;.
6.9.4 KO tsh;r;rpf;F cjTjy;
xt;nthU ehLk; gpw ehLfSld; VNjDk; xU tifapy; njhlh;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;njhlh;G
gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,d;iwa ehspy; mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;g
tsh;r;rpahy; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; cyf ehLfs; xd;Wld xd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;G
nfhz;Ls;sd. me;j epiyapy; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; cz;lhtJ ,aw;ifNa. Mdhy; ,e;j
gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fk; vt;tifapYk; me;ehLfspd; KOikahd tsh;r;rpf;F jilahf ,y;yhky;
“ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph;” vd;w gue;j cyfshtpa kdg;ghd;ikia epiyehl;Ltjw;F
cWJizahf cs;sJ.
6.9.5 nghJ mDgtk;
gz;ghl;Lld; nray;gLtJ xU kdpjDf;F kl;LNkh my;yJ xU rKjhaj;jpw;F
kl;LNkh chpa mDgtk; md;W. mJ cyfk; KOtJk; thOk; kdpj ,dk; midj;jpw;Fk;
chpikahd nghJ mDgtk; MFk;.
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6.9.6 mDgt mwptpd; tpisT
ve;j xU ehLfspd; gz;ghLk; xd;whf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. xt;nthd;Wk; kw;nwhd;wpypUe;J
khWgl;L tpsq;FfpwJ. xt;nthU gz;ghLk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fspd; mDgt mwptpdhy;
te;j tpisT MFk;.
6.10 ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

,e;jpag; gz;ghL cyf mstpy; cd;dj ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g; gz;ghl;bd;
cd;djf; fUj;Jfshtd.
6.10.1 Md;kpf mbg;gil
,iwAzh;T> Md;kpf Ntl;if ,t;tpuz;Lk; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; mbj;jsk;.
mopahj Md;khtpd; Ntl;ifahfpa ,iw czh;T ,dpwpaikahjJ. me;j czh;it
tsh;f;f rkak; ,d;wpaikahjJ. rkak; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; Mzp Nth;. rkaj;ijg;
Gwf;fzpj;jhy; ,e;jpag; gz;ghL nghUsw;wjhfptpLk;. tj;ak;> jh;kk;> m`pk;ir Nghd;w
gy;NtW mwf;Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> fh;knewp> kWgpwtpf; Nfhl;ghL Mfpa midj;ijAk; xU
Nrug; ngw;W rpwe;J tpsq;FtJ ,e;jpag; gz;ghbd; rPhpa jd;ik vdyhk;.
6.10.2 mopahj;jd;ik
ekJ ,e;jpag; gz;ghL kpfTk; goik tha;e;jJ. rk fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp cd;dj
epiyapy; jpfo;e;j vfpg;jpa> fpNuf;f> cNuhkhdpa> ghgpNyhdpag; gz;ghLfs; fhy nts;sj;jpy;
mope;J Nghapd. Mdhy; ekJ ,e;jpag; gz;ghL ,d;Wk; epiyngw;W cWjpAlDk; cd;dj
epiyapYk;> jpfo;e;JtUfpwJ. gy;NtW me;epag;gilnaLg;Gfs; epfo;e;j NghJk; ekJ
,e;jpag; gz;ghL mtw;why; vt;tpj ghjpg;Gk; ,y;yhky; tsh;e;Js;sJ.
6.10.3 gy gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;J ,d;Wtiu Mhpa> jpuhtpl> ghurPf> fpNuf;f> mNugpa>
INuhg;gpa> ,Ryhkpa> fpwpj;Jt gz;ghLfspd; rPhpa Nfhl;ghLfspd; $l;bizg;ghfr; rpwe;J
tpsq;FtNj ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; jdpr;rpwg;G.
6.10.4 rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk;> ey;ypzf;fKk;
,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; kpfr; rpwe;j gz;G mjd; rfpg;Gj; jd;ik vdyhk;. mJ jd;id
ehb te;j ,Ryhkpah;> fpwpj;jth;fspd; gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfis ntWf;ftpy;iy. khwhf mtw;wpy;
fhzg;gl;l mhpa cz;ikfis jhKk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mutizj;Jr; nry;tJ ,jd; cahpa
gz;ghFk;.
6.10.5 kdpj Neak;
,e;jpag; gz;ghL> ,uf;fk;> fUiz> m`pk;ir> ,d;dh nra;ahik Nghd;w gy;NtW
$Wfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. gpwh;f;F cjTk; mUq;Fzk; ,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd;
rpwe;j $whFk;.
6.10.6 Ntw;WikfSf;fpilNa xw;Wikia tsh;j;jy;
,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; ,dk;> nkhop> rkak;> jj;Jtk;> rlq;F> gof;ftof;fk;
Nghd;w gy;NtW tho;if epiyfspy; Ntw;WikfSf;fpilNa xw;Wik czh;it Cl;LtJ
,e;jpag; gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;G.
6.10.7 jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd kUj;Jtk;> mwptpay;> fiyfs;> rKjha mwpT> Nghh;Kiw>
tuT> nryT> nghUshjhuf; Nfhl;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czh;j;JtJ
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,e;jpag; gz;ghL. xU nghUspd; gy epiyfspy; ,Ue;J mjd; cz;ik epiyia mwpa
cjTk; jj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ ,e;jpag; gz;ghL.
6.11 r%f epiyg; ngah;T / r%f ,af;fk; (Social Mobility)

“rKjha mikg;gpy; xU kdpjd; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;F khWtJ
r%f epiy ngah;T” vdg;gLk;. ve;j xU kdpjDk; jd;Dila Kaw;rp kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpw;F
Vw;g> jFe;j epiyia cah;j;jpf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;sNth KbAk;. ,e;j
epiy khw;wNk r%f epiyg; ngah;T MFk;. “jdpkdpjd;> FLk;gq;fs; Nghd;wit xU r%f
epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU r%f epiyf;F khWtJ r%f epiyg;ngah;T vdg;gLk;”
“r%ff; FO my;yJ gbepiyapy; cs;s xUth; xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU
epiyf;F khWtJ r%f epiyg; ngah;T” vd;gjhFk;. njhopy;> jFjpepiy> tUkhdk;>
nrhj;J> mjpfhuepiy Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L r%f epiyg; ngah;T
mwpag;gLfpwJ.
6.12. r%f epiyg; ngah;tpd; tiffs;

r%f epiyg; ngah;T
6.12.1 nrq;Fj;J epiyg;ngah;T
vy;yh r%ff; FOf;fSk; rkkhd r%fj; jFepiyiag; ngw;W ,Ug;gjpy;iy. fPo;
epiyapypUf;Fk; xU FO my;yJ kdpjh; cah; jFepiyia miltijNah my;yJ cah;
jFepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU FO my;yJ kdpjh; fPo; epiyia miltijNah nrq;Fj;J
epiyg;ngah;T vd;gh;. nrq;Fj;J epiyg;ngah;it Nky;Nehf;F epiyg;ngah;T fPo; Nehf;F
epiyg; ngah;T (Descending Mobility) vd ,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fyhk;. Nky; Nehf;F epiyg;ngah;T
vd;gJ fPo;epiyapypUe;J Nky;epiyf;F khWtijf;Fwpf;Fk;.
6.12.2 fpilkl;l epiyg;ngah;T
xU r%fj;jpy; thOk; xUtu;> cah;; my;yJ fPo; jFepiyapNyNa vt;tpj khw;wKkpd;wp>
rPuhd Nghf;fpy; neLq;fhyk; ,Ug;gJ fpilkl;l epiyngah;T vdg;gLk;. fpilkl;l
epiyngah;tpy; jdp eghpd; epiy khWNkapd;wp mtUila tUkhdk; / gjtp> mjpfhuk;
Nghd;wit khwhJ. nrq;Fj;J epiyg;ngah;itNa ehL tpUk;GfpwJ. epiyapypUe;j jFjp>
tsk;> Mw;wy; Kjypatw;why; nrq;Fj;J epiyg;ngah;it cz;lhf;fNt fy;tp jdpkdpjuhYk;
murpduhYk; Kayg;gLfpwJ. Mrphpah;fs; ,jid czh;e;J midtuJ jukhd fy;tpf;Fk;
Mtz nra;J nrq;Fj;J epiyg;ngah;Tf;F Kaw;rp nra;jy; mtrpak;.
6.13 fy;tpAk;> r%f epiyg; ngah;Tk;

fy;tp r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd xU fUtp vdyhk; - fy;tp r%f mikg;gpYs;s
fbdj; jd;ikia> gpwg;gpd; fhuzkhf vOk; ghFghLfis ePf;FfpwJ. fy;tp cah;
nfhs;iffis> jFjpepiyia> ey;y gof;f tof;fq;fis> jd;dk;gpf;ifia> kjpg;Gfis
milar; nra;fpwJ. khzth;fSila epiyg; ngah;T mth;fs; ngWk; fy;tpia nghWj;J
mikfpwJ. khzth;fs; ngWk; nkhop mwpT> ghlg;nghUswpT> Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fy;tp Ma;Tfs;
Nghd;wtwitwg; nghWj;J mth;fsJ epiyg; ngah;T mikfpwJ. xU ehl;bDila gpd;
jq;fpa epiyia ePf;f> tsh;r;rpia Nehf;fp mioj;Jr; nry;y fy;tp cjTfpwJ. tsh;e;j
ehLfspy; fy;tp cah;njhopy; El;gk; fhuzkhf ehl;bd; tsh;r;rp NkNyhq;fp tUfpwJ.
tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; fy;tpapd; thapyhf r%f epiyg; ngah;T Vw;gl tha;g;Gfs; mjpfk;
cs;sd.
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6.14 r%f epiyg; ngah;tpd; - ed;ikfs;
o jdpkdpjdpd; KOikahd tsh;r;rp
o r%f tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; r%fj; jpwd; Nkk;ghL
o Njrpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; khwhj;jd;ikf;Fj; jPh;Tfhzy;
o kfpo;TW ey; tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
fy;tp kdpj tpLjiyf;F tpj;jpLfpwJ. jdpkdpjid r%f czh;T cs;stdhf;FfpwJ.
r%f khw;wKk;> tsh;r;rpAk; fy;tpiag; nghWj;NjmikAk;. mikjpf; fy;tpapd; topahf
mfpk;ir> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> gpwh; czh;Tfis kjpj;jy;> ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> tha;ik> epk;kjp>
kfpo;r;rp Mfpatw;iwf; Foe;ijfspilNa tsh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfspd; tho;NthL
,iae;j mikjpf;fhd tho;f;iff; fy;tpiag; gs;spfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. Foe;ijfs;
jq;fisr; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oNyhL nghWj;jpf; nfhz;L gy;NtW fUj;Jfis> kdg;ghd;ikfisg;
ngw;Wj; jdpj;jd;ik cs;stdhf milahsk; fhl;b> jdf;nfd;W tpOkq;fis
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. jk; rpe;jid> czh;T> nray;fs %yk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;j
Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gs;sp tha;g;Gfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. fy;tp midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk;
jq;fSlia ghypdr; rkj;Jtj;ij czh;e;J ghFghbd;wpr; nray;gl top nra;fpwJ.
xt;nthU kdpjDk; jd;Dila Kaw;rp kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g jd;Dila jFepiyia
cah;j;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J r%f epiyg; ngah;Tf;fhd tha;g;Gr; rkj;Jtk; (Equality of
Opportunity) vdg;gLk;.
6.15 r%f mLf;Ffs;: (Social Stratification)

vy;yh rKjhaj;jpYk; kf;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L NtWgLfpd;wdh;.
1. taJ
2. ghypdk; kw;Wk;
3. Fzeyd;fs;
kdpj rKjhak; xNutpjkhdjhf ,y;yhky; gytifg;gl;ljhf cs;sJ. ,aw;ifahd
NtWghLfis jtpu kdpjd;> r%fj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l mbg;gilfspypUe;Jk;
NtWgLfpd;whd;. Mjyhy; r%fj;jhy; NtWgl;l kdpjd; r%f ntFkjpfshd jFjp> gjtp>
tUkhdk; Nghd;wtw;iw mDgtpg;gJ r%fhPjpahf Kuz;ghLilatdhf elj;jg;gLfpwhd;.
,JNt r%f Vw;wj;jho;thfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
6.16 r%f mLf;Ffs; - nghUs;

r%f mLf;fikTfs; vd;gJ r%f rkj;Jtd;ikapd; Xh; tbtNk. vy;yh rKjhaKk;
mth;fSila cWg;gpdh;fis NkNyh> fPNoh kw;Wk; rkkhdth; vd;W fUJfpd;wJ.
mLf;fikT vd;gJ rpy kdpjh;fs; kw;w kdpjh;fistpl ngWk; cah;e;j juj;jpd; tifaPl;L
nray; KiwahFk;. r%f mLf;fikTfs; vd;gJ gyNtWgl;l mLf;Ffs; kw;Wk; gFjpfshf
gphpj;jy; ,J r%ff; FOtpd; gbepiyfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l mLf;fiktpd;
cWg;gpdh;fs; xNu khjphpahd milahsj;ij ngWfpd;wdh;. xNu khjpupahd tho;f;if
mikTfis nfhz;Ls;sdh;. mLf;fiktpw;F ,e;jpa ,d mikg;G Kiw xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
mikfpwJ. xU rKjhak; xU rKjhaj;jhy; tFf;fg;gl;l gphTfis nfhz;bUe;jhy; r%f
mLf;fikTr; rKjhak; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
r%f mLf;fikTfs; ,Utifahf epfo;Tfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
I. juq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;
II. kjpg;gPL mbg;gilapy
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6.17 tiuaiw
(Ogpurnn, and Nimkoff:) Mf;Ngh;d; kw;Wk; epk;Nfh/g; - jdpkdpjd; my;yJ FOthdJ
jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; mjpfkhfNth my;yJ FiwthfNth ePbj;j gbepiyfspy;
jug;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiw mLf;fikT vdg;gLk;.
Raymond W.Murray: (Nukhz;l; Ku;Nu)
r%f myFfis cah;e;j kw;Wk; jho;e;j gphpTfshf gbepiyfspy; miktNj r%f
mLf;fikT MFk;.
6.18 r%f mLf;fiktpd; tiffs;

r%f mLf;fikTfs; vd;gJ gy;NtW tifahd nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; cs;sJ
Mjyhy; gy;NtW tifahd mLf;fikTfis fhzyhk;.
Kf;fpakhd mLf;fikTfshtd
I. rhjp
II. th;f;fk;
III. nrhj;J
IV. mbik
rhjp (Caste)
rhjp vd;gJ kugpd; mbg;gilapy; r%fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l Xh; mikg;ghFk;. mJ
kdpjdpd; jFjp> mtd; ngwf;$ba chpikfs;> flik Mfpait Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpy;
gpwg;gij nghWj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
(v.fh)
1. gpuhkzh;
2. rj;jphpah;
3. itrpah;
4. #j;jpuh;
th;f;fk;: (Class)
etPd r%fj;jpy; th;f;fk; Xh; jhf;fKs;s mLf;fikthf tpsq;FfpwJ. mtDila
ntw;wp> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; nry;tk; Mfpatw;iwg; nghWj;J jFjpg;ghlhf mikfpwJ.
nrhj;J (Estate)
,ilf;fhy INuhg;gpah; ,t;tifahd r%f mLf;fikit cUthf;fpdhu;. ,J xUthpd;
nry;tj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; eph;zapf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mbik (Slavery)
mbik nghUshjhu mbg;gilapyhdJ. mbik mLf;FKiwapd; xt;nthU v[khdiuf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. v[khdhpd; mjpfhuk; mbikapd;Nky; vy;iyaw;wJ.
6.19 rKjha khw;wk; (Social Change)

rKjha khw;wk;: fUj;J (concept)
rKjha cwTfs; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;Fr; rKjha khw;wk; (social change) vd;W ngah;.
xU Fwpg;gl;l gFjpapy; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd; NjitfSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
,it jtph;f;f Kbahj xd;whf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.
6.20 rKjha khw;wk;: nghUs; (Meaning)

rKjhak; vd;gJ gy kdpjh;fs;> mth;fSila nghJthd Nehf;fq;fs;> ,yl;rpaq;fs;>
kjpg;Gfs;> ,tw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;. jw;NghJ epyTk; rKjhar; nray;fs; kw;Wk;
74
mikg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshy; rKjhak; tpyfpr; nry;fpwJ. ,JNt rKjha khw;wk
vdg;gLk;. rKjhaj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghLfspy; epfOk; khw;wNk rKjha khw;wk;
vdg;gLk;. rKjha khw;wKk;> gz;ghl;L khw;wKk; Ntwy;y. ,uz;Lk; xd;Nw. rKjha khw;wk;
vd;gJ jdpkdpjdpd; fUj;Jfs;> kdg;ghd;ikfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfspy; epfOk; khw;wq;fshFk;.
rKjha khw;wk; rpy rKjhaj;jpy; JhpjkhfTk;> rpy rKjhaj;jpy; nkJthfTk; epfo;fpd;wJ.
Mdhy; cyfpy; ve;jnthU rKjhaKk; khw;wq;fspypUe;J jg;gpf;f ,ayhJ.
6.21 rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs; (Factors for Social Change)

rKjha khw;wj;jpw;F gy fhuzpfs; cs;sd. mtw;iw ehk; mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ kpfTk;
mtrpakhdjhFk;. mit: 1. r%f kjpg;Gfs;. 2. mwptpay; Muha;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;
El;gq;fs;. 3. ,ay;GfSf;filNa epyTk; ,iltpidfs;> rKjha khw;wk; Kjypy; nghUs;fs;
njhlh;ghd gz;ghl;bYk; (Material Culture) mjd; gpwF nghUs;fs; njhlh;gw;w gz;ghl;bYk;
(NonMaterial Cultre) Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Mf;gh;d; (Ogburn) $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; Ml;lhNt (Ottaway)
vd;gth; “gz;ghl;L khw;wk; vd;gJ xd;iwj; njhlh;e;J kw;nwhd;W vd khw;wk; epfotpy;iy.
mit ,ay;GfSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l tpisT MFk;” vd;fpwhh;. rKjha khw;wk; my;yJ
gz;ghl;L khw;wk; vd;gJ njhopy; El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fpilNa epyTk; ,iltpid
khw;wNk MFk;. rKjha khw;wk; epfo;tJ vt;thnwdpy; njhopy; El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; rKjha
kjpg;GfSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; ,iltpidahFk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;iwnahd;W rhh;e;Js;sJ.
xd;wpy;yhky; kw;nwhd;wpdhy; kl;Lk; rKjha khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;Ltu ,ayhJ. njhopy;
El;gk; (Technology) vd;gJ mwptpaypd; xU gphpT MFk;. ,e;j njhopy; El;gk; gy;NtW
El;gq;fisf; (Techniques) nfhz;Ls;sJ. El;gq;fs; vd;gJ rkjhaj;jpYs;sth;fspd;
mbg;gilj;Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfshFk;. Nehf;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>
rpe;jidfs;> Kjypait KbTfshFk;. topfshYk;> KbTfshYk; kdpjh;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis
ntw;wpailar; nra;fpwJ.
6.22 rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd fy;tp (Education for social change)

tho;f;ifapd; midj;J tp\aq;fspYk; rKjha khw;wj;ij tsh;g;gjpy; fy;tpf;F ngUk;
gq;F cz;L. fy;tp vd;gJ rKjha epfo;Tfshy; Foe;ijfisr; rKjhaj;jpw;Nfw;wthWk;>
rKjha NjitfSf;Nfw;wthWk;> rKjha elj;ijfSf;Nfw;wthWk; cUthf;FfpwJ.
yy epiyj;j kjpg;Gfs;
uhy;g; ypg;ld; (Ralph Lipton) vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb> rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s epiyj;j
kjpg;Gfs; rKjha khw;wj;jpdhy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,of;Fk;NghJ me;j rKjhaKk; mopa
my;yJ kiwaj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;j #o;epiyapy; fy;tp mk;kjpg;Gfis mopahky;
fhg;ghw;WfpwJ. ed;newp kw;Wk; Md;kpf kjpg;Gfis rKjhaj;ijtpl;L kiwe;JNghfhky;
tsh;;j;JtUfpwJ.
yy rKjha khw;wj;ij tuNtw;wy;
rKjhaj;jpy; nghUs;fs; njhlh;ghd El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUs;fs; njhlh;gw;w rl;lq;fs;
Mfpatw;iwf; fy;tpahdJ tsh;f;fpwJ. kf;fspd; rKjha khw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfis
kf;fspilNa gug;Gtjpy; fy;tp ngUk; gq;Ftfpf;fwJ. ,jdhy; kf;fs; rKjha khw;wj;ij
tuNtw;W tpUg;gj;JlDk;> ,zf;fkhf ele;Jnfhs;sTk; toptFf;fpwJ. ,jw;fhd r%fr;
#o;epiyia fy;tp cUthf;FfpwJ.
yy rKjha khw;wj;ij kjpg;gpLjy;
rKjhak; vg;NghJk; khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;. rKjhaj;jpy; #o;epiyiaf;
nfhz;LtUtjw;F fy;tp xU fUtpahf mike;J> Mrphpah;fs; rKjha khw;wj;jpd;
tpisTfis ed;F kjpg;gPL nra;tjhy; mit vspjhf kf;fSf;Fg;Ngha; Nrh;fpd;wd.
75
yy Gjpa rKjha khw;wj;jpw;F cjTjy;
fy;tpahdJ rKjhaj; jPikfs;> FUl;Lj;jdkhd gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
khw;w> ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpl;lk;> murpay; fl;rp Nghuhl;lq;fs;> nray;jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wit
rKjha khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
yy gz;ghl;il cUthf;Fjy;
xUjiyKiwapdhplkpUe;J kw;nwhU jiyKiwapdUf;Ff; fy;tpahdJ rKjha
khw;wj;ij vLj;Jr;nry;fpwJ. ,jdhy; fy;tpahdJ rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd Xh; Mf;f
rf;jpahfTk;> Xh; cUthf;fpahfTk;> ,af;FduhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ. mjpYk;> fy;tpahdJ
khwptUk; rKjhaj;jpy; rkepiyiaf; nfhz;LtUk; Xh; Mf;frf;jpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
yy xw;WikAk;> xUikg;ghLk;
r%ff;FOf;fSf;fpilNa mt;tg;nghOJ Njhd;Wk; Kuz;ghLfisf; fistjw;F
fy;tp ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. fy;tpahdJ Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik> ehl;L eyk;> xUikg;ghL>
rKjha czh;TfSf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
yy rKjha khw;wk;> kdpj cwTfis tsh;j;jy;
njhopw; rKjhaj;jpy; GJ njhopy; El;gq;fs; kw;Wk; fUtpfs; kf;fspilNa fLk;
tpkh;rdq;fSf;F cl;gl;lit. rKjha khw;wj;jpw;fhd kdg;ghd;ikfis> elj;ijfis>
kdpj cwTfis Nkk;gLj;JtjpYk;> rKjha rkepiyia cUthf;FtjpYk; fy;tp
gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ.
yy rKjha khw;wj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;tpawpT
kf;fspilNa rKjha khw;wj;ij gw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;itAk;> mwpe;Jnfhs;SjiyAk;>
khw;wj;jpw;F xj;Jiof;fTk;> khw;wj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fis tFf;fTk; fy;tp cjtpahf
,Uf;fpwJ.
yy jilfis mfw;Wjy;
rKjha khw;wj;ijg; gw;wp kf;fs; kdjpYs;s jtwhd fUj;Jf;fis mfw;Wtjd;
%yKk;> rKjha khw;wk; xU mtrpakhd khw;wNk vdf; fy;tp typAWj;JfpwJ.
yy tprhykhd mwpitg; ngWjy;
kf;fspilNa mwpit Nkd;NkYk; tsh;g;gJ kl;Lkpd;wp> mwpit mgptpUj;jp nra;aTk;
fy;tp Jiznra;fpwJ. ghuk;ghpa tho;f;if kjpg;Gfs;> gz;ghl;L kuGhpikfs;> elj;ijf;
Nfhyq;fs;> Mfpatw;iwg; gw;wp ,isa jiyKiwapdUf;F tprhykhd mwpit mspf;fpwJ.
yy rKjha khw;wj;jpy; jiyikg; gz;Gfs;
rKjha khw;wj;ijg; gw;wp kf;fspilNa Neh;kdg;ghd;ikia cUthf;ftjw;Fk;>
[dehaf czh;Tfis tsh;g;jw;Fk;> rKjhaj;ijr; rPuopf;Fk; jPikfs;> ghuk;ghpaq;fs;
kw;Wk; FUl;L gof;ftof;fq;fis mwNt xopg;gjw;Fk;> r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfisAk;>
Njrpa rpw;gpfisAk; cUthf;FtjpYk; fy;tp ngUk; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
6.23 ,e;jpa rKjhak; etPdkakhjy; (Modernisation of Indian Society)

etPdkakhjy; : nghUs;
mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy; El;gj;jpd; cgNahfkhdJ cyfpy; mjpNtf khWjy;fis
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;j khw;wq;fs;> r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu tho;;f;if
,tw;wpy; cs;sd. cyfehLfs; %d;W tifahf gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mit:
1. tsh;r;rpailahj ehLfs;
2. tsh;e;JtUk; ehLfs;
3. tsh;e;j kw;Wk; ty;yuR ehLfs;
76
%h; (Moore) vd;gthpd; $w;Wg;gb> “etPdkhf;Fjy; vd;gJ fyhr;rhur; r%fj;ijj;
njhopy;El;gk; kpFe;j ehfhPfkakhd r%fkhfg; ghpzhk tsh;r;rpailar; nra;tjhFk;”.
ehk; tpUk;Gk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk;> mjidr; rhh;e;j r%f mikg;Gfs;> kjpg;Gfs;>
kf;fspd; Kidg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;l tho;f;if Kiwf;F khWjy; vd;gijNa
etPdkhf;fy; (Modernisation) Fwpf;fpwJ. mwptpay; njhopy; El;gk;> gFj;jwpT Mfpatw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JtNj etPdkakhf;Fjy; MFk;. etPdkakhf;fy; vd;gJ
guk;giuf; fyhr;rhuk;> gz;ghL> Mfpatw;wpw;F Neh; vjpuhdjhFk;.
6.24 etPdkakhjy;: gz;Gfs;

1. etPdkakhf;Fjy; vd;gJ gpd;dile;j rKjhaj;ij Kw;Nghf;Fila rpe;jidfis
Nehf;fp ,l;Lr;nry;Yjy;.
2. xU ehl;bd; jdpj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; tphpTgLj;Jjy;>
3. ehl;Lkf;fspd; Njitfisg;; G+h;j;jp nra;jy;.
4. fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk;> njhopy;El;gj;ijAk; KOikahf gad;gLj;Jjy;.
5. kf;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wj;ij khw;Wjy;
6. kf;fspd; cly; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tho;it Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
etPdkakhf;Fjy; vd;gJ kf;fisg; gpw;Nghf;F vz;zq;fspypUe;J Kw;Nghf;F
vz;zq;fSf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjhFk;. NkYk; cly; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tho;f;ifj;juj;ij
cah;j;JtjhFk;. fy;tpahdJ kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ijAk;> vz;zq;fisAk; cah;j;Jk;
Xh; Clfkhf tpsq;FfpwJ. fy;tpahdJ kf;fsplk; GJikfis kw;Wk; Kw;Nghf;Fg; Gjpa
vz;zq;fis cUthf;Ftjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSk;>
Gjpa vz;zq;fSk; mjpf mstpy; Vw;gl;lJ. je;jp> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp kw;Wk;
fk;gpfsw;wj; jfty; njhlh;G Clfq;fspd; Njhw;wk; Nghd;wit Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd rpy
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. kf;fspd; ghuk;ghpa kjpg;Gfs;> vz;zq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> kw;Wk;
r%f gof;f tof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpypUe;J rw;W tpyfp njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fis Vw;Wf;
nfhz;L GJikg;gLj;JjYf;Fj; jahh; epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. etPdkakhf;Fjyhy;
gjpa gof;fq;fs;> vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahdg; gof;fq;fs; mwptpay;
tsh;r;rpNahL Nrh;e;J tsUk;. ,d;Dk; ,UE}W Mz;LfSf;Fs; cyfr; rKjhak; njhopy;El;g
khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; elj;ijg; gz;Gfs; etPdkakhf jk;ikj;jhNk khw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;F
topnra;fpwJ. etPdkakhf;Fjyhy; ve;jnthU fyhr;rhuKk; khw;wg;gltpy;iy. khwhf mjpy;
mwptpay; rk;ge;jkhd mwpT tsh;r;rp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. etPdkakhf;fyhy; r%f khw;wk; kw;Wk;
Neu Nkyhz;ik gw;wpa fUj;Jfs; etPdr%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
\pg;Nkd; (Shipman) vdgthpd; $w;Wg;gb “efu tho;f;if vd;gJ fbfhuk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
vr;rhpf;iffs;> fhy ml;ltiz kw;Wk; ,lkhw;wg; gpur;ridfs; Mfpatw;wpw;Fl;gl;lr;
rpf;fyhd tho;T” vd;W $Wfpwhh;. etPdkhjy; vd;gJ tsh;r;rpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;. etPdkhjy;
vd;gJ tsUk; ehLfspd; jiyth;fSk;> mwpQh;fSk; filgpbf;Fk; nfhs;iffisf;
Fw;g;gpLtjhFk;.
r%ff; fye;Jiuahly;> r%f xUq;fpizg;gpd; mjpfhpg;G Mfpait etPdkhjypd;
kw;w gz;GfshFk;. fy;tp kf;fspd; jpwd; tsh;rpf;Fk;; kdpj Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; cjtfpwJ.
nghJf; fy;tpAld; nghwpapay;> kUj;jtk;> Ntshz;ik Mfpa njhopw; fy;tpg; ghlq;fSk;
gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfspy; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt fy;tpahdJ r%fkhw;wk;>
njhopy;kakhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsh;r;rpf;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
77
6.25 ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ij etPdkakhjYf;fhd fy;tp (Education for Modernization of Indian
Society)
2020y; ,e;jpah etPdkakhtjw;Ff; fPo;fz;l fy;tpf; fhuzpfis typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
1. vOj;jwptpd;ikia ePf;FtJ> KjpNahh; fy;tpj;jpl;l tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; nghUs; fy;tpia
Cf;Ftpj;jy;
2. mwptpay; njhopy; El;gj;jpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jy;>
3. midtUf;Fk; fy;tp fw;f rktha;g;Gfis mspj;jy;.
4. khzth;fspilNa rhpahd kjpg;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;
5. midtUf;Fk; Muk;gf; fy;tpia (SSA) mkyhf;Fjy;.
6. midtUf;fk; ,ilepiyf;fy;tpia (RMSA) mspj;jy;.
7. vy;NyhUf;Fk; chpikahd (Universalisation) fy;tpahf khw;Wjy;.
NkYk; etPdkakhf;fy;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfisAk; rKjha khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
fy;tpahdJ etPdkakhf;FjYf;F Xh; Cf;fpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. etPdkakhf;fy; %yk;
xU rKjhaj;jpd; gioa fUj;Jf;fs;> nray;Kiwfs; Mfpait mfw;wg;gl;L GJikf;F
topnra;ag;gLfpwJ.
6.25.1 rhjpfsw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Fjy; (Formation of Casteless Society)

rhjp Kiwapdhy; ed;ikfis tpl jPikfNs mjpfk;. Njrpa czh;Tf;Fk;> ehl;bd;
xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk; Kjy; vjp;hp rhjpNaahFk;. Njrpa eyd; rhjp eyDf;F gyp nfhLf;fg;gl;L
ehl;bd; nghJ eyk; rPh; nfl;lJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhopiy chpikahf;FtJ mj;njhopy;
tsh;r;rpf;F Kl;Lf; fl;ilapLtJ NghyhFk;. gpw rhjpapYk; njhopy; jpwd;kpf;fth;
Njhd;wyhk;. mj;jpwik njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;Fg; gad; ngwhky; Nghtjw;F rhjp KiwNa
fhuzkhfpwJ. NkYk; rhjp Kiw kdpjhgpkhd nfhs;iffSf;F KuzhdJ. Jd;gg;gLk;
gpw rhjpapdh; kPJ ,uf;fk; fhl;l kWf;fpwhh;fs;. gpwg;ghy; Ngjk; fw;gpg;gJ kdpj chpikf;
Nfhl;ghLfis kWg;gJ NghyhFk;. jPz;lhik vDk; nfhba Neha; rKjhaj;ijj; jPz;lf;
fhuzkhdJk; rhjp mikg;G KiwNaahFk;. Mw;wYk;> mwpTk; mw;w xUtd;> cah; rhjpapy;
Njhd;wpajd; fhuzkhf cah;epiy> cah; gjtp milaTk;> jpwDk; mwpTk; kpf;f XUtd;
jho;Foj;jpy; gpwe;jjd; fhuzkhf tha;g;G kWf;fg;gLk; mePjpfSk; rKjha tsh;r;rpf;F top
tFf;fhjNjhL r%fg; Gul;rpf;Fk; topNfhYk;. vdNt rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> vd;w r%f
ePjpf; fUj;Jf;fshy; rhjpfsw;w Nkk;gl;l rKjhak; cUthFk;.
78
gFjp – m
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (10x2=20)
1. r%f khw;wk; vd;gij tiuaWf;f.
2. fy;tp r%ftpay; vd;why; vd;d?
3. etPdkhf;fy; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
4. r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs; ahit?
5. r%ftpay; tiuaWf;f.
6. fy;tp r%ftpaypd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
7. etPdkhf;fypy; fy;tpapd; gq;F ahJ?
8. r%f khw;wj;jpd; Mrphpahpd; gq;F ahJ?
9. r%f epiyg;ngah;T rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
10. gz;ghL vd;why; vd;d?
gFjp – M
II. Ie;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (5x5=25)
11. fy;tp r%ftpaypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
12. r%ftpaYf;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;gpid tpthp.
13. ,e;jpa gz;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpthp.
14. r%f epiyg;ngah;tpd; tiffs; ahit? mtw;iw tpsf;Ff
15. rhjpfsw;w rKjhaj;ij cUthf;FtJ vg;gb?
16. r%f epiyg;ngah;tpd; ed;ikfs; ahit? mtw;iw tpthp
17. r%f khw;wj;jpd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
18. r%ftpakhjy; vd;gijg; gw;wp tpthp.
gFjp -,
III. gjpide;J kjpg;ngz; tpdhf;fs; (2x15=30)
19. m. fy;tpia etpdkakhf;fypd; jhf;fj;jpid tpthpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. r%f khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? fy;tp r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpaha; vt;thW nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
20. m. r%f mLf;F vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ? r%f mLf;fiktpd;

tiffis vLj;Jf; fhl;LfSld; tpthp.
(my;yJ)
M. gz;ghL vd;gij tiuaWj;J ,e;jpa gz;ghl;bd; ngUikia
tpsf;Ff.
79
myF 7
fy;tp Kfik
UNIT -7 AGENCIES OF EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
7.1 fy;tp Kfik – nghUs;
7.2 fy;tp Kfik tpsf;fk;
7.3 fy;tpf;fhd r%f Kfikfspd; tiffs;
7.4 FLk;gj;jpy; fy;tpapd; nry;thf;F
7.5 kjk;
7.6 ,dk;
7.7 gs;spfs;
7.8 gs;sp vd;Dk; Kiwrhu; fy;tp Kfik Njhd;wpatpjk;
7.9 gs;sp vd;Dk; fy;tp Kfikapd; gzpfs;
7.10 kf;fs; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; / jfty; gug;G Clfq;fs;
7.11 nra;jp gug;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; gz;Gfs;
7.12 jfty; gug;Gr; rhjdq;fSk;> fy;tpg;gad;fSk;
7.13. njhiyepiyf; fy;tp
7.14 njhiyepiyf; fy;tp - .tiuaiw
7.15 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; Njit
7.16 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; tbtq;fs;
7.17 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
7.18 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapy; mQ;ry;top Kiw
7.19 ,e;jpahtpy; njhiyepiyf; fy;tp
7.20 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; gad;fs;
7.21 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntspg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
7.22 mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;.
khjpup tpdhj;jhs;.
Kd;Diu
fiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fk;NghJ fy;tpahsu;fSk;> fy;tpj;Jiw epGzu;fSk;
Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpdhYk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mt;tg;NghJ mjpy;
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; Kftu;fshf Mrpupau;> FLk;gk;> xg;ghu;FO> rKjhak;> kf;fs;
njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;> tho;ehs; fy;tp> ntF[dfy;tp> gs;sp Kjy;tu;fs;> fy;tpj;Jiw
epu;thfpfs; Nghd;w egu;fSk;> Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (NCERT)>
khepyf;fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (SCERT) gy;fiyf;fof khz;af;FO (UGC)
Njrpa Mrpupau; fy;tpf; fofk; (NCTE) Nghd;w mikg;GfSk;> Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
80
7.1 fy;tp Kfik - nghUs; (Agencies of Education)
r%fk;; ,aq;Fk; jd;ikiag; ngw;wpUg;gjw;Fk;> fhy Xl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gj; jdJ
mikg;G> nray;fs;> cUtk; Mfpatw;wpy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> fy;tp
ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ. fyhr;rhug; ghuk;gupak; njhlu;e;J mLj;jLj;jj; jiyKiwfSf;Fg;
gutpf; nfhz;NlapUf;f> r%fk; rpy mikg;Gfis cUthf;rp> Ngzpg; guhkupj;J tUfpwJ.
NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth fy;tpaspj;jpLk; nghUg;gpidg; ngw;Ws;s ,j;jifa
r%R mikg;Gfs; fy;tp Kfikfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit
FLk;gk;> gs;sp> jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; MfpaitahFk;. rKfj;jpd; kuGfisg; Nghw;wpg;
ghJfhj;J> ,sk; jiy KiwapdUf;F mwpKfk; nra;J rKf> nkhop> rka ek;gpf;if> kuGfs;
gz;ghL Mfpatw;why;; jdpj;jd;ik ,oe;J tplhky;> r%fj;jpd; rf;jpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;>
mij newpg;gLj;jTk; r%R Kfikfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
7.2 fy;tp Kfik tpsf;fk;

Kiw rhu;e;j gs;spf; fy;tpapy; fw;Fk;Kiw> khztu;fspd; Njit> r%f vjpu;ghu;g;G
Mfpa %d;wpd; fyitahff; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; ,k;Kiw rhu;e;j fy;tp;
xU r%fj;jpy;jhd; ,aq;FfpwJ. nghUspay; khw;wq;fisj; jdpkdpjtho;tpy; jUk; xU
fUtpahff; fy;tp mikfpwJ. fy;tpg; ngUf;fj;jpd; thapyhfr; r%f ghw;wj;ij cUthf;f
Ntz;Lkhdhy; fy;yhjtu;fisAk; fw;wtu;fshf;Fk;> gzpia Kiw rhu;e;j fy;tp toq;Fk;
NghJ cldpfo;thf Kiwrhu;e;j fy;tp; fpilf;fhj midtUf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
nghUspay; khw;wq;fspd; fhuzpfshd mwpT> kdg;ghd;ik> jpwd; Mfpatw;wpd; tsu;r;rpNa
r%fkhw;wj;jpw;F cjTk;. fy;tp xU jdpkdpjidj; jd; cupik> jd; flik. r%fj;jpy;
jd; gq;Fg;gzp vd;Dk; %d;iwAk; Fwpj;j njspTk; cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU rKjhaj;jpd;
mwpTj; njspTk;> jpwDk; nghUspay; khw;wj;ij cz;lhf;Fk;. ek; ehl;by; 80 rjtPj kf;fs;
efug;gFjpfspy;> fpuhkq;fspy; tho;fpd;wdu;. Kiwrhu;e;j fy;tp ,g;gFjpfspy; KOikahf
tpuptilatpy;iy. ,J fy;tpf;Fk; Ntiyf;Fkhd nghUj;jkpd;ikia cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
Kiwrhu;e;j fy;tp Ntiy tha;g;gpy;yhj epiyia cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Fyj;njhopiyNah>
jd; jpwd; rhu;e;j NtiyfspNyh ,isQu;fs; Nru;e;J nra;a tha;g;gpy;iy. ,t;tifapy;
fy;tp xU ntw;wplj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. tpisepyq;fs; eypTw;w kf;fl;gpuptpdu;f;Fg;
gpupj;jspf;fg;gl;lhYk; Nghjpa Ntshz; nra;jpud; mtu;fsplk; ,d;ik fhuzkhf mtu;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; kPz;Lk; epykw;wtu;fshf khWk; R+o;epiy cs;sJ. ,r;R+oypy;
mtu;fSf;F jpwDk;> njhopy;El;gKk; tha;e;j Ntshz;ikf;fy;tp mspf;f Ntz;baJk;
mtrpakhfpwJ. midtUk; Kiwrhu;e;j gs;spf;fy;tpiag; gy fhuzq;fshy; ngwKbahj
epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kiwrhu;e;j fy;tpapy; cs;s rpy nfLgpb> nefpo;r;rpaw;w jd;ikahy;
Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapd; Njit gutyhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
7.3 fy;tpf;fhd r%f Kfikfspd; tiffs; (Types of Agencies of Education)

fy;tpf;fhd r%f Kfikfs; fPo;f;fz;lthW tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
yy Kiwrhu;> Kiwrhuh> Kiwaw;w fy;tp Kfikfs; vd;W tifg;gLj;JtJ xU epiy.
m. Kiwrhu; fy;tp Kfikfs; - gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfs;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;> gapw;rp
epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wit ,t; tifiar; rhu;e;jit. ,j;jifait fy;tp mspg;gjw;nfdj;
jdpahd ghlj; jpl;lk;> fw;gpg;gjw;F epakpf;fg;gl;l Mrpupau;fs;> ,aq;Fkplk;> ,aq;Fk;
Neuk;> Nju;T Kdw> Nru;f;if tpjpKiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
81
yy Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Kfikfs;
,t;tif mikg;Gfs; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikAilait. taJ te;Njhu; fy;tp epiyf;Nfw;g
khwf;$ba xd;W. xUtpjj;jpy; jpwe;j epiyf;fy;tpiaAk; Kiwfhuhf; fy;tpahff; fUjyhk;.
yy Kiwaw;w fy;tp mspf;Fk; mikg;Gfs;
,t;tif mikg;Gfs; fy;tpiaj; jpl;lkpl;L mspg;gjpy;iy. FLk;gk;> rKjhak;>
tpdsahl;Lf; FOf;fs;> cau; njhopy; mikg;Gfs; ,isQu; Nguit Nghd;wit ,t;tifapy;;
mlq;Fk;. ciuahly;fs;> tpisahl;Lfs; %yk; jhNd ntspg;gLtjw;F tha;g;Gfs;
Vw;gLj;jpj;jug; gLfpd;wd. fy;tpf;fhd Kjy;epiyf; FOf;fs; my;yJ Mjhu;f; FOf;fs;>
,ilepiyf; FOf;fs; my;yJ ,uz;lhk; epiyr; FOf;fs;> filepiyf; FOf;fs; my;yJ
%d;whk; epiyf; FOf;fs; vd;W %tifg;gLj;JtJ ,uz;lhtJ epiy.
m. Kjy;epiyf; FOf;fs;
,jpy; FLk;gk;> cw;whu; cwtpdu; mlq;fpa tpupthd FLk;gk;> $l;lhspf;FO> Rw;Wg;Gwr;
rKjhak;> mf;fk; gf;fj;jpy; tho;Nthu; Mfpad mlq;Fk;> ,t;tiff; FO cWg;gpdu;fspilNa
Neu;Kfj; njhlu;G fhzg;gLk; nkf;ftu; kw;Wk; Ng[; fUj;Jg;gb. “Njhoikf;fhfNth>
xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjTtjw;fhfNth> xU nghJg; gpur;rpidiag; gw;wp tpthjpg;gjw;fhfNth>
nghJthd xU nraypy; <LgLtjw;fhfNth rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s cWg;gpdu;fSld;
Neubahfj; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; FOf;fs; Mjhuj; FOf;fs; MFk;.”
M. ,ilepiyf; FOf;fs;
,t;tiff; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ,ilNa XusT Neu;Kfj; njhlu;Gk;> xusT
kiwKfj; njhlu;Gk; fhzg;gLk.; fy;tp epiyaq;fs;> rka epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,jw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; $wyhk;. r%f kuGfs;> xNu khjpupahd R+o;epiy> E}y;fs;> rq;fq;fs;
Nghd;wtw;why; kiwKfj; njhlu;GfSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd. milahsk; fhzTk;> fUj;Jfisg;
gupkhw;wk; nra;Jf; nfhs;sTk; kl;LNk gad;gLk;.
,. filepiy my;yJ %d;whk; epiyf; FOf;fs;
,f;FO cWg;gpdu;fspilNa cs;s njhlu;G Kw;wpYk; kiwKfkhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk.;
,f;FOf;fs; jk; cWg;gpdu;fspilNa njhlu;G nfhs;s njhiyf;fhl;rp> Gj;jfq;fs;> thndhyp>
jpiug;glk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. epue;jukhditahff; fUjg;gLk; nkhop>
gz;ghl;L mikg;Gfs;> muR> Njrpa ,dk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,tw;wpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfshff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. Jbg;ghf ,aq;Fit> Jbg;gpd;wp ,aq;Fgit vd;W ,Utifg;gLj;JtJ
%d;whtJ epiy
m. Jbg;ghf ,aq;Fk; Kfikfs;
,t;tif mikg;Gfspy; ,Utopj; njhlu;Gs;s ,il tpidfs; %yk; fy;tpawpT
tsu;fpwJ. v.fh. FLk;gk;> gs;spfs;> rka epiyaq;fs;> Mfpait Jbg;ghf ,aq;Fk;
KfikfSf;fhd rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
M. Jbg;gpd;wp ,aq;Fk; Kfikfs; -
,t;tif mikg;Gfspy; ,iltpidfs; vd;gJ xU topj; njhlu;ghdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;j Kfikfspy; nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> jpiug;glq;fs;>
mUq;fhl;rpafk;> nghJ E}yfq;fs; Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.
7.4 FLk;gj;jpy; fy;tpapd; nry;thf;F

FLk;gNk xU Foe;ijapd; tsu;r;rpg; ghijapd; njhlf;fkhf cs;sJ. Foe;ijapd;
Gwj;Njhw;wk;> rpy kuG topte;j cly; - csg; gz;Gfs;> Ez;zwpT Nghd;wit jha; -
je;ijapduJ kuG topfshy; ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. FLk;gj;jpd; epiw - Fiwfs; Foe;ijfsplKk;
,Uf;R mjpf tha;g;Gs;sJ.
82
yy fy;tpapd; njhlf;Rk;: Fotpg; gUtk;> koiyg; gUtk; Mfpa ,uz;bidAk;
cs;slf;fpa Foe;ijapd; Kjy; MW Mz;Lfs; kdpj tho;tpy; Kf;fpa fhykhFk;
vd;W ng];lyhrp vd;Dk; mwpQu; $wpAs;shu;. FLk;gNk Kjy; gs;spf;$lkhfTk;>
jhNa Kjy; MrpupiaahfTk; tpsq;Ftjhf fy;tpahsu;fs; midtUk; fUJfpd;wdu;
gz;Gfs; Ntu;tpLk; Kd;gps;isg; gUtj;jpy;> Foe;ijf;Ff; fpdlf;Fk; r%fr; R+o;epiy
KOtJk; FLk;gj;jpNyNa miktjhy; mjd; MSikapd; mbj;jsKk; ,q;Fjhd;
cUthfpwJ.
yy fy;tp ngWjiy jPu;khdpf;Fk; fy;tp: Foe;ij ngWk; fy;tpapd; jd;ik> fw;Fk; ,lk;>
Kiwrhu; fy;tp ngWk; Mz;Lfs; Nghd;wtw;iw FLk;gj;jpd; r%fg; nghUshjhu
epiyNa epu;zapf;fpwJ
yy njhopw;jpwd;fspy; gapw;rpaspj;jy;: Rar;rhu;Gld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd
njhopw;jpwd;fis mspg;gjpy;| FLk;gNk Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;FfpwJ. FLk;gj;jpd;
ghuk;gupaj; njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s tpUk;GNthu;> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;Nj
mj;njhopiyf; fw;Wj; Nju;r;rpailfpd;wdu;.
yy r%f elj;ijfis cUthf;fp newpg;gLj;Jjy;: xj;Jzu;T> ciog;G> tpl;Lf;
nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> moFzu;jpwd;> fl;Lg;ghL> fPo;g;gbjy; Nghd;w
gz;Gfs; FLk;gr; R+o;epiyapNyNa kyu;fpd;wd. FLk;gj;jpd; r%f ,iltpidfspy;
gq;F ngWtjd; %yk; Foe;ijfs; gy;NtW ew;gz;GfisAk;> tpUg;gj;jFk; r%f
gz;GfSk; cUthfpwJ.
7.5 kjk;
gy E}w;whz;Lfshf kjq;fisj; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; kjk; xU gq;F
tfpj;jNghjpYk;> kjk; kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ik ngUk;ghYk; xd;whfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
kjq;fs; mupjhfNt epiyahdit> Mdhy; mtu;fs; nray;gLk; R+oy;fspd; khWgl;l
NjitfSld; nghUe;Jfpd;wd kw;Wk; khw;wpaikf;fpd;wd. ,e;j khw;wj;jpd; nray;Kiw
kw;Wk; jj;njLg;G> mit r%fq;fis jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTfpwJ. mNj Nghy;
tho;f;if mikg;GfNs epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wd. gpujpgypg;gijg; nghUj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; nghUspd;
FwpaPl;L Kiwfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; kjq;fs; ,ijr; nra;fpd;wd. ed;F mwpag;gl;l
fy;tpf;F kj fy;tpawp;T Kf;fpakhdJ. ,J cyfk; KOtjpYKs;s ntt;NtW kjq;fisg;
gw;wp ,d;Dk; mjpf mwpitf; fw;gpg;gjd; %yk; khztu;fspd; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;Jk;>
khztu;fs; Fbkf;fshfr; nray;gl;L> r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. tuyhW>
murpay;> r%fk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; kPjhd kjj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij mtu;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; mbg;gil kj cz;ikfis njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
xt;nthU ek;gpf;ifAlDk; mtu;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s NtWghl;il czu KbAk;. khztu;fs;
jq;fs; tho;ehspy; gy;NtW tifahd kf;fis re;jpg;ghu;fs;> mij vg;gb rkhspg;gJ
kw;Wk; mij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ mtrpak;.
7.6 ,dk; (Community)

,d;iwa nghUshjhuuPjpahfTk;> fyhr;rhu uPjpahfTk; khWgl;l rKjhaj;jpy;
fy;tpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; rKjha jiytu;fs; ekJ khztu;fspd; fy;tp fw;wypy; cjTtjpy;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; gq;F gw;wp njspTgLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. jpwikahd gs;sp kw;Wk; r%fg; gq;fspg;G
jj;Jtq;fis cUthf;FtJ tof;fkhf gs;spfspd; nghWg;Gf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;fpwJ.
xt;nthU rKjhaKk; r%fj;jpd; gs;spfSila Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis
ghjpf;Fk; gs;spfspypUe;J Mjuitj; jpirjpUg;Gfpd;wd gs;spapd; jiyik my;yJ
83
r%f tsq;fs; khWk;NghJ nry;thf;fpd; Row;rpia khw;w KbAk.; gs;sp kw;Wk; rKjha
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; xU Kf;fpa fhuzp> ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; r%f fUj;Jfs;
kw;Wk; KbntLf;Fk; nray;Kiwapy; <Lgl;bUg;gijg; gw;wpa jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk;
mstPL %yk; fz;fhzpf;f KbAk;. xU Gwk;. gs;spfSf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
$l;lhz;ik tsu;r;rpia Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ> Mdhy; kWGwj;jpy;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;> Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gpw R+o;epiy rhu;e;j jhf;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; NtWghLfs;
fhuzkhf> $l;lzpia cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nray; rthyhf cs;sJ> elj;ijfisAk;
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. md;G> MjuT> ,dpa nrhy;> nkd;ikahd fz;bg;G> ghuhl;L Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngw;Nwhu; jk; Foe;ijfisr; r%f newpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
7.6.1 FbAupikg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;:
FbAupikg; gapw;rpf;fhd Kjw;fskhf miktJ FLk;gNk “Foe;ijfs; jhapd;
Kj;jj;jpw;Fk;> je;ijapd; mutizg;Gf;Fk; ,ilNajhd; FbAupikg; gapw;rpapd; Kjy;
ghlj;jpidf; fw;fpd;wdu;” vd;W kp];]pdp $Wfpwhu;.
7.6.2 rka czu;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;
,e;jpar; R+oypy; kjr; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk; jpUtpohf;fs; thapyhf rKf cWg;gpdu;fs;
xd;W $Lk; ,lkhff; FLk;gNk mikfpwJ. ,iw ek;gpf;ifiaAk;> rka czu;T kw;Wk;
gof;ftof;fq;fisAk; FLk;g topghl;L Kiwfspy; gq;F ngWtjd; %yNk Foe;ij
jd;trg; gLj;jpf;nfhs;fpwJ> Foe;ijfisr; r%f newpg;gLj;JtjpYk;> Rar;rhu;Gld;
jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopw;jpwd;fisf; fw;gpg;gjpYk;> FbAupikg; gapw;rpaspj;jypYk;>
xOf;f newpfisg; gpd;gw;wr; nra;tjpYk;> rka czu;tpid Cl;LtjpYk;> gz;ghl;Lg;
gof;ftof;fq;fisf; fw;Wf; nfhLj;J fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupaj;ijf; fl;bf; fhg;gjpYk; FLk;gNk
Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;Ftjhy;> mJNt Kjd;ikahd fy;tp Kfik vd;W $wyhk.;
7.7 gs;spfs; (Schools)

,d;iwa rKjhaq;fspd; mbg;gil tsu;r;rp NjitfSs; xd;whfg; gs;spf; fy;tp
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. gioikiag; Nghw;wp ghJfhj;jYld; r%fj;jpd; ,d;iwa Njitfs;>
Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> elj;ij Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw Nkk;gLj;jpj; jUtjpYk;
gs;spfSf;Fg; nghWg;G cz;L. r%fj;jpd; epiyj;j jd;ikf;Fk; mjd; njhlu;e;j
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; gs;spfs; NeubahfTk;> gy Neuq;fspy; kiwKfkhfTk; cjTfpd;wd.
7.8 gs;sp vd;Dk; Kiwrhu; fy;tp Kfik Njhd;wpatpjk;

r%fj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; Njhd;wpa mikg;G FLk;gNk. Vida r%f epWtdq;fSk;
,jpypUe;J cUthfp tsu;r;rp mile;jd. njhlf;fj;jpy; FLk;gNk Foe;ijia
r%fnewpg;gLj;jTk;> Rar;rhu;Gld; jpfo;tjw;Fj; Njitahd njhopw;jpwd;fisAk;>
FbAupikg;gapw;rpiaAk; mspj;jpLk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wr; nray;gl;L te;jJ. r%fk;
tpuptile;J> ehfupf Nkk;ghL Vw;gl;l NghJ mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wq;fspd;
fhuzkhf kdpjdpd; mwpTk; mDgtq;fSk; gy;fpg; ngUfpd. mt;twpitAk; gz;ghl;L
ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdUf;Fg; Gfl;l FLk;gk; Nghd;W Kiwrhuh mikg;Gfshy;
Kba tpy;iy. tpQ;Qhd fz;Lgpbg;GfshYk;> njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jhYk;> rKjhaj;jpy;
ehs;NjhWk; njhopy;fs; ngUfpf; nfhz;Nl te;jd. ,j; njhopy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd gy;NtW
mwpitAk;> jpwd;fisAk; ngw;Nwhu;fshy; jq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;F mspj;jpl Kbatpy;iy.
,e;epiyapy;jhd; “gs;sp” vd;w Kiwahd r%f mikg;G> rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW Njitfis
epiwT nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd fy;tpia mspj;jpl cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jpwe;jntspg;gs;sp>
84
gs;spf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisf; fy;tpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> khzth;fs; jhNk
fw;Fk; Kiwfs;> fw;gpg;gjw;Ff; fy;tp El;gtpaypd; gy;NtW $Wfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> tpdh
tq;fp> fy;tp xg;gilg;Gfs;> jd;dhl;rp ngw;w gs;spfs;> gs;sp tpLjpapy; jq;fpg; gbj;jy;>
gbf;Fk; fhyj;jpNyNa cioj;J tUkhdk; Njbf; nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW khw;wq;fSld;
,d;iwa gs;spfs; nray;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW gs;spfs; r%fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpNahL ,ize;J
cUthfp tsu;r;rp ngw;wd.
7.9 gs;sp vd;Dk; fy;tp Kfikapd; gzpfs;

gs;sp vd;Dk; Kiwrhu; fy;tp Kfikapd; gzpfshtd:
7.9.1 r%fg; gz;ghl;bd; nghJf;$Wfis khztu;fSf;Fmspj;jy;
rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;ilg; ghJfhj;J> mLj;jLj;j jiyKiwapdUf;F nrd;wilar;
nra;tNj fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa gzp MFk;. rKjhaj;jpy; khztu;fs; ntw;wpfukhd tho;e;jplj;
Njitg;gLk;> gz;ghl;bd; Fiwe;jgl;r nghJr; $Wfis midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpf;f
gs;spfs; toptFf;f Ntz;Lk;
7.9.2 r%f khw;wq;fs; %yk; gz;ghl;bid tsikg;gLj;Jjy;
rKjhag; gz;ghl;bidg; ghJfhj;J> tsUk; jiyKiwapdUf;F mspj;jy;kl;Lk;
gs;spfspd; flikahfhJ> Gjpa mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> njhopy; El;g Nkk;ghL Nghd;wit
%yk; r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpl khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mwpTj; jpwd;fs;>
kdg;ghd;ikfs;> kjpg;Gfs; gof;ftof;fq;fs; Mfpatw;iw cUthf;Fjy; gs;spfspd;
flikahFk;.
7.9.3. khztu;fspd; KOikahd MSikia tsu;j;jy;
gy;NtW gs;spg;ghlr; nray;fs; kw;Wk; ghl ,iz nray;fs; %yk; khztu;fspd;
cly; tsu;r;rp> mwpjpwd; tsu;r;rp> r%ftpay;G tsu;r;rp> xOf;f tsu;r;rp> Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;jp mtu;fsplk; KO MSik tsu;r;rp Vw;gl gs;spfs; ed;F jpl;lkpl;L nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
7.9.4. r%fj;jpwid tsu;j;jply;
khztu;fs; [dehaf czu;Tld; gy;NtW nghWg;Gfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd
gapw;rpfis mspj;jy;> ey;yit> nfl;lit vd;gijg; gpupj;jwpAk; Mw;wiyAk;> r%f
newpfisf; fw;gNjhL mtw;iw jkJ tho;tpy; gpd;gw;wpLk; ,ay;gpidAk; tsu;j;jy; Mfpait
gs;spfspd; jiyaha gzpfshFk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; khztu;fspd; tsu;r;rp Nkk;gLfpwJ.
7.9.5. gs;spf;Fg; gpe;ija tho;tpy; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidg; ngwr; nra;jy;
[hd;âp $WtJ Nghd;W “tho;f;ifj; jpwd;fisAk;> njhopy;fSf;Fj; Njitahd
mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisAk; Kiwahff; fw;Wf; nfhz;L ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;iff;F mbj;jsk;
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt ehk; ekJ gps;isfis gs;spfSf;F
mDg;GfpNwhk;” gs;sp tho;f;iff;Fg;gpd;> khztu;fs; gs;spf;F ntspNa cs;s Njhou;fNshL
nghUj;jg;ghL nfhz;L jpfo;tu; vd;W vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. gs;sp vd;w mikg;G Kiwapd;
ntw;wpAk;> Njhy;tpAk;> mt;tikg;gpy; ,Ue;J ntsptUk; khztu;fspd; juj;ijg; nghWj;Nj
KbT nra;ag;gLk;.
7.9.6. tho;tpd; cau; kjpg;GfisAk>; mwnewpfisAk; khztu;fsplk; tsu;j;jy;
tho;tpd; cau;kjpg;GfisAk;> mwnewpfisAk; Foe;ijfsplk; Vw;gLj;Jk; nghWg;gpid
Kd;dhl;fspy; FLk;gKk;> rka epWtdq;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jd. gs;spfs; khztu;fsplk;
85
r%f> nghUshjhu> [dehaf kjpg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gNjhL> xOf;f kjpg;GfisAk; <u;j;J>
mtu;fs; gphpj;jwpAk; Mw;wy; ngw;W tpsq;fpl cjt Ntz;Lk;. “cz;ikahd rkaj;jpd;
ciwtplk; kf;fspd; ,jaq;fNs md;wp kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kjg;gpupTfs; my;y>
kdpjdpd; Md;kpfj; jd;ikapNyAk>; kdpj jd;ikapNyAk; khwhj ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ
rkak;” vd;whu; lhf;lu; v]; ,uhjhfpU\;zd; ,e;epiyia khztu;fSf;F czu;j;jNtz;Lk;.
gs;spfspd; Kf;fpa fy;tpg; gzpfshff; Foe;ijfis> r%ftpay;GilNahuhf;Fjy;>
KOikahd MSik tsu;r;rp mile;NjhuhfFjy;> gpw;fhy tho;f;iff;F Maj;jg;gLj;Jjy;>
epfo;fhy gpur;rpidfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jpwik cilNahu; Mf;Fjy;> fw;wwptjw;Fj;
Njitahd mbg;gilj; jpwd;fspYk;> tho;tpay; jpwd;fspYk; gapw;rpngwr; nra;jy;> tho;tpd;
cau; kjpg;GfisAk; mwnewpfisAk;; ngw;wplr; nra;jy;> Fbikg;gapw;rp ngw;wplr; nra;jy;
Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
7.10 kf;fs; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs; (m) jfty; gug;G Clfq;fs; (Mass Media)
nghJj;jfty;gug;gpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kf;fs; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thu> khj> gUt ,jo;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> jpiug;glq;fs;> gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l xyp> xsp ehlhf;fs;> ,izak; MfpaitahFk;. kf;fs; njhlu;Gr; rhjdq;fs;
nghOJNghf;F mk;rq;fshf kl;Lk; ,y;yhky;> fy;tpg; gad; jUgitahfTk; mike;J
tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk;> Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp toq;Fk; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; ngUkstpy;
gad;gLfpd;wd>
7.11 nra;jp gug;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; gz;Gfs;

yy nra;jp gug;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; Mw;wYk; rf;jpAk; mstplw;fupaJ.
yy nra;jpfisj; jahupg;gjpy; cs;s tpiuT ,yf;Fj;jd;ik
yy xyp> xsp epfo;r;rpfs; jk;Kila gilg;Gfs; %yk;. xUtifahd ghjpg;ig> Nfl;Nghu;>
ghu;g;Nghhplk; mwpT epiyapYk;> czu;r;rp epiyapYk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd
yy nra;jpfs; ngUkstpy; Kfk; njupahj kf;fSf;F gutyhfg; Ngha;r; NrUfpd;wd.
yy nra;jpgug;Gr; rhjdq;fs; jpwe;j jd;ik cilait
yy nra;jp toq;Ftjw;Fk;> tw;GWj;Jtjw;Fk;> fy;tpa++l;Ltjw;Fk;> nghOJNghf;F
epfo;r;rpfs; toq;Ftjw;Fk;> nghJj;jfty; gug;Gr; rhjfkhf gad;gLfpd;wd>
7.12 jfty; gug;Gr; rhjdq;fSk;> fy;tpg;gad;fSk;

jfty; gug;Gr; rhjdq;fs; kf;fSf;F my;yJ fw;gth;fSf;Fk; nghJf; fy;tpia
mspf;fpd;wd. md;whlk; mJ nra;a Ntz;ba jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
7.12.1. ehspjo;fs;
md;whl nra;jpfis ehk; njupe;J nfhs;tjw;F ehspjo;fs; gad;gLfpwJ.
nra;jpj;jhs;fis mr;rpl;L ntspapLtjpy; ,e;jpah cyfpNyNa ,uz;lhtJ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ.
jpdkyu;> jpdkzp> jpdj;je;jp> ,e;J> ,e;jpad; vf;];gpu]; Nghd;w ehspjo;fSk;> jha;top>
kq;ifau; kyu;> tpQ;Qhdr; Rlu;> fiykfs;> fhiyf; fjpu;> mKjRugp> GJifj; njd;wy;>
fz;zpak;> Xk;rf;jp Nghd;w thu> khj ,jo;fSk; kf;fs; jfty; njhlu;gpy; ngUk;gq;F
tfpf;fpd;wd. jpdkzp> jpdkyu;> ,e;J Nghd;w ehspjo;fspy; thue; NjhWk; Ntshz;ikr;
nra;jpfs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. tdpfr; nra;jpfs;> njhopy;El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; MfpadTk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. Nfhop tsu;g;G> ML tsu;g;G> fhy;eil guhkupg;G: Gwh tsu;j;jy;> Kay;
tsu;j;jy; Nghd;w nra;jpfSk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
86
7.12.2. thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp
thndhypAk;> njhiyf;fhl;rpAk; kpfTk; tsu;e;j nghJj; jfty; gug;Gr; rhjdq;fshFk;>
Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapy; ek; Kaw;rpfl;F cWJizahf ,Ug;gitAk; ,itNa> rpwe;j
Mrpupau;fspd; NritAk;> rpwe;j fw;gpj;jypd; gaidAk;> VuhskhNdhu;f;F vLj;Jr; nrd;W>
fy;tp trjpfs; midtUf;Fk; fpl;LkhW nra;tjpYk; mtw;wpd; gq;F kpf caupajhFk;.
njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; %yk; cyf elg;Gfs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rpfis tFg;giwf;Nf nfhz;Lte;J>
Mrpupau;fspd; NjitfisAk; gs;spapd; fiyj; jpl;lj;ijAk; tsikg; gLj;JfpwJ.
njhiyf;fhl;rp KjpNahu; fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;g;Gg; gapw;rp mspg;gjpy; Kf;fpa ,lk;
tfpf;fpwJ.
thndhyp kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp Nfl;Nghiu ehd;F tifahf gpupf;fyhk;:
yy kNdhghtj;ij kl;Lk; ,urpg;gtu;fs;>
yy ntWk; Xa;tpw;fhR kl;LNk nrtpkLj;J> nra;jp ngWtJ re;ju;g;g trj;jhy; kl;LNk
vd;w tifapdu;.
yy nra;jpf;fhff; Nfl;Nghu;.
yy fy;tp ngWk; Nehf;fj;NjhL cw;Wf; Nfl;Nghu;> ,ilawhJ Nfl;L> Nfl;ltw;iw gFj;J
rpe;jpj;J nray;gLtJ fy;tpawpT ngwj; Njitahd Nghf;FfshFk;. ,j;jifa
jpwdha;T mikg;ghd nrtpkLj;jy;> Foe;ijfl;Fg; gapw;rp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
njhiyf;fhl;rpahdJ xypiaAk;> xspiaAk; xUNru toq;Ftjhy;> thndhypiaf;
fhl;bYk; xUgb NkyhdJ njhiyf;fhl;rpapy; gyjug;gl;l kf;fspd; Njitfis epiwT
nra;Ak; tirapy; “kidkhl;rp”> “mwptpay; Mapuk;”> “jpdk; xU Fws;”> “tho;f;iff;
fy;tp”> “`Nyh cq;fSld;” “tpdhb-tpdh”> “tof;fhL kd;wk;”> “E}y; eak;”> “ftpij
muq;fk;”> “kdeyk;” Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; gy;NtW jug;gpdUf;Fk; ntt;NtW tifapy; fy;tp
mspf;fpd;wdu;>
7.12.3. jpiug;glq;fs;
,isQu;fisj; jpiug;glq;fs; vspjpy; <u;f;fpd;wd. rpy glq;fs; fy;tpj; Njitf;fhfj;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpy glq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; r%fr; rpe;jidfisj; J}z;Lfpd;wd>
tsu;e;JtUk; ehfupfj;jpy; jpiug;glq;fs; Kf;fpa fw;gpf;Fk; fUtpahf cs;sd. r%f
Nehf;Fs;s glq;fs; fy;tpr; rpe;jidia tsu;fpwJ.
7.12.4. ,izajsk;
,d;iwa jfty; njhopy;El;g cyfj;jpy;> “,z;lu; nel;’ vdg;gLk; tiyg;gpd;dypy;
,iza jsq;fs; gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; jfty;fis Rke;j tz;zk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;iwg; ghu;itapLtjd; %yk; xUtu; ve;jj; jiyg;Gg; gw;wpAk; nehbg; nghOjpy; midj;Jj;
jfty;fisAk; Nrfupj;J> myrp> Muha KbAk;. ,d;W gs;spf;Fr; nry;thkNyNa ,iza
jsq;fspd; topNa xUtu; KOikahd fy;tp ngw;wpl tha;g;Gs;sJ.
7.13.njhiyepiyf; fy;tp (Distance Education)

,y;yj;jpNyh my;yJ njhiyJ}u trpg;gplj;jpNyh my;yJ gzpaplj;jpNyh ,Ue;jthW
fhy Neu ,il ntspapy; eilngWk; fw;wy; epiyNa njhiyepiyf; fy;tp vd;fpd;wdu;.
7.14 .tiuaiw
fw;gpj;jy; nraYFk;> fw;wy; nraYf;Fk; ,ilNa fhyj;jhNyh md;wp
J}uj;jhNyh ,ilntsp Vw;gLk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gLk; fw;gpj;jy; - fw;wy; nray;KiwNa
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp vdg;gLk;. Nguhrpupau; n`k;ngu;f;> gy;NtW epiyfspy; toq;Fk; gbg;G
tifnad;Wk;> Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fNshL Neubahf ,Ue;J njhlu;e;J Nkw;ghu;it nra;ahj
87
xd;W vd;fpwhu;. njhiyepiyf;fy;tpapd; khjpupapid Nltpl; rPthh;l; vd;gtu; fPo;f;fhZkhW
tpsf;Ffpwhu;.
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp vd;gJ Mrpupauplk; nry;yhkNy fw;Wf; nfhs;stJ. fy;tpapy;
rktha;g;gpid mspf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Kiwrhu;e;j fy;tpf;F xU khw;Wj; jpl;lNk njhiyepiyf;
fy;tpahFk;> ntFnjhiytpy; cs;s vtUk; gadilAk; tifapy; Ry;tp mspf;fg;gLtjhy;
,J njhiy epiyf; fy;tp vdg;gl;lJ. njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rpNa jpwe;jntspg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; MFk;.
nraw;iff;Nfhs;
thndhyp xypgug;G njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ghlk;
xspg;Ngiofs; tPbNah ghlk;
fy;tp epWtdk; mQ;ry;topg; ghlq;fs; khzth; fw;wy;
khepy E}yf ikak; fzpg;nghwp
fw;wy; ikak; Mrphpah;fs; / topfhl;bfs;
Neubg;gapw;rp tFg;Gfs;
7.15 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; Njit

njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; Njit ,e;jpahtpy; fle;jhz;Lfspy; kpfTk; mjpfkhfpAs;sJ
vd;gJ jw;NghJ njhiyepiyf; ft;tp epWtdq;fspy; Nru;e;J gapYk; khztu;fspd;;
vz;zpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J Gyg;gLk;>
yy ngUfptUk;; Njitiar; rkhspf;f
yy gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; neupriyj; jtpu;f;f
yy gy;NtW Jiwfspy; fy;tp toq;f
yy gs;spf;F ntspNa cs;NshUf;Fg; ghlq;fis toq;f
7.16 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; tbtq;fs;
gy;NtW ehLfspy; cUthfpAs;s> ,k;Kiwapy; tbtq;fs; tUkhW
yy thndhyp kw;Wk; mQ;ry;topg;ghlq;fNshL> rpy Neu;Kf tFg;GfSld; $ba; gapw;rp
gl;lg; gbg;Gfs;
yy thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> mQ;ry;topg; ghlq;fs; %ykhff;> $Ljy; ghlq;fis
toq;Fjy.;
yy gs;sp> fy;Y}up mikg;Gfl;F ntspNa ,Ug;NghUf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; tof;fkhd
ghlq;fs;.
88
yy KjpNahu; fy;tpf;Fj; njhlu; Kaw;rpfshf> Ntshz;ik xypgug;G epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp>
njhiyf;fhl;rp fw;wy; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f> ehLfspy;
fhzg;gLgit Nghd;w “thndhypg;gs;spfs;”.
7.17 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
njhiyepiyf; fy;tpahdJ> tof;fkhd gy;fiyf;fof eilKiwfspypUe;J khWgl;L
gy;NtW GJikfisf; nfhz;L jpfo;fpwJ. mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit tUkhW:
yy ehNk ehbr;nrd;W fw;gJ Kiwrhu; fy;tp vd;why;> fy;tpNa ek;ikj; Njbte;J
fw;gpg;gJ njhiyepiyf; fy;tp
yy khztu;fs; Mrpupaupd; Neubg; ghu;itapy; tFg;giwfspy; mku;e;J gapy;tjw;Fg;
gjpy;> jk; ,Ug;gplj;jpypUe;jthNw jkf;F trjpahd Neuj;jpy;> jkf;Fupa Ntfj;jpy;
fw;f KbAk;.
yy khztu; fw;wypy; gy;NtW ehlfq;fs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd> (c-k;) thndhyp kw;Wk;
njhiyf;fhl;rp> fy;tp xspgug;Gfs;
yy jdpegu; fw;wy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy njhiyepiyf; fy;tp epWtdq;fshy; jdpahf> jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs; khztu;fSf;F
mspf;fg;gLtJld;> njhlu; topfhl;Ljy; ngwTk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
yy xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fk; ty;Yeu;fs; mlq;fpa ghlr; FO jahupj;j fw;wy;nghUl;fis
gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; trpf;Fk; khztu;fSk;> Mrpupau;fSk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
yy nra;Kiwg; gapw;rpfs; Nghd;w rpy fy;tpr; nray;fSf;F kl;LNk khztu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fspd; Neubg; ghu;itapy; ,aq;f fy;tpf; $lq;fSf;F tUfpd;wdu;.
yy khztu;fs; jhk; tpUk;Gk; ghlq;fis> ve;jnthU fhyfl;lj;jpYk; Nru;f;iff;fhd
taJ epge;jid VJkpd;wp fw;f KbAk;. vdNt Rw;wy; tha;g;G mjpfupf;fpwJ kw;Wk;
gutyhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy njhiyepiyf; fy;tp %yk; ngUthupahd khztu;fs; fw;f KbAk;> fy;tp
Idehafg;gLj;jg;gl;L> midtiuAk; nrd;wila topNaw;gLfpwJ. fy;tp khztu;fspd;
tPl;bw;Nf nfhz;L Nru;f;fg;gLfpwJ>
yy gapYk; ghlq;fspy; Vw;gLk; Iaq;fis ePf;f Mrpupaiur; re;jpj;J ciuahLjy;>
tpsf;fTiufisg; ngWjy;> gjpTnra;ag;gl;l xyp kw;Wk; xspehlhf;fisg; ngWjy;>
Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jfq;fisg; ghu;itapLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Ff; Rw;wy; ikaq;fs; %yk; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
yy khztu;fs; Ra tpUg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fw;gjhy; mtu;fSila fy;tpj;juk;
jho;tjpy;iy> njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapy; gapy;tjw;fhd MFk; nryTk;FiwT> Ngha;
tUk; miyr;rYk; ,y;iy>
7.18 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapy; mQ;ry;top Kiw

mQ;ry; topf; fy;tp vd;gJ njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapy; ghlk; ngWk; xU gFjpahFk;. fy;tp
epWtdj;jhy; jdpahf gapYk; khztu;fSf;F cjTk; tifapy; jahupf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs;
mr;rbf;fg;gl;L njhiyJ}uj;jpy; cs;NshUf;F mQ;ry; topNa mDg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjpy;
khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fupa ghlf;fUj;Jfs;> xg;gilg;Gfisj; jahupg;gjw;fhd tpdhf;fs;
Mfpait ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mQ;ry; topNa ngw;w ghlg;gFjpfis khztu;fs; fw;Wj;
njspe;J> Fwpg;gplg;gl;l xg;gilg;Gfisj; (Assignments) jahupj;J> jhk; Nru;e;J gapYk;
fy;tp epWtdj;Jf;Ff; Fwpj;j fhyj;jpy; mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. khztu;fspd; xg;gilg;Gfs;
89
kjpg;gplg;gl;lgpd;> gpd;D}l;lk; mspg;gjw;fhf mit khztu;fsplk; jpUg;gpaspf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
,jidf; fPo;f;fhZk; tiuglk; tpsf;FfpwJ.
ghlg;gFjpfisf; nfhz;l
xg;gilg;Gfis mDg;Gjy;
fy;tp epWtdk; khzth; fw;wy; khzth;

xg;gilg;Gfisr;
rkh;g;gpj;jy;
kjpg;gplg;gl;l
xg;gilg;Gfisj;
jpUg;gpaspj;jy;
7.19 ,e;jpahtpy; njhiyepiyf; fy;tp

,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; nly;yp gy;fiyf;fofk; 1962y; mQ;ry; topj;Jiw njhlu;fy;tpia
rpy Nghd;w gbg;GfSf;F mwpKfk; nra;jJ. 1982 Mf];L; khjk; i`juhghj;jpy; jpwe;j epiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1983 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntspg;gy;fiof;fofk;> gy;NtW GJikahd
ghlg;gpupTfisj; njhlq;fp fy;tpiaf; fw;Nghhpd; ,y;yj;jpw;Nf nfhz;L nry;Yk; rPupa
gzpiar; nra;J tUfpwJ. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,d;W
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp thapyhfg;; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhNdhu; cau;fy;tp ngw;W tUfpd;wdu;.
jkpo;ehl;bd; Kjd;ikg; gy;fiyf;fofkhd mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; ,uz;lhz;L Mrpupag;
gl;lg;gbg;ig (B.Ed.,) Njrpa Mrpupau; fy;tpf;fhd mikg;gpd; (NCTE) topfhl;Ljypd;gb
rpwg;ghf elj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
7.20 njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapd; gad;fs;

yy fy;tpiaf; Fiwe;j nrytpy; ngwj; JizGupfpwJ.
yy fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; neupriyf; Fiwf;f cjTfpwJ.
yy gzpapy; cs;NshUk; jkJ fy;tpj; jFjpia Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk;
cau;gjtpfisg; ngw KbfpwJ.
yy khztu;fs; Ra tpUg;gj;jpd;Ngupy; fy;tp fw;gjhy;> mtu;fSila fy;tpj;juk; khwhky;
,Ug;gNjhL> fhyk;> kdpj ciog;G> Rw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW
nghUl;fs;> fl;likg;Gfs; Nghd;wit jtpu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd.
yy njhiyepiyf; fy;tpapy; Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpw;F nrd;W tUtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLtjhy;>
rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J neupry; Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy njhiyepiy fy;tpf;F Vw;gLk; nryT Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp epiyaq;fspy;
gapy;tjw;fhFk; nryNthL xg;gpLk;NghJ> kpfTk; FiwthfNt cs;sJ.
yy nghUs; <l;bf; nfhz;Nl gapy cjTfpwJ.
yy kdpj ciog;G> fy;tp fw;gjhy; tPzbf;fg;gLtjpy;iy>
7.21 ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntspg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Indira Gandhi Open University System)
cyfpd; Kjy; jpwe;j epiyg;gy;fiyf; fofk; ,yz;ldpy; 1969 y; vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mJ gzpapypUg;Nghh;; cau; gjtpfis miltjw;F ngupJk; cjtpahf fUjg;gl;lJ.
90
,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; i`juhghj;jpy; 1982 Mf];l; khjk; 20Mk; ehs; Kjy;
jpwe;jntspg; gy;fiyf;fofk; - njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jntspg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; (Indira Gandhi National Open University - IGNOU] 1985; Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu;
khjk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. njhiyepiyf;fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpahd jpwe;j epiyf;fy;tp vd;gJ cah;
fy;tp gy;fpg; ngUfplTk;> ehL KOtJk; thOk; kf;fs; jukhd cah;fy;tp ngw;wplTk;
,g;gy;fiyf;fofk; ghLgLfpwJ. Rkhu; 854 ghlg;gpupTfisf; nfhz;l 72 nray;jpl;lq;fs;
eilKiwapy; cs;sd. khztu; eyid ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s 46 kz;ly ikaq;fSk;>
270 fy;tp ikaq;fSk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l ngz;fs;> CdKw;Nwhu; MfpNahu;
eyd; fUjp rpwg;G eyj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,g;gy;fiyf;; fofj;jpd; epfo;r;rpfs;
1991Mk; Mz;L Kjy; “J}u;jh;rd;” njhiyf; fhl;rpapy; xspgug;ghfpwJ.
Fiwe;j nrytpy;> taJ NtWghbd;wp r%fj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpupT kf;fSk;> jj;jk;
Njitf;F Vw;g> gzpapypUe;JgbNa cau;fy;tpiag; ngw jpwe;jntspg; gy;fiyf; fofk;
xUtug;gpurhjkhf mike;Js;sJ.
7.22 mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;

mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; tptuf;Fwpg;G
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; jkpo;ehL murpd; khepy rl;lkd;w rl;lj;jpd;fPo; 1985,y;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gy;fiyf;fofk; cau; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhf
jkpo;ehl;by; rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tzpf efukhfpa fhiuf;Fbapy; 420-Vf;fu;
gug;gstpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,g;gy;fiyf;fof tshfk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J Rkhu; xd;wiu
kzp Neuj;jpYk; kJiuapypUe;J Rkhu; ,uz;L kzp Neuj;jpYk; jiutopg; gazj;jpd; %yk;
mZff;$bajhFk;.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;> ts;sy; kw;Wk; gd;Kf MSikahsu;> gj;kG+rd; lhf;lu;
Mu;.vk;.mofg;g nrl;bahu; mtu;fshy; njhlf;fj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fshfpa
kz;lyj;jpypUe;J mtuhy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;L jkpo;ehl;by; cjpj;j kw;nwhU
fy;tprhu; el;rj;jpukhFk;. mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; fhkd;nty;j; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpag;gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; rq;fj;jpy; cWg;G tfpf;fpwJ. NkYk; khztu;fSf;F
rpwe;j tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Njrpa kw;Wk; gd;dhl;L fy;tp/Muha;r;rp/njhopyf
epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; ey;y cwitg; Ngzp tUfpwJ.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FO rl;lk; gpupT 2(F) kw;Wk;
12(B) mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Ws;sJ. Njrpaj;ju epu;zaf;FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;W kjpg;gPl;by; 3.64
Gs;spfSld; A+ jFjp ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; jkpo;ehl;bNyNa A+ jFjpiag; ngw;w Kjy;
khepyg;gy;fiyf;fofkhfTk; mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; jpfo;fpwJ. Njrpaj;ju epu;zaf;FO
kjpg;gPl;Lj; jug;Gs;sp mbg;gilapy; kj;jpa kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; gy;fiyf;fof
khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; ju gy;fiyf;fofj; jFjpiaAk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpiaAk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;> GJnly;yp kj;jpa kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfj;jpd; epWtdq;fs;
jutupirf; fl;likg;G (NIRF) 2018,y; 27-tJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gy;NtW tpUJfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ. mtw;Ws;
jukhd cau;fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp toq;Fk; eltbf;iffSf;fhd ISO 9001:2015 jur;rhd;W
tpUJ> Jha;ik kw;Wk; gRik tshf tpUJ> GJnly;yp> Jha;ik kw;Wk; fy;tp Muha;r;rp
Njrpa epWtdk; (NICER) toq;fpa cyfr; Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; tho;thjhu (World Environment
and Livelihood - (WEAL) tpUJ 2017 Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fdthFk;. Njrpa mstpy; cau;fy;tp
epWtdq;fSf;F GJnly;yp kj;jpa kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;l
Jha;ikj; ju tpUjpy; mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jha;ik ,e;jpah kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd
,e;jpah ikak; %d;whkplj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
91
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; jkpo;ehl;bd; ,uz;L tUtha; khtl;lq;fis mjpfhu
tuk;ghff; nfhz;lJ. ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd khztu;fspd; fy;tpj;Njitia epiwNtw;Wk;
tifapy; 39 KJepiyj;Jiwfs; Muha;r;rp ikaq;fs;> 3 cWg;Gf; fy;Yhupfs; kw;Wk; 42
,izg;Gf; fy;Yhupfspy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; ghl tFg;Gfis toq;fp tUfpwJ.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,e;jpahtpYs;s KJepiy kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpg;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fSs; Gfo;tha;e;j xd;whFk;. ,q;F jpwik kw;Wk; jFjp tha;e;j
Nguhrpupau;fSk; Rkhu; 5000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l khztu;fSk; cs;sdu;. ,J khepy murplkpUe;Jk;
gy;fiyf; fof khdpaf; FOtplkpUe;Jk; mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw (DST) mwptpay;
kw;Wk; njhopyf Muha;r;rp kd;wk; (CSIR), r%f ePjp kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jt mikr;rfk;>
ghJfhg;G Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp mikg;G> mfpy ,e;jpa njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp kd;wk;>
jpl;lf;FOkk;> ,e;jpa r%f mwptpay; kd;wk; Mfpa gy;NtW epjp Kfikau;fsplkpUe;Jk;
Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; GJik epfo;r;rpfSf;fhf Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT epjp ngw;W
tUfpwJ.
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk; mLj;jLj;J rpwe;j JizNte;ju;fspd; topfhl;Lj;jiyg;
ngw;W mtu;fspd; rPupa jiyikapy; fw;gpj;jy;> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tpupthf;f eltbf;iffspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tsu;r;rpia mile;Js;sJ.
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk; - tptuf;Fwpg;G
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofj; njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk; 1992-Mk; Mz;L
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J njhlq;fp 25 Mz;Lfs; epiwT ngw;W Vg;uy; 2018-,y; nts;sptpoh
eilngw;wJ. ,J ,sepiy> KJepiy kw;Wk; KJepiyg; gl;lag; gbg;Gfis fiy>
mwptpay;> fy;tpapay; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikapay; Gyq;fspy; GJik tha;e;j> Ntiytha;g;G
rhu;e;j kw;Wk; rKjhaj; njhlu;Gila fy;tprhu; gbg;Gfshf toq;fp tUfpwJ. ,J
fw;wy; ikaq;fshy; jkpo;ehL KOtJk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; midj;Jg; gl;lg;
gbg;GfSf;Fk; gUtKiw mikg;G gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. mwptpay; gl;lg; gbg;GfSf;fhd
njhlu;G tFg;Gfs; gy;fiyf;fof tshfj;jpy; kl;LNk eilngWk;. ,sepiyf; fy;tpapay;
(gp.vl;) gl;l tFg;GfSf;fhd njhlu;G tFg;Gfs; Njrpa Mrpupau; fy;tpapay; kd;wj;jpd;
(NCTE) mq;fPfhuk; ngw;w fy;Yhupfspy; kl;LNk eilngWk;. ,g;gl;lg; gbg;gpy; Mz;LNjhWk;
gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; 500 Ngu; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;ngWtu;.
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk; - rpwg;G mk;rq;fs;
yy fy;tp ika Neubr; Nrh;f;if
yy njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffj;jpy; Neubr;Nru;f;if
yy midj;Jg; ghlg;gpupTfSk; gUtKiw
yy Fwpg;gpl;l Jiw kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G rhu;e;j ghlg;gpupTfs;
yy etPd> GJg;gpf;fg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk;
yy jug;gLj;jg;gl;l Rafw;wy; fUtpfs; (SIM)
yy kpjkhd fl;lzk;>
yy gl;lg;gbg;Gfs; njhlu;Gila gl;lak; ngw;wtu;fSf;F ,uz;lhkhz;by; Nru;f;if
(Lateral Entry)
yy gue;Jgl;l fw;gpj;jy; ikaq;fSldhd njhlu;gpizg;G
yy rpwe;j Neubj; njhlu;G tFg;Gfs; (PCP)
yy fzpzp nra;Kiwapy; NghJkhd Neubg; gapw;rp
yy fl;lzkpy;yh mUfiy (WIFI) tshfk;
yy njhiyepiyf; fy;tpKiw my;yJ tof;fkhd (Regular) Kiwapy; mofg;gh
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ,sepiy / KJepiyg; gbg;Gfis epiwT nra;jtu;fSf;Fr;
Nru;f;ifapy; 25% gbg;Gf; fl;lzr; rYif.
92
gFjp – m
1. fy;tp Kfik vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
2. njhiyepiyf;fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
3. rkak; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4. njhiyepiyf;fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ij Fwpg;gpLf.
5. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa jpwe;jepiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijg;gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. Kiwrhh; fy;tp Kfik vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
7. nra;jpgug;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; gz;gfs; VNjDk; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
8. jfty; gug;G rhjdk; vd;why; vd;d?
9. gs;sp vd;Dk; fy;tp Kfikapd; gzpfs; ahit?
10. fy;tp Kfikapd; tiffs; ahit?
gFjp – M
11. Kiwahd> Kiwrhuh> Kiwikaw;w fy;tp Kfikfis NtWgLj;jpf;
fhl;Lf.
12. gs;sp Xh; rpwe;j fy;tpf;fhd epWtdk; MFk; vd;w fUj;ij Muha;f.
13. ,e;jpahtpy; njhiyepiyf;fy;tpapd; Njitfis tpthp.
14. fy;tpf;fhd r%f Kfikfspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
15. FLk;gk; vt;thW fy;tpf;fhd epiyakhf nray;gLfpwJ?.
16. njhiyepiyf;fy;tpapd; nray;fis tpthp.
17. Jbg;ghf ,aq;Fk; kw;Wk; Jbg;gpd;wp ,aq;Fk; fy;tp KfikfSf;F , i l N a a h d
NtWghLfs; ahit?
18. rkaj;jpdhy; tpisAk; gad;fisg; gl;baypLf.
19. mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf;fy;tp gw;wp $Wf.
gFjp - ,
20. m. njhiyepiyf;fy;tp vd;gij tiuaWj;J mjd; Njit> gad;fs;> rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
(my;yJ)
M. jfty; gug;Gr; rhjdq;fspd; fy;tpg; gad;fis tphpthf tpsf;Ff.
21. m. mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fof njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,sq;fiy fy;tpapay; gl;lg;gbg;G

vt;tpjk; nray;gLfpwJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. fy;tp Kfikfspy; FLk;gk;> gs;sp> ,dk;> rkak; Mfpatw;wpd; fy;tpr; nry;thf;if

tpthpf;f
93
myF - 8 ,e;jpa r%fg;gpur;ridfSk;

fy;tpAk;
UNIT - 8 PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
8.1 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;
8.2 fy;tpiag; ghjpf;Fk; kf;fs; njhif
8.3 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; - fhuzq;fs;
8.4 ,wg;G tpfpjk; - mjpfkhf fhuzq;fs;
8.5 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j kj;jpa khepy muRfs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
eltbf;iffs
8.6 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
8.7 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikia - Nghf;Fk; rpy topKiwfs;
8.8 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik vd;gjd; nghUs;
8.9 rKjhaj;jpy; KONtiy tha;g;gpd; gz;Gfs;
8.10 Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ikapd; tiffs;
8.11 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;F fhuzq;fs;
8.12 Fiwepiy Ntiytha;g;G
8.13. jPtputhjk; / gaq;futhjk;
8.14 jPtputhjj;jpd; jd;ikfs;
8.15 ,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhj ,af;fk;
8.16 jPtputhjpfSk;> njhopy;El;gKk;
8.17 cyf mstpy; jPtputhj nray;fs;
8.18 vOj;jwptpd;ik
8.19 vOj;jwpT vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
8.20 vOj;jwptpd;ikf;F fhuzq;fs;
8.21 td;Kiw
8.22 tFg;G thjk; / ,dthjk;
8.23 tFg;G thj fyfj;jpw;F fhuzq;fs;
8.24 ,e;jpahtpy; tFg;G thjk;
8.25 tFg;Gthjk;-fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
8.26 Foe;ijj;; njhopyhsh;fs;
8.27 jkpof muR vLj;Js;s eltbf;iffs;
8.28 1987Mk; Mz;L Njrpa Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;
8.29 cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f epiyf; fy;tp
8.30 fy;tpapy; cyfkakhjypd; jhf;fk;
8.31 cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f epiyf; fy;tpapd; rthy;fs;
khjphp tppdhj;jhs;
94
8.1 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk;
rPd ehl;bw;F mLj;J kf;fs; ngUf;fk; epiwe;j ehL ,e;jpah MFk;.xU ehl;bd;
kf;fl; ngUf;fk;> me;j ehl;bd; Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G vz;zpf;ifiaAk;> kf;fspd; ,wg;G
vz;zpf;ifiaAk; nghWj;J mikfpwJ. ekJ ehl;bd; gpwg;Gk;> ,wg;Gk; gpw ehLfNshL
xg;gpLifapy; kpFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Ntfkhd kf;fl; njhif ngUf;fj;jpdhy; ehl;bd;
tsq;fspy; gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLfpwJ. Xt;nthUtUf;Fk; Ntiy> fy;tp> cly; eyk; Nghd;w
mbg;gilj;Njitfis mspg;gjpy muRf;F Rik Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifj; juk; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. fpuhkq;fspypUe;J kf;fs; efuq;fis Nehf;fp
,lk; ngah;tjhy; fpuhkg; Gwq;fspy; kdpj Mw;wy; tsk; Fiwe;J tUfpwJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;
efu;Gw kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; neupriyAk;> neUf;fbfisAk;> rpukj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fk; - jw;Nghija epiy

khh;r; 2001 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb 12.7 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;sdh;. Mdhy; cyf kf;fl; njhifapy; 16.7 tpOf;fhL ,e;jpahtpy; cs;sJ. ,Nj
epiy ePbj;jhy; 2050y; rPdhit tpl mjpf kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l ehlhf ,e;jpah ,Uf;Fk;.
8.2 fy;tpiag; ghjpf;Fk; kf;fs; njhif

,e;jpahtpy; ngUfptUk; kf;fs; njhif> fy;tpiaAk; ghjpf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa kf;fs;
njhifapy; 43 tpOf;fhL Ngh; 15 taJfFl;gl;l Foe;ijfs;> xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 13
kpy;ypad; Ngh; mjpfhpf;fpwhh;fs;. Vwj;jho 56 gpy;ypad; gs;sp taJila Foe;ijfs;
,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; $b tUfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy; xt;nthU Mz;Lf;Fk; Vwj;jho 2
yl;rk; gs;spfs; $Ljyhfj; Njitg;gLfpwJ. midtUf;Fk; njhlf;f fy;tp vd;w ‘E}W
rjk; vOj;jwpT’ vd;Dk; Njrpa ,yf;if mila ,ayhikf;F kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fNk
fhuzkhFk;.
8.3 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; - fhuzq;fs;

yy ekJ ehl;bd; jl;g ntg;g #o;epiyapy; mjpff; Foe;ijfs; gpwf;fpd;wd.
,sikj;jpUkzk; epfOk; ntg;gkhd ehLfspy;> Fsph; ehLfis tplg; gpwg;G tPjk;
mjpfkhf cs;sJ vdg; ngUk;ghYk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
yy fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,sk; tajpNyNa jpUkzk; nraJ nfhs;fpd;wdh;. 13 taJ Kjy;
18 taJf;Fs; jpUkzk; eilngWtjhy; mjpf gps;isfs; ngw;nwLf;fpd;wdh;.
yy kf;fspd; rkaNehf;F Foe;ijfs; ngUf;fj;jpw;F Mf;fk; jUfpwJ. rka ek;gpf;iffspd;
gb kWikg;gad; jUfpd;w rlq;Ffs; epiwNtw;w Mz;Foe;ij ngWk; tiu gy
ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs; nghUshjhu tuk;gpidf; fle;J Foe;ijfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
yy vOj;jwptpd;ikahy; Foe;ijfs; gpwg;igf; FLk;gj;jpd; eyd; fUjp fl;Lg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lnkd;w czh;T cUthftpy;iy.
8.4 ,wg;G tpfpjk; - mjpfkhf fhuzq;fs;

cyf ehLfNshL xg;gpLifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; ,wg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
yy kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g NghJkhd kUj;Jt trjpapd;ikAk;> mwpahikAk;>
kpfTk; ,stajpNy jpUkzj;ij elj;JtjhYk; Foe;ijfs; ,wg;Gk;> NgW fhyj;jpy;
jha;khh;fs; ,wg;Gk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.
95
yy kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g NghJkhd kUj;Jt trjpapd;ik.
yy kf;fsplKs;s fz; %bg;gof;f tof;fq;fshy; kuz tpfpjk; mjpfkhfpwJ. mk;ik>
fhyuh> nlq;F fha;r;ry;> Nghd;w Neha;fSf;F Rfhjhuj;jpy; Nghjpa ftdk;
nrYj;jhjjhy; Neha;fs; gutp ,wg;G kpFjpahfpwJ.
yy tWikapd; fhuzkhf ngUk;ghyhd ngw;Nwhh;fs; jq;fs; Foe;ijfSf;F rj;jhz
czit mspf;f ,aytpy;iy. jFjpahd mstpy; kUj;Jt trjp toq;Ftjpy;iy.
yy efuq;fspy; trjpf; Fiwthd tPLfspy; tho;tJk;> fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
Rfhjhuf; FiwghLfSk; Neha;fs; ngUfp ,wg;G mjpfkhf fhuzkhfpwJ.
8.5 kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j kj;jpa khepy muRfshy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s

eltbf;iffs;
,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; mile;jjpypUe;J> kj;jpa muRk;> khepy muRk; kf;fs; njhifg;
ngUf;fj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; gy Kf;fpa eltbf;iffis vLj;Jte;Js;sd. mit>
FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;jpl;lk;. (family planning) cyfpNyNa ,e;jpahtpy; jhd; Kjyhtjhf
Njrpaf; nfhs;isfahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
FLk;gf; fl;Lg;ghL tpsk;guj;jpw;fhfTk;> Fiwe;j fUj;jilr;rhjdq;fs;
cw;gj;jpf;fhfTk;> ika muR ngUe;njhif nrytopj;J tUfpwJ. ‘rptg;G Kf;Nfhzk;’ ‘ehk;
,Uth; ekf;F ,Uth;’ Nghd;w tpsk;guq;fs; fpuhkj;Jr; Rth;fspy; vy;yh ,lk; gpbj;Js;sd.
jpUkz taJ MZf;F 21k;> ngz;Zf;F 18k; vd cah;j;jp mJ rl;lkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngz;fy;tpf;Fk;> Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;Ls;sd. ngz;fy;tp $Ljyhy;
Foe;ij gpwg;G tpfpjk; FiwfpwJ. gs;spg; ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspypUe;J
gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp tiuapYk;- kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp> ghypdf;fy;tp gw;wpa
ghlf;fUj;Jfs; GFj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. fiyepfo;r;rp> tpy;Yg;ghl;Lfs;> fjhfhyhl;Nrgk;>
nghk;kyhl;lk;> ghitf;$j;J> ehlfq;fs; Nghd;wtit kf;fs; njhifg; gpur;ridfis
tpsf;Fjw;fhf> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> nraw;iff;Nfhs; epfo;r;rpfshf (SITE-Satellite
Instructional Tele-Vision Experiment) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fUj;jhpg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghL (Fertility
Control) Muha;r;rpf;F> muR Cf;fk; mspj;JtUfpwJ. ,e;jpa FLk;g eyj;jpl;lf;fofk;
(FPAI)> nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; Nghd;w jd;dhh;tj; njhz;L epWtdq;fs; FLk;g eyj; jpl;lg;
gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; kpifahd kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; tsj;ijAk;>
KdNdw;wj;ijAk; gpd;Df;Fj;js;sptpLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fk; cah;e;j mstpw;F
,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp jpwd; cautpy;iy. ,jdhy; ,e;jpah Vo;ikapy; cs;sJ. mbg;gilj;
Njitfshd czT> cil>ciwtplk;> fy;tp> nghOJNghf;F midUf;Fk; fpilj;jpl
kf;fs; njhifiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Nz;ba fl;lha epiyapy; cs;Nshk;.
8.6 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik (Unemployment)

kf;fs; gzp nra;a tpUk;Gfpd;whh;fs;;. Mdhy; Ntiy kl;Lk; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; kf;fs; njhif tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g Ntiy tha;g;gw;Nwhh; ngUFfpd;wdh;.
efuj;ij fhl;bYk; fpuhkq;fspy; Ntiy NjLNthh; kw;Wk; Ntiy tha;gw;Nwhh; kpFjpahf
cs;sdh;. ,e;jpahpy; Rkhh; 45 kpy;ypad; Ntiy NjLNthh; Ntiy tha;g;G mYtyfq;fspy;
gjpT nra;Js;sdh;. muR %yk; Ntiy tha;g;G mwpf;if 5 Mz;Lf;F xU KiwAk;
ntspaplg;gLfpwJ. Ntiy tha;g;G kdpjdpd; kjpg;igAk; [Pthjhuj;ijAk; jUtjhy;
tho;ehis Ntiy NjLtjpNyNa fopf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
96
8.7 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik – Nghf;Fk; rpy topKiwfs;
yy Ntiytha;g;gfj;jpy; gjpT nra;j gpd;dUk; cah;gbg;gpy; jFjp ngw Mh;tk; nfhs;Sjy;
yy Ntiy NjbtUk;gb jd;id; Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;
yy Ranjhopiy Vw;W elj;Jk; kdg;ghd;ik ngWjy;
yy mjpf Ntiy tha;g;Gs;s ghlq;fis Njh;e;njLj;J fw;wy;
yy kf;fl;njhif ngUf;fk; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;F fhuzk; vd mwpjy;
8.8 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik nghUs;

yy jFjpf;F Vw;g Ntiy fpilf;ftpy;iy vdpy; mJ Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik MFk;.
yy xUtd; fy;tpj; jFjpf;Fk;> cly; jFjpf;Fk; jd; kdjpy; kiwe;Js;s tpUg;gq;fSf;F Vw;g
gzp ,y;yhikahy; NtWtopapd;wp $ypg;gzp nra;jYk; xUtif Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik
MFk;.
yy cah;gzp nra;Ak; fy;tpj;jFjp ngw;wpUe;Jk; fPo;kl;l gzpapy; gzpGhptJk; fPo;kl;l
Ntiy tha;g;ghFk;
8.9 rKjhaj;jpy; KONtiy tha;g;gpd; gz;Gfs;

yy xU jdpkdpjdpd; kpfFiwe;j Neuj;jpy; jpwik kw;Wk; jd; jFjpf;F Vw;g Ntiyf;F
Cjpak; ngWjy;
yy jd;Dila jpwikf;Nfw;w gzpapy; ghJfhg;G mspj;jy;.
yy NghJkhd Cjpaj;jpy; gzp fhypapUj;jy;.
8.10 Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ikapd; tiffs;

Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ik tifg;ghL tpsf;fg;glk; %yk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8.11 Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikf;F fhuzq;fs;

yy nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; ,ilA+Wfs;
yy kpjkpQ;rpa kf;fl;njhif tsh;r;rp
yy rpW njhopy;fs;> Fbirj;njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkpa njhopy;fs; kiwjy;
yy Ntiytha;g;G Fiwthd fy;tp ghlKiw
yy ,aw;if tsq;fs; gw;whf;Fiw
97
yy gUtfhy Ntiytha;g;G
yy gFjpNtiy tpUk;ghik Nghd;witahFk;
8.11.1 cyf Ntiytha;g;G mwpf;if 1998-99
yy Ntiytha;g;G cyfkakhFjy; kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G ,d;ik #oy; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
yy 1997 Mk; Mz;L 6 kpy;ypad; kf;fl; njhiff;F Ntiy tha;g;gpw;F kjpg;gPL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjpy; 3 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhopyhsh; gzpapylq;Fk;.
yy Ntiytha;g;gpy;yhky; ,Ug;gthfs; 160 kpy;ypad; vd kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ
yy 25 Kjy; 30 njhopyhsh; gzpGhpgth;fs; fPo;kl;l Ntiytha;g;gpid rhh;e;jth;fs;.
yy 1997 k; tUl 15 tajpypUe;J 24 tajpw;Fs; cs;s ,isQh;fs; Rkhh; 60 ky;ypad;
Ngh;fs; Ntiy Njbf;nfhz;Ls;shh;fs;.
8.11.2 ,e;jpahTk; Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikAk;
yy 1995 k; tUlk; Ntiytha;g;gfj;jpy; gjpT nra;jth;fs; 381 yl;rkhFk;.
yy fpuhk gFjpiatpl efuj;jpy; fPo;kl;l Ntiytha;g;G kpFjpahf cs;sJ.
8.12 Fiwepiy Ntiytha;g;G (Under-Employment)

xU Fwpg;gpl;l cah; fy;tpj;jFjp ngw;wgpd;> xUth; jdJ fy;tpj;jFjpf;Fk;> jpwikf;Fk;>
mwpTf;Fk; nghUe;jhj tifapy; Fiwthd Cjpak; ngWk; gzpiar; nra;jy;> Fiwepiy
Ntiytha;g;G (Under-emlploymen) vd;W ngah;.
8.13. jPtputhjk; / gaq;futhjk;

jPtputhj gpur;rpidia fle;j ,UgJ Mz;Lfshf ,e;jpah vjph;Nehf;fp tUfpwJ. tl
fpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; fyff;fhuh;fshYk;> ef;]iyl;LshYk;> ehfyhe;J> kpNrhuhk;> kw;Wk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,e;jpah gpur;rpidia re;jpj;jJ. jw;NghJ jPtputhjpfshy; ,ilA+Wfs;
ehl;bYk; NkYk; cyf mstpYk; gutpAs;sJ. jPtputhjk; rpy Neuq;fspy; jpBnud
Fk;gyhf $b jhf;Fk; topKiwiaAk; gpd;gw;WfpwJ. jPtputhjpfs; gpwh; tho;f;ifia
mopj;jy;> ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk;> r%fk; murpaiy rPh;Fiyj;jy;> ehl;bd; ,iwahz;ikf;F
CWtpistpj;jy;> tsh;r;rpia jLj;jy;> Mfpatw;wpy; <LgLfpwhh;fs;. jPtputhjpfs; jkJ
Nehf;fk; epiwNtw ifjpfisAk;> ituhf;fpa kdKilath;fisAk;> nfhû jd;ik
ngw;wth;fisAk;> epjp kw;Wk; gilfyd;fs; nfhLj;J cjTgth;fisAk; jq;fs; nraYf;F
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
8.13.1 jPtputhjk;
fyfk;> cs;ehl;L rz;il> nfhhpy;yh Nghh;> Fk;gyhf $b jhf;Fjy;> jPq;fpioj;jy;>
rh;thjpfhuj;jd;ik> Nghd;tw;wpd; $l;Lf; fyitia ‘jPtputhjk;’ MFk;. murpay;
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf rKjhaj;ij mjph;r;rpapy; Mo;j;Jk; td;Kiw elj;ijapd; tbtNk
jPtputhjkhFk;. “xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l FO jkJ ,yf;if Nehf;fp Kiwahf mb vLj;J
itf;Fk; td;Kiwahd nray;ghNl jPtputhjkhFk;”.
8.13.2 ,yf;Ffs;
yy ghku kf;fs; Mjutpid jpul;Ljy;
yy ,uhZtj;ij mr;RWj;Jjy;> mopj;jy;.
yy cs;ehl;L fl;Lkhdj;ij cilj;jy;
yy NkYk; mjd; tsh;r;rpf;F jilahf ,Uj;jy; Kjypad
98
8.14 jPtputhjj;jpd; jd;ikfs;
yy ehL my;yJ rKjhaj;ij vjph;g;gJ
yy murpay; Nehf;fk; cilaJ
yy rl;l tpNuhjkhfTk;> KiwNflhfTk; elg;gJ
yy gaKWj;jp gzpaitg;gJ
yy mr;rk; kw;Wk; jpfpiy Njhw;Wtpg;gJ
yy gyhj;fhuk; kw;Wk; kdpj caph;fis mspj;jy;> nrhj;Jf;fis Nrjg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w
nray;fis cs;slf;fpaJ
8.14.1 ghkukf;fs; xj;Jiog;G
jPtputhjk; ,isQh;fis fth;e;J tUfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf Ntiy tha;g;G ,y;yhjth;fs;>
jtwhd topfhl;ly; ngw;w ,isQh;fs; Mth;. mah;yhe;jpy; I.Mh;.V.> gpshf; nrg;lk;gh];l;
(N[hh;lhd;)> ghlh;nkapd; N`hg; (n[h;kd;)> rptg;G gil ([g;ghd;) Kjypad> ghkukf;fs;
xj;Jiog;Gld; ,aq;Fk; rpy jPtputhj mikg;Gfs; MFk;.
8.14.2 xj;Jiog;gpd; mbj;jsk;
murpay; kw;Wk; r%f MjuTk;> epjpAk;> MAjq;fs; jUjYk; kw;Wk; gapw;rp mspj;jYk;>
jPtputhjpfis tsh;f;fpd;wd. jPtputhjpfs; ed;nfhilngWjy; thapyhfTk;> tq;fpfisf;
nfhs;isapLjy; %yKk;> flj;jy; kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid %yKk;> rpiw
itj;J gzk; gwpj;jy; %yKk; epjp Mjhuq;fis ngWfpd;wdh;. Jg;ghf;fp> Njhl;lhf;fs;>
Fz;Lfs; Nghd;wtw;iw KiwNflhd tifapy; ngWfpd;wdh;.
8.15 ,e;jpahtpy; jPtputhj ,af;fk;

,e;jpahtpy; 4 tifahd jPtputhj ,af;fq;fs; cs;sd.
1. fhyp];jhd; jPtputhj ,af;fk;- gQ;rhg;
2. kpypl;ld;]; jPtputhj ,af;fk;- fh\;kPh;
3. ef;]iyl; jPtputhj ,af;fk; - tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> Me;jpuk;
4. cy;gh jPtputhj ,af;fk; - mrhk;.

8.16 jPtputhjpfSk; njhopy;El;gKk;
jPtputhjpfSf;F mjpf gaDs;sitahf etPd njhopy; El;gk; mike;Js;sJ.
kdpj ntbFz;Lfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;> FbePupy; ,urhad kUe;J fyj;jy;> fhw;W topapy;
fpUkpfis gug;Gjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ifNjh;e;jth;fshfTk; jw;fhyj;jpy; ,th;fs; mwpT
$h;ik kpf;fth;fshfTk;> cz;ik epfo;T cyf mstpy; mwpe;jth;fshfTk; jpfo;fpd;wdh;.
8.17 cyf mstpy; jPtputhj nray;fs;

1984 k; tUlk; mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ghuj gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpAk; 1991 k; tUlk; Nk khjk;
21 k; ehs; uh[pt; fhe;jpAk; ,uf;fkpd;wp; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 2001 k; tUlk; nrg;lk;gh; khjk;
11k; Njjp epA+ahh;f;fpy; cs;s cyf thzpg ikak; mjph;r;rp jhf;FjYf;F ,yf;fhapd.
mjpy; 3000 kf;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. u\;ahtpYs;s nrrd;ah ehl;by; cs;s gs;spapy; gy
mg;ghtpf; Foe;ijfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 2005 k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
jPtputhjpfshy; mZFz;L itf;fg;gl;bUe;jij ntbf;fhky; nray; ,of;fr; nra;jdh;.
99
8.18 vOj;jwptpd;ik
kf;fshl;rp ,;e;jpahtpy; vOj;jwpT ngWtJ kdpjdpd; mbg;gil cupikahFk;;.
xUq;fpize;j KO tsh;r;rp ngWtjw;F Kd;> kf;fspilNa vOj;jwpT ,d;ikahy; ehl;bd;
tsh;r;rpf;F mJNt jilahf mikfpwJ. vOj;jwpT ,d;ikahy; kf;fspilNa mwpahik>
Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> Vo;ik> gpd;jq;fpa epiy Vw;gLfpwJ.
8.19 vOj;jwpT tpsf;fk;

tho;f;ifapy; jpde;NjhWk; xU rhjhuz thf;fpaj;ij gbf;fTk; kdpjd; mwpe;jpUg;gJ
vOj;jwpT ngw;w kdpjd; vd;gij Rl;bf; fhl;LfpwJ. vOj> gbf;f ,ayhikiaNa
vOj;jwptpd;ik vdyhk; vd And];Nfh tpsf;FfpwJ. 1991 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa kf;fs;
njhif fzf;nfLg;gpy; vOj;jwpT gw;wp $Wifapy; rhjhuzkhf gbf;f vOj kl;Lk;
NghjhJ. vOj;jwpT ngw;wtDf;F vOjTk>; gbf;fTk;> $lNt Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwDk;
NjitahFk; vd;fpwJ.
8.20 vOj;jwptpd;ikf;F fhuzq;fs;

yy mjpf msT kf;fl; njhif tsh;r;rp
yy njhlf;f gs;spfspy; gad;ghL ,d;ik
yy mjpf Foe;ijfs; FLk;gj;jpy; ,Uj;jy; epjp Mjhuk; jUk; vd;w gioikthjk;
kf;fspilNa CwpapUj;jy;
yy kpjkpQ;rpa tWik
yy xU rpyhpilNa mspf;Fk; fy;tp midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; nrd;wilAk; vd;w fhydp
Mjpf;ff; nfhs;if.
ek; ehl;by; 5 Mz;L jpl;lq;fspy; fy;tpf;F vd epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjpy;
1 Kjy; 7 Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; tiu Fiwe;j epjpNa xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ. (cjh)
Kjy; Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 5 Nfhb> 3tJ Ie;J
Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 6 Nfhb> 4 tJ Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk;; 8 Nfhb> 5tJ Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 18
Nfhb> 6 tJ Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 128 Nfhb> 7 tJ Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 160 Nfhb> 8 tJ
Ie;J Mz;Lj;jpl;lk; 1807 Nfhb vd vOj;jwptpd;ikia ePf;f epjp xJf;fg;gl;lJ. 2018 – 19
Mz;L fy;tpf;fhf 85>010 Nfhb epjp xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOj;jwptpd;ikia mwNt ePf;f topfs;: fy;tpfw;Fk; chpik vd;gJ ekJ murpay;
mikg;Gr; rl;lk; cWjp mspj;Js;s mbg;gil chpikfSs; xd;whFk;.
yy vOj;jwptpd;ikia mjpfhpf;fr;nra;a gy;fiyf; fof fy;tpf; FO (1948-1949)
jha;nkhop gapw;Wnkhopahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd typAWj;jpaJ.
yy 1968 Mk; Mz;L fy;tpf; nfhs;if ehl;bd; midj;Jg;gFjpfspYk; xNu khjpahd 10
+ 2 + 3 fy;tp Kiwiaf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,J vOj;jwptpd;ikia mwNt ePf;Ftij
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lJ.
yy 1986 Mk; Mz;L Njrpaf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jk; mspj;jJ. ,ilapy; gbg;ig epWj;jpa
Foe;ij njhlh;e;J gbf;f gs;sp rhuhf; fy;tp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
yy 1991 Mk; Mz;L Nguhrphpah; jNt mth;fspd; fy;tpf; FO Fiwe;j msT fw;wy; jpwd;
vd;Dk; fy;tp Kiwia Muk;gf;fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
yy 1992 Mk; Mz;L Njrpaf;fy;tp nfhs;if. gs;spfspy; mbg;gil fl;likg;G trjpfisj;
jUk; ‘fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk;’ mKy;gLj;jpaJ.
yy Njrpa vOj;jwpT ,af;fk; KjpNahh; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;Js;sJ.
100
yy Muk;gf; fy;tpia gs;spf;fy;tpapd; rKjhag; nghUg;ghsh; thapyhf gutyhf;Ffpd;w
Kaw;rpNa rh;t rf;\h mgpahd; (SSA) 2003 vd;w jpl;lk; MFk;. ehL KOtJk;
jukhd fy;tpia mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. vd;w Nfhhpf;ifapd; tpisNt ,j;jpl;lk; MFk;.
midj;Jf; Foe;ijfspd; kdj;jpwd;fis tsur; nra;a mspf;fg;gLk; xU tha;g;Ng
v];.v];. V jpl;lkhFk;.
jkpo;ehl;by; vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;: NkNy $Wg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jpa muR
nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jkpof muR vOj;jwptpd;ikia mwNt Nghf;f fPo;fz;l gy
jpl;lq;fisj; jPl;bAs;sJ.
yy gs;sp taJ Foe;ijfs; midtiuAk; gs;spapy; Nrh;j;jy;
yy midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;gf;fy;tpia mspf;fr; nra;jy;.
yy midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; vl;L Mz;L fy;tpia mspf;fr; nra;jy;.
yy gs;sp ,ilepw;wiy mwNt jLj;jy;
yy midj;J Foe;ijfsplk; fhzg;gLk; r%f ,ilnspia mfw;Wjy;.
yy kf;fs; njhif 300f;F mjpfkhf cs;s midj;J FbapUg;GfspYk; gs;sp trjpia
Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
yy kfhuh\;bu khepy Ntiytha;g;G cj;jputhj jpl;lk;> $yp Ntiy tha;g;Gj;jpl;lk;>
xUq;fpize;j fpuhk tsh;r;rp jpl;lk;> RaNtiytha;g;Gjpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
yy (1993-94) ghuj gpujkhpd; Nuh[h; Nah[dh jpl;lk;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWth;fs; tsh;r;rp
jpl;lk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ
Ntiy tha;g;gfk; tphpTgLj;Jjy;> Ra Ntiy tha;g;Gf;F tq;fp fld; cjtpLjy;>
fpuhkpa njhopy; tsh;r;rp Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,e;jpah Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.
,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; njhif Nghf;Ffs;

kf;fs; njhif mk;rq;fs; gw;wp mwptpay; newpg;gb gbg;gNj kf;fs; njhifapay;
vdg;gLk;. ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhif Nghf;fpd; gy;NtW $Wfshtd.
yy kf;fs; njhif msT
yy tsu;r;rp tPjk;
yy gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;G tpfpjk;
yy kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp
yy ghypd tpfpjk;
yy tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G
yy vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
m. kf;fs; njhif msT
ml;ltiz 1 kf;fs; njhif msT
fzf;nfLg;G kf;fs; njhif ruhrup
Mz;L (Nfhbfspy;) Mz;L tsu;r;rp
1901 23.84 -
1911 25.21 0.56
1921 25.13 -0.03
1931 27.90 1.04
1941 31.87 1.33
1951 36.11 1.25
101
1961 43.92 1.96

1971 54.81 2.20
1981 68.33 2.22
1991 84.33 2.16
2001 102.70 1.97
2011 121.02 1.66
(Source : Registrar General of India)
fle;j E}W Mz;Lfspy; ehd;F klq;F kf;fs; njhif msT mjpfupj;J cyf
mstpy; rPdhtpw;F mLj;J 2-k; epiyia mile;Js;sJ. cyfpd; Gtpg;gug;gpy; 2.4%
gug;gsT kw;Wk; cyf tUthapy; 1.2% tUthiag; ngw;Ws;s ,e;jpa> cyf kf;fs;
njhifapy; 17.5% -If; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. NtW tifapy; $wpdhy; cyf kf;fs;
njhifapy; 6-y; xUtu; ,e;jpau;. cz;ikapy; cj;jpugpuNjrk; kw;Wk; kfhuh];buh ,tw;wpd;
kf;fl;njhifapd; $Ljiy xg;gpl;lhy; kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;whk; ,lk; gpbf;Fk; mnkupf;f
If;fpa ehLfis tpl mjpfk;. ,e;jpahtpd; rpy; khepyq;fspd; kf;fs; njhif cyfpd;
gy;NtW ehLfspd; kf;fl; njhifia tpl mjpfsT cilaJ.
,e;jpag; nghUshjhuk;:
fhyuh> gpNsf;> ,d;/GSad;rh Nghd;w nfhs;is Neha;fs; kw;Wk; gQ;rk; ,tw;wpd;
fhuzkhf 1911-1921 fhyfl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; njhif vjpu;kiwahff; Fiwe;jJ. 1921 Mk;
Mz;L kf;fs; njhif mjpfupf;f Jtq;fpajhy; mt;thz;L “ngUk; gpuptpid Mz;L” vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 1951 Mz;L kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;f tPjk; 1.33% ypUe;J 1.25% Mf
Fiwe;J te;jJ. Mifahy; ,J “rpW gpsT Mz;L” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 1961-y; ,e;jpa
kf;fs; njhif cau;T tPjk; 1.96% mjhtJ 2% MFk;. Mifahy; 1961 Mk; Mz;il
“kf;fs; njhif ntbg;G Mz;L” vd;fpNwhk;. 2001 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif xU gpy;ypad;
(100 Nfhb) msitf; fle;jJ. 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,isQu;fspd; kf;fl;
njhif Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; cs;sJ. ,J kf;fl; njhif khWjiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
M. gpwg;G tpfpjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tpfpjk;
Foe;ijfspd; gpwg;G tpfpjk;
,J 1000 kf;fs; njhiff;F gpwf;Fk; Foe;ijfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,wg;G tpfpjk;: ,J 1000 kf;fs; njhiff;F ,wg;gtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ntt;NtW Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijfs; gpwg;G tpfpjk; kw;Wk; ,wg;G tpfpjq;fs;.
ml;ltiz 2 – gpwg;G kw;Wk; ,wg;G tPjk;
Mz;L gpwg;G tPjk; ,wg;G tPjk;
1951 39.9 27.4
2001 25.4 8.4
2011 21.8 7.11
(Source : Source: Registrar General of India)
1951-y; 39.9. Mf ,Ue;j gpwg;G tpfpjk; 2011 Mk; Mz;L 21.8 Mf Fiwe;jJ. gpwg;G
tpfpjk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gbahdjhf ,y;iy. ,wg;G tpfpjk; 1951 – y;
27.4 – Mf ,Ue;jJ. 2011-y; 7.1 Mf Fiwe;jJ. Nkw;fz;l ml;ltiz gpwg;G tpfpjj;jpd;
FiwthdJ. ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpd; Fiwittpl Fiwthf cs;sijf; fhl;LfpwJ.
Nfush kpff; Fiwe;j gpwg;G tpfpjk; (14.7) kw;Wk; cj;jpugpuNjrk; (29.5) mjpf msT
102
gpwg;G tpfpjj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kpff; Fiwe;j ,wg;G tpfpjj;ijAk;
(6.3) xuprh mjpf ,wg;G tpfpjj;ijAk; (9.2) nfhz;Ls;sJ. khepyq;fspilNa gj;jhz;Lfspy;
(2001-2011) gPfhu; mjpf kf;fs; njhif ngUf;fj;ijAk; Nfush Fiwe;j gpwg;G tpfpjj;ijAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
,. kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp
kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp vd;gJ xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lu; gug;gstpy; trpf;Fk; kf;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ epyk; kw;Wk; kdpjd; tpfpj msitf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
nkhj;j epyg;gug;G khwhjpUf;Fk; NghJ mjpfupf;Fk; kf;fs; njhifahdJ kf;fs; njhifapd;
mlu;j;jpia mjpfupf;fpd;wJ.
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp = ----------------------------------------
mg;gFjpapd; epyg;gug;G
ml;ltiz 3 kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp

Mz;L kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp
(xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lupy; cs;s kf;fs;)
1951 117
2001 325
2011 382
2018 412
(Source : Registrar General of India)
Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F rw;W Kd;du; tiu kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp 100-f;Fk; FiwT.
Mdhy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;du; kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpahdJ 1951 – y; 117 – Mf ,Ue;J
caue;J gpd; 2001 – y; 325 Mf mjpfupj;J jw;nghOJ 2018y; 412 Mf cs;sJ.
2011-y; kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;fPl;bd;gb kf;fs; njhifmlu;j;jp 382 MFk;.
,t;thW kf;fs; njhif mOj;jk; NkYk; mjpfupf;fpwJ. Nfush> Nkw;F tq;fhsk;> gPfhu;>
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Mfpa khepyq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; ruhrup mlu;j;jpia tpl kf;fs; njhif
mlu;j;jp kpFe;J fhzg;gLfpwJ. gPfhu; kpfTk; mjpf kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpAld;> xU
rJu fp.kPf;F 1>102- vd cs;sJ. mjid mLj;jhf Nkw;F tq;fhsk; 880 kf;fs; njhif
mlu;j;jp nfhz;Ls;sJ. xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 17 egu;fs; vd;w mstpy; mUzhryg;
gpuNjrk; kpf Fiwthd kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sJ.
<. ghypd tpfpjk;
kf;fs; ,J 1000 Mz;LfSf;f cs;s ngz;fspd; tpfpjj;ij Fwpf;fpwJ. xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; Mz; ngz; ghypd tpfpjj;ij mstplTk; ghypdr; rkepiyia
gpugyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd Rl;bf; fhl;bahFk;.
ml;ltiz 4 ghypd tpfpjk;
fzf;nfLg;G Mz;L ghypd tpfpjk; (1000 –
Mz;LfSf;F cs;s ngz;fs; tPjk;)
1951 946
2001 933
2011 940
(Source : Source Registrar General of India)
103
,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fis tpl Mz;fspd; ngUf;f tpfpjk; mjpf rhjfkhf cs;sJ.
Nfushtpy;> 2011 Mk; Mz;L fzf;fPl;bd;gb 1084 vd;w mstpy; taJ te;Njhu; ghypd
tpfpjk; ,Ue;jJ. ,Wjpahf 2011y; vLf;fg;gl;l kf;fl; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb ghypd
tpfpjk; mjpfupj;J cs;sJ. 2011-d; gb ùpahdh kpff;Fiwe;j ghypd tpfpjkhd 877-Ak;
Nfush kw;w khepyq;fis tpl ngz;fs; ghypd tpfpjk; mjpfupj;J 1000 Mz;LfSf;F 1084
ngz;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
c. gpwg;gpd; NghJ tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G

gpwg;gpd; NghJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tho;ehs; msNt tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G vdf;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G fhyk; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. ,wg;G tpfpjk; mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk; NghJ tho;ehs; fhyk; FiwthfTk; khwhf ,wg;G tpfpjk; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ tho;ehs; fhyk; mjpfkhfTk; cs;sJ. NtW tifapy; $Wtjhdhy; mjpf tho;ehs;
fhyk; Fiwe;j ,wg;G tpfpjj;ijAk; Fiwe;j tho;ehs; fhyk; mjpf ,wg;G tpfpjj;ijAk;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
ml;ltiz 5 tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G

Mz;L Mz;fs; ngz;fs; nkhj;jk;
1951 32.5 31.7 32.1
1991 58.6 59.0 58.7
2001 61.6 63.3 62.5
2011 62.6 64.2 63.5
(Source: Registrar General of India)
1901 – 1911 Mz;Lfhyq;fspy; tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G tpfpjk; 23 tUlq;fs; kl;LNk
MFk;. ,J 2011-y; 63.5 tUlq;fs; vd;w mstpy; mjpfupj;J ,jw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzk;
,wg;G tpfpjk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Fiwe;jNj MFk;. MapDk; kw;w tsu;e;j ehLfSld;
xg;gpLifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G fhyk; FiwNt MFk;.
C. vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
,J nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; vOj;jwpT ngw;wtu;fs; vz;zpf;if tpfpjj;ij
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. 1951-y; Mz;fs;; ehd;fpy; xUtu; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; gd;dpnuz;by; xUtu; vd;w
mstpNyNa vOj;jwpT ngw;Nwhu; vz;zpf;if ,Ue;jJ. ruhrupahf MW NgUf;F xUtu;
kl;LNk vOj;jwpT ngw;wtu; Mthu;. ,J 2011 y; Mz;fs; 82% kw;Wk; ngz;fs; 65.5% vd;w
mstpy; xl;L nkhj;j vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 74.04% ,J kw;w tsu;e;j ehLfis fhl;bYk; $l
kpfTk; FiwT.
ml;ltiz 6 vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;
fzf;nfLg;G fy;tpawpT
Mz;fs; ngz;fs;
Mz;L ngw;wtu;fs;
1951 18.3 27.2 8.9
2001 64.8 75.3 53.7
2011 74.04 82.1 65.5
(Source: Registrar General of India)
104
Nfush 92% cld; mjpf vOj;jwpT tpfjKk;> mLj;jgbahf Nfhth (82%) vOj;jwpT
tpfpjKk; `pkhr;ry gpuNjrk; (76%) kfhuh];buh (75%) kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL (74%) vd mLj;j
,lq;fisg; gpbf;fpwJ. 2011 d; gb gPfhu; 53% Fiwthd vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; ngw;w khepykhf
cs;sJ.
kf;fs; njhif
2011 kf;fs; njhiff; fzf;nfLg;gpd; gb ,e;jpahtpYs;s 121 Nfhb kf;fs; njhifapy;
7.21 Nfhb kf;fs; njhifAld; jkpo;ehL MwhtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. If;fpa ehLfs;
mwpf;ifapd; gb jdpj;j Njrpa ,dkhf ,aq;f $ba ehLfspd; kf;fs; njhifia tpl
jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif $Ljyhf cs;sJ.
ml;ltiz 7 kf;fs; njhif

kf;fs; njhif
khepyk;/ehL
(Nfhbapy;)
jkpo;ehL 7.2
,q;fpyhe;J 6.5
gpuhd;]; 6.5
,j;jhyp 5.9
njd; Mg;gpupf;fh 5.6
];ngapd; 4.7
,yq;if 2.1
(Mjhuk;: 2017 – y; If;fpa ehLfs; $l;likg;G ntspapl;l cyf kf;fs; njhif gl;bay;)
kf;fs; mlu;j;jp:
kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpahdJ xU rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F 2001 – y; 480 MfTk;.
2011-y; 555 MfTk; cs;sJ. ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpapy; jkpo;ehL
12-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jpapy; Njrpa ruhrup 382 MFk;.
efukakhjy;
,e;jpa mstpy; efukakhjypd; ruhrup msT 31.5% Mf cs;sJ. Mdhy; jkpofj;jpy;
48.4% Mf cs;sJ. ,e;jpa mstpy; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 6-rjtPjj;ijf; nfhz;ls;s
jkpofk;. efukf;fs; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy; 9.61 rjtPjkhf cs;sJ.
ghypd tpfpjk; (1000 Mz;fSf;fhd ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if)

rkr;rPu; gypd tpfpjk; vd;gJ ngz;fspd; tho;tpay; Nkk;ghL mile;jpUg;gijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. jkpo;ehl;bd; ghypd tpfpjk; 995 MFk;. gpw khepyq;fNshL xg;gpLk; NghJk;
,e;jpa mstpYk; ,e;j tpfpjk; kpf mjpfkhFk;. ghypd tpfpjj;jpy; Nfusk;. GJr;Nrup
A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf jkpo;ehL %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
105
ml;ltiz 8 Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; r%ff; FwpaPLfs;
t.vz;. FwpaPL jkpo;ehL ,e;jpah
1. IMR 17 34
2. MMR 79 159
3. tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G
(nkhj;jk; 70.6 67.9
Mz;fs; 68.6 66.4
ngz;fs;) 72.7 69.6
4. fy;tpawpT 80.33% 74.04%
tPjk; (nkhj;jk;)
Mz;fs; 86.81% 82.14%
ngz;fs; 73.86% 65.46%
5. ghypd tpfpjk; 995 940
Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk;

(1 taJf;Fs;)
jkpofj;jpy; Foe;ijfspd; ,wg;G tPjk; kw;w khepyq;fis tpl FiwthfTs;sJ.
epjp MNahf; mwp;fifapd; gb 2016-k; Mz;by; jkpo;ehl;bd; Foe;ij ,wg;G tpfpjk; 17
MFk;. ,J Njrpa ruhrup 34-y; ghjp msthFk;.
kfg;NgW ,wg;G tpfpjk; (MMR) (1yl;rk; kfg;Ngwpy;)

epjp MNahf; mwpf;ifapd; gb kfg;NgW fhyj;jpy; jhapd; ,wg;G tpfpjj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; ,e;jpa mstpy; jkpo;ehL 79 vz;zpf;ifAld; %d;whtJ ,lj;jpy;
cs;sJ. ,J Njrpa ruhrupahd 159-y; rupghjp msthFk;. kfg;NgW ,wg;G tpfpjj;jpy;
Nfusk; 61 (Kjyplk;)> kfhuh\;buh 67 – MfTk; (,uz;lhk; ,lk;) cs;sJ.
tho;ehs; vjpu;ghu;g;G fhyk;

ruhrupahf xU egupd; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; tho;ehs; msNt Mal;fhyk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. tsu;e;j ehLfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ruhrup Mal;fhyk;
FiwT. ,e;jpahtpd; ruhrup Mal;fhyk; 67.9 Mz;Lfs; (Mz; - 66.4 Mz;Lfs; ngz; - 69.6
Mz;Lfs;) MFk;. Mdhy; jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd; Mal;fhyk; 70.6 Mz;Lfshf (Mz; - 68.6
Mz;Lfs;> ngz; - 72.7 Mz;Lfs;) Mf cs;sJ.
vOj;jwpT epiy
jkpo;ehl;bd; vOj;jwpT epiyapy; kw;w ,e;jpa khepyq;fNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ
Kd;Ndwpa epiyapy; cs;sJ. Kjy; %d;W ,lq;fSf;Fs; cs;sJ. tWik xopg;G
kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;Fjypy; ey;y Kd;Ndw;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;jpah
KOikf;Fk; jkpo;ehL cl;gl rpy gzpfis ,d;Dk; nra;aNtz;bAs;sJ. ngz; rpR
nfhiy> Fbirg; gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fs; rhiyNahuk; gLj;jpUg;Nghu;> ahrfk; Nfl;Nghu;.
rl;lj;Jf;F Gwk;ghd nray;fspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;wtw;wpd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fiwf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fz;ltw;iw rupnra;ahky; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ mu;j;jkw;wjhfp tpLk;.
106
gpw;Nru;f;if – 1
jkpo;ehl;L kf;fs; njhif tsu;r;rp (2011 fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb)
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif 72138958
Mz;fs; 36158871
ngz;fs; 35980087
Njhuha gpwg;G tpfpjk; (Mapuj;Jf;F) 15.7
Njhuha ,wg;G tpfpjk; (Mapuj;Jf;F) 7.4
tsu;r;rp tpfpjk; (Mapuj;jpw;F) 8.3
mjpf kf;fs; njhifAila nrd;id fhQ;rpGuk;> NtY}u;>
khtl;lq;fs; jpUth&u;
Fiwthd kf;fs; njhifAila nguk;gY}u;> ePyfpu> mupaY}u;> Njdp
khtl;lq;fs;
kf;fs; njhif mlu;j;jp (rJu fpNyh 555 (2011) – 480(2001)
kPl;lUf;F)
kpf mjpf mlu;j;jp nrd;id (26903)> fd;dpahFkup
(1106)
Fiwthd mlu;j;jp cs;s khtl;lk; ePyfpup (288)> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp (602)
ghypd tpfpjk; (1000 Mz;LfSf;F) 995 ngz;fs; (2011), 987 ngz;fs;
(2001)
mjpf ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l ePyfpup (1041 ngz;fs;)
khtl;lq;fs; fd;dpahFkup (1031 ngz;fs;)
ehfg;gl;bdk; (1025 ngz;fs;)
Fiwthd ghypd tpfpjk; cil Njdp (900 ngz;fs;) ju;kGup (946
khtl;lq;fs; ngz;fs;)
Foe;ij ghypd tpfpjk; (0-6 946 ngz; Foe;ijfs; (2011)
taJf;Fl;gl;l)
mjpf Foe;ij ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l ePyfpu (985)> fd;dpahFkup (964)
khtl;lq;fs;
Fiwthd Foe;ij ghypd tpfpjk; flY}u; (896)> mupaY{u; (897)
nfhz;l khtl;lq;fs;
vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 80.33% - 73.45%
Mz; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 86.81% - 82.33%
ngz; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; 73.86% - 64.55%
mjpf vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; nfhz;l fd;dpahFkup (92.14%) nrd;id
khtl;lq;fs; (90.33%)
Fiwthd vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; nfhz;l jUkGup (64.71%), mupaY}u; (71.99%)
khtl;lq;fs;
107
8.21 td;Kiw (Communal Violence)
,e;jpah cyfpy; nghpa ehLfspy; 7 tJ ,lj;ijAk;> kf;fl; njhifapy; 2 k;
,lj;ijAk; ngw;W tUfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gy kjj;jth;fs; tho;fpd;wdh;. 1995y; ,e;jpa
kjq;fspd; fzf;nfLg;G mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jf;fs; 82.4%> Kfkjpah;fs; 12.1%>
fpWj;jth;fs; 2.4%> rPf;fpah;fs; 1.9%> Gj;j kjj;jth;fs; 0.7%> rkzh;fs; 0.4% kw;Wk; gpw vd
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. kjk;> ,dk;> Mfpatwiw Raeyj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;Jgth;fs; ghJfhg;gw;w
czh;tpd; fhuzkhf kf;fspilNa tFg;G thjj;ij cUthf;Ffpwhh;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; 1984
Kjy; 1997 tiu fh\;kPh;> gQ;rhg;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> Me;jpu gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> F[uhj;>
mrhk;> kw;Wk; nly;yp Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; tFg;Gthj fpUkp gy tbtq;fspy; kf;fis
ghjpj;jjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. tFg;Gthj fyfj;jpdhy; tPLfs;> epWtdq;fs;>
fl;blq;fs; Nghd;wit vhpe;J rhk;gyhfpd;wd. NkYk; nghJkf;fs; gLq;fhaq;fSf;Fk>;
,wg;gpw;Fk; cs;shFfpd;wdh;. Mifapdhy; ,og;ig jLj;J mikjp Vw;gLj;jTk;> ehl;by;
xUikg;ghL Vw;wj;jho;Tk;> ehl;by; xUikg;ghL Vw;gLj;jTk; tFg;Gthjk; kw;Wk; td;Kiw
kdg;ghd;ikia Ma;T nra;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
8.22 tFg;G thjk; / ,dthjk;

yy nkhop> ,dk;> tFg;G> rhjp> kjk; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjpfkhd rKjhag;
gphpTfshfg; gphptJ tFg;G thjkhFk;.
yy xU rKjhak; kw;w rKjhaj;NjhL tpNuhjkhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; rz;ilapLtjw;F
tFg;Gthj nfhs;iffs; topNfhYfpd;wd.
yy tFg;Gthjk; vd;gJ gphptpidia Fwpf;Fk;. ,J Njr xw;Wikia rPh;Fiyf;fpd;wJ.
8.23 tFg;G thj fyfj;jpw;F fhuzq;fs;

yy xU r%fj;jpy; rpy cWg;gpdh;fspd; tUe;jjf;f elj;ijahy; gpw r%fj;jpw;F Jd;gk;
Njhd;Wtpg;gJ.
yy Kf;fpakpy;yhj epfo;Tfs;> tje;jpfs;> tFg;G fyfq;fs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;> kjk;> gphptpid
kdg;ghd;ik tFg;G thjj;jpw;F mbg;gilahFk;
yy jtwhd kdg;ghd;ik> $l;lk; kw;Wk; tsh;r;rpAk; tFg;G thj fyfq;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
yy tFg;G thjf;fyfk; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; #oy; fhuzkhf rKjhaj;jpy;
Vw;gLfpd;wd.
8.24 ,e;jpahtpy; tFg;G thjk;

,e;jpahtpy; xU fhyj;jpy; gy;tif rKjhak; xw;Wikahf ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNyah;fspd;
gphpj;jhSk; nfhs;ifapdhy; tFg;G fytuk; Njhd;wpaJ vdyhk;. Mq;fpNyah;fs; Njrpa
,af;fj;jpd; epfo;it mlf;Ftjw;F ,e;j tFg;G gphptpidia gad;gLj;jp nfhz;ldh;.
8.25 tFg;Gthjk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

yy tFg;Gthjk; Fiwa fy;tp tsh;r;rpia mjpfhpj;jy;.
yy rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s kf;fsplk; xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL kd czh;Tfis tYg;gLj;Jjy;
yy rNfhju ey;Yzh;T Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> tpl;L nfhLf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ik tsh;j;jy;> gpwUf;F
kjpg;G mspj;jy; kw;Wk; gpw.
yy Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tYg;ngwr; nra;jy;> epfo;Tfs;> fiy epfo;r;rpfs;> ehlfq;fs;
thapyhf kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzh;T Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
108
8.26 Foe;ijj;; njhopyhsh;fs; (Child Labours)
Foe;ijfs; tsh;r;rpapy; mf;fiu fhl;lhj ve;j murk; Kd;Ndw;wkilahJ. vdNt
Foe;ijfSf;fhd ey;tho;T jpl;lq;fisAk;> fy;tpiaAk; mspj;jy; ekJ murpd;
nghWg;ghFk;. rh;tNjr njhopyhsh; epWtdk;. “jq;fsJ cly; kw;Wk; kd eyk; ghjpf;Fk;
tifapy; Fiwe;j Cjpaj;jpw;F ePz;l Neuk; Ntiy nra;Ak; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l Foe;ijfis
Foe;ij njhopyhsh;” vd tiuaWf;fpwJ. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fSf;fhdf; fhuzq;fs;:
,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh; vd;gJ xU r%fg; gpur;ridahFk;. Vnddpy; ekJ
ehl;by; ngUk;ghz;ik Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwahd czT> cil> ,Ug;gplk; kw;Wk; fy;tp
fpilg;gjp;y;iy. mth;fs; rpW tajpNyNa filfs;> cztfk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfspy;
Ntiyia nra;fpd;wdh;. tWik> Cl;lr;rj;jpd;ik> vOj;jwptpd;ik Mfpatw;wpd; tpisthf
Foe;ijf; njhopshh; gpur;rid cUthfpwJ.
8.26.1 Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh;fs; gpur;ridiaj; jPh;f;Fk; topfs;
yy murpay; mikg;G epthuzq;fs;: ekJ murpay; mikg;gpd; 23tJ rl;lg;ghpT fl;lha
kw;Wk; Foe;ijf; njhopshh; Kiwiaj; jil nra;Js;sJ.
yy 45tJ rl;lg;gphpT 14 taJ KbAk; tiu midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytrf;
fl;lhaf;fy;tpiar; nray;gLj;j typAWj;jpAs;sJ.
yy 39 tJ rl;lg;gphpT (F) gphpT vy;yhtifr; Ruz;ly;fspypUe;Jk; midj;J Foe;ijf;Fk;
ghJfhg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpAs;sJ.
8.26.2 rl;lq;fs;
yy 1949 Mz;L Foe;ijfs; Ntiytha;g;Gr;rl;lk; Foe;ijfs; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd
taij Kjypy; 14 MfTk; gpwF 15 kw;Wk; 17 Mf cah;j;jpaJ.
yy 1951 Mk; Mz;L Njhl;l njhopyhsh; rl;lk; 12 taJf;Ff; Fiwe;j Foe;ijfs;
Njhl;lg;gz;izfspy; Ntiy nra;tij jLj;Js;sJ.
yy Foe;ijfspd; cly;> kd kw;Wk; r%f tsh;r;rpf;F Njitahd trjpfis mspg;gjw;fhf
1974 Mk; Mz;L Njrpaf; nfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
yy 1986 Mk;Mz;L Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh;fs; jLg;G kw;Wk; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; 14
taJ epuk;ghj Foe;ijf; njhopshh;fs; kw;Wk; Ruq;fq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tij jil
nra;fpwJ.
yy Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh; Kiawia mwNt ePf;f 1987k; Mz;by; Njrpa Foe;ij
njhopyhsh; nfhs;if cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
8.27 jkpof muR vLj;Js;s eltbf;iffs;
yy 1986Mk; Mz;L Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; rl;lj;ij jkpof muR jPtpukhf nray;gLj;jp
tUfpd;wJ.
yy 1958 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL czT jUtpg;G njhopyfr;rl;lk; 16tJ taJ epuk;ghj
Foe;ijfis Ntiy thq;Ftij jil nra;Js;sJ.
yy 1986 Mk; Mz;L Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh; rl;lj;ij kPWgth;fs; jz;bf;fg;ggl;lhh;fs;.
rptfhrp> jpUg;G+h;> Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; gd;dhl;Lj; njhopyhsh; epWtdj;jpd; Foe;ijf;
njhopyhsh; Kiwia ePf;Fk; KOikahd jpl;lj;ij jPtpukhf nray;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
yy Foe;ijf; njhopy; KiwapypUe;J kPl;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfSf;F Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpaspf;f
jkpof murpd; Njrpa Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh; jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
yy jkpo;ehL Fbik khw;W thhpak; Foe;ijf; njhopyhsh; xopg;Gj;jpl;lj;ij nrd;id
efhpy; nray;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 2005 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fs; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; Kiwia
mwNt xopg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
109
yy jkpof njhopyhsh; mikr;rh; jiyikapy; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsUf;fhf jkpo;ehL
khepy MNyhrid thhpak; xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
8.28 1987Mk; Mz;L Njrpa Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs;

yy 1986 Mk; Mz;L Njrpa Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; rl;lj;ij jpwk;gl nray;gLj;Jjy;
yy tUkhdj;ijg; ngUf;Fk; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; FLk;gq;fisf;
nfhz;L tUjy;
yy mghafukhd njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F Kiw kw;Wk;
Kiw rhuh fy;tp mspj;jy;
yy Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fSf;F njhopw;gapw;rp mspf;f jdpg;gl;l gs;spfis epWTjy;
yy Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; gpur;rid kw;wpa tpopg;Gzh;r;rpis gy;NtW r%fj;jpdhpilNa
tsur; nra;a murk; muR rhuh epWtdq;fSk; Kaw;rpfs; vLj;J tUfpd;wJ. mj;jifa
Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; vLj;j NghjpYk; Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; vd;w ,opepiy
tUq;fhy ,e;jpahit tskhf;fj; jahuhfp tUgth;fs; ,f;fhyf; Foe;ijfs;.
,f;Foe;ijfis ey;y Kiwapy; Ngzpf;fhj;Jf; fy;tp toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,d;iwa
fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhshf cs;sJ. vdNt Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; Kiwia
xopf;f Ntz;LtJ kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
Xa;T Neuj;ij mDgt;pg;gjw;Fk;> nghOJ Nghf;F> fyhr;rhu epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;F
ngWtjw;Fkhd chpik epahakhd jd;ikfis Vw;W> ,Wf;fk;> mr;rk;> Klf;fk;>
my;topaw;w tifapy; Foe;ijfisg; Ngzp jpuz;l tshpsk;gUtj;jpdiu cUthf;Fk;
nghWg;gpy; jk; gq;ifr; rpwg;ghf Mw;wp Kd;tu Ntz;Lk;. thOk; chpik> cah;e;j Rfhjhuk;>
rj;jhd czT> jukhd tho;f;ifj;juk;> ngah; chpik> FbAhpik Kjypa chpikfSk;
toq;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpw;Fkhwhd r%f mePPjpfs; epfohtz;zk; fhg;gjpy; vy;yhh;f;Fk;
gq;Fz;L. vdpDk; Mrphpah;fSf;F ,tw;wpy; jiyaha nghWg;Gk; flikAk; cs;sJ.
8.29 cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f epiyf; fy;tp (Universalisation of Primary Education)

cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ jfty;> fUj;J> njhopy;El;gk;> nghUl;fs;> Nritfs;> epjp>
filrpahf kf;fs;. mtw;wpw;fhd cyf nghUshjhuj;jpy; ehL fle;j njhlu;Gk;> kdpj
tho;tpd; mjpf gFjpfis Kf;fpakhf fy;tpia ghjpg;gNj cyfkakhjypd; nray;Kiw
MFk;. ,J vd;dntd;why; fy;tp mikg;ig gy;NtW nghUshjhuj;jpy; xNu $iuapd; fPo;
nfhz;L tuxNu rPuhd fw;gpj;jy; ghlj;jpl;l KiwfisAk;> tho;f;ifapd; ,yl;rpaj;ij
mila Njitg;gLk; mwptpd; mikg;igAk; Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;fj;jpa epWtdq;fs;
Eioa 20Mk; E}w;whz;by;> mjpf tsUk; ehLfs; fy;tp tsu;r;rpahy; tsh;r;rpia fz;Ls;sd.
8.30 fy;tpapy; cyfkakhjypd; jhf;fk;

kf;fs; jpwd;fis tsu;f;f cyfkakhjypd; %yk; fy;tp mwpit Nkw;fj;jpa
ehLfsplkpUe;J ngw tsu;e;J tUk; ehLfs; khw;wj;ij tpUk;Gfpd;wd. gy;NtW NtiyfSf;F
Njitahd jpwd;fis njhopw;rhiyfspYk;> ngWepWtd cyfq;fspYk;> cah;fy;tpf;Fk;
,ilNaahd cwtpYk;> khw;wk; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. cyfkakhjypd; nray;Kiw vd;gJ
cyf tu;j;jfk;> njhlu;G> fy;tp nray;ghL> nghUshjhu cwT ,it midj;jpYk;> 20
Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpwF> kdpj jiyikia cUthf;Ftjpy; fy;tp xU Kf;fpa KjyPlhf
,Ue;J> njhopEl;g GJikfspYk;> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapYk;; Fwpg;glj;jf;f khw;wk;
nfhz;Ltu ce;J rf;jpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,J r%fj;jpy; fy;tpapd; me;j];ij gug;Gtjd;
%yk; kf;fSf;F gd;Kfj;jd;ik tsh;r;rpia cWjp nra;fpwJ. r%fk; njhopy;kakhd
110
gpd; cyfpy;> Nkk;gl;l Njrq;fs;> jq;fsJ Njrj;jpd; tuit tptrhaj;jpypUe;Njh my;yJ

njhopw;rhiyfspypUe;Njh ngwhky; Nrit Jiw %yk; ngw;wd. ,Jtiu khzth;fSf;Fk;>
,isQh;fSf;Fk;> jpwd;fisAk; gapw;rpfisAk;> mspf;f fy;tpj;Jiw mjpfkhf
Kad;W tUfpwJ. fy;ypj;Jiw yhgfukhf Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;fp> ngupa mstpy;
tsh;r;rpAw;wJ. Kd;ddp tsq;fspd; xJf;fPl;bw;F ,ilNaahd tl;l$W Kd;Dupikapy;
khw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ njhlh;ghd fUj;J NtWghL voe;jJ. ,e;j mikg;ig xU
tzpf epWtdkhf cWthf;FtJ Mgj;J vd;gij czuhkNyNa jdpahu;kakhf;fYf;fhf
thjpl;lJ.
8.31 cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f epiyf; fy;tpapd; rthy;fs;

ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kf;fspd; fy;tpawpitr; rhh;e;Nj mike;Js;sJ.
vdNt cyf ehLfs; midj;Jk; jk; kf;fs; midtUf;Fk; jukhd fy;tp toq;Ftjpy;
Kidg;Gld; <Lgl;Ls;sd. Kd;Ndwpa ehLfspy; fy;tp mwpT ngw;Nwhhpd; tpOf;fhL E}W
rjtPjk;> vOj;jwpT kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tsUk; ehLfspy; fy;tp mwpT ngw;Nwhhpd;
tpOf;fhL Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wNghJ> ekJ ehl;L kf;fspilNa
vOj;jwpT 16.67 rjtPjkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ 2000Mk; Mz;by; 65.38 rjtPjkhf cah;e;jJ.
vdpDk; ekJ murpay; rhrdj;jpy; fz;Ls;sgb E}W tpOf;fhlil vl;Ltjw;Fj; njhlh;e;J
ekJ ,yf;F jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
Kiwahf fy;tp gapyj; njhlq;Fk; epiyiaj; njhlf;ff; fy;tp vdyhk;. ,e;epiyapy;
6taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiuAs;s rpWth;> rpWkpah; fy;tp gapYfpd;wdh;. mjpy; 1-5 tFg;Gfs;
cs;s gs;spfs; njhlf;fg;ggs;spfs; vd;Wk;> 1 Kjy; 8 tFg;Gfs; cs;s gs;spfis
cah; njhlf;fg;gs;spfs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpNwhk;. cyfpy; kpfg;nghpa fy;tp Kiwiaaf;
nfhz;Ls;s ehL ,e;jpah ,uz;lhk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,jpy; Kjyplk; tfpg;gJ rPdh.
,e;jpahtpy; 0.66 kpy;ypad; njhlf;fg;gs;spfs; cs;sd. 94.7 tpOf;fhL kf;fs; xU fp.kP.
njhiytpw;Fs; njhlf;fg;gs;sp trjpfis ngw;wpUf;fpwhh;fs;. gs;sp trjpfs; ,y;yhj rpW
gFjpfspy; khw;Wg; gs;spfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
ekJ muRfspd; ngU Kaw;rpfshy; Muk;gg; gs;spfspy; Nrh;f;ifahdJ ntFthf
cah;e;Js;sJ. Jtf;fg;gs;spfspy; khzth; Nrh;f;if tpfpjk; (GER): Mz;fSf;F 100%
ngz;fSf;F 92 % epfur; Nrh;f;if tpfpjk; (NER) Mz;fSf;F 78%. ngz;fSf;F 64 %
(UNICEF 2006) ,Ug;gpDk; gs;spapy; Nruhj Foe;ijfs; ,d’dKk; ,Uf;fNt nra;fpwhh;fs;.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs;> ehNlhb r%fj;jpdh;> Ntiyf;fhf njhlh;e;J ,lk; tpl;L ,lk;
ngaUk; epiyapy; ,Ug;Nghh;> CdKw;Nwhh;> gs;sp trjp mUfpy; ,y;yhNjhh;> njUf;Foe;ijfs;
(street children)> jho;j;g;gl;l/kiytho; ,dj;jth;fs;> ngz;fy;tp tha;g;Gf;fis KOikahfg;
gad;gLj;j ,ayhj epiyapy; cs;sth;fs; Nghd;Nwhhpy; gyh; gs;spf;Fr; nry;yhJ ,Uj;jy;
$Lk;. mth;fs; midtUk; fy;tpawpT ngw Mtd nra;tNj ekJ cldbf; flikahFk;
111
gFjp – m
1. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
2. vOj;jwptpd;ikia vt;tifapy; fisayhk;?
3. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fs; vd;gth;fs; ahh;?
4. Ntiyapd;ik> FiwepiyNtiy Mfpatw;iw tiuaWf;f.
5. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s jPtputhj ,af;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
6. vOj;jwptpd;ik vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
7. fy;tpapy; cyfkakhjypd; jhf;fk; gw;wp rpW FwpgGtiuf.
8. Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ikia Nghf;Fk; rpy topKiwfis Fwpg;gpLf.
9. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jpd; tpisTfs; ahit?
10. Foe;ijj; njhopyhshh;fSf;fhd fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wp $Wf.
gFjp – M
11. vOj;jwptpd;ikahy; vd;ndd;d gpur;ridfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij gw;wp Ma;T nra;f.
12. gpwg;G tpfpjk;> ,wgG tpfpjk; vd;why; vd;d? ekJ ehl;bd; jw;Nghija kf;fs;
epiyia tpthpf;f.
13. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ekJ murhy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
eltbf;iffis tpthp.
14. gaq;futhjk; vd;gJ ahJ? mjd; jd;ikfis tpthp.
15. Ntiytha;g;G tiffisAk;> mtw;wpd; epiw FiwfisAk; tpthpf;f.
16. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fSf;F muR vLj;Js;s eltbf;iffs; ahit?
17. kf;fs; njhifg; ngUf;fj;jhy; fy;tpapy; Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfis tpsf;Ff.
gFjp -,
19. m. kf;fs; njhifg;ngUf;fj;jhy; vw;gLk; r%f nghUshjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;Roy;
ghjpg;Gf;fis tpthpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. cyfkakhjypd; njhlf;f epiyf;fy;tpapd; rthy;fis gw;wp tpthp.
20. m. ,e;jpahtpy; ngUksT Ntiyapy;yhj; jpz;lhl;lk; epyTtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

ahit? Ntiytha;g;gpid mjpfhpf;Fk; tifapy; fy;tpapid vt;thW khw;wpaikf;f
KbAk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. ,dthjk; vd;gJ ahJ? ,dthj fyfj;jpw;F fhuzq;fs; ahit? mij vt;thW
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
112
myF 9
,e;jpa r%f gpur;ridfSk; fy;tpAk;
UNIT -9 PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
9.1 Njf;fk; kw;Wk; fopT
9.2 fopT> Njf;fk; Mfpait Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
9.3 ,ayhNjhUf;fhd rpwg;Gf;fy;tpapd; mtrpak;
9.4 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp
9.5 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd; gz;Gfs;
9.6 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp Kiwfs;
9.7 mwpTj; jpwd;kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jy;
9.8 mwpTj; jpwd; kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jYf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
9.9 mwpTj; jpwd; kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jiyj; jLg;gjw;fhd topfs;
9.10 ngz; fy;tp
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
9.1 Njf;fk; kw;Wk; fopT (Stagnation and Wastage)

njhlf;ff; fy;tpia Kbg;gjw;Fs;shfNt Foe;ijfs; gs;spapypUe;J tpyFjNy
fopT my;yJ Nrjk; my;yJ ,ilepw;wy; vdg;gLk; vd;W `h;lhf; fkpl;b tiuaWj;Js;sJ.
njhlf;ff; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fNk kf;fsplj;jpy; jpwd;kpf;f vOj;jwpitj; Njhw;Wtpj;jNy
ehd;fhz;LfshtJ gs;spapy; Nrh;e;J gapyhj Foe;ijfs; rpwe;j vOj;jwpitg; ngWtjpy;iy
vd;gij Ma;T KbTfs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNT epue;ju vOj;jwpitg; ngWtjw;fhd
fhyj;jpw;F Kd;ghfNt Foe;ijfs; gs;spia tpl;L ePq;Fjy; fopit cz;lhf;FfpwJ.
Foe;ijfs; gyKiw gs;sp tFg;gpy; Njhy;tpAWk; NGhJ ngw;Nwhh; Vkhw;wkile;J mth;fspd;
gs;spg; gbg;ig epWj;jptpLfpd;wdh;. ,J njhlh;ghf gs;spfs; Foe;ijfSf;Ff; fy;tp
fw;gpg;gjw;fhf Vw;gl;litNa jtpu mth;fis Njhy;tpAwr; nra;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf
,y;iy vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. midj;Jf; Foe;ijfisAk; ,il epWj;jk;
,y;yhJ njhlu itj;jy;
njhlf;f epiyapYk;> cah; njhlf;f epiyapYk; ,ilapy; ve;j tFg;gpypUe;Jk;
Foe;ij epue;jukhf gs;spf;F tuhJ epd;W tpLtij ,ilepWj;jk; vd;fpNwhk;. ,jw;Fk; gy
fhuzq;fs; cz;L. tWik> Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W FLk;gj;jpw;F cjTtjhy; gs;spg;gbg;gpd;
mtrpaj;ij czuhjpUj;jy;> gbg;gpy; Nghjpa Kd;Ndw;wkpd;ik gpd;jq;fy;> ngz;fs;
njhiyJ}uk; nrd;W gbf;f tpUk;ghik> tPl;bYs;s rpWFoe;ijfisg; Ngz Ntz;ba
nghWg;G> cly;eyf; FiwT Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; Foe;ijfs; gbg;ig tpl;L ,ilapy;
epd;W tpLfpd;wdh;. jw;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; ,ilepWj;j tpfpjk; 14.40
rjtPjkhfTk>; cah; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; ,jd; tpfpjk; 35.59 rjtPjkhfTk; css;J
jkpo;ehl;bd; ,ilepw;wy; tpfpjk; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspy; 5.79 vdTk; cah; njhlf;f tFg;Gfspy;
8.64 (2004-05) vdTk; ntFthff; Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
113
,ilepw;wiyf; Fiwg;gjw;F muR gy;NtW jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
,ytr rP&il> ,ytr kjpa czT> ,ytr vOJ gyif> ,ytr ghlE}y;fs;> ,ytrg;NgUe;J
trjp> gj;jhk; tFg;G Kbj;j ngz;fSf;F jpUkz cjtpg;gzk; khzth;fSf;F kUj;Jt
Ma;Tj; jpl;lk;> ,ytr irf;fps; Nghd;w gy jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp tUfpwJ.
9.1.3 Njf;fkpy;yhJ midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; fy;tpia epiwT nra;jy;
xU Foe;ij xU tFg;gpy; Xuhz;bw;F Nky; fw;f Neh;tJ Njf;fk; vdg;gLk;
(i) Kjy; ,uz;L tFg;Gf; Foe;ijfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Njq;Fk; epiy fhzg;gLfpwJ.
fhuzk; Foe;ijfs; xOq;fhfg; gs;spf;F tUtjpy;iy.
(ii) gs;sp tajpw;Ff; Fiwthf cs;s Foe;ijfs; Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;L gpd;G
gs;sp taJ tUk; tiu mt;tFg;gpNyNa njhlh;e;J ,Uf;fr; nra;jy;
(iii) gs;spf;F tuhkNyNa rpy Foe;ijfspd; ngah;fs; gjpNtl;by; ,Uj;jy; ,J Nghd;w
Foe;ijfs; Njf;f epiyapy; fhl;lg;gLth;.
(iv) Foe;ijia xU tFg;gpy; Njh;r;rpapd;wp njhlh;e;J epWj;jf;$lhJ vd;w murpd;
nfhs;ifiaf; fUjhj Mrphpah;fs; Foe;ijfis Njf;f epiyf;F Mshf;Fjy;
,jw;fhd fhuzj;ijf;fz;lwpa mNef Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gl;L ,Ug;gpDk; rhpahd
fhuzq;fs; KOtijAk; fz;lwpa Kbatpy;iy.
9.1.4 midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; KO milTj; jpwd; va;Jjy;
gs;spapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSk; 1 Kjy; 5 tFg;G tiu
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s 663 jpwd;fspd; KO milT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ 80
tpOf;fhL jpwd;fisNaDk; khzth;fs; milT ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;
9.2 fopT> Njf;fk; Mfpait Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Nfhj;jhhp FOtpd; $w;Wg;gb njhlf;ff; fy;tp epiyapy; Njf;fKk;> fopTk; gy;NtW
fhuzq;fshy; Vw;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW
yy gyjug;gl;l taJila khzth;fis Kjy; tFg;gpy; Nrh;j;jy;
yy tUlk; KOtJk; Gjpa khzth; Nrh;f;ifia mDkjpj;jy;
yy gs;spf;F khzth;fs; tUtjpy; Kiwapd;ik
yy gs;spf;F Njitahd fl;llq;fSk;> fUtpfSk; NghJkhd mstpy; ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
yy tFg;Gfspy; msTf;fjpfkhf khzth;fis mDkjpj;jy;
yy nghUj;jkw;w ghlj;jpl;l Vw;gHLfs;
yy nray;topf;fw;wypy; Mh;tk; fhl;lhjpUj;jy;
yy tFg;giwf; fw;wypy; khzth;fs; kfpo;r;rpNahL ,Uf;Fk; tifapyhd tpisahl;L
topf; fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrphpah;fs; ga;dgLj;jhik
yy khzth;fspd; thrpf;Fk; jpwDf;F mjpf Kd;Dhpik mspf;fhjpUj;jy;
yy njhlf;ff; fy;tp epiy Foe;ijfisf; ifahSk; jpwd; ngw;wpuhj Mrphpah;fs;
yy jtwhd gs;spj; Njh;T Kiwapd; %yk; Njh;r;rpg; gl;bay; jahhpj;jy;
fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; gs;sp eph;thfk; njhlh;ghd fhuzpfNshL NkYk; gy fhuzpfisAk;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwhh; jpU.JP ehaf; fopT epiy Njf;f epiy Vw;gLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpfis
fhzyhk;;.
nghUshjhuhf; fhuzpfs;: njhlf;f fy;tpapy; Vw;gLk; fopTfs; 65% nghUshjhuj;
njhlh;Gilait
yy 6 Kjy; 9 taJila Foe;ijfisg; gs;spf;F mDg;g ngw;Nwhh; ,irTld;
,Uf;fpwhh;fs;
114
yy 10 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l Foe;ijfisj; jk; tPl;bYk>; gz;izfspYk; NeubahfNth
my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth Ntiyf;F mkh;j;jpf; FLk;g tUkhdj;ij ngUf;fNt
epidf;fpwhh;fs;
yy ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngwNwhh;fs; nghUshjhu #o;epiy fhuzkhf njhlf;ff;fy;tpia
Kbg;gjw;F Kd;ghfNt Foe;ijfisg; gs;spfSf;F mDg;Gtij epWj;jp tpLfpd;wdh;.
r%ff; fhuzpfs;: njhlf;f fy;tpapy; fopT Vw;gLtjw;F r%ff; fhuzpfNs Kf;fpa
fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ
yy ngz;fSf;Fr; rpWtajpNyNa kzk; Kbj;jy;> g+g;nga;jpa Foe;ijfisg; gs;spf;F
mDg;g jaq;Fjy; Nghd;wtw;why; fopT Vw;gLfpwJ
yy ngz; Foe;ijfisj; njhiytpYs;s gs;spfSf;F Fwpg;ghf ,Ughyhh; gapYk;
gs;spfSf;F mDg;g mr;rg;gLtJ> gs;spfspy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Mrphpiafs;
,y;yhjpUj;jy; Nghd;wit fopTf;fhd Kf;fpa r%ff; fhuzpfshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd
yy tPl;ilg; guhkhpg;gjw;F Mz;Foe;ijfistpl ngz; Foe;ijfNs mjpfk; gad;gLtjhy;
ngz;fspilNa fy;tpapy; fopT mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ
yy njhlf;f fy;tpia mspg;gjw;Fhpa trjpfisg; ngw;wpuhj KOikaw;w gs;spfs; mjpf
vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;sd.
yy gs;spj; Njh;Tfspy; Njhy;tpAWk; khzth;fs; gbg;ig NkYk; njhlu tpUk;Gtjpy;iy
yy ngUk;ghd;ikahd njhlf;fg; gs;spfs; khzth;fis ftUk; tifapy; ,y;iy
yy rj;JzT mspj;jy;> cly;eyk; Nrhjpj;jy;> Vio khzth;fSf;Fg; Gj;jfq;fs;>
vOJ nghUl;fs;> gs;spr; rP&il Mfpait ,ytrkhf fpilj;jy; Nghd;w Nritfs;
gs;spfspy; mikag; ngwhjpUj;jYk; fopTf;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;
yy fy;tpiag; ngWtjhy; tho;f;ifapy; tsk; ngwKbAk; vd;gij ngw;NwhUk; khztUk;
czh;tjpy;iy
fopitAk;> Njf;fj;ijAk; ePf;fpl Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; njhlf;ff;
fy;tpapd; ngUf;fk;
njhlf;ff;fy;tpia midtUf;Fk; mspj;jpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w murpay; rhrdf; flikf;F
mjpf Kd;Dhpik mspj;J ehL KOtJk; fPo;f;fhZk; jpl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wjy; kpf
mtrpak;
yy midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; rpwe;j Ie;J tUl njhlf;ff; fy;tpia mspj;jy;
yy mj;jifa fy;tpia Vohz;Lfshf ePl;bj;J toq;Fjy;
yy Kjy; tFg;gpy; mDkjpf;fg;gLk; Foe;ijfspy; 80% Ngh; Vohk; tFg;ig Vohz;Lfspy;
nrd;wilAk; tz;zk; fopitAk;> Njf;fj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
yy Vohk; tFg;ig mile;Jk; 14 taijg; g+h;j;jp nra;ahj Foe;ijfs; gs;spg;gbg;ig
NkYk; njhlutpUk;ghj epiyapy; mth;fSf;F 14 taJ g+h;j;jpahFk; tiu Njhe;njLj;j
rpy ifj; njhopy;fspy; FWfpa fhy gapw;rpaspj;jy;
yy xt;nthU khepyKk; khtl;l mbg;gilapy; Nkw;fz;l ,yf;Ffis milAk; tz;zk;
tl;lhuj; Njitfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L tphpthd njhlf;fff;fy;tp ngUf;fj;
jpl;lj;ijj; jahhpj;jy; mtrpak;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; fy;tp fpilf;Fk; tifapy; gs;spfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;
njhlf;ff; fy;tpg; ngUf;fj;ij jpl;lkpLk; NghJ xt;nthU Foe;ijapd; tPl;bypUe;Jk;
xUiky; Rw;wsTf;Fs; Xh; Muk;gg; gs;sp (5tJ tFg;G tiu cs;s) mtrpak; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; %d;W iky; Rw;wsTf;Fs; 8tJ tFg;G tiu cs;s eLepiyg;gs;sp mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
115
midj;Jf; Foe;ijfisAk; gs;spapy; Nrh;j;jy;
6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuAs;s midj;Jf; Foe;ijfisAk; tPl;bd; mUfpy; cs;s
gs;spapy; vg;ghLgl;lhtJ Nrh;j;jpl Ntz;Lk; mt;thW Nrh;j;jpLk; NghJ fpOf;fhz;gtw;iw
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;
yy xd;whk; tFg;gpy; gy;NtW taJila Foe;ijfs; ,Ug;gijf; Fiwj;J ngUk;ghydth;fs;
6taJ cilath;fshf ,Uf;FkhW khzth; Nrh;f;ifia Kiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
yy gs;spapy; khzth; Nrh;f;iff;F Kd;gjpT Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
9.3 ,ayhNjhUf;fhd rpwg;Gf;fy;tpapd; mtrpak;

clypy; FiwghLila Foe;ijfs; midtUk; ,ayhepiyf; Foe;ijfs;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. fz;ghh;itf; FiwT> fhJNfshik> tha; Ngrtpayhik> %is
tsh;r;rpf;FiwT> cly; CdKw;wth;fs; Nghd;w ,ayhik cs;sth;fs; ,g;gphptpy; mlq;Fth;
Mjhug;g+h;tkhf gj;J tifahf ,f;FiwghLila Foe;ijfis tifg;gLj;jyhk;
mitahdit
yy fz;ghh;itaw;wth;fs;
yy XusT fz;ghh;itAs;sth;fs;
yy fhJ Nfshjth;fs;
yy XusNt fhJ Nfl;Fk; jd;ikAilth;fs;
yy fw;wypy; ,ay;Gf;F khwhd epiyAs;s Foe;ijfs;
yy typg;G Neha;fs; cs;s Foe;ijfs;
yy nghUj;jghby;yhjth;fs;
yy cly; CdKw;Nwhh;
yy tha; NgrhNjhh;
yy Ez;zwpT Fd;wpath;fs;
1986Mk; Mz;bd; Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; ,t;tpayhf; Foe;ijfSf;F tha;g;gspf;Fk;
tifapy; gpd;tUk; ghpe;Jiufs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
yy ,ayhf;Foe;ijfSf;F tFg;giwapy; gpw Foe;ijfSld; Nrh;j;J fw;wy; epfOk;
tz;zk; rpwg;Gr; gapw;rp ngw;w Mrphpah;fis epakpj;jy;
yy GyDWg;Gfspy; ghjpg;Gs;s Foe;ijfSf;Fg; gapw;rpapd; %yk; fy;tp Gfl;Ljy;
yy ,ayhf; Foe;ijfSf;nfd khtl;lk; NjhWk; jq;Fkpl trjpAld; $ba rpwg;G
gs;spfis rKjhaj;jpw;Fg; NgUjtp nra;jy;
yy ,ayhf;Foe;ijfs; njhopw;fy;tpapy; Nghjpa msT gapw;rp ngWk; tifapy;
Njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L kj;jpa khepy muRfs; fy;tp Kiwapy;
khw;wk; nfhz;LtUjy;
yy ,t;tpayhf; Foe;ijfisAk; nghJthd tFg;giwapy; Nrh;j;J gapw;Wtpf;Fk; tifapy;
Mrphpag; gapw;rpapy; Fwpg;ghf njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrphpah;fSf;fhd ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;
Nghjpa ghl mikgGf;fis tFj;jspj;jy;
yy rKjhaKk;> jd;dhh;t mikg;gfSk; jhkhfNt Kd;te;J ,ayhf;Foe;ijfSf;F

fy;tp mspg;gjpy; jq;fshy; ,ad;w xt;nthU tifapYk; cjtp Ghpe;J ,ayhf;
Foe;ijfis cau;j;Jjy;; Nghd;wit MFk;
116
9.4 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp
kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; tiuaiw
N[k;]; l;Nuth; vd;gthh; kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; my;yJ mwpTj; jpwd;
Foe;ijfs; vd;gth;fs; cahe;j mwpthw;wy; jpwidg; nghJthd my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l
Jiwapy; ngw;wpUg;ghh;fs; vd;W tiuaWf;fpwhh;. nghJthf ,th;fs; Ez;zwpT 120f;F Nky;
nfhz;lth;fs;. gs;spapy; kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfis milahsk; fz;L nfhs;tJ kpfTk;
mtrpakhdjhFk; ,jw;F ngw;Nwhh;fs;> Mrphpah;fs; cstpayhsh;fs; kw;Wk; r%f Nrit
nra;gth;fs; midtUk; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk; kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfis milahsk;
fz;L nfhs;tjw;F gy;NtW Kiwfs; cs;sd. mit
yy Ez;zwpTr; Nrhjid
yy milTr; Nrhjid
yy jpus; gjpNtL
yy Mrphpahpd; cw;WNehf;fy;
9.5 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd; gz;Gfs;

kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd; nghJthd gzGfis Mrphpah; Kiwahf milahsk;
fhzNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;> N[k;]; vk; LAyhg; kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd;
Neh; gz;Gfis fPof;fz;lthW tiuaWf;fpwhh;.
yy kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; tpiuthff; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdh; gs;spg; ghlq;fspy;
mth;fsJ rhjid cah;thf ,Uf;Fk.; gbg;igj; jtpu ghl ,izr; nray;fspYk;
kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;bUg;gh;
yy tpdh vOg;Gk; NghJ kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfspd; tpdhtpd; Mok>; cl;nghUs; tpj;jpahrkhd
Nfhzk;> Nehf;fk; Nghd;wit ntspg;gLk;
yy tpdh vOg;Gk; NghJ kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfspd; GJg;GJ thh;j;ijfs; mtw;wpw;fhd
nghUs;> mfuhjp> fsQ;rpak; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J gad;gLj;Jth;
yy epiwe;j nrhy;tsk; kpf;fth;fshf ,Ug;gjhYk;> jiyikg;gz;G nfhz;lth;fshf
,Ug;gjhYk; mth;fsJ rpe;jid ntspg;ghL Gjpatdhf ,Uf;Fk;
yy gbg;gjpy; Mde;jk; nfhz;lth;fshf ,Ug;gjhy; mth;fs; gbg;gpy; Kjph;r;rpaile;jth;fshf
,Ug;gh;
yy kpfTk; Jhpjkhf thrpg;gth;fs;> mNj rkak; gbj;jjij ePz;l ehisf;F Qhgfj;jpy;
itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;
yy tajpy; %j;j Foe;ijfSld; goFtJ kl;Lkpd;wp mth;fSld; Nrh;e;J kfpo;r;rpAld;
,Ug;ghh;fs;
yy vg;NghJk; fyfyg;ghfTk;> re;NjhrkhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;
yy vq;Fk; vjpYk; kpQ;Rgth;fshf my;yJ Nkk;gl;lth;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;
yy vijAk; clNd Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jpwid cilath;fs;
yy mwpTiufis Rygkhf filgpbg;gth;fs;
yy nghJthd fUj;J> fUj;Jf;fSf;fpilNa epyTk; cwT kw;Wk; jh;f;ftpay; Nfhl;ghL
,tw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fthh;fs;
yy mwptpay;> thdtpay;> kdpjNeak;> cyf el;G ,tw;wpy; Mh;tkpf;fth;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
rhjid gilf;f MtyhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;
yy fw;gid tsk; kpFe;J fhzg;gLth;
yy Muha;r;rp nra;tjpYk;> Muha;r;rp KbTfis tifg;gLj;JjypYk; gjpT nra;tjpYk;
ty;yth;fshf ,Ug;gh;
yy rpwe;j epidthw;wYld; jpfo;thh;fs;.
117
9.6 kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfSf;fhd fy;tp Kiwfs;
9.6.1 khzthpd; epiwfspYk>; FiwfspYk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;Jjy;
kPj;jpwd; kpf;f khzthpd; kdj;jpwikfis mjhtJ khzthpd; ehl;lk;> Mh;tk;
,tw;iwj; njhpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf Mrphpah; Ez;zwpT Nrhjid> ehl;lr;Nrhjidfs;>
Mh;tr; Nrhjidfs; Nghd;wtw;iw elj;Jfpwhh;. NkYk; ngw;Nwhh;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;> FLk;g
kUj;Jth;fs;> r%f mikg;ghsh;fs; kw;Wk; khzth; gbj;j gs;spapd; jiyikahrphpah;
MfpNahhplkpUe;J khzt khztpfisg; gw;wpa vy;yh tptuq;fisAk; Mrphpah; Nrfhpj;J
itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhh;.
9.6.2 jPh;khdk; vLg;gjpYk; jpl;lkpLtjpYk; cjtp nra;jy;
yy cah; jpwd;fisf; fw;gjw;fhd jpl;lkplypy; kPj;jpw khzth;fSf;F cjtp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;
yy Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; epiwa Gj;jfq;fis khztUf;F nfhLj;jy;> Ma;tff; fUtpfisf;
nfhLj;jy>; Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; epiwag; gbg;gJ jhuhs kdij
cUthf;Fk;. Ntiy> cah; gbg;gpw;Fj; jahh; nra;jy; ,itfs; khztUf;F jug;gl;lhy;
ed;ik gaf;Fk;
yy epiwa nrhw;fis tpthpj;jy>; mtw;iw nghJikg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw
kPj;jpwf;Foe;ijfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
yy khzthpd; jpl;lkplypy; cjtp nra;tjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;
mg;NghJjhd; khzth;fs; Ra jPh;khdq;fis vLf;Fk; jpwid tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;s
KbAk;> mtNu njhpTfis khw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;. gs;spapd; ntw;wp ,Yf;Ffis
mjpfg;gLj;Jjhy; mJ mtiur; Rw;wpAs;s cyfpd; ,ay;gpid mwpa cjTk;.
9.6.3 njhopy; tsh;r;rpapy; cjTjy;
Mrphpah; %d;W topfspy; njhopy; topfhl;Lk; epfo;r;rpfis kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfSf;F
toq;f KbAk;
yy njhopy; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahly;> gpw mDgtq;fisf; $wy; ,tw;wpd; %yk; khztdpd;
cah; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtyhk;
yy ew;gaDs;s jPh;khdq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk; jpwikfis fw;gjpy; cjTjy;
yy kd Kjph;r;rpAld; jdJ Mh;tj;jpw;Fk;> jpwDf;Fk; Vw;g Ntiyfisj; Njh;e;njLf;Fk;
NghJ khzth; tpUg;gg;gl;lhy; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
9.7 mwpTj; jpwd;kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jy;

9.7.1 may;ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;Wtply;
mwptpay;> kUj;Jtk;> nghwpapay;> njhopy;El;gk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; gbj;Jg; gl;lk; ngw;w
vz;zw;w nray;jpwd; kpf;fth;fs; kw;Wk; Mh;tkpf;fth;fs; may;ehLfspy; gbj;J mq;NfNa
Ntiyapy; Nrh;e;Jk>; mq;NfNa epue;jukhff; FbNawpLfpd;wdh;. ,jw;Fj; jpwd; kpf;Nfhh;
may;ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;Wtply; vd;W ngah;. ,jdhy; mth;fsJ jpwikfs;> mDgtq;fs; ekJ
jha; ehl;bw;Ff; fpl;lhky; ntspehLfSf:Fg; Ngha;tpLfpwJ. jq;fsJ nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd;
NghpYk;; gzk; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w MirapdhYk; ekJ ty;Yeh;fspd; mwpTk;>
Muha;r;rpAk; jpwDk; ekf;Ff; fpl;lhky; may;ehLfSf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ
9.8 mwpTj; jpwd; kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jYf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

9.8.1 ey;y rk;gsk; ,y;yhik
gbg;Gf;Nfw;w ey;y Ntiy ,y;iy. Ntiy fpilj;Jk; ey;y rk;gsk; ,y;iy.
,j;jifa Fiwiag; Nghf;f jpwd;kpf;Nfhiuf; fz;lwpe;J MjuT fhl;lNtz;Lk;
118
9.8.2 jpwikia kjpg;gpy;iy
jpwikahd khzth;fSf;F cjtpj; njhif mspg;gjpy;iy> mth;fsJ jpwik
tPzhfpwJ. jpwikahd ,isQh;fs; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;wdh;.
9.8.3 Muha;r;rpf;fhd trjpapd;ik
xU Fwpg;gpl;lj; Jiwapy; cah; fy;tpAk;> Muha;r;rpAk; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpy; FiwT. Mdhy; ntspehl;bNyh midj;J trjpfSk; epiwe;J cs;sJ.
,jdhy;jhd; ,e;jpa ,isQh;fSf;F mth;fspd; gbg;Gf;fSf;F ntspehl;by; mjpf tha;g;G
cs;sJ.
9.8.4 tPzhFk; mwpT
gbj;J jha;ehl;by; ,Ue;jhy; gy yl;rq;fs; nrytopj;J fpilj;j gbg;gwpT tPzhfp
tpLk;. gbj;jth;fs; ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;WtpLtjhy; jha;ehl;bw;Fk; muRf;Fk; ngUj;j
e\;lk;. vdNt jhd; ,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; nghushjhu tsh;r;rp NkiyehLfisg; Nghy
mt;tsT jpUg;jpaspf;ftpy;iy
9.8.5 gjtp cah;tpd;ik
cz;ikahd ciog;gpdhy; fpilf;Fk; gjtp cah;T kpff; FiwNt> jpwikfs;
,Ue;Jk; rhjp rka NtWghLfshy; gjtp cah;T kWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
9.8.6 Raeykpf;f tho;f;if trjpfs;
jhd; kl;Lk; tho;e;jhy; NghJk;> mJTk; trjpahd tho;f;ifAld; vd;w Raeykpf;f
vz;zk; xt;nthUthplj;jpYk; Nt&d;wptpl;lJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp ekJ ehl;bd; Ntiy nra;a
kWf;Fk; ,th;fs; ntspehl;by; kzpf;fzf;fpy; Ntiy nra;fpd;wdh;. me;ehl;Lg; gzj;jpw;F
,e;jpahtpd; gzj;jpd; kjpg;G mjpfNk jtpu rk;gs tpfpjj;jpy; nghpa tpj;jpahrk; ,y;iy.
9.9 mwpTj; jpwd; kpf;Nfhh; Gyk; ngah;jiyj; jLg;gjw;fhd topfs;

9.9.1 jha;ehl;Lg; gw;iw typAWj;jy;
gbg;G kw;Wk; Ntiyf;fhfr; nry;Yk; ,isQh;fSf;Fj; jha; ehl;bd;kPJ gw;iwAk;>
kjpg;igAk; tsur; nra;jhy; mth;fs; may;ehl;by; gbj;jJk; jha; ehl;bw;Nf te;JtpLthh;fs;
mth;fsJ gbg;gwpT jha;ehl;bw;Nf nrhe;jk;.
9.9.2 jha; ehl;by; gzp nra;tij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
ntspehl;by; gbj;j khzth;fSk;> jha; ehl;by; gbj;j khzth;fSk; jkJ jha;ehl;by;
gzp nra;tijg; ngUikahff; fUJjy; Ntz;Lk; ehd; xU ,e;jpad; vd;w vz;zk;
tsuNtz;Lk;.
9.9.3 Ntiyr; #o;epiy Vw;gLj;Jjy;
njhopy; nra;a> njhopy; Jtq;f> njhopy; cah;T vw;gl muR MjuT mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ciog;ghy; cah;gth;fis muR if nfhLj;J cjt Ntz;Lk;.
9.9.4 Ntiy tha;g;Gfis mjpfhpj;jy;
ntspehl;by; gbj;J jhafk; jpUk;gpa ,isQh;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fis
mspf;f muR cjt Kd;tuNtz;Lk;.
9.9.5 Muha;r;rp trjpfis mspj;jy;

Muha;r;rpg; gbg;GfSf;F Nky; ehl;by; cs;s trjp tha;g;Gfs; NGhd:W ekJ
ehl;bNyNa Muha;r;rp nra;tjw;fhd trjpfisAk>; tha;g;Gf;fisAk; mspj;J ,isQh;fis
119
Cf;fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; ,th;fsJ mwpT tPzhff; $lhJ vd;gjpy; ftdkha; ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
9.9.6 Ntiyapy; jpUg;jpailjy;
ey;y Ntiy ifepiwa rk;gsk; jpUg;jpahd tho;f;if vd;w Fwpf;NfhSld;
Ntiytha;g;Gf;fis mspf;f Ntz;Lk; Ntiyapy; murpay; kw;Wk; eph;thf FWf;fPL> vt;tpjg;
ghugl;rk; $lhJ
9.10 ngz; fy;tp

9.10.1 “ngz; fy;tp’ vd;gjd; tpsf;fk;
fy;tp fw;gjw;F Mz;fSf;F fpilj;jpLk; midj;J trjpfisAk;> tha;g;GfisAk;
mNj mstpy; ngz;fSf;Fk; fpl;blr; nra;tNj “ngz; fy;tp” (Women’s education) vdg;gLk;.
mjhtJ midj;J tiff; fy;tpfisAk;> fy;tpapd; vy;yh epiyfspYk; Mz;fSf;F
epfuhf ngz;fSk; ngWtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis nra;tNj “ngz; fy;tp” vd;wwpag;gLfpwJ.
9.10.2 ngz; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
yy gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf;FO (1948) $wpaJ Nghd;W> kf;fs; njhifapy; rupghjpahf
cs;s ngz;fs;> fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis KOikahf ngwhj tiuapy;
ehl;L kf;fisf; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;Js;Nshu; vd fUj ,ayhJ. vdNt
ehl;L Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ngz; fy;tp Kf;fpak; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
yy ii. ,e;jpag; gpujku; gz;bl; [tù;yhy; NeU $wpagb “Xu; MZf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
fy;tpahy; mtUf;F kl;LNk gad.;; Mdhy; xU ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tp
mtuJ FLk;gNk> fy;tp ngw;wjw;F rkkhfpwJ”. FLk;g tho;f;ifia eyKwr;
nra;aTk;> Foe;ijfspd; mwpT tsu;r;rpf;F rpwe;j mbj; jsj;ij mikj;jplTk;>
mf;fk; gf;fj;jpdupd; vOj;jwptpd;ikiag; Nghf;fplTk;> rpW FLk;g newpia gug;gplTk;>
r%f tpopg;Gzu;it ngUf;fplTk;> rKjha eyj;jpl;lq;fis ntw;wpailar; nra;aTk;
ngz; fy;tp kpfTk; mtrpakhfpwJ. ,jdhNyNa fhe;jpabfSk; “ngz;fSf;Fk;>
Mz;fSf;F ,izahd fy;tpia toq;fpl Ntz;Lk;; Kbe;jhy; mtu;fSf;F rpwg;ghd
$Ljy; fy;tpia mspj;jply; eyk;” vd;Wiuj;jhu;.
yy ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gLk; fy;tpapd; gad; mtsJ mLj;j jiyKiwiaAk;
nrd;wilAk;.
yy “kdpj ts Mw;wpypd; (Human resources) KOikahd tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fspd;
kdpjj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> rpWtajpNyNa Foe;ijfsplk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ij
tsu;j;jplTk; Mz;fspd; fy;tpiatpl ngz; fy;tpNa Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ” vd
Nfhj;jhupf; fy;tpf;FOTk; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
9.10.3 ngz;fy;tpapy; cs;s gpur;ridfs;
1. gapw;rp ngw;w ngz; Mrpupiafs; gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;sJ.
2. ghlj;jpl;lk; mtu;fsJ r%fj; NjitfSf;F Vw;g mika tpy;iy. ,J khztu;fsJ
fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F kl;LNk Kjyplk; mspj;jJ.
3. ngz;fs; Mz;fNshL rupepfuhfg; gof Vw;w r%f czu;T tutpy;iy.
4. ngw;Nwhu;fspd; Vo;ikAk;> mwpahikAk; ngz;fy;tpf;Fj; jilahapUe;jd>
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ,d;Wk; ngz;fs; fy;tp tsu;r;rp ngwtpy;iy. rpy tsu;r;rp ngw;w
fpuhkq;fspy; Muk;gg; gs;spfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Mdhy; mtw;wpf;Fg; Nghjpa
Mrpupau;fSk;> Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk; ,y;iy.
120
fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; mtu;fs; jq;fSila ,ilepiyf;fy;tp> cau; fy;tp kw;Wk;
njhopy; El;gf; fy;tpiaj; njhlu ve;j tpjkhd topAk; ,y;iy. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspypUe;J
tUk; rpWtu;fs; efu;g;Gwq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jq;fs; cau;fy;tpiaj; njhlu KbfpwNghJ
ngz;fs; mf;fy;tpiag; ngWtJ fbdkhd fhupakhf ,Uf;fpwJ. kf;fspd; Vo;ik epiy
ngz;fs; fy;tpapy; xU ngUk; jilf;fy;yhf ,Uf;fpwJ. Rje;juj;jpw;Fg;gpd; ,e;jpar; rl;lk;
eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; ngz;fs; gw;wp jq;fs; fUj;JfisAk;>
ngz;fs; fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; jilf;fy;yhf ,Ue;J te;j jq;fs; goikahd
fUj;JfisAk; khw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;. ekJ ehl;L kdpj tsq;fspd; tpiuthd Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
xU FLk;gj;jpy; Mz; fy;tpia tplg; ngz; fy;tpf;F Kd;Dupik nfhLg;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
Vnddpy; Xu; Mz; fy;tp fw;gJ jdpkdpjd; fy;tp fw;gjhFk;. mNj rkak; xU ngz; fy;tp
fw;gJ xU FLk;gNk fy;tp fw;gjw;F xg;ghFk;.
ngz;fSf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba gytifahd fy;tpfs; gw;wp fUj;J NtWghL
epyTfpwJ. mtu;fSf;Ff; FLk;g tho;f;iff;F cfe;j> Mz;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLk;
midj;Jtpjf; fy;tpAk; ngz;fSf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W cau;epiyg; gs;sp
fy;tpf;FO (Secondary Education Commission) gupe;Jiu nra;jJ. ngz;fs; fiy kw;Wk; rl;lk;>
mwptpay; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tijj; jtpu> nghwpapay;> tptrhak;> kUj;Jtk;> fhy;eil
mwptpay;> tzpftpay; Mfpa Jiwfspy; gapd;W ngUk; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy;
rpyu; ngz;fSf;F cfe;j ,lk; tPL jhd; vd;Wk;> Mifahy; mtu;fsJ fy;tp Mz;fspd;
fy;tpapypUe;J NtWgl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J cilatuhAs;sdu;. xU ngz;Zf;Ff;
FLk;g tho;f;if> nghJ tho;f;if Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kf;fpakhdit. ngz;fspd; ,lk;
tPl;bw;Fs; kl;Lk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gl;ljd;W. mtu;fisj; jq;fs; FLk;gj;jpw;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk;
nra;a Ntz;ba flikfis epiwNtw;wj; jahu; nra;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ. fy;tp fw;w
ngz;fs; ek; tPl;ilr; ruptu epu;tfpf;ff; $batu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cah;fy;tpapy; ngz; fy;tp ,d;Dk; gy iky;fw;fisf; flf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
ngz;fSf;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntspiaf; Fiwf;f gs;spastpy; ngz;
fy;tpiaj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy jpl;lq;fisj; jPtpukhjj; jPl;b tUfpd;wdhu;.
MrpupiafSf;F tPl;L trjp nra;J jUjy;> fpuhkq;fspy; gzpGupAk; MrpupiafSf;Fj;
jdpg;gb mspj;jy;> FWfpa gapw;rpfspd; %yk; taJte;j ngz;fspd; fy;tpj; jFjpia
Nkk;gLj;jp> mtu;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;r;rp Vw;gLj;Jjy;> nrtpypj; jha;fisg; Gjpjhfr;
Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> tpLjpfisf; fl;Ljy; Mfpait ,e;jj; jpl;lq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.
9.10.4 ngz;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fspd; epiyia cau;j;jpLtjw;F ngz; fy;tp fPo;f;fz;l
Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
epWtdk; (NCERT) typAWj;jpAs;sJ.
1. FLk;g epu;thfk; : tPl;bidg; guhkupj;J> FLk;gj;ij epu;tfpg;gjpy; ,lk; ngWk;
gy;NtW gzpfs; ngz;fs; kl;LNk nra;a Ntz;bait vd;w vz;zj;ijf; fise;J>
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; jkf;Fs; gfpu;e;J nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij
tsu;j;jy;.
2. tPl;L NtiyfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;: tPl;bw;F ntspapy; Mz;fs; Mw;wpLk; gzpfs;
kjpf;fg;gLtJ Nghd;Nw ngz;fs; nra;Ak; tPl;L NtiyfSf;Fk; cupa kjpg;igAk;>
kupahijiaAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
3. rkkhd nghWg;G: tPl;bYk>; ntspapYk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba gzpfspy; Mz;-ngz;
,UghyUf;Fk; rkkhd nghWg;G cs;sJ (Equal commitments) vd;W czu;j;Jjy;>
121
4. rkkhd tha;g;Gfs;: ehl;L Kd;Ndw;wg; gzpfspy; Mz;ngz; ,UghyUf;Fk;
rktha;g;gspj;jy>;; rkkhd gzpfSf;F rkmsT Cjpakspj;jy;.
5. KbntLj;jy;: FLk;gj;jpYk;> rKjhaj;jpYk; Kf;fpa KbTfis vLf;Fk;NghJ
ngz;fspd; fUj;JfSk; kjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij tsu;j;jy;.
6. Rarhu;G: rKjhaj;jpy; Mz;fisr; rhu;e;Nj ngz;fs; ,aq;fpl KbAk; vd;w epiyia
khw;wp> ngz;fs; jhNk Rakhf KbntLf;Fk; Mw;wiy tsu;j;jy;.
7. rl;l cupikfs;: ngz;fspd; eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lq;fisAk;> tha;g;GfisAk;
mwpar; nra;jy;.
8. nghJtho;tpy; gq;Nfw;G: jq;fs; [dehafg; nghWg;Gfis czu;e;J ngz;fSk;
murpay; eltbf;iffspy; <LglTk;> nghJ tho;tpy; gq;Nfw;fTk; cupa kdepiyia
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
9. rk cupik: ngz;fs; Mz;fSf;F epfuhf rk cupik NfhUtJ jk; tho;f;ifia
fz;zpaj;JlDk;> nfsutj;JlDk; elj;Jtjw;Nf vd Gupa itj;jy;.
10. nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;: ngz;fs; jkJ fy;tpawpitAk;> jpwikfisAk; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;F gad;gLj;jply; mtrpak; vd;gij czur;
nra;jy;.
11. Mil - mzpfyd; Nkhfj;ij ePf;Fjy;: Mlk;gukhd Milfs;> tpiyAau;e;j
mzpfyd;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ ngz;fs; nfhz;Ls;s Nkhfj;ijf; fisjy;.
12. rhjid Gupjy;: Mz;fisg; Nghd;Nw ngz;fSk; nraw;fupa nray;fisg; Gupe;J
tuyhw;wpy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mtiy ngz;fsplk; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
122
gFjp – m
1. mwpTg; Gyg;ngah;jy;; vd;why; vd;d?
2. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; ahh;?
3. KO milTj; jpwd; vd;gJ ahJ?
4. rpwg;Gf;fy;tp vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
5. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfs; tiuaW.
6. jpwd;kpf;Nfhh; may;ehL nry;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
7. mwpTj; jpwd; Gyg;ngah;jy; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
8. ngz; fy;tp gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
9. kPj;jpwd; Foe;ijfis milahsk; fz;Lnfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwfs; VNjDk; rpytw;iw
Fwpg;gpLf.
10. FiwghLila Foe;ijfis vt;thW tifg;gLj;jyhk;?
gFjp – M
11. ngz; fy;tpapy; cs;s gpur;ridfs; ahit?
12. fopT> Njf;fk; Mfpait Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
13. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f khzth;fSf;F fy;tpaspf;Fk; Kiwfis tpthp.
14. mwpTj; jpwd; kpf;fth;fs; Gyk; ngah;jYf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ahit?
15. ngz;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp voJf.
16. Njf;fkpy;yhJ midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; fy;tpia epiwT nra;tJ vg;gb? Tpthp.
17. kPj;jpwd; kpf;f Foe;ijfspd; gz;Gfs; ahit?
18. mwpTj; jpwd;kpf;Nfhh; Gyk;ngah;jiy jLg;gjw;fhd topKiwfs; ahit?
gFjp - ,
19. m. fopitAk;> Njf;fj;ijAk; ePf;fpl Nfhj;jhhpf; fy;tpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; ahit?
(my;yJ)
M. kPj;jpwd;kpf;f Foe;ijfis vt;thW fz;lwpayhk;? ,th;fSf;fhd rpwg;G fy;tp
Kiwia vOJf.
20. m. ,ayhepiyf; Foe;ijfs; vd;Nghh; ahh;? ,ayhNjhUf;fhd rpwg;Gf;fy;tpapd;

mtrpak; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. ngz;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
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myF – 10 tpOkf; fy;tpAk; MrpupaUk;

UNIT - 10 VALUE EDUCATION AND THE TEACHER
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
10.1 tpOkq;fs; vd;gjd; nghUs;
10.2 Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if typAWj;jpAs;s tpOkq;fs;
10.3 tpOkpaq;fspd; / kjpg;Gfspd; tiffs;
10.4 tpOk mikg;G Kiw
10.5 tpOk mikg;G Kiwia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
10.6 tpOkj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l fy;tp
10.8 MrpupauJ jdpg;gl;l tpOkq;fs;
10.9 Mrpupau;fSf;fhd ed;dlj;ij newpfs;
10.10. Mrpupau;fsJ njhopy; tsu;r;rp
10.11 MrpupauJ jd; tsu;r;rp
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
‘vOj;jwpT ngw;wtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupf;f r%fj;jpd; gy;tifg; gpur;ridfSk;
Xa;e;JtpLk;| vd;W uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; mtu;fs; $wpdhu;. MapDk; fw;wtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
ntFthf caue;J tUk; ,f;fhyf;fl;lj;py; r%fg; gpur;ridfs; Fiwtjw;f;Fg;; gjpyhf
mjpfkhfp tUfpwJ. vdNt ehk; fy;tp vDk; ngauhy; vz;nzOj;jwpitj;jhd; toq;fp
tUfpNwhNk xopa tho;it> kdpj Fyj;ij> mikjpailaTk;> Rfg;glTk; itf;Fk;
ey;tho;T tpOkq;fisAk;> rftho;Tg; gz;ghl;ilAk;; rd;khu;fj;ijAk;> kdpj Neaj;ijAk;
Gfl;Ltpf;fj; jtwpAs;Nshk; vd;gNj cz;ik. ,isQu;fs; jq;fisr; rKjhaj;jpy; jf
mikj;Jf; nfhs;s ,ayhky; ngUthupahf Kuz;gLfpd;wdu;. FLk;gk;> ez;gu;fs;> fy;tp
epiyaq;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> gzp nra;Akplk; Nghd;w fsq;fspy; jk; nghUe;jhj
vz;zq;fs;> rpe;jidfs;> Ngr;Rfs;> ,iltpid> ey;ypzf;fk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; vjpu;kiwahfr;
nray;gl;L ,d;dYWfpd;wdu;. ,jw;Ff; fy;tpj; jPu;Tfis cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
10.1 tpOkq;fs; nghUs;

“tpUk;gj;jf;fit> Kide;J mila Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;> kjpg;Gkpf;fit vd;W
vtw;iw kdpju;fs; jk; rpe;jid> czu;T> nray;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jp ek;Gfpwhu;fNsh
mit tpOkq;fs; my;yJ kjpg;Gf;fs; vdg;gLk;. eilKiwapy; vit gadspg;gitNah
kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLf;ff; $baitNah> Kbe;j ed;ikfisj; jUgitNah mitfis
tpOkq;fs; vdyhk;.
10.2 Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;if typAWj;jpAs;s tpOkq;fs;:

yy ekJ Njrpa kuGfs;
yy rkj;Jtk;> [dehafk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;.
yy ngz; rkj;Jtk;
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yy Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G
yy r%f ey;ypzf;fk;
yy FLk;g newp
yy mwptpay; kdgg;ghd;ik
yy rka ey;ypzf;fk;> Njrpa xUikg;ghL
10.3 tpOkpaq;fspd; / kjpg;Gfspd; tiffs;

o Rakjpg;Gfs;
o rka kjpg;Gfs;
o r%f kjpg;Gfs;
o nghUshjhu kjpg;Gfs;
o murpay; kjpg;Gfs;
o mwpTrhu; kjpg;Gfs;
o xOf;f newp kjpg;Gfs;
o Xa;T Neu my;yJ kfpo;T kjpg;Gfs;
o elj;ij kjpg;Gfs;
10.4 tpOk mikg;G Kiw (Value System)

tpOkq;fs; ehd;F Kf;fpa cl;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
i. kdpjj; jd;ikiag; gw;wpa ek;gpf;iffs;.
ii. ,yl;rpaq;fs; gw;;wpa ek;gpf;iffs;
iii. nra;a Ntz;bait
iv. nra;af; $lhjit vd;gd njhlu;ghd tpjpfs;
v. rupahd> jtwhd topfisj; Nju;enjLf;f ek;ikj; J}z;Lgitfis ,dq;fz;L
jtpu;j;jy;.
10.5 tpOk mikg;G Kiwia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs;

yy r%ff; fhuzpfs;
yy nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;
yy gz;ghl;Lf; fhuzpfs;
yy murpay; fhuzpfs;
tpOk mikg;G Kiwia khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
yy njhopy; kakhjy;
yy efukakhjy;
yy rkar; nry;thf;F kq;Fjy;
yy mwptpaypd; vjpukiwj; jhf;fk;
yy Nky;ehl;Lg; gpwo;newpfspd; jhf;fk;
yy njhopy;El;gg; Gul;rp
yy etPdkakhjy;.
10.6 tpOkj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l fy;tp (Value Centered Education)

Foe;ijfsplk; rupahd kdg;ghd;ikfs;> czu;Tfs;> elj;ijfs; Mfpatw;iw
cUthf;fpLk; midj;Jf; fy;tpr; nray;fSk;; tpOkf; fy;tp vdg;gLk;. NkYk; Foe;ijia
Nkk;gl;l kdpjdhf;fp MSikapy; cupa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJk; tpOkj;ij ikakhff;
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nfhz;l fy;tp vdg;gLk;. mwnewpfis mwptJ> xOf;f czu;Tfisg; Nghw;wp mjd;gb
elf;f Kw;gLtJ Mfpa midj;ijAk; Foe;ijfsplk; fw;gpf;f Kay;tJ tpOkf;
fy;tp MFk;. tpOkq;fs; tpUk;gp Vw;fg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt tpOkq;fisg; gl;baypl;Lf;
$WtjdhNyh> tpOkq;fs; gw;wpa tpupthd jfty;fis mwpe;jtu;fshf ,Uj;ypdhNyh
gadpy;iy. khwhf tpOkq;fisj; jhNk Kide;J Kd; te;J Vw;nwhOFgtuhfTk;> gpwu;
nra;Ak; fl;lhaj;Jf;fhtd;wp filgpbg;gtuhfTk; khztu;fis topnewpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
“xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk;
capupDk; Xk;gg; gLk;”
vd;w ts;Stupd; thf;Ff;fpzq;f jd;dhu;tkhf mJ tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;.
tpOkf; fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
cyf ehLfspy; kjpg;Gzu;Tf; fy;tpg; gpur;ridfis Muha;e;J> gd;dhl;Lg; gapyuq;fpy;
kjpg;Gzu;Tf; fy;tpf;F 6 Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis Kd;nkhope;Js;sdu;. mitfshtd
yy KOikahd tsu;r;rp - cly; tsu;r;rp> kd tsu;r;rp> mwpT tsu;r;rp
yy rKjha mf;fiw - jd; kw;Wk; jd;idr; Rw;wpAs;Nshu; kPJ
rKjhaj;jpdu; kPJ mf;fiw.
yy r%f eyd; - [dehaf kjpg;Gfs;> gz;ghl;L kjpg;Gfs; murpay;
tpopg;Gzu;T.
yy Njr eyd; - Njrg; gw;W> Njrpa xUikg;ghL
yy cyf kdg;ghd;ik - gpw ehl;L kf;fisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L mtu;fs; eydpy;
mf;fiw nfhs;Sjy;.
yy tpopg;Gzu;T - tpopg;Gz;T kw;Wk; cau;elj;ij.
yy gy;NtW Mjhuq;fs; %yk; fpilj;j khjpupfisf; nfhz;L Xu; mUq;fhl;rpafk;
mikj;jy;.
yy Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lNyhL cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspd; ghuhSkd;wq;fspd; eltbf;iffs;
cyfg; nghJ mikg;Gfs; I.eh. Nghd;wtw;wpd; eltbf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpid
ehlfkhf ebj;jy;.
yy cyf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tp\aq;fisg; gw;wpa fUj;juq;fq;fSf;F Vw;ghL
nra;jy;.
yy cyfg; nghJ Nehf;if khztu;fspilNa tsu;f;f Mrpupau;fs; gpd;tUk; topKiwfisf;
ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
yy Gj;ju;> ,NaRehju>; fhe;jpabfs;> egpfs; ehafk; Nghd;w cyfg; ngUkf;fspd; gpwe;;j
ehl;fisf; nfhz;lhLjy;.
yy cyf mikjp> kdpjFy Nkk;ghL Mfpatw;Wf;fhfg; ghLgl;l cyfj; jiytu;fs>;
tpQ;Qhdpfs>; mwpQu;fs; MfpNahupd; cUtg; glq;fis tFg;giwapy; ,lk;ngwr;
nra;jy;
yy mfpy cyf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w I.eh. jpdk;> kdpj cupifs; ehs;> cyf ey;tho;T
jpdk;> md;idau; ehs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;lhLjy;.
yy ez;gu;fs; fpsg;ig (Friends Club) epWtp elj;Jjy;.
yy ntspehl;Lf; fy;tpahsu;fis mioj;J gs;sp fy;Y}upfspy; Ngrr; nra;jy;.
yy md;whlk; fhiyapy; khztu;fspd; topghl;Lf; $l;lj;jpy; cyf epfo;Tfspy;
Kf;fpakhdtw;iw thrpf;fr; nra;jy;.
yy gd;dhl;L jghy;jiyfs;> ehzaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nrfupf;Fk; Xa;T Neu gof;fj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;jy; mjw;fhd nghUl;fhl;rpfis mikj;jy;.
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yy kpfTk; gpugykhd gd;dhl;L ,jo;fs; gs;sp E}yfj;jpy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
cyfg; Gfo;kpf;f “gpupl;lhdpfh” 'mnkupf;fhdh” ~Nty;L Gf;| (world Book) Nghd;w
fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fis E}yfj;jpy; ,lk; ngwr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy may;ehl;by; vg;NghjhtJ epfOk; Jau rk;gtq;fSf;F mjpfhuG+u;tkhf Nru;f;fg;gLk;
cjtpepjpf;F nghUs; toq;Fjy;.
yy gd;dhl;L kf;fs; $bthOk; tpLjpfspy; (International Camps) gq;F ngWjy; fyhr;rhu
kw;Wk; fy;tpg; gazq;fs;> may; ehLfSf;F cy;yhr gazk; Nghd;wtw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
yy ,U ehLfSf;F ,ilNa Mrpupau; khztu;fs; guptu;j;jidj; jpl;lq;fis muR
Vw;gLj;jpl Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; gs;sp khztu;fs; gq;F ngw Mrpupau;fs; Cf;Ftpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
10.8 MrpupauJ jdpg;gl;l tpOkq;fs; (Teachers personal values)

Mrpupau; ed;dlj;ijf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk; vd rKjhak;
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. mtuJ fy;tpawpit tpl rPupa gz;GfisNa kf;fs; mjpfk; kjpf;fpd;wdu;.
Mrpupau; jdJ nrhe;j tho;f;ifapy; gpd;gw;wj;jf;f tpOkq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit.
yy cz;ikNa NgRjy;
yy r%fj;jpw;F Vw;Gila ey;y gof;ftof;fq;fis nfhz;bUj;jy;.
yy vspikAk;> J}a;ikAk;
yy Neuk; jtwhik
yy xUGw rhu;gpd;wp ,aq;Fjy; (Act without any bias)
yy td;nrhy>; td;Kiw Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu;j;jy;.
yy flikAzu;Tld; ,Uj;jy; (Duty conscious)
yy Gwk; Ngrhik (Not talking ill or others particularly in their absence)
yy vspatUf;F cjTjy;.
10.9 Mrpupau;fSf;fhd ed;dlj;ij newpfs; (Code of Conduct for Teachers)

kUj;Jtk;> rl;lk; Nghd;w JiwapYs;NshuJ mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ cWg;gpdu;fSf;fhd
elj;ij newpfis tFj;Js;sd. ,tw;iw kPWNthu; kPJ xOq;F eltbf;if vLf;fpd;wd.
Mrpupau;fSf;fhd nghJ mikg;G ,Jtiu Vw;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; Mrpupau; elj;ij
newpfSf;fhd khjpupj;jpl;lk; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
yy ve;j xU MrpupaUk; jkJ njhopYf;F ,Of;F Vw;gLk; tifapy; NgrNth> ele;J
nfhs;sNth $lhJ.
yy ve;j MrpupaUk; rf Mrpupau;fs; my;yJ Nkyjpfhupfs; Fwpj;j nghJ ,lq;fspy;
mtJ}whf NgrNth> vOjNth $lhJ.
yy xt;nthU MrpupaUk; Mrpupag; gzpapd; cd;djj; jd;ikiaAk;> Neu;ikiaAk;
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk;.
yy vf;fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; ve;j MrpupaUk; khzhf;fu; ,ilNa nkhop ntwp> kj ntwp>
rhjp ntwp Nghd;wtw;iwj; J}z;lf; $lhJ.
yy jkJ Fiwfisj; jPu;f;f Mrpupau; rl;l G+u;tkhdJk;> ehfuPfkhdJkhd KiwfisNa
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
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10.10.Mrpupau;fsJ njhopy; tsu;r;rp (Professional Development Teachers)
njhopy; ju;kk; vd;gJ jhk; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; cau;njhopypd; (Profession) elj;ij
newpKiwfis jhkhfNt kdKte;J Vw;W filgpbj;jiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mjhtJ njhopy;rhu;
mwnewpAzu;Nt njhopy; ju;kk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU kUj;JtNuh> tof;fwpQNuh
njhopy;rhu; mwnewp elj;ijfis kPwp nray;gl;lhy; mjdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ mtu;fsJ
thbf;ifahsu; kl;LNk. Mdhy; Xu; Mrpupau; jdJ njhopy; ju;kj;jpw;F vjpuhf nray;gl;L
jd; khztu;fspd; gpQ;R kdq;fspy; jg;ngz;zq;fs;> jtwhd kjpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iw
nky;y nky;y tpijf;fj; njhlq;fpdhy; mjdhy; vOk; ghjpg;Gfs; gyjiyKiwfSf;F
GiuNahb rKjha fl;likg;Ng nry;yupj;Jg; Nghff;$ba mghak; Vw;gLk;. Mrpupau;
mikg;G xdiw epWtp Mrpupau;fsJ elj;ijfisf; fz;fhzpj;J newpgLj;JjYk; vspjhd
nrayd;W. Vnddpy; Mrpupau;fsJ njhopy; ju;kk; kPwpa elj;ijfs; fz;Zf;Fg; gspr;nrd
GydhFk; tifapy miktjpy;iy. mit kpf nkd;ikahf ehshtl;lj;jpy; rpWf rpWf
cUg;ngWtjhy; mtw;iw ntspapypUe;J cw;WNehf;fp fz;fhzpj;J jtwpiog;gtu;fSf;F
jz;lidaspj;jy; vd;gJ kpff;fbdkhd nrayhFk;. vdNt Mrpupau;fs; jkf;Fj; jhNk
njhopy;ju;kj;ijf; filgpbj;jpLk; flikia tpjpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
njhopy;rhu; eilKiwfshtd:
10.11 MrpupauJ jd; tsu;r;rp
Mrpupau;fs; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfg; ghLgLk; rpw;gpfs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. fy;tpj;
njhz;L nra;tJld; mtu;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j tho;tpYk; Kd;Ndw;w;ijf; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
mjw;nfd rpy eltbf;iffs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
yy jq;fsJ fy;tpj;jFjpia njhiyepiyf; fy;tpg;gbg;Gfspy; Nru;e;J cau;j;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
yy fy;tpj;Jiw tha;g;gspf;Fk; gzpapilg; gapw;rpfspy; jtwhJ fye;J nfhz;L mwpit
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
yy ghl Mrpupau; kd;wq;fspy; fye;J nfhz;;L ghlE}y; gw;wpa tptuq;fs>; tpdhj;jhs;
jahupj;jy;> ghlk; fw;gpj;jypy; Gjpa Kiwfs;> nray; tpsf;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
Fwpj;J Mo;e;J mwpayhk;.
yy Mrpupau; vd;Wk; khztuhfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU Rlu;tpLk; tpsf;Nf gpwpnjhU
tpsf;if Vw;w cjTk; vd;; jh$u; $wpAs;sij kwf;fyhfhJ.
yy E}yfq;fis ed;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; rpwe;j E}y;fisAk>; thu> gUt>
khj ,jo;fisAk; gbj;J Fwpg;ngLj;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
yy ed;F gbj;jtu;fSlDk; ed;dlj;ijAilNahuplKk; el;G nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; jPatu;
el;ig tpyf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy Mrpupau; FOtpw;fhd ,uapy; fl;lz rYiffisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L gpw
khepyq;fisg; ghu;j;Jj; jkJ Neub mDgtj;ij tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
yy jdpj;jpwikfs; ,Ue;jhy; mtw;iw cupa Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jpg; GfOk;> nghUSk;
ngWjy; tpUk;gj;jf;fjhFk;.
128
gFjp – m
I. ,uz;L kjpg;ngz;fs; tpdhf;fs; (10x2=20)
1. tpOkk; vd;gij tiuaWf;f.
2. fy;tpapy; ,lk; ngWk; Kf;fpa r%f tpOkpaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf
3. kjpg;Gf;fy;tp vd;gJ ahJ?
4. tpOk mikg;G Kiwia ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
5. fy;tp tpOkq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?
6. Njrpaf;fy;tpf; nfhs;if typAWj;jpAs;s tpOkq;fs; ahit?
7. tpOkj;ij ikakhf nfhz;l fy;tp vt;thW mikaNtz;Lk;?
8. KOikahd tsh;r;rp vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
9. mwpTrhh; kjpg;Gfs; rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
10. njhopy;kakhjy>; efukakhjy; NtWgLj;Jf.
gFjp – M
11. tpOkq;fspd; Kf;fpa tifg;ghl;bid tpsf;Ff.
12. MrphpaUf;fhd njhopy; jh;kk; vitfs; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
13. RakjpgGfs;> elj;ij kjpg;Gfs; tpsf;Ff
15. MrphpauJ jdpg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fs; gw;wp tpthp.
16. rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; ,tw;wpwF ,ilNaahd NtWghLfs; ahit?
17. MrphpaUf;fhd ed;dlj;ij newpfshf mike;jplf; $bait gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
18. Mrphpah; jdJ tsh;r;rp epiyfis vt;thW cah;j;jpf; nfhs;tJ vd tpthp.
gFjp - ,
19. m. ,e;jpahtpy; tpOk KwpT Vw;glf; fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(my;yJ)
M. xOf;f newp kjpg;Gfs; vd;git vitfs;? mtw;iw tpsf;Ff.
20. m. ,d;iwa #o;epiyapy tpOkf;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;jtk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff

,ilepiy fy;tpapy; tpOkf;fy;tpia vt;thW mspf;fyhk; vd;gij
tpthpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. tpOkf; fy;tpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit? mtw;iwg;gw;wp tphpthf

tpsf;Ff.
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myF 11
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lKk;> fy;tpAk;
UNIT- 11 INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
11.1 murpayikg;G
11.2 murpayikg;G murpayikg;G-Mjhuq;fs;
11.3 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;
11.4 muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
11.5 fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk; mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
11.6 gd;dhl;L; mikjp Vw;gl topKiwfs;
11.7 mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghlbd; jhf;fk;
11.8 muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghL
11.9 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fy;tp njhlh;Gila ruj;Jf;fs;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
11.1 murpayikg;G (Constitution)

murpayikg;G vd;gJ murpd; mq;fkhfpa rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; rl;lj;Jiw>
nray;gLj;Jk; nray;Jiw> rl;lq;fis epiyehl;Lk; ePjpj;Jiw Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G>
Fbkf;fspd; chpikfs;> flikfs;> Fbkf;fs;> muR – murpd; mq;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilNa epyTk; njhlh;Gfs;: mtw;iw xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; nfhs;iffs; Mfpatw;wpd; njhFg;Ng
mFk;. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs; xt;nthU ehl;bw;Fk; ,d;wpaikahjJ MFk;. ,it
midj;Jr; rl;lq;fisAk;tpl Nkyhz;ik nghUe;jpa Kjd;ikr; rl;lq;fshFk;.
11.2 murpayikg;G-Mjhuq;fs;
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpuR khehl;bd; jPh;khdq;fs;> nfhs;iffs;> 1935 ,e;jpar;
rl;lk;> cyfehLfspd; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;Gila rpwg;Gg; gz;Gfs;> FOf;fspd; mwpf;if
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G mikf;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;G
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Mjhuq;fspy; rpy fPo;fz;l ml;ltizapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
11.3 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs;

1918 - gk;gha; fhq;fpuR khehL - mbg;gil chpikj; jPh;khdk;
1928 - Nkhjpyhy; NeU mwpf;if – mbg;gil chpikfs; - ,tw;wpy; gj;J chpikfs;
,d;iwa mbg;gil chpikfshf cs;sd. ghuhSkd;w Kiw –
rpWghd;ikapdhpd; eyk;
1931 - fuhr;rp khehL - mbg;gil flikfs; (42 MtJ murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jk;)
1935 - ,e;jpa rl;lk; - ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 60 rjtpfpjg; gFjp ,r;rl;lj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. MSeh;> mtru fhyg; gpufldk;> kj;jpa – khepy muR
gphpl;b\;- ghuhSkd;w Kiw> xw;iwf;FbAhpik> rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;.

130
mnkhpf;f murpayikg;G - FbauRj; jiyth;> ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk;>
ePjpg;Gzuha;T> murpayikg;G KfTiu njhlf;fk;> mbg;gil chpikfs;
FbauRj; jiythpd; mtru fhyg; gpufldk;
mah;yhe;J(fhe;jpaf; nfhs;if) - muRnewpf; Nfhl;ghL
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gg; Nguit> ePz;l tpsf;f tpthjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh;> 1949 etk;gh; 26Mk;
ehs;> murpayikg;gpid Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> 1950 [dthp 26 Mk; ehs;> ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;jpd. lhf;lh; ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; Kjy; FbauRj; jiytuhfg; gjtp Vw;whh;.
,e;ehisg; Nghw;Wk; tz;zk; [dthp 26 Mk; ehs; FbauR jpdkhff; nfhz;lhLfpNwk;.
11.4 muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; (Directive Principles Of State Policy)

rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wk; NghJk;> mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;l njhFg;Ng “muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;” vdyhk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
KfTiuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s rka> nghUshjhu> murpay;> ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk;>
xw;Wik> xUikg;ghL> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> jdpkdpj fz;zpak; Mfpatw;iw epiyehl;Ltjw;F
topfhl;lty;y nfhs;iffshf muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; jpfo;fpd;wd. ,it jhh;kPfj;
jd;ik ngw;witahFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ehd;fhk; ghfj;jpy;> murhq;f rl;lk;
,aw;Wk; nghOJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapd; khdpl chpikg;gpufldk;> mnkhpf;f tpLjiyg; gpufldk;> mah;yhe;J
murpayikg;G> fhe;jpaf; nfhs;iffsp;d; jhf;fj;jpdhy; muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
cUthapd. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; ehd;fhtJ gFjpapy; “36 Kjy; 51 tpjpfs;” tiu
cs;s gFjpapy; muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. mbg;gil chpikfSf;F
ePjpkd;w cj;juthjk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLf;Fj; jhh;kPf cj;juthjk; kl;LNk
cs;sd. ,d;iwa epiyapy; mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd.
kf;fs; eyid mila muR gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba newpKiwfs;
ruj;J 38 – r%fg; nghUshjhu murpay; Njrpa tho;tpd; midj;J mikg;GfspYk;
,Uf;Fk;gb rKjha mikg;ig cUthf;fp kf;fs; eyidg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.
tUtha; Vw;wj; jho;it ePf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ruj;J 39 – midtUf;Fk; tho;f;ifj; Njitfisg; gutyha; mspj;jy;. rKjhag;
nghUs; tsq;fisg; nghJ eyDf;fhf epahakhd Kiwapy; gq;fpLjy;
kf;fspd; nghJ eyDf;Ff; NfL tpisAk; tz;zk; tsq;fSk; cw;gj;jpAk; Xhplj;jpy;
kl;Lk; Ftptijj; jLj;Jg; nghUspaiyr;rPuikf;Fk;> Mz;> ngz;fSf;F rkNtiyf;F
rk Cjpak; cly;eyj;jpw;F CW tpistpf;fhj Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fis Mz;> ngz;
Foe;ijfSf;F mspj;jy; Foe;ijfisAk;> ,isQh;fisAk; Ruz;lypUe;J xopf;f
NfLfspypUe;J ghJfhj;jy;
ruj;J 39A rkePjpAk;> ,ytrr; rl;l cjtpAk; mspj;jy;
ruj;J 41 midtUf;Fk; ciog;gjw;fhd chpikiaAk;> fy;tp ngWk; chpikiaAk;
ghJfhg;gJld;> Ntiyaw;Nwhh;> KjpNahh;> gpzpahsh;> cly; CdKw;Nwhh;
MfpNahh;f;F muR cjtp mspj;jy;
ruj;J 42 gzpGhptjw;Fj; Njitahd epahaKk;> kdpjhgpkhdKk; mike;j
gzpr;#oy;fis mikj;jy; kw;Wk; kfspUf;F kfg;NgW cjtp mspj;jy;
ruj;J 43 njhopy;fspd; eph;thfj;jpy; njhopyhsh; gq;Nfw;Gf;F top tFj;jy;
ruj;J 45 gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpw;Fs; 14 taJ tiu ,ytrf; fl;lhaf; fy;tp mspj;jy;
ruj;J 48 Ntshz;ik – fhy;eiltsh;g;G – etPd mwptpay; Kiwapy; tsh;j;jy;
ruj;J 48A Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fhLfisAk; td
131
tpyq;FfisAk; fhj;jy;
ruj;J 49 Njrpa epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUl;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
ruj;J 50 eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J ePjpj;Jiwiaj; jdpg;gLj;Jjy;
11.5 fhe;jpaf; Nfhl;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;j topfhl;Lk; mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs;

ruj;J 40 fpuhkg; gQ;rhaj;Jfis cUthf;fp mit jd;dhl;rp mikg;Gfshfr;
nray;glr; nra;jy;
ruj;J 43 Ntshz;ik> njhopw;rhiy> ciog;ghsh;fs; tho;tjw;fhd Cjpak;>
gzpr;#oy;fs;> r%f gz;ghl;bw;F KOikahd tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLj;Jjy;
- Fwpg;ghff; fpuhkg; gFjpfspy; jdpegh;> $l;LwT mbg;gilapy; Fbirj;
njhopy;fis tsh;j;jy;> fy;tp nghUshjhuj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;l gphptpdh;>
goq;Fbapdh;> eypTw;w gphptpdh; - eyd; NgZjy;> r%f mePjp Ruz;lypypUe;J
ghJfhj;jy;
ruj;J 47 Cl;lr;rj;J juj;ijAk;> tho;f;ifj; juj;ijAk; cah;j;Jjy;: kJ kw;Wk;
CW tpistpf;Fk; kUe;JfisAk; jil nra;jy;
ruj;J 48 fhy;eil tsh;g;G Nkk;gLj;jy;> mtw;iwf; nfhy;Ytijj; jLj;jy;
11.6 gd;dhl;L; mikjp Vw;gl topKiwfs;

gphpT 51- rh;tNjr rkhjhd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G – r%f cwT.
rh;tNjrr; rl;lj;ij kjpj;jy; - gpur;ridfSf;Fg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij %yk; jPh;T fhz;gij
Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
11.7 mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghlbd; jhf;fk;

yy [kPd;jhhp Kiw xopg;G
yy kd;dh; khdpak; xopg;G
yy njhopy;fisj; Njrpa kakhf;fy;
yy Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; - gy;NtW jpl;lq;fs; - Ntiy tha;g;G
yy tho;f;ifj;juk; cah;j;jy;
yy fl;lhaf; fy;tp eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
11.8 muR newpKiwf; Nfhl;ghL

ruj;J 39 Mz; - ngz; - njhopyhsh; cly; eyk;: Foe;ijfspd; ,sk;gpuhak;
ghjpfg;glhky; tajpw;Fk; typikf;Fk; xt;thj gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;SkhW
fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy>; jiltpjpj;jy;
ruj;J 39(C) Foe;ijg;gUtKk;> ,isikAk; Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhf;fg;gLjy;
ruj;J 45 gjpdhd;F taJ tiu midj;Jr; rpWth;fSf;Fk; ,ytrf; fy;tp trjp
6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuapy; Foe;ijfs; fy;tpngwr; #o;epiyia
Vw;gLj;JtJ ngw;Nwhh; my;yJ ghJfhg;ghshpd; flikahFk;
1960 ,y; Foe;ijfisr; Ruz;lypypUe;J ghJfhf;fTk;> ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd
#oypy; Foe;ijfspd; mwpit tsh;f;fTk;> Foe;ij fhg;gfq;fs; Vw;gLj;jp mtw;wpy;
,sk; Fw;wthspfisAk;> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijfisAk; jq;fitj;jy; nghUl;Lk;
“Foe;ijfs; eyr; rl;lk;” ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 1979 Mk; Mz;L> rh;tNjrf; Foe;ijfs;
Mz;lhf nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. 1986 Mk; Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l “,sk;
Fw;wthspfs; ePjpr;rl;lk;”> gpr;irnaLj;jypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Foe;ijfs;> tPlw;w mdhijf;
132
Foe;ijfs;> ngw;Nwhh;fs; ,Ue;Jk; mth;fsJ guhkhpg;gpypUe;J tpLgl;L Fw;wthspfshf
khwpa Foe;ijfs;> elj;ij nfl;l tho;f;ifapy; <Lgl;Ls;s Foe;ijfs;> tpgr;rhuj;jpy;
<LgLj;jg;gLk; Foe;ijfs; MfpNahiu ,dk; fz;L> mth;fspd; eyd; ghJfhf;f top
nra;Js;sJ. ,r;rl;lk; “,sk; Fw;wthspfs; eyf;fofk;” vd;w mikg;ig xt;nthU khepy
mstpYk; Vw;gLj;jp> Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l ,sk; Fw;wthspfis KiwgLj;j tifnra;Js;sJ.
Fw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l 16 taJf;Fl;gl;l rpWth;fSk; 18 taJf;Fl;gl;l rpWkpfSk; ,sk;
Fw;wthspfshf tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,sk; Fw;wthspfs; fhg;gfk;> rpwg;G tpLjpfs;>
fz;fhzpf;Fk; tpLjpfs;> ,sk; Fw;wthspfisr; rPh;gLj;jpagpd; fz;fhzpf;Fk; tpLjpfs;
Mfpatw;iw eph;tfpf;f ,r;rl;lk; top NfhypaJ.
11.9 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fy;tp njhlh;Gila ruj;Jf;fs;

fy;tp chpik rl;l hPjpahf ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tpia 6
ruj;J 21 A
Kjy; 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l rpwhh;fSf;F khepy muR toq;fyhk;
r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp mbg;gilapy; gpd;jq;fpa gphptpdh;>
jho;j;jg;gl;l gphptpdh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; MfpNahh; muR
ruj;J 15 (5) cjtp ngWk; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahh; epWtdq;fspy;
gapYtjw;Fk; khepy muR rpwg;G Vw;ghLfs; nra;aj;
jilNaJk; ,y;iy
xt;nthU FbkfDf;Fk; FbkfSf;Fk>; ,th;fs; gz;ghl;L
gFjp III ruj;J 29
kw;Wk; fy;tp chpikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ
kjk;> nkhop> mbg;gilapy; cs;s rpWghd;ikapdh; jq;fspd;
ruj;J 30 tpUg;gj;jpd;gb> fy;tp epWtdq;fis cUthf;fp> eph;tfpf;Fk;
chpik toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
gjpdhd;F taJtiu midj;Jf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr
ruj;J 45
kw;Wk; fl;lhaf; fy;tp trjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
jho;j;jg;gl;l gphptpdh;> goq;Fbapdh; kw;Wk; Vida
ruj;J 46 gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l gphptpdhpd; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyid
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
ruj;J 338 jho;j;jg;gl;l gphptpdh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; ey Mizak;
r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp epiyapy; gpd;jq;fpa tFg;gpdhpd;
tho;f;ifia Ma;e;J> juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; ghpe;Jiufs;
ruj;J 340
nra;AkhW> gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdh; Mizaj;ij epakpf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijf; FbauRj; jiytUf;F toq;fpAs;sJ..
nkhoprhh;e;j rpWghd;idapdh; Foe;ijfspd; eyd; fhg;gJk;>
Fiwe;jJ njhlf;ff; fy;tpapidahtJ mth;fspd;
ruj;J 350 A
jha;nkhopapy; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jk;
nghWg;Gk;> murpw;F mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
133

gFjp – m
1. murpay; rhrdj;jpy; rl;lg;gphpT 39 d; rhuk;rk; vd;d?
2. 50tJ murpay; rl;lj;jpUj;jj;ijg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf.
3. njhopy;fisj; Njrpakakhf;fy; vd;gJ gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
4. Cl;lr;rj;J> tho;f;ifj;juk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; cah;j;Jk; ruj;Jf;fisg; gw;wpf;
$Wf.
5. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; vd Fwpg;gpLgit vit?
6. 48k; ruj;J $Wk; fUj;J vd;d?
7. ,e;jpa murpayik rl;lj;jpy; fy;tp njhlh;Gila ruj;Jf;fs; VNjDk; rpytw;iw
Fwpg;gpLf.
8. [kPd;jhhp Kiw xopg;G vd;gJ vd;d?
9. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 338 Mk; ruj;J $wg;gLtJ ahit?
10. Fbirj; njhopy; vd;gJ vd;d?
gFjp – M
11. mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; jhf;fq;fs; ahit?
12. gd;dhl;L mikjp Vw;gLtjw;fhd topKiwfs; ahit?
13. murpay; rhrdj;jpy; rl;lg;gphpT 340>350d; rhuk;rk; vd;d?
15. ,e;jpa murpay; rhrd rl;lg;gphpT 42I RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff
16. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Mjhuq;fs; ahit ? tpthp
17. fhe;jpaf;Nfhl;ghLfisr; nray;gLj;jp topfhl;Lk; mwnewpf; Nfhl;ghLfs; ahit?
18. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 46>29 Mk; gphptpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? tpsf;Ff
gFjp - ,
19. m. murpay; rhrd rl;lg;gphpTfspy; fy;tp njhlh;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;jpUj;jk;
ahJ?
(my;yJ)
M. kf;fs; eyid mila muR gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba newpKiwfs; ahit? tpsf;Ff.
20. m. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fy;tp njhlh;Gila fUj;Jf;fs; ahit? mtw;iw

tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. ekJ murpayikgGr; rl;lk; toq;fpAs;s mbg;gil chpikfis thpirg;gLj;jp
tpsf;Ff.
134
myF 12
gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp fy;tpf;FO
UNIT - 12 UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION
nghUslf;fk;
12.1 gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp fkp\d;
12.2 Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufs;
12.3 Muha;r;rp trjpfs;
12.4 ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf; FO 1964 -66 - Nfhj;jhupf; FO
12.5 ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs;
12.6 <];tu;gha; gNly; fy;tpf;FO – 1977
12.7 gupe;Jiufspd; Nehf;fq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
12.8 Gjpa Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if - 1986
12.9 Njrpa fy;tpf;nfhs;if (1986)y; njhlf;ff; fy;tp ,yf;Ffs;
12.10 Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;if (NPE - 1986)
12.11 Njrpaf;fy;tp nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;Ffs;
12.12 fy;tp mikg;gpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; fy;tpf;fhd kWrPuikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;
12.13 Njrpa mbg;gilapyhd fiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wpa gupe;Jiufs;
12.14 Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;ifapdhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs;
12.15 Njrpaj; Nju;Tg;gzp
12.16 eNthjahg;gs;spfs;
12.17 rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
12.1 gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp fkp\d;

gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp fkp\d; (1948-1949) gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp fkp\d; 1948-1949
uhjhfpU\;zd; Mizak; vd;Wk; mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,J Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l
Kjy; fy;tp fkp\d; MFk;. Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpapd;
gpur;rpidfis mjd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; tprhupg;gJk;> Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd eltbf;iffis
gupe;Jiu nra;tJk; MFk;. mwpf;if 1949 Mf];l; 25 ,y; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
12.2 Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufs;

njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk; njhopy;Kiw gapw;rpia toq;Ftjw;F jw;Nghija kw;Wk; fle;j
fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Gupjiy Nkk;gLj;Jjy;. fy;tp vd;gJ xU ePz;l MAjk; vd;gij
mwpa cjTjy;> mjd; kWrPuikg;gpw;fhd fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;> Ra
mgptpUj;jpf;F gapw;rpaspf;f [dehafk; kw;Wk; murpayikg;G kjpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwg;
gapw;Wtpj;jy;. ,sq;fiy kw;Wk; %j;j gjtpf;fhd tpfpjk; 2:1 Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Cf;Ftpg;G jFjp mbg;gilapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehd;F tif gy;fiyf;fof Mrpupau;fs;:
Nguhrpupau;fs;> thrfu;fs;> tpupTiuahsh;fs;> gapw;Wdu;fs;> gapw;rp Copau;fs;. xt;nthU
gy;fiyf;fofKk; Muha;r;rpia Cf;Ftpf;f Muha;r;rp/ngy;Nyh\pg;Gfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
135
12.3 Muha;r;rp trjpfs;
gy;fiyf;fof khzpaf;FO (UGC) Adptu;ry; khdpa Mizf;FO ,e;jpah
KOtjpYKs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fis Nkw;ghu;itapLtjw;Fk;> mjd; nray;ghl;bw;fhd
epjpia xJf;Ftjw;Fk; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. jha; nkhop> `pe;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;
,uz;lhk;epiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gy;fiyf;fofkl;lj;jpy;
mwpTWj;jypd; Clhf gpuhe;jpa nkhopfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Gyikg;gupRfs; kw;Wk; (Fellowships and grants) cjtpj;njhiffs; Mfpad rpwg;ghd kw;Wk;
epjp uPjpahf ,oe;j kw;Wk; CdKw;w khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk.; vd;.rp.rp> r%f
Nrit kw;Wk; mj;jifa gpw jpl;lq;fs;> $l;LwT ghlnewpfSf;fhd eltbf;iffshf
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. r%f Nrit> fpuhkg;Gw kWrPuikg;G trjpfis fpuhkg;Gw
fy;Y}upfshy; R+og;gl;l fpuhkg;Gw gy;fiyf;fofq;fis tsu;g;gjw;Fk;> tptrhaj;jpw;Fk;>
njhopw;rhiyf;Fk; rpwg;G Fwpg;G toq;Ftjw;Fk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. fy;Y}upapy; NghJkhd
trjpfs; kw;Wk; cfe;j R+oiyf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. etk;gu; 1948 y; ,e;jpah muR
lhf;lu; uhjhfpU\;zd; jiyikapy; xU gy;fiyf; foff; fy;tp fkp\id epakpj;jJ.
cau;fy;tpapy; gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; fkp\d; gy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gupe;Jiufis mspj;jJ.
jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd gapw;rp
gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd; ika ,yf;Ffspy; xd;W njhopy;rhu; kw;Wk; nghJ tho;tpy;
jiyikf;fhd gapw;rp MFk;. ,J Mz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fis gapw;Wtpf;Fk; jiytu;fSf;F
gapw;rp mspf;f gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; nray;ghL MFk;. xU ehfuPfj;jpd; juk; ,aw;if
cgfuzq;fspNyh my;yJ murpay; ve;jpuq;fspNyh my;y> khwhf kdpju;fspd; jd;ik
rhu;e;jJ. fy;tp Kf;fpa gzpfspd; jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;.
12.4 ,e;jpaf; fy;tpf; FO (1964-66) - Nfhj;jhupf; FO (Indian Education Commission) (or)

(Kolhari Commission)
fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; msitAk;> juj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jpl ,e;jpa muRf;F jFe;j
MNyhridfis mspj;jpLk; Nehf;fj;NjhL 1964Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; muR jPu;khdk;
xd;wpd; %yk; ,f;fy;tpf;FO epWtg;gl;lJ: lhf;lu; b.v];.Nfhj;jhup mtu;fs; jiyikapyhd
,f;fy;tpf; FO njhlf;ff;fy;tp Kjy; gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tp tiu ,e;jpaf; fy;tpapd;
mddj;J epiyfspYk; epyTk;> midj;J tifg; gpur;ridfisAk; Muha;e;J cupa
jPu;Tfis gupe;Jiuf;Fk;gb ,f;FO gzpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; mbg;gilapy; ,f;fy;tpf; FO
[Pd; khjk; 1966 Mk; Mz;L jdJ gupe;Jiufis ,e;jpa murplk; Nru;g;gpj;jJ.
12.4.1 Nfhj;jhup FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; gpd;tUkhW
yy Njrpaf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
yy mwptpay; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
yy r%f> kw;Wk; Njrpag;gzp
yy gzp mDgtk;
yy njhopy; ikaf; fy;tp
yy fy;tpapd; nkhop
yy nghJg; gs;sp mikg;G
yy gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd fy;tp
yy taJ te;NjhUf;fhd fy;tp
yy fy;tpapd; tpupthf;fk;
136
yy topfhl;LjYk;> mwpTiu gfh;jYk;
yy Mrpupau; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
yy fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL
yy Njrpa fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;
cw;gj;jp> r%f kw;Wk; Njrpa xUikg;ghL mila etPdkakhjy;> r%f fyhr;rhu
gz;ghL> xOf;f tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Md;kPf kjpg;Gfs; Nghd;witfis Nkk;gLj;Jk;. tifapy;
Njrpaf; fy;tpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mika Ntz;Lk;.
mwptpay; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

mwptpay; fy;tpahdJ fy;tpapd; xU ika mr;rhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
r%f kw;Wk; Njrpag;gzp
r%f kw;Wk; Njrpag;gzp fy;tpapd; midj;J epiyfspYk; Xu; xUq;fpize;j
mq;fkhfr; nray;gLfpd;wd.
gzp mDgtk;
gzp mDgtkhdJ fy;tpapd; midj;J epiyfspYk;> vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhopy; ikaf; fy;tp
njhopy; ikaf; fy;tpia ,f;FOthdJ gupe;Jiuj;jJ.
fy;tpapd; nkhop
fy;tpapd; midj;J epiyfspYk; nkhopahdJ. Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ.
nghJg;gs;sp mikg;G
midtUf;Fk; fy;tpaspg;gjd; nghUl;L; nghJg;gs;sp mikg;ig ,f;FO typAWj;JfpwJ
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;NlhUf;fhd fy;tp
cly; CdKw;w Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk; gpw;gLj;jg;gl Foe;ijfs; Nghd;NwhUf;F rpwg;ghd
trjpfis fy;tpapy;; nra;J juNtz;Lk;.
taJ te;NjhUf;fhd fy;tp
taJte;NjhUf;fhd mbg;gil trjpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; fy;tpj;juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
fy;tpapd; tpupthf;fk;
kdpj Mw;wiy tPzbf;fhky; fy;tpia Nk;kgLj;j kdpj Mw;wiy gad;gLj;Jjy;.
topfhl;LjYk;> mwpTiu gfh;jYk;
khzth;fis rhpahd ghijapy; topfhl;b> Gjpa nray;ghLfSf;F Vw;wthW mwpTiu
gfHjy; Ntz;Lk;
Mrphpah; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
fy;tpapd; vy;yh epiyfspYk; MzpNtuhf tpsq;Fk; Mrpupaupd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL
fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPL Nghd;wtw;wpd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
yy ,e;jpaf; fy;tpapd; vy;yh mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa xU mwpf;ifahf ,f;FOtpd;
mwpf;if tpsq;FfpwJ.
yy Njrpa mstpyhd Njit kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfSf;F Vw;wthW njhlu;r;rpahd Ma;thf
,J tpsq;FfpwJ
137
yy r%f - nghUshjhu> gz;ghl;L kw;Wk; Md;kPf mk;rq;fis cs;slq;fpa xU
mZFKiwahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
yy ,J Mrpupau;fSf;F kjpg;Gkpf;f nray;ghLfis tpsf;Ftjhf mike;Js;sJ.
12.4.2 ,j;jpl;lj;ij mky;gLj;Jk; Kiw
fy;tpapd; gy;NtW epiyfspy; gapYk; khztu;fspd; taJ kw;Wk; kdKjpu;r;rpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ntiy mDgtj;jpw;fhd fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ijf;; fPo;f;fhZkhW
mikj;jplyhk;.
yy njhlf;ff; fy;tpapd; fPo; tFg;Gfspy; vspa ifj;njhopiyf; fw;Wf;nfhLf;fyhk;.
,jd; Nehf;fk; iffis ed;F ,aq;fr; nra;tjd; %yk; Kiwahd kdtsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; kdntOr;rp tsu;r;rp Vw;gl cjTtjhFk;
yy njhlf;ff; fy;tpapd; Nky;tFg;Gfspy; khztu;fspd; njhopy; El;gr; rpe;jidia
Cf;Ftpf;fTk;> gilg;ghw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vw;w njhopy; xd;wpy;
gapw;rpaspj;jy;.
yy ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; fPo; tFg;Gfspy; njhopw;$lk;> tptrhag; gz;iz Nghd;wtw;wpy;
mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;il Neubahf mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
gapw;rp ngwr; nra;jy;
yy Nkdpiy tFg;Gfspy;> gs;spapd; njhopw;$lj;jpNyh> mUfpy; cs;s tptrhag; gz;iz>
tzpf kw;Wk; njhopy; epWtdq;fspNyh gzp mDgtk; ngwr; nra;ayhk;. gs;spfspy;
njhopw;$lk; epWt ,ayhj epiyapy;> Fiwe;j tpiyapy; fpilf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd
njhopw; fUtpfs; (Tools) kw;Wk; nghUl;fs; (materials) mlq;fpa ngl;bfis (kits)
toq;fplyhk;.
,j;jpl;lk; ntw;wpngw gs;sp Mrpupau;fSf;fhd rpwg;Gg; gapw;rp> njhopw;$lk; mikf;f
cjTjy;> tl;lhu tsq;fisj; jpul;Ljy;> Njitahd ifNaLfisj; jahupj;jy;> jpl;l
mkiy Neu;j;jpahd Kiwapy; rpWfr; rpWf gy fl;lq;fshfr; nra;jply; Mfpa ahTk;
,d;wpaikahjit.
12.4.3 vy;iyfs;
yy gs;spapd; jiyikiag; gw;wp ,f;FO gupe;Jiu nra;atpy;iy
yy ,f;FOthdJ rk];fpUjk; kw;Wk; muhgpf; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; rkj;Jtj;ij
gupe;Jiuf;ftpy;iy
yy gapw;W nkhop njhlu;ghd gupe;Jiuapy; xUjiyg;gl;rkhfTk;> Fog;gKlDk;
nray;gl;ldh;.
yy ,f;FO gupe;Jiuj;j gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; Kd;dNu gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l FOtpdhy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl NkYk; ,Jehs; tiu jPu;f;f Kbahj> rpy fy;tp gpur;ridfSk;
,f;FOtpd; gupe;Jiuapy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
12.5 ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; (1952-53) Secondary Education Commission

,e;jpa murhdJ nrg;lk;gu; khjk; 1952Mk; Mz;L> lhf;lu; V.yl;Rkzrhkp Kjypahu;
jiyikapy; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf; FOit Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,f;ft;tpf; FOthdJ
,ilepiyf;fy;tp kw;Wk; mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mikg;Gfs;> eilKiwr; nray;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;J> mtw;wpw;fhd gupe;Jiufis [Pd; khjk; 1953,y; rku;g;gpj;jJ.
138
12.5.1 ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf; FOtpd; Kf;fpa gupe;Jiufshtd
yy ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; (Aim of Secondary Education)
yy ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; fhy msT (Duration of Secondary Education)
yy Kk;nkhopj; jpl;lk; (Three Language Formula)
yy gbg;Gfspd; gy;tif (Diversification of Courses)
yy fiyj;jpl;lk; (Curriculum)
yy gs;spfspd; gy;tifg; gad;ghL (Multipurpose Schools)
yy Mrpupau;fs; (Teaching Staff)
yy fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; (Teaching Method)
yy topfhl;lYk;> mwpTiu gfu;jYk; (Guidance and Counselling)
yy Nju;T kWrPuikg;G (Examination Reform)
yy kw;w gupe;Jiufs; (Other Recommendations)
yy ,ilepiyf;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk;
[dehaf Fbikj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk;> njhopy; jpwid tsu;g;gjhfTk;>
MSikia Nkk;gLj;JtjhfTk; jiyikg; gz;Gfis tsu;g;gjhfTk;> gz;ghl;L
fyhr;rhuq;fis ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhdJ mikag; ngwNtz;Lk;.
,ilepiyf; fy;tpapd; fhy msT
,ilepiyf; fy;tp vd;gJ 4 my;yJ 5 Mz;L njhlf;ff; fy;tpf;Fg; gpwF gs;spfspy;
toq;fg;gLk; 6 Kjy; 10 tFg;G tiuapyhd 5 Mz;Lf; fy;tpahFk;.
Kk;nkhopj; jpl;lk;
jha;nkhop> `pe;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w Kk;nkhopj; jpl;lj;ij ,f;FO
gupe;Jiuj;jJ. jha;nkhop my;yJ tl;lhu nkhopapy; ,ilepiyr; Ry;tpapd; Kjw; gUtkhdJ
fw;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,uz;lhtJ epiyapy; `pe;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk; fl;lhag; ghlkhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;FO gupe;Jiuj;jJ
gbg;Gfspd; gy;tif
,f;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufspy; gbg;Gfspd; gy;tif jd;ik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. nkhopfs;>
nghJ mwptpay;> r%f mwptpay; kw;Wk; ifNtiy Nghd;wit ikag;ghlq;fshfTk;>
kdpjtpay;> mwptpay;> njhopy; El;gk;> tptrhak;> fiy kw;Wk; rpy ghlq;fs;
Jizg;ghlq;fshfTk; tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;
fiyj;jpl;lk;
fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ nefpo;Tj;jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk;> rKjhaj;jpd; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp
nra;tjhfTk;> gs;spapd; KOikahd mDgtq;fis toq;FtjhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.
eLepiyg;gs;sp epiy
njhlf;fepiyapy; kw;w ghlq;fs; NkYk; MokhfTk;> gutyhfTk; ,e;epiyapy;
fw;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;epiyf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; 1. %d;W nkhopfs; 2. fzpjk; 3.
nghJ mwptpay; 4. r%f mwptpay;> G+Nfhsk;> tuyhw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ 5. fiy kw;Wk;
,ir> 6. ifj;njhopy;> clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tp Mfpad mlq;Fk;. eLepiyg;gs;spf; fy;tpapd;
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; mwnewpg; ghlq;fs; fl;lhakhf ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;> r%f tsh;r;rpf;
jpl;lq;fspy; xt;nthU khzhf;fUk; Mz;Lf;F rpy ehl;fNsDk; fl;lhakhfg; gq;F ngWjy;
Ntz;Lk;. ntspapYs;s njhopw;$lq;fspYk;> tptrhag; gz;izfspYk; khzhf;fu;fs;
gapw;rpAk;> mDgtKk; ngWtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
139
12.5.2 cau;epiyg;gs;sp kw;Wk; Nkdpiyg; gs;spfspy; gy;Jiw ghlg;gpupTfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;
1. cau;epiyg; gs;spfspy; my;yJ Nkdpiyg; gs;spfspy; gy;Jiwg; ghlq;fSf;fhd
tha;g;Gfs; ,Uj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjJ. Mdhy;> vy;yh khzhf;fUk; 1.nkhopfs; 2. nghJ
mwptpay; 3. r%f mwptpay;> 4. ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;iw fl;lhag; ghlq;fshfg; (Core
Subjects) gapy Ntd;Lk;.
gs;spfspd; gy;tifg; gad;ghL
gs;spfshdJ gy;NtW tifg;gl;l njhopy;fis toq;Fk; $lkhf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;
Mrpupau;fs;
fy;tpapd; midj;J mikg;GfspYk; Mrpupau; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vdNt>
mtu;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk; gzp njhlu;ghd nray;ghl;bw;F Vw;wthW gzp Kd;gapw;rp kw;Wk;
gzp ,ilg;gapw;rp Nghd;wtw;iw toq;fp mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Cjpak;>
gzp Xa;T Cjpak;> itg;Gj;njhif Nghd;wtw;iw toq;f Ntz;Lk;>
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
gy;tif jd;iknfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. nray;top Kiwfs;>
nray;jpl;lKiwfs; kw;Wk; gpur;ridia jPu;f;Fk; Kiwfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ju Ntz;Lk;. khzhf;fu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; jdpahs; Ntw;Wikfisf;
fUj;jpy;nfhz;L fw;gpj;jy;> khzhf;fuJ jpwd;fs; ntspg;glg; gapw;rp mspj;jy; Mfpad. E}
y;epiyaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; gaid kjpg;gpl rpy khjpupg; gs;spfs; (Demonstration
Schools) mikf;fg;gLtJk; tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
topfhl;lYk;> mwpTiu gfu;jYk;
vy;yhg; gs;spfspYk; topfhl;b kw;Wk; mwpTiu gfh;Nthiu epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;>
12.6 <];tu;gha; gNly; fy;tpf;FO – 1977 (Ishwarbhai Patel Committee)

<];tu;gha; gNly; F[uhj; gy;fiyfofj;jpd; JizNte;juhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tuJ
jiyikapd; fPo; 1975-76Mk; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk;
jahupj;j 9 kw;Wk; 10Mk; tFg;G ghlg;Gj;jq;fis kPsha;T nra;J Ntiy mDgtj;ij
ghlj;Jld; ,izg;gjw;fhf 1977Mk; Mz;L ,f;fy;tpf; FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ>
<];tugha; gNly; fy;tpf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufspy; r%fj;jpw;F gad;gLk; Mf;fKs;s
nray;gzp - tpsf;fk;
,f;FOthdJ gs;spf;fy;tpapd; fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; r%fj;jpw;F gad;gLk; Mf;fKs;s
nray;gzpia vt;thW xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf ,izg;gJ vd;W gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
NkYk; ,t;tifahd nraw;gzpfs; kw;w ghlq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; milTj;jpwid
kjpg;gPL nra;tJ Nghy; kjpg;gPL nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;W gupe;Jiuj;jJ. ,g;gupe;JiufNshL
r%fj;jpw;F gad;gLk; Mf;fKs;s nray;gzp vd;why; vd;d vd;gijAk; ,f;FO gpd;tUkhW
tiuaWj;Js;sJ> r%fj;jpw;F gad;gLk; Mf;fKs;s nraw;gzp vdgJ gaDilaJk;>
nghUSilaJkhfpa clYiog;Gld; $ba gzp my;yJ Ntiy vd;W $wyhk;. ,J
khztu;fSf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; gaDs;sjhf mike;J xU r%f Nritahf ,Ue;J
nghUs; cw;gj;jpia nra;fpwJ vd;W tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Nkw;fz;l tiuaiwapd;gb
khztu;fSf;F xU gzp; my;yJ Ntiyia ,ae;jpuj;jdkhf nra;ahky; mjd; El;gq;fis
Gupe;J nfhz;L mij fy;tpapd; Nehf;fj;NjhL ,izj;J mwpT G+u;tkhf me;jg; gzpiar;
nra;jiy Gupa itj;jy;> ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk; vd;W $wyhk;
140
12.7 gupe;Jiufspd; Nehf;fq;fspd; tpsf;fk;
yy clYiog;Gld; r%fj;jpw;fhd nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopy;fis
khztu;fSf;F njupaitj;J clYiog;gpd; Nkd;ikia kjpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikia
mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;>
yy rKjhar; Nrit nra;Ak; kdg;ghd;ikia tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;>
yy rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf jd;dhy; ,ad;w gzpapid nra;J> gad;kpf;f rKjha
cWg;gpduhf tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;>
yy rKjhaj;Jld; $l;LwTld; ,ize;J nray;gl;L clYiog;gpd; Nkd;ik> jd;dk;gpf;if>
rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> fUiz kw;Wk; gpwUf;F cjTk; kdg;ghd;ikfis khdhtu;fsplk;
tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;>
yy rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW njhopy;fspd; njhopy;El;gq;fis khztu;fSf;F mwpar;
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;>
yy njhopy; jpwikia Nkk;gLj;JtNjhL khztu;fs; gapYk; NghNj nra;Ak; njhopypd;
thapyhf nghUsPl;Lk; jpwid tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;>
yy gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; jpwd; kw;Wk; Mf;frpe;jidAld; $ba gilg;ghw;wy;
jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;>
12.7.1 r%fj;jpw;Fg; gad;kpf;f Mf;f nraw;gzpfis njupT nra;tJ gw;wpa tpsf;fk;
r%fj;jpw;F gad;kpf;f Mf;f nraw;gzpfis gpd;tUtdtw;iw ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L
njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,f;FO gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ>
yy ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ khztu;fsJ cly;> kdtsu;r;rp> Nkk;ghl;Lf;F Vw;wthW ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy fw;gtupd; xl;Lnkhj;j MSikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy gpur;rpidf;F jPu;T fhZk; jpwid tsu;j;J Mf;frpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapYk;
,r;nraw;gzp mika Ntz;Lk;.
yy khztu;fSf;F clYiog;gpd; khz;gpid czu;j;Jtjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
yy khztu;fis cstpay; mbg;gilapy; Cf;Ftpj;J mtu;fsJ jd;dk;gpf;ifia
tsu;f;Fk; Kiwapy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy xU njhopy; gw;wpa El;gq;fisAk;> mij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nra;jpwd;fisAk;
Nkk;ghL milar; nra;tjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;>
yy tFg;giwapy; rpW rpW FOthf ,ize;J nray;gl;Lf; fw;gjw;F cjt Ntz;Lk;
yy xU njhopiyj; njupT nra;J mij jd;dpr;irahf nray;gLj;Jk; jpwid ngw cjt
Ntz;Lk;;
12.7.2 r%fj;jpw;Fg; gad;kpf;f nraw;gzpfis fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wpa gupe;Jiufs;
yy khztu;fSf;F Kjypy; ve;j njhopy; fw;fyhk; vd;fpd;w tpsf;fq;fisj; njuptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy tFg;giwapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l njhopiy vt;thW nra;J xU nghUis cUthf;fyhk;
vd;W nra;J fhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy njupT nra;ag;gl;l njhopYf;Fupa fUtpfs; kw;Wk; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vt;thW
Ntiyiar; nra;ayhk; vd;W tpsf;fp khztu;fSf;Fg; Gupa itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; me;jj; njhopYf;Fupa Ntiyia nra;a gapw;rp mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
yy Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF njupT nra;ag;gl;l njhopypy; khztu;fspd; fw;wy;
milTfis mtu;fsJ nra;jpwd; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; juj;jpid
nfhz;L kjpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
141
12.7.3 khztu;fSf;F gs;spfspy; fw;gpf;ff; $ba nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
njhopy;fSf;fhd gupe;Jiufs;
,f;FOthdJ gpd;tUk; ifj;njhopy;fis tFg;giwapYk; gs;spapYk; r%fg;gad;kpf;f
Mf;f nraw;gzpf;F njupT nra;Js;sJ>
yy ijay;; Ntiy
yy fspkz;zhy; nghk;ikfisr; nra;jy;
yy rhf;gP]; (Chalk Piece) jahupj;jy;
yy gpsh];lu; Mg; ghupy; nfhz;L tpisahl;Lg; nghk;ikfisr; nra;jy;
yy fha;fwp Njhl;lk; mikj;jy;
yy NjdP tsu;j;jy;
yy %ypifj; Njhl;lk; mikj;jy;
yy Nfhop tsu;j;jy;
yy khL tsu;j;J ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;
yy fhshd; tsu;j;jy;
yy kpl;lha; jahupj;jy;
yy fapW jpupj;jy;
yy gl;Lg;G+r;rp tsu;j;jy;
yy gha; Kiljy;
yy nerT nea;jy;
yy Jzpapy; G+ Ntiyg;ghL nra;jy;
12.8 Gjpa Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;if - 1986

xU ehl;bd; tsk; me;ehl;by; thOk; kf;fspd; fy;tp> Mw;wy;> xOf;fk; vd;w
cau; gz;Gfisg; nghUj;Nj mstplg;gLfpwJ. ehl;L tsu;r;rpapd; KJnfYk;ghff; fy;tp
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ve;j Xu; mikg;Gk;> khwptUk; cyfr; R+oYf;F Vw;g khw;wkila Ntz;Lk;.
rKjha tsu;r;rp> Gjpa mwptpay; njhopy; El;gf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Mfpatw;why; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;whw;
Nghy; fy;tpAk; khWjyile;J etPdkila Ntz;Lk;. 21Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa rKjhak;
gy Gjpa gpur;ridfis vjpu; Nehf;fpl Ntz;bapUf;Fk;> mg;gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Gjpa
mwpTk;> jpwd;fSk;> mZFKiwfSk; Njitg;gLk;. ,j;jifa gz;Gfisg; ngWtjw;F
Kw;wpYk; Gjpa fy;tpKiw Njit. vdNtjhd; 1985y; ehLjOtpa tpthjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;>
1986y; Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahf mJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
12.9 Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;if (1986)y; njhlf;ff; fy;tp ,yf;Ffs;

yy 14 taJf;Fl;gl;l midtiuAk; gs;spfspy; Nru;j;J> ,ilapy; tpyfhJ fhj;jy;
yy Jtf;ff; fy;tpapy; fy;tpj; juj;ij cau;j;Jjy;> Foe;ij ikaf; fw;gpj;jy; topNa>
mtu;fspd; fw;wy; jpwd;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;.
yy Jtf;fg;gs;spfspd; mbg;gilj; Njitfshd fl;blq;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> gs;spapd; ,ju
trjpfshd Nkir> ehw;fhypfs;. fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;> tpisahl;L trjpfs; Mfpatw;iw
midj;Jg; gs;spfSf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;a “fUk;gyif ,af;fk;” mkyhf;fk;
yy fpuhkg;gs;spfspy; cs;s Foe;ijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Ntshz;ik Ntiyfspy;>
ngw;NwhUf;F cjtpl Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; mtu;fs; gs;spf;F tUtJ jilg;gLfpwJ.
,j;jilia ePf;fpl gs;spapd; NeuKk;> tpLKiwf;fhyq;fSk; fpuhkg;Gw Foe;ijfspd;
Njitia Xl;b mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
142
yy fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; cs;s Kjy; jiyKiw khztu;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;j Ntfj;jpy;
fw;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy;> Mrpupau;fshy; “jdpf;ftdf; fy;tp” (Individualised Instruction)
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
yy Nju;Tfisg; Gwtaj;jd;ikAilajhf;fp> Jtf;ff;fy;tpapy; ve;j tFg;gpYk;
khzth;fisj; Njf;fp itj;jiyj; jtpu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy Jtf;fg;gs;spapypUe;J tpLgl;ltu;fs; jq;fs; gFjpapy; gs;spapypy;yhj Foe;ijfs;>
Ntiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; Foe;ijfs; Nghd;NwhUf;fhd Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Kiwia
mikj;jy;
yy Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp Kiwapy; ed;F fw;Fk; Foe;ijfs;> tpUk;gpdhy; Kiwahd
fy;tpKiwf;F vspjpy; khWk; tifapy; njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; Nru;f;if
nefpOe;jd;ikAld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
12.10 Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;if NPE - 1986

,e;jpa Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahdJ 1986 Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Njrpaf;fy;tp nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;
yy ehnlq;fpYk; xNu Njrpaf; fy;tp mikg;ig cUthf;Fjy;.
yy fy;tpapy; rkj;Jtj;ij cUthf;Fjy;>
yy kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfs; fy;tpapy; ,ize;J gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;TfhZjy;.
yy midtUf;Fk; njhlf;ff;fy;tpia mspj;jy;.
yy taJ te;Njhu; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j cjTjy;.
yy fy;tpapy; njhopw;gpupTf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;.
yy khjphpg; gs;spfis cUthf;Fjy;.
yy gl;lg;gbg;Gf;Fk;> Ntiyf;Fk; cs;s ,izg;ig rup nra;jy;.
yy Mrpupau; epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
yy fy;tp Nkyhz;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
yy ,e;jpaf; fy;tpg;gzpia Gjpjhf cUthf;Fjy;
yy fy;tp Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis jpul;Ljy;.
yy rKjhak; kw;Wk; njhz;L epWtdq;fspd; gq;fpid fy;tp Nkk;ghl;Lf;F ehLjy;.
12.11 Njrpaf;fy;tp nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;Ffs;

kpf Kf;fpakhf %d;W ,yf;Ffis ,f;nfhs;if mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mitfshtd>
i. Njrpa xUikg;ghL> xw;Wik kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lzu;it tsu;j;jy;
ii. Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rarhu;G Mfpaitfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
iii. ,isQu;fsplk; gue;j kdg;ghd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jjy;
ehL KOtJk; xNu khjpupahd fy;tp mikg;ig cUthf;Fjy;
Njrpaf;fy;tpf; nfhs;if ehL KOtJk; xNu tifahd fy;tp gapYk; mikg;ig
cUthf;FtJld;> me;je;j khepyq;fspd; epiyik kw;Wk; NjitfSf;F Vw;g nefpo;TWk;
jd;ikAs;s fy;tp mikg;ig gpd;tUkhW cUthf;fj; jpl;lkpl;lJ
yy fy;tp mspg;gjpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiy tiu rhjp> kjk;> thoplk;> ,dk; kw;Wk; ghypdk;
rhuhj midtUf;Fkhd xNu khjpupahd fy;tp mikg;ig cUthf;fp khztu;fsJ
ntw;wp tha;g;Gf;fhd mbj;jsk; mikj;jy;
143
yy Nfhj;jhup fkp\dpd; gupe;Jiug;gb ehL KOtJk; gj;jhz;L njhlf;fepiy kw;Wk;
,ilepiyf;fy;tp> Nkdpiyf;fy;tp ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; kw;Wk; gl;lg;gbg;G %d;W
Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;l 10+2+3 Kiwia cUthf;Fjy;.
yy fy;tpf;$lq;fspy; Njrpa mbg;gil fiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fp mky;gLj;jy;.
yy xt;nthU tFg;G khztu;fs; xt;nthU ghlj;jpYk; fw;gjw;fhd Fiwe;jgl;r fw;wy;
,yf;Ffis cUthf;fp epu;zak; nra;jy;
yy fy;tp mikg;gpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; Ntiy mDgtj;ij fy;tpapd;
fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; ,izj;Jf; fw;gpj;jy;
yy mwptpaiy fl;lhag;ghlkhf ,ilepiy (10 Mz;Lfs;) fy;tp tiu fw;gpj;jy;
12.12 fy;tp mikg;gpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; fy;tpf;fhd kWrPuikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;

midj;J epiyfspYk; fy;tpf;fhd kWrPuikg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjiy gpd;tUkhW
,f;nfhs;if gl;baypLfpwJ.
1. njhlf;f fy;tpapy; rPuikg;G
yy midtUf;Fk; fy;tp mspf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpy; 6 Kjy; 14 taJf;F cl;gl;l midj;Jf;
Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ilepw;wy; ,y;yhky; fy;tp mspj;jy;
yy fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; vd;Dk; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; njhlf;fg;gs;spfspd; ,Uf;if trjpfs;>
fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;. tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs;. fl;blq;fs; Nghd;w mbg;gilf;
fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jjy;
yy ,e;jpahtpd; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspd; Foe;ijfs; jq;fsJ ngw;Nwhu;fSf;F tptrhaj;jpy;
cjtp Guptjhy; gs;sp Neuq;fis ,jw;Fj; jf;fthW mikj;Jk;> tpLKiw ehl;fisAk;
khWjy; nra;jy;
yy gs;spf;F fw;f tUk; Kjy; jiyKiw khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ Ra fw;wy; Ntfj;jpy;
fw;gpj;jiy jdpahs; Ntw;Wikf;F Vw;g mikj;jy;
yy Jtf;ff;fy;tpapd; Mz;Lj;Nju;Tfis Gwtaj;jd;ik (Objectives Type) cilajhf;fp
tFg;gpYs;s Njf;fj;ij ePf;Fjy;
yy Jtf;ffy;tpia njhlu ,ayhjtu;fs;> Foe;ijj; njhopyhspfs; Nghd;Nwhu;fSf;F
Kiwrhuhf;fy;tpia mikj;jy;
yy Kiwrhuhf; fy;tpapy; fw;Fk; Foe;ijfs;. mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; gs;spf;Fr; nrd;W
fw;f itj;jy;. 15 Kjy; 35f;F taJf;Fl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; Kiwrhuhf;fy;tp %yk;
KO vOj;jwpit nfhLj;jy;
2. ,ilepiyf;fy;tpapy; rPuikg;G
yy midtUf;Fk; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; ,yf;fpidf; nfhz;Ls;sjhy; fy;tpapd; juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtw;fhf eNthjah vd;Dk; Kd;Ndhbg; gs;spfis xt;nthU khtl;lj;
jiyefuq;fspYk; ehL KOtJk; mikj;jy;
yy ,ilepiyf;fy;tpia njhopy;rhu;e;j fy;tpahf;Fjy;.
3. njhopy;El;gf;fy;tpapy; rPuikg;G
midj;jpe;jpa njhopy;El;g epWtdj;ij mikj;J mjd; %yk; ehl;bYs;s
jpwikkpf;f khztu;fs; njhopy; fy;tp gapy VJthf ehl;bd; vg;gFjpf;Fk; nrd;W fy;tp
fw;f njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpia khWjy; nra;jy;> xt;nthU njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}upf;F
jur;rhd;wpjio toq;fp epjp cjtpiaAk; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ikiaAk; nra;jy;.
4. cau;fy;tpapy; rPuikg;G
yy gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; ,ize;J cWg;Gf; fy;Y}upahf ,Uf;Fk; fy;Y}upfspd; juj;jpw;F
Vw;g rpytw;wpw;F jd;dhl;rp toq;Fk; Kiwia Vw;gLj;Jjy;
144
yy gy;fiyfofj;jpYs;s juKs;s rpy JiwfSf;F jd;dhl;rp toq;f Vw;ghL nra;jy;
yy khztu;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; nkhopj;jpwd;fis mila mtu;fs; tpUk;Gk; ghlq;fis
,izj;J fw;f cjTjy;.
yy gl;lg;gbg;gpid Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyf;F kl;LNk vd;gijj; jtpu;j;jy;
yy khztu;fs; njhopy;El;gf;fy;tp> cau;fy;tp gapYk; NghJ tl;lhuk; tpl;L tl;lhuk;
,lk;ngWk; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jp jpwikkpf;f khztu;fSf;F cau;fy;tp ngWk;
tha;g;G mspj;jy;.
yy ,izajsk; thapyhf mwptpay; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gf;fy;tp Muha;r;rp Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd
midj;J cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fisAk; ,izj;J> me;epWtdq;fspd; Muha;r;rpfis
gfpu;e;J nfhs;s cjTjy;
yy Fwpg;gpl;l rpy gzpfSf;Fr; rpwe;j egu;fis Nju;T nra;tjw;fhf Njrpa Nju;Tg;gzp
vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fp jFe;j egu;fis Nju;T nra;jy;
5. Mrpupau; fy;tpapy; rPuikg;G
yy Mrpupau; gzpapy; gapw;rp ngWtjw;fhf mjpy; jpwd;> ehl;lk; kw;Wk; Mu;tk; cs;stu;fis
EioTj;Nju;T %yk; Nru;j;jy;.
yy ehL KOtJk; Mrpupau; fy;tpia rPuikj;J juj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Njrpa
Mrpupau; fy;tp fofk; vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;Fjy;
yy ehnlq;fpYk; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; khtl;l Mrpupau; fy;tp gapw;rp epWtdk; vd;fpd;w
mikg;ig cUthf;fp Mrpupau; gapw;rp kw;Wk; gzpapil gapw;rpia mspj;jy;
yy Mrpupau;gzpf;F Nju;T nra;a Mrpupau; Nju;T thupaq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
yy Mrpupaupd; rk;gs tpfpjj;ij gzpg;gSTf;F Vw;g ehL KOtJk; rPuhf mikj;J
gzj; njhlu;ghd FiwjPu;f;Fk; mikg;igAk; Vw;gLj;Jjy;
yy Mrpupau;fs; jq;fsJ gzpapy; nghWg;ig Vw;Fk; epiyia cUthf;fp fw;gpj;jy;
juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j mtu;fSf;F Cf;fk;; mspj;jy;.
6. fy;tpapy; nghJthditfis rPuikj;jy;
yy tpOkf;fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;jp r%f ed;ndwpfs; mikf;f fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;
tpOkf;fy;tpia ,izj;jy;
yy Kk;nkhop jpl;lj;ij gs;spfspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk; gpd;gw;Wjy;.
yy Ntiy mDgtj;ij gs;spf;fy;tp kw;Wk; cau;fy;tpapy; ,izj;jy;
yy mwptpay; fy;tpia Nkk;gLj;j fw;gpj;jypy; Ma;T Kiwia cUthf;Fjy;
yy clw;fy;tp> Nahfh kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lfis gs;spfspy; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
yy fw;wy; milTfis kjpg;gpLjypy; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;fhf gUtj;Nju;T. njhlu;r;rpahd
mfkjpg;gPL Kiw> tpdh - tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; fpnubl; Kiw Nghd;witfis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy;
yy cau;fy;tpia Nkyhz;ik nra;tjw;fhf ,e;jpa cau;fy;tpg; gzp vd;Dk; mikg;gpd;
%yk; Nkyhz;ik gjtpf;F jFjpahdtu;fis Nju;T nra;jy;
12.13 Njrpa mbg;gilapyhd fiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wpa gupe;Jiufs;

Njrpaf;fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp gapw;rp epWtdk; %yk; ehL KOtjw;Fk; nghJthd
fiyj;jpl;lk; mikg;gjw;F ,f;fy;tpf; nfhs;if typAWj;JfpwJ. ,e;jf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;gb
khztu;fsJ jpwikfs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis ntspf;nfhzu cjTk; Jiz mikg;gpid
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cUthf;Fjy;> juk;kpf;f fy;tpia mspj;jy;> ehl;L xUikg;ghL kw;Wk;
tho;ehs; KOtJk; fw;Fk; trjp nfhz;l gpd;tUk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ>
145
yy ekJ ehl;L kugpidAk;> ghuk;gupaj;ijAk;> gz;ghl;bidAk; Nkd;ikgLj;Jk; ghlq;fis
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghlr; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,izr;nray;ghLfspy; ed;ndup. ey;nyhOf;fk; kw;Wk;
kdpjhgpkhd gz;Gfis ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;
yy ,aw;ifr; R+oy;fs;> tsq;fs; kw;Wk; mitfis rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Fwpj;J
eltbf;if vLf;f ,aYk; nray;ghLfis ghlj;Jld; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy r%f> rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; kf;fs; njhif gpur;rpidfis khztu;fis czu
itf;Fk; fiyj;jpl;lk; Ntz;Lk;.
yy ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; ek; ehl;bd; murpay; rhrdj;jpy; gw;WjYlDk;> mbg;gil cupikfs;
kw;Wk; flikfspy; GupjYlDk; ,Uf;Fk; khztu;fis cUthf;Fk; tifapy;
fiyj;jpl;lj;ij mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
yy 1 Kjy; 3 tFg;G tiu jha;nkhop> fzpjk;. R+o;epiyapay; ghlj;Jld; njhopy;
mDgtj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; r%f gad;kpf;f Mf;f Ntiy kw;Wk; fiyAzu;Tld;
nray;gl cjTk; fiyj;jpl;lj;ij mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
yy 4 kw;Wk; 5Mk; tFg;Gfspy; jha;nkhop> Mq;fpyk; my;yJ `pe;jp> fzpjk;> mwptpay;>
r%f mwptpay; kw;Wk; gzp mDgtk; my;yJ r%fgad; kpf;f NtiyAld;
fiyAzu;Tr; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cly;eyf; fy;tpAlDk; clw;gapw;rpiaf; nfhz;l
fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
yy ,ilepiyf;fy;tpapy; %d;W nkhopfs; my;yJ jha;nkhop> Mq;fpyk;> fzf;F>
mwptpay;> r%f mwptpay;> jw;fhy ,e;jpah my;yJ Ntiy mDgtk;> fiyAzu;T
nray;ghLfs;> cly; eyk; kw;Wk; clw;gapw;rp Nghd;witfisf; nfhz;l
fiyj;jpl;lj;ij tbtikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
12.14 Njrpaf; fy;tpf;nfhs;ifapdhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs;

,f;nfhs;ifahy; (i) ru;t rpf;\h mgpahd;> (ii) fUk;gyifj;jpl;lk;. (iii) Njrpaj;
Nju;Tg;gzp> kw;Wk; eNthjahg;gs;sp Nghd;witfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld>
12.15 Njrpaj; Nju;Tg;gzp

Njrpa mstpy; ehL KOtJk; fy;tpepiyiag; nghWj;J Nju;Tfis elj;jp
ntt;NtW gzpfSf;F Ml;fis Nju;T nra;jiy rpy epWtdq;fSf;F mDkjp mspf;Fk;
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; tpupTiuahsu;fis Nju;T nra;a> Muha;r;rpg;gbg;gpy; Nru tpUk;GgtUf;Fk;
kw;Wk; Mil mikj;jy;> czT gjg;gLj;Jjy;> Xtpak; tiujy;> rpw;gk; tbj;jy; Nghd;w
jpwd;fisAk; fz;lwpa ,e;jj; Nju;Tfspy; fye;J nfhz;L ntw;wp ngWNthUf;F gy;NtW
gzpfspy; mku;tjw;F cupa jFjpr; rhd;wpjio toq;FjYf;F ,e;epWtdq;fs; cjTkhW
mDkjp mspf;f ,f;nfhs;if cjtpaJ. NkYk;> ehL KOtJk; nghwpapay; gbg;Gf;Fk;>
kUj;Jtg;gbg;Gf;Fk; EioTj; Nju;it nghJthf elj;JtJ vd;Wk; ,f;nfhs;ifapd; %yk;
KbT vl;lg;gl;lJ.
12.16 eNthjahg;gs;spfs;
Nehf;fq;fs;
yy gs;spf;fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndhbahf tpsq;fp juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk; gs;spfshf ,Uj;jy;
yy jukhd fy;tpia Fiwe;j nrytpy; r%f> rhjp> rka kw;Wk; nghUshjhu NtWghbd;wp
mspj;jy;
yy jpwik ,Ue;Jk; Vo;ikapd; fhuzkhf gapy ,ayhj khztu;fsJ epiyia ePf;Fjy;
146
yy etPd fUtpfisAk;> fw;wy; cj;jpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp fw;Fk; khztu;fsJ cs;shu;e;j
jpwid tsu;j;jy;
yy Gjpa Kiwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; %yk; fy;tpapd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
yy fiyj;jpl;lj;jpid tbtikj;jypYk;> fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspYk; GJikfis GFj;j
MrpupaUf;F Rje;jpuk; nfhLj;jy;
yy ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s rkj;Jtk;> rkePjp kw;Wk;
rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa gz;Gfis tsu;j;jy;.
yy cyfj;juj;Jld; $ba Kd;Ndhbg;gs;spia mikj;jy;
yy mUfpYs;s gs;spfSld; jdJ tsj;ij gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sjy;.
yy gs;spf;fy;tp mikg;gpy; fw;wy; gzpf;F nghWg;G Vw;wy;.
12.17 rpwg;gk;rq;fs;
yy kj;jpa kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj; Jiwapd; Nkw;ghu;itapy; ikaf; fy;tp thupaj;jpd;
ghlj;jpl;lk; gpdgw;wg;gLfpwJ
yy ,J ,UghyUk; Nru;e;J gapYk; ciwtplg;gs;sp
yy 6Mk; tFg;G Kjy; 12k; tiu ,ytrkhf fy;tp> cil> czT toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy ,q;F khztu;fis Nru;g;gjw;F EioTj;Nju;T elj;jg;gLfpwJ.
yy SC/ST gpuptpdUf;F ,lxJf;fPL cz;L
yy xt;nthU tFg;gpYk; 40 khztu;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLtu;
yy Njrpa mbg;gilahd nghJ fiyj;jpl;lk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
yy 8 k; tFg;G tiu jha;nkhopapy; fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
yy ,jpy; gzpGupAk; Mrpupau;fs; Njrpa mstpy; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L gzpepakdk;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
yy xt;nthU gs;spapYk; 20% khztu;fs; gpwkhepyj;jtu;fs;
147
gFjp – m
1. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
2. eNthjahg;gs;spapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
3. Njrpa Njh;Tg;gzp vd;gJ ahJ?
4. fUk;gyifj; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
5. topfhl;ly;> mwpTiu gfh;jy; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
6. Kk;nkhopj; jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d?
7. ,ilepiyf;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?
8. ,e;jpaf;fy;tpf;FOtpd; vy;iyfs; ahit?
9. rh;t rpf;\ mgpahd; rpW Fwpg;G tiuf
10. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapdhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; ahit?
gFjp – M
11. eNthjahg; gs;spapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ahit?
12. fy;tp gw;wpa Nfhj;jhhp FO ghpe;jiu nra;jtw;iw Ma;f.
13. ,ilepiyf;fy;tpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; ahit?
14. <];tu; gha; gl;Nly; fy;tpf;Fotpd; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfis tpthp.
15. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; 1986y; njhlf;f fy;tp ,yf;Ffis tpthp?
16. njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp kw;Wk; Mrphpah; fy;tp epiyfspy; Njrpaf;fy;tp
nfhs;ifahdJ vt;thW kWrPuikg;ig vw;gLj;JfpwJ?
17. Njrpaf;fy;tp nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;Ffis tpthpf;f.
18. Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;ifapy; Njrpa mbg;gilapyhd fiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wpa
ghpe;Jiufis tpthp.
gFjp -,
III. gjpide;J kjpg;ngz; Nfs;tpfs; (2x15=30)
19. m. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp fkp\dpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp trjpfis
Fwpg;gpLf.
(my;yJ)
M. <];th;gha; gNly; fy;tpf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufis tpsf;Ff.
20. m. Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; 1986 ghpe;Jiufis tpthpj;J. mJ fy;tpj; Jiwapy;

GFj;jg;gl;Ls;s tptuj;ij tpthpf;f.
(my;yJ)
M. cah;epiy kw;Wk; Nkdpiyg; gs;spfspy; ,ilepiy fy;tpf; FOtpd;
gq;fpid vOJf.
148
myF 13
fy;tpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G
UNIT - 13 REGULATORY BODIES OF EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
Kd;Diu
13.1 kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk;
13.2 Njrpaf; fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thff; fofk;
13.3 Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk;
13.4 Njrpa Mrphpah; fy;tp epWtdk;
13.5 gy;fiyf;fof khd;af;FO
13.6 Njrpaj; jur;rhd;wspf;Fk; fofk;
13.7 jur;rhd;Wfspd; tiffs;
13.8 jur;rhd;W ngWtjd; gad;fs;
13.9 jkpof khepy cah; fy;tpf;FO
13.10 Kf;fpa gzpfs;
13.11 khepyf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ikak;
13.12 SCERT gzpfs;
13.13 Mrphpah; fy;tp> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;ffk;.
13.14 DIET- apd; gzpfs;
13.15 khtl;l Mrphpah; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk;
13.16 gzpfs;
13.17 kj;jpa MNyhrid fy;tp thhpak;
13.18 kj;jpa ,ilepiyf; fy;tp thhpak;
13.19 Nehf;fq;fs;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
Kd;Diu
fy;tp epiyaq;fspd; nraw;ghl;il fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk;> mtw;wpd; fy;tpj;juj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kj;jpa murhy; vl;L Njrpa fy;tp mikg;GfSk;> khepy murhy; VO
mikg;GfSk; rl;lq;fs; %yk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sd. mt;tikg;Gfis gw;wp fhz;Nghk;.
13.1 kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; (MHRD)

kj;jpa murpd; fy;tpahdJ kdpjts Nkk;ghl;Lj;jiw mikr;rfj;jpd; fPo; tUfpwJ.
,e;jpa murpd; fy;tpj;Jiw 1910-y; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. 1945 y; fy;tpj;Jiw jdpj;Jiwahfr;
nray;gl;lJ. gpwF 1947 y; mikr;ruit me;j];J fpilj;jJ. 1957 y; KOikahd
Jiwahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L mwptpay; Muha;r;rpg; gzpAk; ,j;Jiwf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
fy;tp mikr;rfk; 2 jdpj;Jiwahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. mit. i) fy;tpj;Jiw> ii) mwptpay;
kl;Lk; gz;ghl;Lj; Jiw. 1963-y; ,it ,uz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;ld. 1964-
149
1965 – y; kPz;Lk; gphpf;fg;gl;L xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJ. 1967-1968 – y; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;L
gz;ghl;Lr; nray;> nghJf; fy;tp> njhopy;fy;tp> nkhopfs; vd;W gy gphpTfs; gphpf;fg;gl;L
fy;tp mikr;rfj;jpd;fPo; nray;gl;ld. 1985 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 26y; ,e;jpa murpd; 124-
tJ rl;lj;jpd; gb fy;tp mikr;rfk; kdpjtsNkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rfkhf khw;wg;gl;lJ.
,jpy; 5 Jiwfs; cs;sd. mitahtd.
yy mt;tg;NghJ jFe;j mwpTiufis toq;fp Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;
yy kj;jpa> khepy muRfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s khepyq;fspd; xUq;fpizg;ig Nkk;gLj;j
MNyhrid jUjy;
yy ,J kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;F MNyhrid toq;Fk; kpf cah;e;j fy;tp mikg;ghFk;.
13.2 Njrpaf; fy;tpj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thff; fofk; (NIEPA)

Njhw;wk;
1961-62-,y; fy;tpiaj; jpl;lkplg;gLgth;fSf;fhd And];Nfhtpd; tl;lhu ikakhf
,Ue;jJ Kjy; ,jd; Njhw;wk; Jtq;FfpwJ. 1965 – ,y; mJ ‘Mrpaf; fy;tp jpl;lkply;
kw;Wk; eph;thf epWtdkhf” ngah; khw;wk; ngw;wJ. And];NfhTld; nfhz;bUe;j 10
Mz;L xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;> ,jd; eph;thfj;ij ,e;jpa muNr 1970 ,y; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L
Njrpaf; fy;tp jpl;l kw;Wk; eph;thfg; gzpahsh; fy;Y}hp vd;W ngah; khw;wk; nra;jJ.
gpd;G 1979 ,y; gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp mspg;gJld; Ma;TfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;L> Njrpaf; fy;tp jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; eph;thff; fofk; vd;w ngauhy;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; mYtyfk; GJnly;ypapy; Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp
epWtdj;jpd; tshfj;jpNyNa mike;Js;sJ.
,t;tikg;G 4 gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ. mit:
i. nghJf;FO
ii. epjp eph;thff;FO
iii. nray;jpl;lq;fis tFj;J Kiwg;gb nray;gLj;Jk; FOf;fs;
iv. md;whl eph;thfj;ijf; ftdpf;Fk; FOf;fs;
gzpfs;
yy ika> khepy muRfspd; cah;fy;tp mjpfhupfSf;fhd fUj;juq;F Vw;ghL nra;J
elj;Jjy;
yy fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F MNyhridAk;> NritiaAk; mspj;jpLjy;
yy fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs; tbtikj;jy;
yy fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofg; Nguhrphpah;fSf;Fk; eph;thf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; fy;tpj;
jpl;lq;fs;
yy tbtikj;jypy; gapw;rp mspj;jy;
yy NIEPA fhyhz;L ,jo; xdwp;idAk; ntspapl;L tUfpwJ.
yy fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; jfty;fisAk;> fUj;JfisAk; toq;Fk;
Kftuhfr; nray;gLjy;
yy kj;jpa> khepy muRfspd; cah;fy;tp mjpfhhpfSf;Fg; gzpKd;gapw;rp kw;Wk;
gzpapilg; gapw;rpia toq;Fjy;
13.3 Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (NCERT)

Njhw;wk;
fy;tp gw;wpa Gs;sp tptuk; mlq;fpa E}y;fisAk;> Mrphpah;fSf;fhd E}y;fisAk;
,e;epWtdk; ntspapl;lJ. 1961- Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; Kjy; Njjpad;W njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
150
,jd; jiyikaplk; GJnly;ypapy; cs;sJ. ,jd; kz;ly gpuhe;jpa epWtdk; Nghghy;>
ik#h;> GtNd];th;> M[;kPh; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;sJ.
yy fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
yy Mrphpah;fSf;F gzpKd; gapw;rp> gzpapilg; gapw;rp Mfpatw;iw toq;Fjy;
yy fy;tp Muha;r;rpapy; <LgLjy;
yy Nkk;gl;l fy;tp El;gq;fisAk;> Muha;r;rp KbTfisAk; gutr; nra;jy;
yy jfty; njhFg;G epiyakhfTk; Njitg;gLNthh;f;F jfty; mspf;Fk; ikakhfTk;
nray;gLjy;
13.4 Njrpa Mrphpah; fy;tp epWtdk; (NCTE)
Njhw;wk;
yy 1986-,y; ntspalg;gl;l Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapy; Mrphpaf;fy;tpapd; midj;J
epiyfspYk; rPuikg;G nra;J juj;ij Nkk;gLj;j 1995 Mk; Mz;L Mf];L khjk; 17-
Mk; Njjp ,e;jpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l rl;lg;gb (No. 73 of National Council
For Teacher Education Act, 1993) Njrpa Mrphpah; fy;tp epWtdk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
yy ,jd; kz;ly gpuhe;jpa epWtdk; Nghghy;> n[a;g;G+h;> GtNd];th;> ngq;fSh; Nghd;w
,lq;fspy; cs;sJ.
yy Njrpa Mrphpaf;; fy;tp epWtdj;jpd; jiyikafk; GJnly;ypapy; mike;Js;sJ.
Njrpa Mrphpaf; fy;tp epWtdk; xU jiythpd; fPOk;> tl;lhuf; fpisfs; mjd;
,af;Fehpd; jiyikapYk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd.
Nehf;fq;fs;
yy ,e;jpahtpy; Mrphpah; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpiaj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
yy Mrphpah; fy;tpapy; Vw;Gila jyq;fisg; NgZjy;
yy Mrphpah; fy;tpahsh;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jy;
yy gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; kPJ njhlh; fz;fhzpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
yy Mrphpah; fy;tpapd; juk; Nkk;gl cioj;jy;
13.5 gy;fiyf;fof khd;af;FO (UGC)
Njhw;wk;
gy;fiyf;fof khd;af;FO 1953-Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 20 Mk; ehs; Ra mjpfhuKs;sjhf
rl;lg;gb nksyhd mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; mth;fshy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J lhf;lh;. Dr. S.
,uhjhfpU\;zd; FOtpd; ghpe;Jiug;gb 1956-y; nray;gl;lJ.
gzpfs;
yy cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;F khd;aq;fs; toq;Fjy;
yy gy;fiyf;fof kw;Wk; fy;Y}hp Mrphpah;fsJ jFjp> gzp epiy> Cjpak; tpfpjk;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghpe;Jiuj;jy;
yy epjp cjtp ngwhj jdpahh; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs;> fy;Y}hpfs;> Mfpatw;iwAk;
xOq;F gLj;Jjy;.
yy gy;fiyf; fofq;fspy; Gjpa Jiwfs;> Muha;r;rpf; fofq;fs; Mfpatw;Wf;F mq;fPfhuk;
toq;Fjy;
yy tphpTiuahsh;fSf;Fg; gzpapilg; gapw;rp mspj;jy;>
yy E}y;fs; ntspapLjy;
yy Nghypf; fy;tp epWtdq;fis milahsk; fz;L ePf;Fjy;
yy cah;fy;tpapy;> murpay; FWf;fPbd;wpr; nraw;gl A.[p.rp. toptFj;jy;
151
13.6 Njrpaj; jur;rhd;wspf;Fk; fofk; (NAAC)
Njhw;wk;
1986- d; ghpe;Jiug;gb> gy;fiyf;fof khd;af;FO (UGC) 1994 – y; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
cah; fy;tp epwtdq;fshd fy;Y}hpfs;> gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nray;jpwid
mwptpay; mbg;gilapy; rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;j;J> kjpg;gPL nra;J jur; rhd;wpjo; mspg;gjw;fhf
UGC – My; jd;dhl;rpAld; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epWtdNk Njrpa jur; rhd;wpjo; fofk;.
13.6.1 NAAC nray;ghLfs; %yk; kjPg;gPL nra;ag;gLgit
yy cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;G trjpfs;> Mrphpah;fspd; jFjp
yy fy;tpf;F mf;fy;Y}hp (m) gy;fiyf;fofk; Mw;wpAs;s njhz;L
yy eph;thf mikg;G
yy gpd;gw;wg;gLk; nfhs;iffs;
13.6.2 Njrpa jur;rhd;wpjo; fofj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
yy cah; fy;tpapd; juk; tpsq;f
yy Rakjpg;gPL> ntsp kjpg;gPL> njhlh;e;J Kidg;Gld; nray;gLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
juj;ij cWjp nra;jy;.
13.7 jur;rhd;Wfspd; tiffs;

,uz;L tpjkhd ju eph;;zak; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW.
i. epWtd ju kjpg;gPL
ii. cah;fy;tp epWtdj;jpy; cs;s jdp ghlj;Jiw (m) gphptpd; ju kjpg;gPL jur;rhd;wpjo;
tptuk;
t.vz; epWtd kjpg;ngz;fs; jur; jFjp
1 3.51 – 4.00 A ++
2 3.26 – 3.50 A+
3 3.01 – 3.25 A
4 2.76 – 3.00 B++
5 2.51 – 2.75 B+
6 2.01 – 2.50 B
7 1.51 – 2.00 C
8 < 1.50 D
9 jueph;zak; toq;Ftjpy;iy
jukjpg;gPl;L kjpg;ngz;fs; toq;Fk; tpjk;

jd;dhl;rp
t.vz; FwpaPLfs; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,izg;G fy;Y}hp
fy;Y}hpfs;
1 fiyj;jpl;l mk;rq;fs;
15 10 15
2 fw;gpj;jy;> fw;wy;
25 40 30
kjpg;gPL
152
3 Muha;r;rp> MNyhrid
tphpthf;fk; 15 05 10
4 mbg;gil trjpfs;>
15 15 15
fw;wy; tsq;fs;
5 khzth; MjuT
10 10 10
Kd;Ndw;wk;
6 $l;likg;G kw;Wk;
10 10 10
Kd;Ndw;wk;
7 MNuhf;fpakhd
10 10 10
nray;Kiw
nkhj;jk; 100 100 100
Kjd;Kiwahf ju kjpg;gpLjYf;F tpz;zg;gpf;fj; Njitahd jFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW:

yy fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;L 5 Mz;Lfs; epiwT ngw;wpUf;f
Ntz;L;k;.
yy njhlh;r;rpahf 2 tUlq;fshtJ khzth;fs; jq;fsJ gbg;ig ntw;wpfukhf Kbj;J
Njh;;r;rp ngw;W ntspNawp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy ,t;thW mspf;fg;gLk; jur; rhd;wpjo;fs; 5 Mz;LfSf;F kl;LNk nry;YgbahFk;.
yy 5 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw jur;rhd;wpjo;fSf;F jk;ik cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
yy 4-tJ Mz;L KbtpNyNa kW eph;zaj;jpw;fhd eltbf;iffs; njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
13.8 jur;rhd;W ngWtjd; gad;fs;

yy cah;juKs;s NAAC mwptpf;Fk; fy;Y}hpf;Fk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fk; U.G.C –
vd;w gy;fiyf;fof khd;af; FOthdJ rpwg;G jpl;lq;fisAk;> epjpAjtpfisAk;
toq;FfpwJ.
yy Nkw;gbg;igj; njhlUNthh; jukhd fy;tp epiyaj;ij Njh;e;njLj;Jf; nfhs;s NAAC
jUk; kjpg;gPL cjTfpwJ.
yy xt;nthU epWtdKk; jdJ juj;ij cah;j;jpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gjw;F cjTfpwJ.
13.9 jkpof khepy cah; fy;tpf;FO (Tamilnadu State Council For Higher Education) Njhw;wk;
jkpo;ehl;bd; cah;fy;tp epiyapy; eilngw;W tUk; gy;NtW fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs;
nrk;ikg;gLj;JtNjhL mtw;iw gy;fiyf;fof khd;af; FOtpd; (University Grants Commission)
jpl;lq;fNshL xUq;fpize;J nray;glr; nra;a 1992-Mk; tUlk; jkpof rl;l rigapy;
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpd; %yk;> jkpof khepy cah;fy;tpf; FO jd;dhl;rp ngw;w epWtdkhf
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tpahsh;fs; mlq;fpa ,f;FOtpw;F jkpof fy;tp mikr;rNu
jiytuhthh;. khepy murpd; tUlhe;jpu epjp xJf;fPL %yk;> ,f;FOtpd; eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. KONeu nrayhpd; (Full Time Member Secretary) fPo; ,f;FO ,aq;fp
tUfpwJ.
153
13.10 Kf;fpa gzpfs; (Important Functions)
khepy cah;epiy fy;tpf; FOtpd; Kf;fpa gzpfshtd:
i. muR gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk; ,ju cah; fy;tp toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
Mfpatw;Wf;F cah; fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp njhlh;ghf Njitg;gLk; MNyhridfis
mt;tg;NghJ toq;Fjy;.
ii. khepy cah;epiyf; fy;tpia Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd vjph;fhy
jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;
iii. cah;epiyf; fy;tpapd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fisAk;> mspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
Kd;DhpikfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L gy;fiyf;fof khd;af; FOtpd; topfhl;L
newpKiwfSf;F Vw;g gy;NtW fy;tpj;jpl;lq;fisAk;> eilKiwfisAk; cUthf;fp
mtw;iw nraw;gLj;j cjTjy;.
iv. khepyj;jpy; cs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> fy;Y}hpfs;> kw;Wk; ,ju cah; fy;tp epWdq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis> jdJ Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ghpe;JiufNshL
gy;fiyf;fof khd;af; FOtpw;F mDg;gp epjp cjtp ngWtjw;F cjtp nra;tNjhL>
mt;thW mDkjpf;fg;gl;l tsh;r;rp jpl;lq;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fz;fhzpj;jy;
v. cah; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; jkf;Fs; gu];gu neUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L
xj;Jiog;Gld; nray;gLtJld;> njhlh;Gila njhopyfq;fSld; ,ize;J nray;glTk;
Cf;Ftpj;jy;
vi. khepy muR kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof khd;af; FOtpd; topfhl;L newpKiwfSf;F Vw;g>
cah;fy;tp epiyaq;fis Gjpjhfj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd tpjpKiwfis jahhpj;jy;
vii. khepyj;jpy; cah;fy;tpf;fhd cghp epjp Mjhuq;fisg; ngUf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfis
muRf;F ghpe;Jiuj;jy;
viii. gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> fy;Y}hpfs; kw;Wk; ,ju cah;fy;tp epiyaq;fs; jq;fsJ
fiyj;jpl;lj;ij khw;wpaikf;f> rPuikf;f> etPdg;gLj;jp GJikfisg; GFj;jp
Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL> Njitahd cjtpfisAk; mspj;jy;
ix. gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fSld; elj;jp tUk; Njh;Tfspd; juj;ij
cah;j;jplj; Njitahd top Kiwfis cUthf;fpj; jUjy;
x. juepu;zak; nra;J mtw;iw njhlh;e;J Ngzp ghJfhj;Jtu> gy;fiyf;fof khd;af;
FOtpw;F cjtpaha; ,Ue;J tUtNjhL> Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; FiwjPh; elbf;iffis
ghpe;Jiuj;jy;
xi. fy;Y}hpfSk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk; xUq;fpize;J nray;gl> xU fz;fhzpg;G
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mjd; nray;ghl;il Kiwg;gLj;Jjy; khepyj;jpYs;s midj;J
khzth;fSk;> Mrphpah;fSk; gad; ngWk; tifapy; jkpofg; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy;
cs;s E}yfq;fSf;fpilNa njhlh;G Vw;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Kf;fpa Jiwfspy;
ftdk; nrYj;j jkpof cah;f;fy;tpf; FO jpl;lkpl;LtUfpwJ. jkpofj;jpy; cs;s
gy;NtW gy;fiyf;fofq;fSk;> jd;dhl;rpf; fy;Y}hpfSk; XusT xNu khjpupahd
fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk;> newpKiwfisAk; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk; cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fspd;
ghlg;gbg;Gfs; ahTk; xg;gpLk; tifapy; miktNjhL khzth;fs; ,lk; ngah;e;J
nry;tJk; vsp;jhFk; vd;gjhy; ,j;jifa Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhs;s cah; fy;tpf;FO
Kide;J tUfpwJ.
154
13.11 khepyf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ikak; (SERT)
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l rl;lg;gb vd.rp.Mu;.b vd;w epWtdk;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J khepy mstpy; nray;gLk; epWtdkhf SCERT khepy
muRfshy; mikf;fg;gl;ld. khepy mstpy; 1983 Mk; Mz;L ,k;ikak; nray;glj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,jd; jiytuhf khepy gs;spf; fy;tp ,af;Feh; nray;gl;lhh;.
13.12 gzpfs;
yy gs;spapd; jiyik Mrphpah;> Nkw;ghh;itahsh;> kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fSf;Fk; gzpapilg;
gapw;rp mspj;jy;
yy fiyj;jpl;lk;> kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; tsq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
yy njhlf;ff; fy;tp njhlh;ghd jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;
yy DIET mikg;Gfspd; gzpfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; xUq;fpizj;jy;
yy njhlf;ff;fy;tpia rhh;e;j kj;jpa khepy muRfspd; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fisg; nghWg;Ngw;W
elj;Jjy;
yy fy;tpapd; juj;ij mt;tg;NghJ kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
yy ghlE}y;fis kjg;gPL nra;jy;
yy Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,ilepiyg; gs;spfSf;F cjTk; tifapy; thu> khjg;
gj;jphpf;iffis ntspapLjy;
yy Mrphpah;fspd; eyDf;fhfj; Njh;T Kiwfs; Fwpj;J fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;Jjy;
yy fy;tpj;Jiw mYtyh;fSf;F etPd eph;thfKiw Fwpj;Jf; fUj;juq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
MNyhridf; $l;lq;fs; elj;Jjy;
yy fy;tpj;njhlh;ghd md;whlg; gpur;ridfSf;F jPh;T fhzy;
yy gs;sp tshfq;fs; rpwg;ghfr; nray;glj; Njitahd mwpTiufis ey;Fjy;
yy nray;Kiw Muha;r;rpfs; %yk; Mrphpah;fspd; juj;ij cah;j;j toptFj;jy;
yy gzpapy; ,Uf;Fk; Mrphpah;fs; gjtp cah;T ngWtjw;fhf mQ;ry;topf; fy;tpf;F
tifnra;jy;>
yy Kjy;epiy>,ilepiy kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fspd; gzpfis tphpthf;Fjy;
yy gs;spf; FOtpd; gzpahsh;fs; %ykhf gs;spf; fy;tp rk;ge;jg;gl;l vy;yhj; JiwfspYk;
Muha;r;rpg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
yy fy;tpapd; juj;ij cah;e;j> Gjpa cj;jpfis gad;Lj;Jjy;
13.13 Mrphpah; fy;tp> Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;ffk;

1990 ,y; jkpof muR> murhiz vz; 748 %yk; SCERT, DTERT vd khw;wpaikj;Jj;
jdp ,af;fkhf Mf;fpaJ
jkpo;ehl;by; 32 khtl;lq;fspy; mikg;igg; ngw;Ws;s khtl;l Mrphpah; fy;tp kw;Wk;
Muha;r;rp gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; (DIET) kw;Wk; Mrphpah; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; (TTI) %yk;
khzthfSf;Fj; jukhd Mrphpah; fy;tpia tsKld; mspj;J tUfpwJ.
13.14 DTERT apd; gzpfs;

I. fiyj;jpl;lk;> fw;gpj;jy; fUtpfs;> fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;> kjpg;GPl;L Kiwfs; Mfpatw;iw
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
II. Mrphpah;fSf;Fg; gzpKd; gapw;rp> gzpapilg;gapw;rp Mfpatw;iw toq;Fjy;
III. fy;tp Muha;rpiaf; Fwpg;ghfj; njhlf;ff; fy;tp njhlh;ghd Muha;r;rpfisAk;>
jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
155
IV. khtl;lf; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdq;fspd; (DIET) gzpfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;
kw;Wk; xUfpizj;jy;
V. njhlf;ff; fy;tp njhlh;ghd kj;jpa> khepy muRfspd; gy;NtW jpl;lq;fisg;
nghWg;Ngw;W elj;Jjy;.
13.15 khtl;l Mrphpah; fy;tp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; (DIET)

jkpo;ehl;bYs;s 32 khtl;lq;fspYk; khtl;lj;jpw;F xU Mrphpah; gapw;rp epWtdk;
njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gjpa Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifapd; ghpe;Jiuapd; gb ,it epWtg;gl;L
Mrphpah; fy;tp Muha;r;rpg; gapw;rp ,af;ffj;jpd; NeubNkw;ghh;itapd; fPo; ,aq;fp tUfpwJ.
,e;epWtdq;fSf;F kdpjtsNkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; epjp cjtp nra;J tUfpwJ.
13.16 gzpfs;
yy Mrphpah; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;ffk; eilKiwgLj;Jk; jpl;lq;fis
khtl;lq;fspy; nray;gLj;Jjy;
yy jukhd njhlf;fg;gs;sp Mrphpah;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; gzpKd; gapw;rp mspj;jy;
yy Gjpa mZFKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; gzpapilg; gapw;rpfs; mspj;jy;
yy fiyj;jpl;lk; jahhpj;J toq;Fjy;
yy xt;nthU epWtdKk; me;je;j khtl;lk; KOikf;Fkhd fy;tpj; Njitfisj;
jpl;lkply;
yy Mrphpah; fy;tpj;juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
yy khtl;l mstpy; gs;sprhuhf; fy;tp jpl;lr; nray;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
13.17 kj;jpa MNyhridf; fy;tp thhpak; (CABE)

fy;tp Kiwikapd; jpUj;jg;gl;l nfhs;ifahdJ> taJte;NjhUf;F fy;tpj;jpl;l
,af;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;> mbg;gil fy;tp> cyfshtpa mZfy;> jf;fitj;jy; kw;Wk;
juk; Mfpatw;iw toq;Fk; fy;tp> ngz;fs; fy;tp gapw;rpapy; rpwg;G ftdk; nrYj;jy;>
eNthjah tpj;ahyahf;fs; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk;> ,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp> njhopy; El;gk;
kw;Wk; cau;fy;tp;f;F cs;s xOq;F Kiw Muha;r;rp> njhopy;El;g fy;tpf;fhd midj;J
,e;jpa fTd;rpy;> tpisahl;L> cly; fy;tp> Nahfh kw;Wk; xU gaDs;s kjpg;gPl;L Kiwia
Nju;e;njLg;gJ Mfpatw;iw khepyq;fs; gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; xU gutyhf;fg;gl;l
epu;thf mikg;Gk; fy;tpapy; kf;fs; gq;fspg;ig cWjpg;gLj;JtjhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; Kftu; %yk; gy;NtW nfhs;if msTUf;fs; nray;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F
xU tpupthd jpl;lj;ij ,LfpwJ. NPE ,y; fw;gpf;fg;gl;l gb> Njrpa fy;tp Kiw xU
Njrpa ghlj;jpl;l fl;likg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. ,J gpw nefpo;thd kw;Wk;
gpuhe;jpa $Wfis cs;slf;fpa xU nghJthd Nfhu;itiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. kf;fSf;F
tha;g;Gfis tpupTgLj;Jtij typAWj;Jfpd;w mNj Ntisapy; cau; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g
fy;tpapd; jw;Nghija mikg;ig xUq;fpizg;gjw;Fk; ,J miog;G tpLfpwJ. ,J Njrpa
tUthapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; MW rjtPjj;jpyhd fy;tpapy; mjpf msT KjyPL Njit vd;gij
typAWj;JfpwJ. fy;tpapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ftjw;fhd kpf
cau;e;j MNyhridf; FOthd kj;jpa MNyhrid thupak; (CABE) Kjd; Kjypy; 1920
Mk; Mz;by; epWtg;gl;lJ> 1923 Mk; Mz;by; nghUshjhuk; mstplg;gl;lJ. ,J 1935 Mk;
Mz;by; Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ kw;Wk; 1994 Mk; Mz;L tiu njhlu;e;Jk; ,Ue;jJ.
156
10 – 11 Mf];l; 2004 md;W eilngw;w kWrPuikf;fg;gl;l CABE $l;lj;jpy;> rpy
Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; tpupthd Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; Njitg;gl;ld. mjd;gb> VO CABE
fkpl;bfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;ld:
yy ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha fy;tp kNrhjh kw;Wk; mbg;gil fy;tp njhlu;ghd gpw rpf;fy;fs;
yy ngz;fs; fy;tp kw;Wk; nghJthd gs;sp mikg;G
yy ,uz;lhk; epiy fy;tp nghJkakhf;fy;.
yy cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; jd;dhl;rp
yy gs;sp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fyhr;rhuk;> fy;tp xUq;fpizg;G
yy murhq;f mikg;Gf;F ntspNa gs;spfspy; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ciu> Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk;
,izahd ciu> Gj;jfq;fSf;fhd xOq;FKiw mikg;G
yy cau; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g fy;tp epjp

13.18 kj;jpa ,ilepiyf; fy;tp thhpak; (C.B.S.E.)
ika muR Copah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; vg;gFjpf;Fk; khw;wg;gl Nehplyhk;. mjdhy;
mth;fsJ Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp ghjpf;fg;gLk;. Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lk;> Gjpa ghlE}y;fs;
Mfpatw;why; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,r; rpf;fy;fis epth;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapYk;>
mth;fsJ Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapYk; 1962-,y; Nfe;jphpa tpj;ahyah gs;spfs;
ika murpd; fy;tpj; Jiwahy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. gapw;rp nkhop> Mq;fpyk; my;yJ
,e;jpahf cs;sJ. Nfe;jphpa tpj;ahyahf;fs;> ,lkhw;wk; ngWk; ika muR Copah;fspd;
Foe;ijfSf;F Kd;Dhpik je;J gs;spapy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
13.19 Nehf;fq;fs;
yy ,e;jpah KOtJk; nghJthd ghlj;jpl;lj;ij gpd;gw;Wjy;.
yy khzth;fs; kw;Wk; r%jhaj;jpd; Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;jy;
yy gy jdpahh; gs;spfs; ,e;j ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp rktha;g;ig Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
yy Kk;nkhop jpl;lj;ij eilKiwgLj;Jjy;
yy ghlq;fspd; juKk;> fbdj;jd;ikAk; Nkk;gl;L ,Uj;jy;
157

gFjp – m
1. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; cahpa Nehf;fk; ahJ?
2. DTERT d; rPhpa Nehf;fq;fs; ahJ?
3. Njrpa Mrphpa fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; ahit?
4. Njrpa jur;rhd;wspf;Fk; fofj;jpd; gzpfs; VNjDk; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
5. fy;Y}hpfSf;F jur;rhd;W toq;Ftjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; ahit?
6. jkpof khepy cah;fy;tpf; FOtpd; gzpfs; rpytw;iwf;$Wf.
7. kj;jpa ,ilepiyf;fy;tp thhpaj;jpd; Neh;ffq;fs; ahit?
8. CABE fkpl;bfs; vtw;iw Ma;T nra;jd?
9. NCERT d; gpuhe;jpaf; fy;tp epWtdq;fs; mike;Js;s ,lq;fisg; gw;wpf;Fwpg;gpLf.
10. DTERT d; gq;F> gzpfs; ahit?
gFjp – M
11. gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf; FOtpd; (UGC) gzpfs; ahit?
12. NAAC jur;rhd;W tiffisg; gw;wp vOJf?
13. NIEPA tpd; Kf;fpa gzpfis Fwpg;gpLf?
14. NCTE d; fy;tpj;ju Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd gzpfs; ahit?
15. khtl;l Mrphpah; fy;tp epWtdj;jpd; gzpfs; ahit?
16. cah;fy;tp epWtdq;fSf;fhd jur;rhd;W tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
17. kj;jpa MNyhrid fy;tp thhpAk; (CABE) nray;gLk; tpjj;ij tpthp.
18. jkpof khepy cah;fy;tpf;FOtpd; Kf;fpa gzpfs; ahit?
gFjp -,
19. m. NAAC vDk; Njrpa jur;rhd;wpjo; toq;Fk; fofj;jpd; gzpfs;
ahit?
(my;yJ)
M. jukhd Mrphpah; fy;tpf;F Mrphpah; fy;tp muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp ,af;ffj;jpd;
(DTERT) nray;ghLfs; ahit?
20. m. NIEPA tpd; cs;fl;likg;ig tpsf;Ff.

(my;yJ)
M. Njrpaf; fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdj;jpd; (NCERT) gzpfis tpthpf;f.
158
myF 14
cly;eyKk;;> Cl;lr;rj;jpw;fhd fy;tpAk;
UNIT – 14 HEALTH AND NUTRITION EDUCATION
nghUslf;fk;
14.1 cly;eyk;
14.2 cly; eyKk;> mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
14.3 MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; gupkhzq;fs;
14.4 Cl;lr;rj;J vd;gjd; nghUs;
14.5 Cl;lr; rj;Jf; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
14.6 ruptpfpj czT vd;gjd; nghUs;
14.7 jkpofj;jpy; rj;JzTj; jpl;lk;
14.8 njhw;WNeha;fs;
14.9 njhw;W Neha;fspd; mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;
14.10 va;l;]; vd;Dk; capu;nfhy;yp Neha;
14.11 njhlu; kUj;Jt Nritj;jpl;j;jpw;F tif nra;jy;
14.12 clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tp
14.13 gs;spfspy; Rfhjhug;gzpfs; kw;Wk; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;
14.14 gs;spfspy; Rfhjhu Nkw;ghu;it
14.15 KjYjtp
14.16 mbg;gil KjYjtpf; Fwpg;Gfs;
14.17 cly;eyKk;> czTg; gof;fKk;
khjphp tpdhj;jhs;
14.1 cly;eyk; (Health):

Nehaw;w tho;Nt Fiwtw;w nry;tk; vd;gJ kpfr; rupahd gonkhopahFk;.
MNuhf;fpaj;ijtpl Mde;jk; NtW vJTkpy;iy. MNuhf;fpak; vd;gJ cly;> kdk; kw;Wk;
r%fk; rhu;e;j nray;fspy; ,lu;ghbd;wp ,Ug;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ekJ cly; mikg;G
Neha;fSf;F vjpuhfr; nray;gLk; kpfr;rpf;fyhd nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf Neha;fSf;F vjpuhd jilaikg;ig ek; cly; ngw;Ws;sJ.
14.2 cly; eyKk;> mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;

cly; cWg;Gf; Fiwghbd;wpAk;> Neha; ,d;wp ,Ug;gJk; kl;Lky;yhky; cly;eyk;
vd;gJ xU kdpjdpd; cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; r%fk; rhu;e;j ,lu;ghbd;wp ,Uj;jiyf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
clw;FiwghL NehAw;W ,Ug;gij kl;LNk Fwpg;gJ MfhJ. xU kdpjd; ey;y MNuhf;fpa
epiyapy; cs;sNghJ mtDila cly; cWg;Gfs; ey;y Kiwapy; ,aq;Ffpd;wd. mtuJ
cly;> kdk; kw;Wk; r%f epiyfisr; rkd; nra;J nfhs;fpwJ. Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; r%f
epiyfir; rkd; nra;J nfhs;fpwJ. Rw;Wr;R+oy; rhu;e;j ntg;gk;> <ug;gjk;> fhw;wOj;jk;>
kio> kdpjdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l khR> mZf;fjpu; tPr;R> Cl;lr;rj;Jg; gw;whf;Fiw> ek;ikr;Rw;wp
kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy; cs;s Ez;Zapu;fs;> kdpju;fSf;Fs; Vw;gLk; Nghuhl;lq;fs; Mfpad
ek; MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfs; MFk;.
159
14.3 MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; gupkhzq;fs;
cly;gupkhzk;: ey;y MNuhf;fpakhd kdpjd; Njhw;wj;jpy; njspT> ey;y tsu;rpij
khw;wr; nray;ghLfs;> fz;fspy; fUtisakw;w jd;ik Nghd;wit ey;y cly;
gupkhzj;jpd; $WfshFk;. kdg;gupkhzk; jd;Dila gyk;> gytPdj;ij mwpe;j epiy>
jho;T kdg;ghd;ikaw;w epiy Mfpait ey;y kdg; gupkhzq;fshFk;. r%f gupkhzk;
r%fj;Jld; xj;jpire;J gpwu;kPJ Fw;wk; fhzhJ> ey;y r%f czu;Tfisg; NgZtJk;
FLk;gj;jpy; rz;ilrr;ruTfs; ,d;wp gzp ,lj;jpYk; R%f cwitg; NgZtJk; r%fg;
gupkhzk; vdg;gLk;.
14.4 Cl;lr;rj;J nghUs;

kdpjd; capu;tho czT> cil> ciwtplk; Mfpa %d;Wk;; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,tw;Ws; czT Kjyplk; ngWfpwJ. clypd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> gOJgl;l jpRf;fisg;
GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk;> cly; rf;jpf;Fj; Njitahd ntg;gj;ijf; nfhLf;fTk; czT kpfTk;
mtrpak;. cly; tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk>; clYf;Fr; rf;jpia mspg;gjw;Fk; cjTk;
czTg; nghUl;fis Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; vd;fpNwhk;. ,tw;wpy; ve;j Cl;lr;rj;Jf; Fiwe;jhYk;
cly; tsu;r;rpg; ghjpf;fg;gl;L Neha;fspd; jhf;FjYf;F Ml;gLk; mghaj;Jf;F cs;shfpNwhk;.
14.5 Cl;lr; rj;Jf; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;

Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; epiwe;j czTfs; ekJ cly; eyj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fk;> ehk;
MNuhf;fpa tho;T tho;tjw;Fk; mtrpak; Ntz;Lk;.
Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs;
ekJ md;whl cztpy; ekf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Cl;lr;j;Jf;fs; gy mit fPo;f;fhZk;
6 tifg;gLk;.
1. Gujk;
2. nfhOg;G
3. fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
4. itl;lkpd;fs;
5. jhJg; nghUl;fs;
6. eP;u;
,it midj;ijAk; ngU Cl;lq;fs; vd;Wk;> rpW Cl;lq;fs; vd;Wk;> ,it fhzg;gLk;
mstpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Utiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;> jhJg; nghUl;fSk;> itl;lkpd;fSk; rpW
Cl;lq;fs;. kw;wit ehd;Fk; ngU Cl;lq;fs;. ehk; md;whlk; cl;nfhs;Sk; czTfshd
jhdpaq;fs;> rpWjhdpaq;fs;> fliyfs;> vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> fdptiffs;
ghy; kw;Wk; ghy;nghUl;fs;> khkpr czTfs; (ML> khL> Nfhop> kPd;) Mfpat;wpy;
,itnay;yhk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. czTfspYs;s Gujk>; nfhOg;G> fhu;Nghi`bNul; Mfpad
Mf;]pfuzk; nra;ag;gl;L mtw;wpypUe;J clypd; nray;ghLfSf;Fj; Njitahd rf;jp
fpilf;fpwJ. GujKk; rf;jpiaj; jUnkd;whYk;> mjd; Kf;fpa gzp> cly; Gujq;fis
cz;L gz;Ztjw;fhd mkpNdh mkpyq;fisj; jUtjhFk;. nfhOg;Gfs; Fwpg;ghfj;
jhtuq;fspypUe;J ngWk; vz;nza;fs;> rf;jpia mjpfk; ngw;wpUg;gNjhL> mtrpaf;
nfhOg;G mkpyq;fisAk; jUfpd;wd. ,it itl;lkpd;fs; Nghyr; nray;gLfpd;wd.
jhtu czTfspy; cs;s ehu;rj;J [Puz kz;lyj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; rpwf;Fk;gb
Jiz Gupfpd;wJ. czTfspy; cs;s ePUk;> mt;tg;NghJ jpdKk; gUFk; ePUk; (my;yJ
ghdq;fSk;)> cly; eyj;ijg; NgZtjpYk;> ey Nkyhz;ikapYk; ngUk; gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
itl;lkpd;fSk;> jhJg; nghUl;fSk; rf;jpiaj; jUtjpy;iy MdhYk; clypd; nkl;lghypf;
160
nray;ghLfshy; mtw;wpd; <LghL kpf Kf;fpak; Cl;lr; rj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;JtjpYk;
mtw;iwr; rpwf;fr; nra;tjpYk;> mtw;wpd;; Mw;wy; mjpfk;> jhJg; nghUl;fs;> clypd;
mikg;ig Fwpg;ghf vYk;G kz;lyj;ij tYthf cUthf;Ffpd;wd. kf;fSf;F mj;jid
tif Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fSk; cupa tpjq;fspy; rkepiy czthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cl;nfhs;Sk; czTfs; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fkhdhy;> mtw;wpd; gad;fs; clYf;Fk;>
clYWg;Gfspd; Njitf;Fk; Vw;g ,Uf;Fk; vjpYk; FiwghL ,Uf;fhJ. gw;whf;Fiw
Neha;fSk; jPz;lhJ. Nkw;$wpa Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fspy; ve;j Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwe;jhYk; cly;
tsu;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gl;L Neha; jhf;FjYf;F Mshf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Cl;lr;rj;J epiwe;Js;s nghUs;fSk; Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fSk;.
14.5.1. Gujk;
Gujj;jpYs;s mbg;gilf; $l;Lg;nghUs;fs; iel;u[d; Nru;e;Js;s mkpNdh
mkpyq;fshFk;. Gujk; khkprq;fspYk;> Nrhah nghUl;fspYk;> Kl;il> gaW tiffs;> ghy;
kw;Wk; ghy; nghUl;fs; ntz;nzapYk; mjpfKs;sJ.
gad;fs;
Gujk; clypd; jpRf;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> Njhy; kw;Wk; Kbapd; nghypTf;Fk;
tsu;r;rpf;Fk; mtrpak;. ,it vd;irk;fs; cz;lhfTk; fhuzkhfpd;wd. clypd; Gujj;
Njitf;Fk>; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; Ntz;Lk;. nfhOg;ig clypy; Nrkpj;J
itg;gJ Nghy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fisAk;> Gujj;ijAk; ekJ clypy; Nrkpj;J itf;f
KbahJ. vdNt md;whl cztpy; Gujk; mtrpak; ,lk;ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. Gujj;jpy; fpuhKf;F
4 fNyhup rf;jpAs;sJ. kdpj cztpy; 9 tifahd mtrpa mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk;. Gujk; ngupatu;fspd; cliy MNuhf;fpakhf itj;jpUf;fTk;> Foe;ijfSf;Fk;
rpWtu;fSf;Fk; ey;y tsu;r;rpiaj; jUtjw;Fk; fUTw;w jhapd; fUg;igapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpR
tsuTk; Gujk; mtrpak;.
Gujf; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
Gujj;jpd; msT clypy; Fiwaf;$lhJ. vdNt vg;nghOJk; Gujk; fpilf;Fk;gb
cz;z Ntz;Lk;. Gujr;rj;J Fiwthy; Neha; vjpu;g;Grf;jp Fiwjy;> cly;tsu;r;rp
ghjpg;giljy;> rtiyf; Foe;ijfs; Nghd;w ghjpg;Gfs; Vw;gLk;.
14.5.2. nfhOg;G
nfhOg;gpy; mjpf msT vuprf;jp fpuhKf;F 9 fNyhup ,Uf;fpd;wJ. nfhOg;Gfs;
epiwthd nfhOg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; epiwTwh nfhOg;Gfs; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
gad;fs;:
nfhOg;G Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;
nfhOg;gpy; mjpf msT vuprf;jp ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NghJkhd nfhOg;G ek; clYf;F
kpfTk; mtrpakhFk;. nfhOg;G gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gLk;NghJ cly; rf;jp ,oe;J Nrhu;tile;J
fhzg;gLk;. vil FiwAk;> Njhy; nghyptpd;wp twz;L fhzg;gLk;.
14.5.3 fhu;Nghi`bNul;Lfs;
fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; vd;git ];lhu;r;> FSf;Nfh];> ,Uk;Gr; ru;f;fiu> rPdp kw;Wk;
ghy; Mfpa rf;jpiaj; jUgit czTg; nghUl;fspy; cs;sd. fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs;
muprpr;rhjk;> NfhJik> E}Ly;];> nuhl;b> epyj;jpd; Nky; tpisAk; fpoq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
gpwjhdpaq;fspy; mjpfKs;sd.
161
gad;fs;
muprpia ed;F mtpj;Jr; rhjfkhfr; rhg;gpLk;NghJ mJ KOikaha; [Puzkhfp
FSf;Nfh]; ntspg;gLfpwJ. mJ capupay; khWghL miltjd; %yk; rf;jp fpilf;fpwJ.
Ntiyfisr; nra;aTk;> nray;glTk; cjTfpwJ.
fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;Lfs; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
fhu;Nghi`bNul;fs; Fiwthy; cly; Nrhu;tilfpwJ. vil FiwfpwJ> fhu;Nghi`l;Nul;
Neubahf ekf;F rf;jpiaj; jUfpwJ. nfhOg;ig vupj;J mjpypUe;J rf;jpiag; ngwTk;
cjTfpwJ. vdNt ,j;jifa Fiwghl;bdhy; NghJkhd Mw;wy; fpilg;gjpy;iy.
14.5.4 jhJg;nghUl;fs;
fha;fwpfs>; ghy; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; jhJg;nghUl;fs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
gad;fs;
jirtsur;rpf;Fk;> RUf;fj;jpw;Fk;> nry; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> ,uj;jk; ciwtjw;Fk>;
[Puzkz;ly eyj;Jf;Fk;> vYk;gpd; tYtpw;Fk;> mkpyj;jd;ikiar; rup nra;aTk;>
er;Rf;fis ePf;fTk; fhy;rpak; jhJ Njitg;gLfpwJ. Njhy; Kb> <uy; kw;Wk; fizak;
Mfpatw;wpd; eyj;jpw;F ry;/gu; mtrpak;. rpW jhJf;fsfpa Nfhghyl;> fhg;gu;> FNuhkpak;
kw;Wk; mNahbd; Nghd;wit vd;irk;fspy; fpupahT+f;fp Ntiyia nra;fpd;wd.
Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;
,uj;j mOj;jk; mjpfupf;Fk; M];bNahNgNuhrp]; vd;Dk; FiwghL vYk;gpy; Vw;gLk>;
gy; tsu;r;rp ghjpf;fg;gLk;> ,uj;jg;Nghf;F> jirfspd; ,af;ff; FiwghLk; Vw;gLk;.
14.5.5. itl;lkpd;fs; - capu;rj;Jf;fs; (Vitamins)
itl;lkpd;fs; Fiwtpdhy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; fhzg;gLk; czTfs;
,utpy; ghu;it njupahJ (khiyf; fhul;> gg;ghsp> ntz;nza;> japu;>
fz; Neha;)> fz; rptj;jy; kw;Wk; kPd;fspd; <uy; vz;nza; (Liver
tPf;fk;> fhu;dpah njsptw;W kq;fp Oils) nfhj;jky;yp> KUq;if
A
nkd;ikahfp tpLjy; ,iy> fUNtg;gpiy> Gjpdh>
Kl;il> <uy;> KOiahd ghy;
(Whole milk)
ngupngup> Njhy; nrjpy;fs; Nghy; <];l;> jPl;lg;glhj muprp>
B khw;WtJ euk;Gj; jsu;r;rp KOjhdpaq;fs;> rptg;G rk;gh
muprp> <uy;
];fu;tp (gw;fspd; <Wfspy; MuQ;R> vYkpr;ir> jpuhl;ir>
C ,uj;jk; tbjy;) gw;fs; MLjy;> nfha;ah> ney;yp;f;fdp> Kis
gy;<Wfspd; tPf;fk; te;j ghrpg;gaW> jf;fhsp.
upf;nfl;];> M];bNah nkyhrpah #upa xsp> Kl;il> fhl;yptu;
D (osteomelasia) gw;fs; jhkhf vz;nza;> rhy;kd; kPd;>
Kisj;jy;. ghyhil.
kyl;Lj;jd;ik> mdPkpah> jhtu vz;nza; fliyfs;>
E nul;bdhf;fspy; ghu;it FiwghL (Nuts) fPiufs>; Kistpl;l
NfhJik> ghy;.
162
ntl;Lg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; ,uj;jk; fPiufs;> gr;irj; jhtuq;fs;>

K nkJthf ciwjy; Kl;ilNfh];> ,sePu;> gr;irg;
gl;lhzp.
fz;fs;> tha; kw;Wk; ,d <uy;>Kl;il> ghy;> ntz;nza;>
cWg;Gfspy; ghjpg;G cz;lhjy;> nuhl;b> rpWjhdpaq;fs;
B2
tha; Xuq;fspy; ntbg;G> Gz;
cz;lhjy;
Njhypy; Gz;fs; cz;lhjy; <uy;> Kl;il> ntz;nza;> ghy;>
B3 Niacin
nuhl;b kw;Wk; rpWjhdpaq;fs;
tha; xuq;fspy; Gz;> ntbg;G <];l; khkprk;
B6
Vw;gLjy;
,uj;j Nrhif <uy;> Kl;il> ghy;> gr;irf;
B16
fha;fwpfs;.
czTg; gw;whf;Fiwahy; Vw;gl;f$ba ghjpg;Gfis gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ruptpfpj czT cly; MNuhf;fpaj;ij Ngzp fhf;Fk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ey;y czT gof;ftof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij khztu;fSf;F
typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
14.6 ruptpfpj czT vd;gjd; nghUs;

xUtuJ taJ> ghypdk;> cly;fl;L> nra;Ak; njhopy; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
mtu; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; RWRWg;Gld; ,aq;fj; Njitahd Mw;wypd; msT vj;jid
fNyhupfs; vd;W mwpag;gl;L mjid mspj;jpLk; khTr;rj;J> Gujk;> nfhOg;G Nghd;w
gyjpwg;gl;l czT tiffis cs;slf;fpaNj ruptpfpj czthFk;. goq;fhyj;jpNy kpfTk;
eykhd tho;Tf;Fr; rpwg;ghd czT cz;Zjy; mtrpankd;gJ czug;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ.
tskhd fy;tpf;F mbg;gilahf tpsq;FtJ rj;JzT MFk;.
czTg; gw;whf; Fiwahy; thLk; Foe;ijfsplk; clypaf;fj; jpwd;fSk;> mwpjd;ik
tsu;r;rpAk; Fiwfpd;wJ.
14.6.1 gs;sp khztu;fSf;fhfg; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ruptpfpj czTg; gl;bay;fs;.
njhlf;fg;gs;sp cau;epiyg; gs;sp
czT tiffs;
khztu;fSf;F khztu;fSf;F
jhdpaq;fs; 230 fpuhk; 430 fpuhk;
gUg;G tiffs; 70 fpuhk; 75 fpuhk;
fPiufs;> gr;irf;fha;fwpfs; 100 fpuhk; 100 fpuhk;
fpoq;Ffs; 75 fpuhk; 75 fpuhk;
Ntu;tiff; fha;fwpfs;
goq;fs; 50 fpuhk; 50 fpuhk;
ghy; 250 kp.yp 250 kp.yp
nfhOg;G vz;nza; 35 fpuhk; 35 fpuhk;
nghUl;fs;
163
,iwr;rp> kPd;> Kl;il 30 fpuhk; 30 fpuhk;

ru;f;fiu> nty;yk; 50 fpuhk; 50 fpuhk;
fliy 30 fpuhk; 40 fpuhk;
14.7 jkpofj;jpy; rj;JzTj; jpl;lk;

Vo;ikapy; thLk; Foe;ijfSf;F cjtpLk; Nehf;fj;JlDk; ,j;jifNahu; gs;spapy;
Nru;e;J njhlu;e;J gapy;tij Cf;Ftpf;fTk; kjpa czTj;jpl;lj;ij jkpofj;jpy;; fhkuh[u;
Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;jNghJ njhlq;fpitj;jhu;. jkpof nkq;Fk; Kjd;Kjypy; kjpa czTj;
jpl;lk; njhlf;fg; gs;spfspy; gs;sp ehl;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vk;.[p.Mu;
Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;j NghJ kjpa czTj; jpl;lj;ijr; rj;JzTj; jpl;lkhf tpuTgLj;jp vy;yh
ehl;fspYk; kjpa czT toq;fp Viof; Fe;ijfspd; cly;eyj;jpw;Fk;> fy;tpawpTf;Fk;
toptFj;jhu;. Kjyikr;rupd; Foe;ijfs; rj;JzTj; jpl;lk; jkpo; ehl;bYs;s 2 taJ
Kjy; 4 taJ tiuAs;s ghyu; gs;spf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> 5 Kjy; 10 taJ tiuAs;s
gs;spf; Foe;ijfSf;F; fpuhkq;fspYk;> efug; gFjpfspYk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. “gs;spf;F
tuhikAk;> ,ilapy; gs;spia tpl;L tpyFjiyAk; ngUksTf;Ff; Fiwj;jpl ,j;jpl;lk;
toptFj;Js;sJ. 16 taJ tiuapyhd 6 Kjy; 10 tFg;G tiuapYk; gapYk; khztu;fl;F
15.09.84 Kjy; tpupthf;fg;gl;lJ. 2012 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; Cl;lr;rj;J epGzu;fspd;
cjtpAld; xt;nthU ehSk; ntt;NtW czT tifg;gl;bay; jahupf;fg;gl;L khztu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
14.8 njhw;WNeha;fs;
fhw;W> ePu;> <> nfhR Nghd;w cwpQ;rpapOf;Fk; G+r;rpfs; Neupilahd njhlu;G
Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; xUtuplkpUe;J kw;nwhUtUf;Fg; guTk; Neha;fisj; njhw;W Neha;fs;
vd;fpNwhk;. jl;lk;ik> rpd;dk;ik ff;Fthd;> tapw;Wg; Nghf;F> [yNjh\k;> ,Uky; nghd;Df;F
tPq;fp> fz;typ> njhz;il milg;ghd;> kNyupah Nghd;w njhw;wpg; guTk; Neha;fs; cs;s
khztu;fspilNa ngUksT fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
14.9 njhw;W Neha;fspd; mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;

Neha;fs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;> mit gutf;$ba Neha;fs>; guth Neha;fs; MFk.;
,jaNeha;fs;> ru;f;fiu tpahjp> ,uj;j mOj;jk;> cWg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gfs; Nghd;wit
guth Neha; tifia rhu;e;jJ. fhrNeha;> fhyuh> nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp];> va;l;]; Nghd;w
Neha;fs; gutf;$ba njhw;WNeha;fshFk; itu];fs; ghf;Bupahf;fs;> xl;Lz;zp GOf;fs;>
GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fs; Nghd;w capupfshy; ePu;> fhw;W> kz; Nghd;wtw;wpd; topahf ek;
clypy; NehAz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. nfhRf;fs;> <f;fs;> vypfs;> G+idfs; eha;fs; %ykhfTk;
Neha;fs; guTfpd;wd. Neha; tuhky; jLg;gjw;fhd topKiwfis khztu;fSf;F Mrpupau;
$w Ntz;Lk;.
14.9.1. fhrNeha;
fhrNehapid cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;Bupaj;jpd; ngau; ikf;Nuhghf;Bupak; bA+gu;FNyhrp];
MFk;. ,e;Neha; kdpjdpd; EiuaPuiy vspjpy; ghjpf;ff; $bajhFk;. NehAilatu;fs;
,UKtjhYk; Jk;KtjhYk; ,e;Neha; kw;wtUf;F vspjpy; guTfpwJ. Nehahy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; njhlu;e;J ,Uky;> fha;r;ry;> tpau;j;jy; Nghd;w Jd;gj;jpw;F Ml;gLtu;.
NehAilatu;fis jdpikg;gLj;jp fhw;Nwhl;l trjp cs;s ,lq;fspy; mku;j;j Ntz;Lk;
164
vd;gijAk;> kUj;Jtu;fis mZfp jFe;j kUe;Jfis nfhLg;gjpd; %yk; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;
Nghd;w mwpTiufis khztu;fSf;F $wyhk;.
14.9.2 fhyuh Neha;
jPtpu tapw;Wg;Nghf;Fk;> the;jpAk; ,e;Nehapd; mwpFwpfshFk;. tpg;upNah fyNu vd;Dk;
ghf;Bupah ,e;Neha;f;F fhuzkhFk;. ,e;Nehapdhy; clypy; capupog;G Vw;gLk.; ,ij
jtpu;gjw;fhf ed;F fha;r;rpa ePiu mjpfkhf Nehahspf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. kUj;Jtuplk;
mioj;Jr; nrd;W MNyhrid ngWtJ ghJfhg;ghdJ.
14.9.3 jl;lk;ik
Ez;fpUkpfs; Vw;gl;L rpwpa Foe;ijfis mjpfk; jhf;FfpwJ. ,J fhw;wpd; %yk;
guTfpwJ. kPrpy;];> gpf;N]h vd;Dk; itu]; fpUkpfshy; Vw;gLfpwJ. %f;F xOFjy;>
Jk;kYld; $ba fha;r;ry;> fz;fs; rpte;J ePu; tbjy; Nghd;wd. %d;W ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF
rpidg;Gfs; Njhd;Wk;. Kjypy; fhJfSf;Fg; gpd;GwKk; new;wpapYk; Njhd;wp gpd; cly;
KOtJk; guTk;. rpidg;Gfs; Njhd;wpaTlNdNa fha;r;ry; Vw;gLk; 5 ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF
kiwaj; njhlq;Fk;.
,e;Nehia Fzg;gLj;j
yy jl;lk;ik jLg;G+rp Nghlg;gl Ntz;Lk;
yy Neha; fz;lTld; Nehahspiag; gpwuplkpUe;J jdpikg; gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy gytPdkhd Foe;ijfSf;Ff; jLg;G Crp Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
14.9.4 kNyupah
,e;Neha; kiof; fhyq;fspy; mjpfk; guTfpd;wJ. ,e;Neha; guTjYf;Ff; fhuzk;
ngz; nfhRf;fNs. fLikahd fha;r;ry>; jiytyp rsp clk;G eLf;fk; Nghd;w mwpFwpfs;
fhzg;gLk;. cly; epiwa tpau;f;Fk; clk;G gyPdkhFk;. ,e;Neha; njhw;wpg; guTk; tifiar;
rhu;e;jJ.
kUj;Jtiu mZfp Crp Nghl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ khj;jpiufs; rhg;gpLjy;>
nfhRf;fis mopg;gJk;> J}q;Fk; NghJ nfhR tiyiag; gad;gLj;JtJk; Kd;ndr;rupf;if
eltbf;iffshFk;.
14.9.5. fz;Neha;
,e;j Neha;f;Ff; fhuzk; itu]; fpUkp MFk;. fhw;W> ePu; Nghd;wtw;why; guTk;
njhw;WNeha;. ,J mf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpy; guTfpwJ. fz;fs; rptg;ghFk>; fz;fspy; cWj;jy;
Vw;gLk;. ePu; tbAk;> fz; $Rk;. ,e;Neha; 5 – 10 ehl;fs; tiu ePbf;Fk;. fz; kUj;Jtiu
mZfp nrhl;L kUe;Jfs; ,LtJ eyk;. xU ehisf;F 4.5 jlitfs; ntJntJg;ghd
jz;zPupy; fz;fisf; fOTjy; Ntz;Lk;. fz;Neha; te;jtuplkpUe;J tpyfpapUj;jy;>
mtiuf; $l;lq;fspy; Nruhky; jLj;jy; Nghd;w Kiwfshy; ,J guthky; jLf;fyhk;.
14.9.6. rpd;dk;ik
,jid tpisahl;L mk;ik> ePu; nfhs;Sthd; mk;ik vd;Wk; $Wtu;. ,J nghJthff;
Foe;ijfsplk; fhw;wpy; guTk; njhw;W NehahFk;. ,e;Neha; ‘Ntyp nry;y N[h];l vd;Dk;
itu] fpUkpfshy; cz;lhfpwJ. ,uz;L thu fhyk; ePbj;jpUf;Fk;. Muk;g fhyq;fspy;
Kfk; rptj;jy; fha;r;ry; Mfpad Njhd;Wk; gpd;G rpidg;Gfs; Njhd;wp rpte;j ,lq;fspy;
eP;u; Nfhj;j nfhg;Gsq;fs; cz;lhFk; xU thuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ePu; Nfhj;j nfhg;Gsq;fis
gbg;gbahf cyu Muk;gpf;Fk;. Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijiaj; jdpikg;gLj;jp
msthd czNt nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rj;jkhd tpupg;gpy; gLf;f itg;gJ> J}a;ikahd
cilia cLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Njhy; mupf;Fk;NghJ nrhwpahky; Ntg;gpy;iy nfhz;L jlt
Ntz;Lk;.
165
14.9.7 ff;Fthd; ,Uky;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ij ,UkYf;Fg; gpwF Ntfkhf %r;RtpLk;. Kfk; rpte;J fhzg;gLk;
Fkl;ly; czu;tpdhy; the;jp cz;lhFk;. ff;Fthd; ,Uky; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;djhfNt
Vwf;Fiwa 6 khjq;fSf;FKd; mk;ik jLg;G+rp Fj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,e;j CrpahdJ
njhz;il milg;ghd; kw;Wk; jirfisf; fLikahf tpiwf;fr; nra;Ak;. jDu;thA vd;Dk;
fLikahd NehapypUe;J fhg;ghw;Wk; kUe;Jld; $ba Crpahf ,izj;Jg; Nghlg;glyhk;.
,e;Neha; guTk; epiyapy; vy;yhf; Foe;ijfSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf kW mk;ik
Crp Nghl Ntz;Lk;. Neha; fz;l Foe;ijfSf;Ff; FNshNuhikrpbd; rpwe;j kUe;jhf
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpug; ngl;Ury; $l ed;F Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwd; gilj;jJ. Neha;f;F
Ml;gl;l Foe;ijia kw;w Foe;ijfNshL Nru;e;J tpisahl mDkjpf;ff;$lhJ.
14.9.8 nghd;Df;F tPq;fp
,JTk; itu];fspdhy; cz;lhfpwJ> fhw;wpdhy; guTfpwJ. Nehahspapd; ckpo;ePupy;
itu]; fhzg;gLk;. Nehahsp ,UKk; NghNjh my;yJ Jk;Kk; NghNjh kw;wtu;fSf;Fg;
guTfpwJ. jhilfSf;Ff; fPo; tPf;fk; Vw;gl;L typ cz;lhFk;.
rupahd czTk;> Xa;Tk; mspf;fg;l Ntz;Lk; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L thuq;fSf;fhtJ
Nehahspiaj; jzpj;J ,Uf;fr; nra;jy; eyk; rsp gpbf;fhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJld;
xj;jlk; nfhLj;jy; typiaf; Fiwf;Fk;. MMR vd;w jLg;G+rpiaf; Foe;ij gpwe;j 15 Mk;
khjj;jpy; Nghl Ntz;Lk;.
14.9.9 njhz;il milg;ghd;
,e;Neha; NeubahfTk; <f;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpdhYk; guTfpwJ. Jk;ky;> ,Uky;
Nghd;witfSk; njhz;il milg;ghd fpUkpfis gutr; nra;fpd;wd. njhz;ilapy; typAk;
Rug;gpfspy; tPf;fKk; Vw;gLfpwJ. kpff; fLikahf ghjpf;fg;gLk;NghJ Nehahsp vijAk;
tpOq;f KbahJ. njhz;ilapd; ,UGwq;fspYk; cs;s Rug;gpfspy; xUtif [t;T
cUthFk;. Nehahspiaj; jdpikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Nehahspfs; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs;
ahtw;iwAk; Neha;f; fpUkpfs; jhf;fhky; jLf;f mtw;iw nll;lhy; fye;j nte;ePuhy;
Rj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
14.9.10. njhONeha;
ikNfhghf;Bupak; nyg;Nu vd;w ghf;Bupaj;jpdhy; njhONeha; Vw;gLfpwJ. ,e;Nehapd;
Muk;g mwpFwp Njhypy; ntz;ikahd czu;rrpaw;w gilfs; Njhd;WtNjahFk;. ,e;Neha;
euk;Gfs; Njhy; cWg;Gfis ghjpg;gila nra;fpwJ. jFe;j kUe;Jfis vLj;jf; nfhs;tjpd;
%yk; ,e;Nehapid KOikahff; Fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
14.9.11. Me;j;uhf;]; Neha;
Ngry;]; Me;j;uhrp]; ghf;Bupah %yk; ,e;Neha; fhy;eilfisAk;> kdpjiuak; ghjpg;G
mila nra;fpwJ. ,jd;%yk; EiuaPuy;> Fly; Nghd;w cWg;Gfs; ghjpg;gilfpd;wd.
14.9.12. nyg;Nlh];igNuhrp];
nyg;Nlh];iguh vd;Dk; Ez;Zapupahy; ,e;Neha; cUthfpd;wJ. vypfspy; rpWePu;
fye;j ePu; my;yJ cztpid kdpjd; cl;nfhs;tjpd; %yk; ,e;Neha; guTfpd;wJ. ,e;Neha;
Vw;gl;ltUf;F njhlu;e;J fha;r;ry;> jiytyp Nghd;w cghijfs; Vw;gLk.; kUj;Jtuplk;
nrd;W jFe;j rpfpr;ir Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;.
166
14.10 va;l;]; vd;Dk; capu;nfhy;yp Neha;
‘va;l;];’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ‘Acquired Immuno Deficient syndrome’ AIDS vd;Dk; ehd;F Mq;fpyr;
nrhw;fspy; KjnyOj;Jj; njhFg;ghFk;. ek; clyhdJ. Neha;fpUkpfis ngUkstpw;Fj;
jLf;ff; $ba vjpu;g;ghw;wiy ngw;Ws;sJ. kdpj uj;jj;jpy; nts;is mZf;fspy; cs;s
b.n` mZf;fs; vjpu;tpidg; nghUl;fis (Antibodies) cUthf;Ftjpy; NgUjtpGupfpd;wd.
HIV fpUkpfs; b n`y;g;gu; mZf;fis CLUtpr; nrd;W mjpypUf;Fk; FNuhk;Nrhk;fspy;
jq;fp mjid mopj;JtpLfpwJ mit mopf;fg;gLk; NghJ Neha; vjpu;g;ghw;wy; FiwfpwJ
va;l;]; vd;Dk; Neha;epiy H.I.V. (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus) vdg;gLk;. ,J upl;Nuh
itu]; (Retro Virus) tifiar; rhue;jJ. ,e;Neha; fpUkpf;F Ml;nfhz;ltu;fs; Neha;
vjpu;g;Gj; jpwid ,oj;J tpLtjhy; vy;yh Neha;fSk; ,tu;fis vspjpy; mZfptpLk;.
clypd; vil Fiwjy;> njhlu;r;rpahd fha;r;ry;> tapw;Wg;Nghf;F> tpau;j;jy; Nghd;wit
,e;Nehapd; mwpFwpfs; MFk;. va;l;];’ Neha; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it khztu;fSf;F Vw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
14.10.1 va;l;]; fz;lwpag;gl;l tpjk;
1983 ,y; Y}f; khz;nldpau; vd;gtu; gpuhd;R ehl;bYk; 1984 ,y; ‘uhgu;l; NfNyu;’ (Robert
Galloe) vd;gtu; mnkupf;f ehl;bYk; va;l;]; fhuzpahd itu]; fpUkpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jdu;.
gpd;du; mf;fpUkp H.I.V. vd;w ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j kUe;Jfs;
VJk; ,d;Wtiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gltpy;iy. Neha;jLg;G Kiwfis Kiwahfg; gpd;
gw;whjjhYk;> mwpahikapdhYk; 1993 tiu cyfpy; xU NfhbNa Kg;gJ ,yl;rj;Jf;Fk;
mjpfkhd eLj;ju tajpdUk>; gj;J ,yl;rj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l Foe;ijfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;L
,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
1886 Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idapYk;> Kk;igapYk; Kjd; Kiwahf va;l;]; gutpapUg;gJ
njupate;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpakhf jkpo;ehL> Me;jpuk;> kfhuhl;buk;> kzpg;G+u; Mfpa
khepyq;fspy; va;l;]; mjpfkhf gutpAs;sJ.
14.10.2 va;l;]; guTk; Kiw
vr;.I.tp. fpUkp fPo;fhZk; %d;W tpjq;fspy; guTfpd;wd vd ,Jtiu Nkw;nfhz;l
Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd: fpUkp njhw;wpf; nfhz;ltUld; jFe;j ghJfhg;gpd;wp clYwT
nfhs;tjd; %yKk;> jfhj cwTfspd; %yKk; guTfpwJ. Neha; jhf;fg;gl;ltu;fSs;>
90% ,t;topapy; jhd; Neha;f; fpUkpiag; ngw;Ws;sdu;.
14.11 njhlu; kUj;Jt Nritj;jpl;j;jpw;F tif nra;jy;
gs;sp cly;eyj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; muR kUj;Jtkidfspy; gzpahw;Wk; kUj;Jtu;fSk;
rpy jdpahu; kUj;Jtikid ty;Yeu;fSk; thu ,Wjp ehl;fspy; gs;spfSf;Fr; nrd;W
fz;> gy;> Njhy; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s FiwghLfSf;fhd MNyhridfisAk; rpy rhjhuz
Neha;fSf;fhd kUe;JfisAk; ,ytrkhf toq;fp tUfpd;wdu;. jiyikahrpupUk; ,ju
Mrpupau;fSk; kUj;Jtf; FOtpdUf;F xj;Jiog;Gj;je;J njhlu;ghsu;fshf cjtp
tUfpd;wdu;.
14.12 clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tp

clw;gapw;rpf; fy;tpAk;> cly;eyf;fy;tpAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;Js;sitahFk;.
clw;fy;tp rpwe;j Fbikg; gz;Gfspd; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTfpwJ. khztu;fSf;F gapw;rp
mspg;gJld; mtu;fspd; Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gaDs;s tifapy; nrytopf;f cjTfpwJ.
clw;fy;tpapy; jdp egu; tpisahl;Lfs;> FO tpisahl;Lfs;> clypaf;fg; gapw;rp (Drill)>
cly;jpwd; Nghl;bfs; Mfpaitfs; mlq;fpAs;sd. clw;fy;tp tpisTfisAk;> mjpy;
167
jhd; ngWk; ntw;wpfisAk; khztu;fs; clDf;Fld; czu;fpd;wdu;. XLtJ> jhz;bf;
Fjpg;gJ Nghd;w mbg;gil clypaf;fq;fspy; njlf;ff;fy;tp epiy khztu;fSf;Fg;
gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. eLepiyg;gs;sp mstpy; rpf;fyhd clw; gapw;rpr; nray;fs;>
FO tpisahl;Lfs;> El;gKk; Jy;ypaKk; kpFe;j clypaf;fq;fisf; nfhz;l nray;fs;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jk; jug;gl Ntz;Lk;. cau;epiyg; gs;sp khztu;fSf;F Kiwahd
tpisahl;Lfs; Nghl;bfs;> clw;gapw;rpr; nray;fs; Mfpad mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
14.13 gs;spfspy; Rfhjhug;gzpfs; kw;Wk; eyj;jpl;lq;fs;

xt;nthU gs;spapYk; Foe;ijfSf;Fj; Njitahd czT> ,Ug;gplk;> foptiw
trjpfs; kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa trjpfs; NghJkhd mstpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fspd;
cly; tsu;r;rp> mwpT tsu;r;rp> kd vOr;rp tsu;r;rp> r%f tsu;r;rp> xOf;f tsu;r;rp
Mfpatw;wpy; gs;sp eyj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fd;wd.
14.13.1 Neha; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk;
Neha; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lk; ,Utifg;gLk;> mit>
xUq;fpize;j Fzg;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhu Nritfs;> njhlf;f Rfhjhu
ikaq;fs; %ykhf toq;fg;gLjy;. kNyupah> rpd;dk;ik> fhrNeha;> njhONeha; Nghd;w
Neha;fSf;Fj; Njrpa mstpyhd jpl;lq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;Lr; nray;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
14.13.2 vk;.rp.vr;. jpl;lk;
njhlf;f Rfhjhu ikaq;fs; fpuhkr; Rfhjhug; gzpfspd; KJnfYk;ghfr;
nray;gLfpd;wd. fpilf;Fk; Fiwe;jgl;r trjpfisf; nfhz;L rpwe;j Kiwapy; epiwthd
kUj;Jt trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,JNt vk;.rp.vr;. jpl;lkhFk;.
14.13.3 Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpl;lk;
r%f Rfhjhu Nritg; gzpahsu;fspd; Nrit Njitg;gLk; egu;fSf;F kUj;Jt
trjp nra;J nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. 1985 Mk; Mz;L nghJthd Neha; vjpu;g;Gj; jpl;lk;
njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1995-96 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; NghypNah nrhl;L kUe;Jj; jpl;lj;ij muR
mwptpj;J nray;gLj;JfpwJ.
14.13.4 Cl;lrj;J njhlu;ghd jpl;lk;
Cl;lr;rj;J FiwT njhlu;ghd ,d;dy;fs; jPu;f;fg;gLtjw;F Cl;lr;rj;Jj; njhlu;ghd
jpl;lq;fs; jPl;br; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it FWfpa fhyj; jpl;lq;fshapUe;jd. mtw;Ws;
rpy tUkhW:
yy tpupthd Cl;lr;rj;Jj; jpl;lk;: 1995 Mk; Mz;by; ,j;jpl;lk; fpuhkq;fSf;F tpupthf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. 0-6 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> fUTw;w ngz;fSf;Fk;>
rpfpr;ir mspf;fgl;l jha;khu;fSf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
yy jPtpu tsu;r;rpj; jpl;lk;: 1977-78 Mk; Mz;by; ,j;jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 21 khepyq;fs; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;L ,j;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jw;fhd ,uz;lhz;Lr; nryit A+dpnr/g; epWtdk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
yy rpwg;G Cl;lr;rj;Jj; jpl;lk;: gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkg;gFjpfspy; cs;s 6 taJf;Ff; fPo; cs;s
Foe;ijfSf;F rpfpr;ir mspf;fg;gl;l jha;khu;fSf;Fk; Cl;lr;rj;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ.
Foe;ijfSf;fhd Cl;lr;rj;J Xu; Mz;by; 300 ehl;fSf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
yy ghy;thb Cl;lr;rj;Jj; jpl;lk;: fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; Fiwe;j tUtha; cs;s FLk;gj;jpy;
3-6 taJs;s Foe;ijfSf;F ,j;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. njhlf;ff; fy;tpf;F
Ke;ija fy;tpia ,ytrkhf ,j;jpl;lk; toq;FfpwJ.
168
yy kjpa czTj;jpl;lk;: 1963-64 Mk; Mz;L ika murpdhy; njhlq;fg;gl;L gpd;du;
Fiwe;j msT Cl;lr;rj;J jpl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ eyptile;j rKjhaj;jpy;
cs;s 6 Kjy; 11 taJ tiuapyhd gs;sp nry;Yk; Foe;ijfSf;F kjpa czT
,ytrkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
yy itl;lkpd; V jpl;lk;: 1970 Mk; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ itl;lkpd; V
Fiwtpdhy; Vw;glf;$ba khiyf;fz; Neha; Vw;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;fhf 1 Kjy;
5 taJ tiuapyhd Foe;ijfSf;F itl;lkpd; V toq;fg;gLtjw;fhf ,j;jpl;lk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
14.14 gs;spfspy; Rfhjhu Nkw;ghu;it

gs;spfspy; khztu;fspd; cly;eyj;ij Nkw;ghu;it nra;jypy; gs;sp kUj;Jtu;>
clw;fy;tp Mrpupau;> khztu; nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; KjYjtp gapw;rp ngw;w Mrpupau;fs;
midtUk; gq;F ngw Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fs; njhifapy; %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; gs;spf;Fr; nry;Yk; Foe;ijfshf cs;sdu;.
3-18 tajpw;Fs; kpfg;ngUk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. clystpy; kpfg; ngupa khw;wq;fisr;
re;jpf;fpd;wdu;. mwpT tsu;r;rpapYk;> kNdhghtj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. rupahd
KbntLj;jy;> Nfhgk;> eifr;Rit> kfpo;r;rp> rhjid czu;T> rpf;fYf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy;>
fw;wypy; xd;wpg; NghFe;jd;ik Nghd;wit ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba fhuzpfs; Foe;ijfs;
tFg;giwfspYk;> gs;spfspYNk gfy;Neuk; KOikAk; nrytpLfpwhu;fs;. ,j;jUzj;jpy;
Rj;jkhd fhw;W> Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiy Mfpatw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;glhtpby; Rfhjhu
NfL Vw;gl;L Neha;fSf;F Mshf NeupLk;. vdNt gs;spfspy; Rfhjhu fy;tpf;F Kjyplk;
mspf;fgl Ntz;Lk;. gs;spapYk>; tPl;bYk; Rfhjhuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ Fwpj;J tpopg;Gzur;;rp
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; fhfpjq;fSk;> Fg;igfSk; Mq;fhq;Nf tPrg;gl;L Rfhjhuepiy Kw;wpYk;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. fopTePu;j; Njf;fq;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf Vw;gl;L Neha;f; fpUkpfisg;
gug;Gfpd;wd. vdNt Foe;ijfs; rpWtaJ KjNy Rj;jj;ijAk;> Rfhjhuj;ijak; NgZk;gb
typAWj;JtJld; cupa Nkw;ghu;itg; gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;L Rfhjhuj;ijg; Ngz
Ntz;Lk;.
14.15 KjYjtp: (First Aid)

KjYjtp vd;gJ xU Neha; my;yJ fhaj;jpw;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; Kjw;fl;lf; ftdpg;ghFk;.
rpwe;j kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir fpilf;Fk; tiu ,k;KjYjtp xU Neha;tha;g;gl;l my;yJ fhag;gl;l
egu;f;F mspf;fg;gLk; ,J kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; rpwg;Gila epGzu; - my;yhj vdpDk; gapw;rp
ngw;w xU eguhy; mspf;fg;gLk; rpy fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba Neha;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa fhaq;fSf;F
KjYjtp mspj;j gpwF kUj;Jtj; jiyaPL Njitapy;;yhkNy Nghfyhk;. KjYjtp rhjhuz
rpy rkaq;fspy; capu; fhg;ghw;Wfpw jpwd;fis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,itfis xUtu; Fiwe;j
cgfuzq;fisf; nfhz;Nl nray;gLj;Jk; tifapy; KjYjtp mika Ntz;Lk;.
14.15.1 tuyhW
KjYjtpapd; gof;fk; Kjd;Kjypy; gjpNdhuhk; E}w;whz;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mdhy; ,jd; gof;fk; ,ilf;fhyq;fspy; (middle ages) ntFthf iftplg;gl;lJ. mjd;
gpwF 1859 y; jhd; [Pd; n`d;wp Ldd;l; ry;gpupNdh Nghuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F cjtp
nra;a fpuhkthrpfis jpul;bdhu.; mtu;fs; KjYjtpiaAk; nra;jdu;. ehd;F Mz;LfSf;F
gpd;du;> ehd;F ehLfs; n[dPthtpy; re;jpj;J Nghuhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l tPuu;fSf;F cjTtJ
vd;w Nehf;fj;NjhL xU rq;fj;ij cUthf;fpd. mJjhd; gpd;dhspy; nrQ;rpYit rq;fkhf
169
tsu;e;jJ. mjd; gpwF Gdpj [hd; mtru Cu;jp 1877 ,y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ KjYjtpia
fw;gpg;gjw;nfd njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mNjhL mjDld; epiwa rq;fq;fs; ,ize;jd. ,J
Nghd;w nray;fshy; KjYjtp vd;w nrhy; 1878 y; Kjd;Kjypy; toq;fg;ngw;wJ.
1878y; mWit rpfpr;ir epGzu; gPl;lu; n\gu;l; nghJkf;fSf;F Kjy; cjtp jpwd;fs;
fw;Wf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;ij ntspf;nfhz;L te;jhu;. n\gu;l;jhd; Kjd;Kjypy;
fhag;gl;NlhUf;fhd KjYjtp vd;w thu;j;ijia gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,r;nray;fSf;Fg; gpwF
KjYjtpapd; gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; ntFthf elj;jg;gl;ld. KjYjtpapy; epiwa tsHr;rpfs;
Nghu;fshy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd.
14.15.2 cyf KjYjtp jpdk;
nrg;lk;gu; khjk; ,uz;lhk; rdpf;fpoik cyf KjYjtp jpdkhf nfhz;lhlgLfpd;wJ.
,j;jpdk; ,uz;lhapuj;jpy; ru;tNjr nrQ;rpYit $l;likg;G kw;Wk; nrk;gpiw rq;fq;fspdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J neUf;fb epiyikapy; capiu fhg;ghw;Wtjpd; tpopg;Gzu;tpw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ MFk;.
14.15.3 KjYjtpg; ngl;b
fhak;gl;ltUf;F Kjd;ikahd cjtpfis nra;tjw;fhf rpy mj;ahtrpa
kUj;Jtg;nghUl;fis nfhz;Ls;s ngl;bNa KjYjtpg;ngl;b MFk;. KjYjtpg;ngl;bapy;
,Uf;f Ntz;ba nghUl;fs;.
yy nkz;ikahd Jzp-fhaj;ij J}a;ik nra;a.
yy Jzpr;RUs;-fhaj;jpd; uj;jf;frpit fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fl;l>
yy fpUkpehrpdp-fhaj;jpid Rj;jk; nra;a>
yy Kf;Nfhz tbt ghd;Nl[;
yy gprpd; ehlhf;fs;
yy jPg;Gd;Df;fhd fspk;G kUe;J.
yy fj;jupf;Nfhy;.
KjYjtpg; ngl;bapy; cs;s nghUl;fis vg;nghOJk; Rj;jkhf itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
14.15.4 Nehf;fq;fs;
KjYjtpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fis %d;W Gs;spfspy; RUf;fptplyhk;. capu;
ghJfhj;jy; Kjy; cjtp cl;gl midj;J kUj;Jt ftdpg;Gfspd; rhuhk;rk; capu;fis
fhg;ghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fNk. ,d;Dk; $Ljyhd Mgj;J Neu;tij jtpu;j;jy;> epiyik
Nkhrkiltij jtpu;j;jy; my;yJ ,d;Dk; $Ljyhd fhak; Vw;gLtij jtpu;j;jy;. ,J
rk;ge;jg;gl;l egiu epiyikapd; fhuzpaplkpUe;J efu;j;Jjy; Nghd;w ntsp fhuzq;fisAk;
mOj;jk; nfhLj;J cjpug;Nghf;F jPtpukiltij jtpu;j;jy; Nghd;w KjYjtp mspf;Fk;
El;gq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. Fzkhjiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;: Kjy; cjtp FzkhFk;
fhupaj;ij njhlq;fptplTk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; rpW fhaj;jpw;F gpsh];jpup NghLtJ Nghd;w
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,J KO rpfpr;iriaAk; mspf;FkhW $l mike;JtpLk;.
14.5.5. Kf;fpa jpwd;fs;
ehf;F Rthrtopia milj;jpUe;jhy; jiyia fPo;js;sp jhilia NkypUe;J
ehf;if milg;gpypUe;J ntsptuitf;f Ntz;Lk;. rpy jpwd;fs; KjYjtp toq;FjYf;F
mj;jpahtrpakhf fUjg;gLfpdwd. Mjyhy; ,it cynfq;Fk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf
kw;w rpW fhaq;fis ftdpf;FKd; KjYjtpapd; “Vgprp”> Airway, Breathing, and circulation
vd;gjd; RUf;fkhFk;. mjhtJ fhw;Wf;Foha;> Rthrk; kw;Wk; ,uj;j Xl;lk; vd;W tpupfpwJ.
Kjypy; Rthrtop njspthf cs;sjh vd;W cWjp nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. %r;Rf;Foypy;
170
milg;G ,Ug;gJ capu; mr;RWj;Jk; mtru epiyahFk;. ,jd; gpwF %r;RtpLtJ xOq;fhf
,Uf;fpwjh vd;W ghu;j;J Njitahdhy; nraw;ifahf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltiu %r;R tplitf;f
Ntz;Lk; ,g;nghOnjy;yhk; ,uj;j Xl;lk; rupahf cs;sjh vd;W rupghu;g;gJ ,y;iy. mjw;F
gjpyhf nraw;if ,uj;j mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; khu;G mOj;jk; (chest compressions) jug;gLk;.
ehb rupghu;j;jy; jPtpu epiyapy; ,y;yhj Ml;fsplk; elj;jg;glyhk;. rpyu; abc Ald; xU d
iaAk; (deadly bleeding or defibrillation) Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tu;. ,e;j ABC fis ghJfhj;jgpd;>
KjYjtp mspg;gtu; $Ljy; rpfpr;iria njhlq;fyhk;. rpy epWtdq;fs; %d;W “B”
kf;fis (breathing,bleeding and bones) vd;gij gpd;gw;Wtd ABC fisAk; 3Bf;fisAk;
nghJthf njhlu;epiyahf nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xd;Wf;F
Nkw;g;gl;l gbepiyfis xNu Neuj;jpy; mspf;fNtz;btUk;.
14.15.6 capu; ghJfhj;jy;
capUld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkdpy; xUtUf;F mtUila Rthrtop njspthf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. fhw;W tha;topahfNth my;yJ %f;fpd; topahfNth cs;spOf;fg;gl;L czT
FohiaAk;> thiaAk; ,izf;Fk; gFjp (pharynx) %ykhf EiuaPuYf;F ve;j ,lu;ghLkpd;wp
nry;y Ntz;Lk;. epidT epiyapy; cs;stu;fs; jilaw;w Rthrtopia jhdhfNt
nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. Mdhy; epidtw;wtu;fSf;F Rthrtopia njspthf itj;Jf;nfhs;tJ
Kbahky; Nghfyhk;. Vnddpy; rhjhuz epiyapy; Rthrj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; %isapd;
gFjp ,tu;fSf;F Ntiy nra;ahky; Nghfyhk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; %r;R tpLfpwhu; vd;why;
KjYjtp mspg;gtu; mtiu xU tpjkhf gLf;fitj;J mtuJ ehf;F Rthrtopia jil
nra;ahjthW nra;thu;. NkYk; ,r;nray; epidtpoe;j Ml;fSila ,wg;gpd; Kf;fpa
fhuzkhd tapw;wpYs;s Njitapy;yhj nghUl;fshy; %r;rilj;J ,wg;gijAk; jtpu;f;Fk;.
xU nghUs; Rthrtopia milj;J %r;Rj;jpzwiy cz;lhf;Fk;NghJ KjYjtp mspg;gtu;
me;egUf;F gpd;dhy; mbj;Jk;> tapw;W gFjpia mOj;jpAk; epthuzk; jUthu;. Rthrtop
jpwf;fg;gl;lTld; Kjy; cjtp mspg;gtu; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; xOq;fhf %r;R ,Of;fpwhuh vd;W
ghu;g;ghu;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F Rthrk; ,y;iy vd;why; KjYjtp mspg;gtu; ,ja ,af;f
kPl;ig (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) cldbahf mspg;ghu;.
14.15.7 Fzkiltij Cf;Ftpj;jy;
KjYjtp mspg;gtu; ntl;Lfs;> vYk;G KwpTfs; Nghd;w fhaq;fis ifahsTk;
fw;gpf;fg;gLthu;. ,JNghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fis ,tu;fs; KOikahfNth my;yJ vYk;G
KwpTfs; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtru Cu;jp tUk; tiu me;j Kwpit fl;Lf;fs;
itj;jpUf;fNth fw;gpf;fg;gLtu;.
14.15.8 gapw;rp
Ngd;Nl[; Xl;LtJ> ,uj;jg;Nghf;F cs;s ,lj;jpy; Neub mOj;jk; nfhLg;gJ Nghd;w
mbg;gil gapw;rpfs; md;whl mDgtq;fs; %yNk fpilf;fpd;wd. vdpDk; jpwikahf capiu
fhg;ghw;Wk; KjYjtpf;F xOq;fhd gapw;rp Njit. ,JNghd;w rkaq;fspy; gapw;rpngwhj
egu; KjYjtp jUtJ epiyikia NkYk; Nkhrkhf;fptplf;$Lk; kw;w gapw;rpfisg; Nghy
mtru epiyf;F Kd;Ng ,tw;iw nfhLg;gJ kpfTk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gy ehLfspy;
mtru Cu;jp te;Jnfhz;bUf;ifapNyNa mt;T+u;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpyu; mbg;gil KjYjtp
vd;ndd;d nra;aNtz;Lnkd;W mbgl;ltiu ghu;j;J nfhz;bUg;gtuplk; nrhy;thu;fs;.
KjYjtp mspf;Fk; jpwik nghJthf KjYjtp gapw;rp tFg;GfSf;Fg; Nghtjpy;
fpilf;Fk.; ,J xU rhd;wpjiof; nfhLf;Fk;. Fwpg;gpl;l ,ilNtisfspy; ,t;tFg;GfSf;F
NghtJk;> rhd;wpjio GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhd xd;W.
171
14.16 mbg;gil KjYjtpf; Fwpg;Gfs;
yy KjYjtp trjpfSld; $ba KjYjtpg; ngl;bia vg;NghJk; tPl;by; ,Uf;Fk;gb
ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjpy; mtru Njitf;fhd kUe;Jfs; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
yy KjYjtpg; ngl;b kw;Wk; kUe;Jfis Foe;ijfspd; iffSf;F vl;lhj ,lj;jpy;
itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F KjYjtp nra;Ak; nghOJ KjYjtp nra;Ak; egupd;
ghJfhg;igf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sy; mtrpak;.
yy mtru #o;epiyapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;tu;fs; ,ay;ghf %r;RtpLtjw;Fj; Njitahd
#o;epiyapid Vw;gLj;jpj; ju Ntz;Lk;. ,y;;iynadpy; nraw;if Rthrj;jpw;fhd
Vw;ghLfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghjpf;fg;gl;l egupd; clypy; ,Ue;J ,uj;jk; mjpfkhf ntspNaWk; epiyapYk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; tp\k; cl;nfhz;l epiyapYk; ,ja kw;Wk; Rthr ,af;fq;fs;
epw;gJ Nghd;w epiyapYk; kpfTk; Ntfkhf nray;gLjy; mtrpak; xt;nthU tpehbAk;
kpf kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
yy ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; fOj;jpNyh my;yJ gpd;Gwj;jpNyh fhak; ,Ue;jhy; clNd
kUj;Jt trjp mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. the;jp nra;J Mgj;Jf; fl;lj;ij jhz;b tpl;lhy;.
xU gf;fkhf rha;j;Jg; gLf;f tij;J ntJntJg;ghf itg;gjw;F Nghu;it my;yJ
fk;gspahy; Nghu;j;jp tplNtz;Lk;.
yy KjYjtp mspf;Fk; NghNj kUj;Jt cjtpf;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
yy mikjpaha; ,Ue;J ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;F kdijupaj;ij mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
yy ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu; kaf;f epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ jputg;nghUl;fis vijAk;
nfhLf;ff;$lhJ.
yy ghjpf;fg;gl;l egupd; kUj;Jt milahs ml;il kw;Wk; mtu;fSf;F xt;thik jUk;
kUe;Jfspd; Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwj; njupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
14.17 cly;eyKk;> czTg; gof;fKk; (Healthy Food Habit)

clYf;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; nghUl;fs; mlq;fpa khRgLj;jg;gl;l czT my;yJ
jz;zPiu cl;nfhs;Stjhy; czTtop cly; eyf; Fiwfs; cz;lhfpd;wd. czT
top cly; eyf;Fiwfis cz;lhf;Fk; ,j;jifa jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; nghUl;fspy;
gpdtUgitAk; mlq;Fk;.
yy Ez;Zapu; (fpUkpfs;) kw;Wk; er;Rg;nghUl;fs;
yy ,urhadg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; fdpkg;nghUl;fs;
yy nraw;ifahf cUthf;Fk; $l;Lg; nghUl;fs;
khRgLj;jg;gl;l czit cl;nfhz;l rpy kzp Neuj;jpypUe;J rpy ehl;fSf;Fs;
czTtop cly; eyf; Fiwfs; Vw;glf;$Lk;. mjid ,U gpupTfshf cztpy; eQ;R
fyj;jy; kw;Wk; czTtop Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; vd gpupf;fyhk;.
yy cztpy; eQ;ir fyj;jy;: khRgLj;jg;gl;l czit cl;nfhz;l gpwF> the;jp
kw;Wk; my;yJ tapw;Wg;Nghf;F Nghd;w mwpFwpfs; Njhd;Wk; rpy rkaq;fspy; ,J
my;[piaAk; kw;Wk; rpy Nkhrkhd Ntisfspy; kuzj;ijAk; tpistpf;ff;$Lk;.
yy czTtop Vw;gLk; Neha;fs;: khRg;gLj;jg;gl;l czit cl;nfhz;l gpwF mwpe;j
Neha;fhuzpfshy; (fpUkpfs;) kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; er;Rg;nghUl;fs; xl;Lapu;fs; Nghd;wit
Vw;gLk; czTtop Neha;fis cUthf;FfpwJ.
yy fpUkpfs; kpfTk; rpd;dQ;rpwpait vd;gjhy; mtw;iw ekJ rhjhuzf; fz;fshy;
ghu;f;f ,ayhJ.
172
yy (G+rzk; / G+Q;irf;fhshd;) kw;Wk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth (XuZ capu;) fpUkpfs;
gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk;.
yy ekJ iffs;> %f;F Kb kw;Wk; Njhy;.
yy G+r;rpfspd; clypy; (v.fh) (<f;fs; kw;Wk; fug;ghd; G+r;rpfs;) kw;Wk; nfhwpj;Jz;Zk;
tpyq;Ffs; (v.fh. ngUr;rhspfs;)
yy tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; (v.fh. G+idfs; kw;Wk; eha;fs;)
yy kdpj kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffspd; fopTg; nghUl;fspy;> rikf;fhj czTfspy; (v.fh)
,iwr;rp> Nfhop kw;Wk; thj;J ,iwr;rp> ghy;> Kl;il> rpg;gptif> fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk;
muprp.
rpy fpUkpfs; er;Rg;nghUs;fis cztpDs; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. kw;Wk; rpytif
fpUkpfs; czit tpiuthff; nflr; nra;fpd;wd.
G+r;rp kUe;Jfs; g+r;rpfSf;fhf itf;fg;gLk; ,iufs; kPijy; My;f`hy; (vup
rhuhak;) kw;Wk; fdkhd fdpkq;fshd nyl; (fhuPak;) Nghd;w ,urhadg;nghUl;fs; czit
khRgLj;jyhk; vd;gJld; czTtop Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk; cz;lhf;fyhk;.
tp\r;nrbfs; kw;Wk; kPd;fs;> fly;tho; capupd czT tif kw;Wk; ,aw;ifahf
tsUk; xU tif fhl;Lf; fhshd;fs;> xU thif ez;Lfs; Nghd;wit czTtop Vw;gLk;
Neha;fis cz;lhf;ff;$Lk;. kdpju;fs; rikf;fhj khkprj;ij my;yJ Rj;jg;gLj;jg;glhj
jz;zPiu cl;nfhz;lhy; jq;fspd; nry;yg; gpuhzpfisf; ifahz;lgpwF jq;fspd;
iffisf; fOthtpl;lhy;> ehlhg;GO> nlf;Nrhgpsh];kh Nfhz;b Nghd;w xl;Lapu;fshy
ghjpf;fg;glyhk;.
yy Hepatitis A (fy;yPuy; mow;rp) (kQ;ry;fhkhiy)
yy Campylobcteriosis (tapW njhlu;ghd Neha;)
yy Salmonellosis (tapw;Wg;Nghf;F capupahy; cz;lhFk; Neha;)
yy Escherichia Coli ahy; Vw;gLk; czT er;Rj;jd;ik.
yy Staphylococcal (jpuhl;irr; nfhj;J tbtj;jpy; jpuz;l Ez;Zapuhy; Vw;gLk;) czT
er;Rj;jd;ik.
yy Vibro Parahaemolyticus (Ez;Zapu; fpUkpahy; Vw;gLk; czT er;Rj;jd;ik)
yy Clostridium perfringens (Ez;Zapuhy; cztpy; eQ;R fyj;jy;.)
yy khkprk; kw;Wk; ,iwr;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l czTg; nghUl;fs;
yy Nfhop> thj;J Nghd;w gwitfs; njhlu;ghd nghUl;fs;
yy rpg;gptif kPd;fs; kw;Wk; fly;tho; capupd czT if
yy ghy;gz;izg; nghUl;fs;
yy Kl;ilfSk;> Kl;ilfs; rhu;e;j nghUl;fSk;
yy czitj; J}a;ikahfTk;> RfhjhukhfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd ey;y gof;fq;fs;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;iffs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
yy ey;y jdpg;gl;l Rfhjhuj;ijf; filgpbAq;fs;.
yy czT khRgLjiyj; jtpUq;fs;.
yy czitr; rikj;J KOikahf kPz;Lk; #Nlw;Wq;fs;
yy rupahd ntg;gjl;g epiyapy; czitg; ghJfhj;JitAq;fs;
yy ,lq;fisj; J}a;ikahfTk;> Neha; gug;Gk; capupdq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;ghfTk;
itj;jpUq;fs;.
yy czT jahupg;G> ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUj;jy; kw;Wk; gupkhWjy; vd vy;yh fl;ljpYk;
vy;yh Neuj;jpYk; Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;lit filg;gpbf;fNtz;ba mbg;gilj; Njitfs;.

173

gFjp – m
1. Cl;lr;rj;J vd;gjd; nghUs;ahJ?
2. Rfhjhu Nkw;ghh;it vd;why; vd;d?
3. rhptpfpj czT vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d?
4. njhw;W Neha;fs; rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
5. clw;gapw;rpf;fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
6. KjYjtp rpWFwpg;G tiuf
7. cyf KjYjtp jpdk; vg;nghOJ Vd; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?
8. khzth;fs; jq;fs; Rfhjhuj;ijg; NgZk; topKiwfs; ahit?
9. gs;spfspy; Rfhjhu #o;epiyia cUthf;f vd;ndd; topKiwfisf; filgpbf;fyhk;.
10. Cl;lr;rj;Jf; Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fs; ahit?
gFjp –M
11. cly;ey;fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit? cly;eyj;ijg; NgZk;
ew;gof;ftof;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
12. gs;sp khzth;fSf;fhfg; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rhptpfpj czTg;gl;baiy
Fwpg;gpLf.
13. gs;spfspy; Rfhjhug; gzpfs; kw;Wk; eyj;jpl;lq;fis tpthpf;f.
14.; cly;eyk; kw;Wk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthpf;f.
15. jkpofj;jpy; rj;JzTj;jpl;lk; Njhd;wpa tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
16. gs;spfspy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Rfhjhu Nkw;ghh;itapd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J
tpsf;Ff.
17. KjYjtpapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
18. Cl;lr;rj;J njhlh;ghd jpl;lq;fs; ahit?
gFjp - ,
19. m. cly;eyf; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpa epiyfisf; $Wf. xU Mrphpauhf ,e;j xt;nthU
epiy njhlh;ghfTk; vd;d nra;tPu;fs;?
(my;yJ)
M. njhw;W Neha;fspd; mwpFwpfs; kw;Wk; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfis tpthpf;f.
20. m. Cl;lr;rj;J Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk;> mij epth;j;jp nra;Ak;

topKiwfisAk; tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ)
M. cly;eyKk;> czTg; gof;fKk;-,f;$w;iw tpthjpf;f.
174
MODEL QUESTION PAPER

B.ED CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION
Time: Three Hours Total Marks =75

Part-I
I. Write all the questions 10x2=20 marks
1. What is meant by Metaphysics?
khwhepiyj; jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
2. Explian the narrow meaning of Education.
fy;tpapd; nghUs; gw;wp FWfpa ghh;itia tpsf;Ff
3. Define the term “Value Education”
kjpg;Gf;fy;tp vd;gjd; nghUis tiuaiw
4. What is meant by Social Stratification?
r%f mLf;F vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
5. Expand NCERT, CABE
NCERT, CABE tphpthf;fk; nra;f
6. Comment on Article 45 of Indian constitution
,e;jpa murpayikg;G gphpT 45Ig; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLf
7. Write the limitation of Montessori Method
khz;br;Nrhhp Kiwapd; vy;iyfis vOJf
8. What is Non-formal Education
Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
9. Mention two functions of DIET
khtl;l Mrphpah; gapw;rp epWtdj;jpd; gzpfs; ,uz;bid Fwpg;gpLf
10. What are ultimate values according to Aurobindo?
mutpe;jhpd; ,Wjp epiyg; kjpg;Gfshf Fwpg;gpLtd ahit?
Part-II
II. Write any five questions out of Eight 5x5 =25 marks
11. What ae the relationship between Education and Philosophy?
Jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;Gfs; ahit?
12. Write short note on Gurukula System of Education
FUFyf;fy;tp gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf
13. What is Naturalism? Write its methods of teaching?
,aw;iff; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d? mjd; fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwfis vOJf
14. Describe the chrcatreistics of formal Education with suitable examples.
Kiwrhh; fy;tpapd; Fzeyd;fis jFe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff
15. What are the features of Distance education?
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; ahit?
16. Describe the term “Brain Drain”.
mwpjpwd; kpf;Nfhh; Gyk;ngah;jy; vd;gjd; nghUis tpthpf;f
175
17. Write the problems of unemployment and under employment
Ntiytha;gpd;ik kw;Wk; jFjp Fiwe;j Ntiy ,tw;wpd; gpur;ridfis vOJf
18. What are the educational programmes for the intellectually gifted?
mwpjpwd; kpf;NfhUf;fhd fy;tpapay; epfo;Tfs; ahit?
Part-III
III. Write any two in the following internal choice 2x15=30 marks
19. a. Describe the viisison for the Indian education in the 21st century?
21k; E}w;whz;bd; ,e;jpaf; fy;tpiag;gw;wpa ghh;itia tpthpf;f
(or)
b. Briefly describe the different aspeacts of education according to naturalistic school of philosophy.
,aw;ifj; jj;Jt gs;spapd; gb fy;tpapd; gy;NtW ghpzhkq;fis tphpthf tpsf;Ff
20. a. What is social change? What are the factors contributing for social change? How does education
contribute to social change in India?
r%f khw;wk; vd;why; vd;d? r%f khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; ahit?
,e;jpahtpd; r%f khw;wj;jpy; fy;tpapd; gq;F ahJ?
(or)
b. Explain how the NPE 1986 was evolved? What are its major implications.
Njrpa fy;tpf; nfhs;is 1986 vt;thW ghpzkpj;jJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff. mjd; Kf;fpa
jhf;fq;fis ahit?
176
B.ED
jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp
Time:Three hours Maximum:75 marks
Part-I
I. Write all the questions 10x2=20 marks
1. Define Philosophy.
jj;Jtk; tiuaW.
2. What are the aims of Vedic-Education?
Ntjfhy fy;tpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; ahit?
3. What is Vardha Education?
Mjhuf;fy;tp vd;why; vd;d?
4. Give note on “Montessori Education”.
khz;br;Nrhhp fy;tpiag; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
5. What do you mean by social mobility?
r%f ,af;fk; vd;gjd; nghUs; ahJ?
6. State some of the formal methods to save child labours.
Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd rpy topJKiwfis Fwpg;gpLf.
7. Define Stagnation and Wastage.
Njf;fk; kw;Wk; fopT tiuaW.
8. Give note on value education in School.
gs;spapy; kjpg;Gf;fy;tpiag; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G jUf.
9. State the amendments related to education.
fy;tp njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
10. What is health?
cly;eyk; vd;why; vd;d?
Part-B
Answer any five of the following questions in about 250 words each (5x5=25 marks)
11. Differentiate Education and Philosophy.
jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlh;gpid NtWgLj;Jf.
12. Explain the educational thoughts of Vivekananda.
tpNtfhde;jhpd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfis tpsf;Ff.
13. State the merits and demerits of pragmatism.
gadsitf; nfhs;ifapd; epiwfs; kw;Wk; Fiwfis Fwpg;gpLf
14. What are the concept of Rousseau’s negative education?
&Nrhtpd; vjph;kiwf; fy;tpapd; fUj;jhf;fq;fs; ahit?
15. What are the factors bringing about social change?Explain.
r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfs; ahit? tpsf;Ff.
16. Explain Distance Education.
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffj;jpid tpsf;Ff.
177
17. What is women education? and state the steps of government to improve it
ngz; fy;tp vd;why; vd;d? muR mjd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapd;
gbepiyfis Fwpg;gpLf.
18. Describe about Ishwarbhai patel committee.
<];th;gha; gNly; FOitg; gw;wp tpthp.
Part-C
Answer the following 2x15 =30 marks
19. a. Compare the educational thoughts of Gandhiji and Tagore.
fhe;jp[p kw;Wk; jh$h; MfpNahhpd; fy;tp rpe;jidfis xg;gpLf.
(or)
b. Briefly explin the role and function of NCERT and CBSE.
Njrpa fy;tp Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gapw;rp epWtdk; kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,ilepiy fy;tp
thhpaj;jpd; gq;fpidAk;> gzpfisAk; tphpthf tpsf;Ff.
20. a. Describe the Indian constitution and Education.

,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lKk;> fy;tpAk; gw;wp tpthp.
(or)
b. Explain the role of educational institutions in imparting value education.
ed;ndwpf; fy;tpia gapw;Wtpg;gjpy; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
178
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CONTEMPORARY INDIA AND EDUCATION

Book · November 2018

Dr .AR .Saravanakumar Paavizhi K.

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Dr. AR. rutzFkhu;

myF – 1 jj;JtKk;> fy;tpAk;

UNIT II- CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION

myF – ii fy;tpapy; ,e;jpa jj;Jtj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

UNIT III- CONTRIBUTION OF INDIAN THINKERS TO EDUCATION

myF – 3 ,e;jpa jj;Jt mwpQh;fspd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfspd; gq;fspg;G:

UNIT IV- CONTRIBUTION OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATION

myF – 4 Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jtf; nfhs;ifapy; fy;tpapd; gq;fspg;G:

myF – 5 Nkiy ehl;L jj;Jt mwpQh;fspd; fy;tpr; rpe;jidfs;:

UNIT VI- SOCIOLOGY AND EDUCATION

myF – 6 r%ftpaYk; fy;tpAk;

UNIT VII- AGENCIES OF EDUCATION

myF – 7 fy;tp Kfik

UNIT VIII- PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION -I

myF – 8 ,e;jpa r%fg; gpur;ridfSk; fy;tpAk; -I

UNIT IX- PROBLEMS IN INDIAN SOCIETY AND EDUCATION –II

myF – 9 ,e;jpa r%fg; gpur;ridfSk; fy;tpAk; –II

myF – 10 tpOkf; fy;tpAk; MrpupaUk;

UNIT XI- INDIAN CONSTITUTION AND EDUCATION

myF – 11 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lKk; fy;tpAk;

UNIT XII- UNIVERSITY EDUCATION COMMISSION

myF – 12 gy;fiyf;foff; fy;tpf;FO

UNIT XIII – REGULATORY BODIES OF EDUCATION

myF – 13 fy;tpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;L mikg;G

UNIT XIV- HEALTH AND NUTRITION EDUCATION

myF – 14 cly; eyKk; Cl;lr;rj;jpw;fhd fy;tpAk;

1.3 fy;tp tiuaiw: (Education Definition)

t. vz; thu;j;ij ngwg;gl;l%yk; nghUs;

1.5 Nkiyehl;L fy;tpahsu;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;:

1.6 ,e;jpa jj;Jtf; fy;tpahsu;fspd; fy;tp $w;Wfs;

1.8 fy;tpapd; tuk;Gfs;: (Educational Scope)

kf;fs; njhiff; fy;tp

fy;tp Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk;

1.8.2. fy;tp cstpay;

1.9 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; nghUs;: (Meaning of Philosophy)

1.10 jj;Jtk; vd;gjd; tiuaiw (Definition of Philosophy)

1.11 jj;Jtj;jpd; tuk;Gfs; (Scope of Philosophy)

1.13 fy;tpj;jj;Jj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

1.14 jj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;> fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilNaahd njhlu;G

20. m. fy;tp vd;gij tiuaW. mjd; ,ay;Gfis tpthpf;f

2.2 ,e;J rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;

2.4 fPij czu;j;Jk; ehd;F khu;f;fq;fs;

2.5 Ntjk; Nghw;Wk; fy;tp

2.6 FUFyf; fy;tp Kiw

2.7. Gj;j rkak;: (Buddhism)

2.8 Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhW:

2.9. Gj;juJ rka Nghjidfs;

2.12. ,iltop my;yJ kj;jpa khu;f;fk;

2.13 Gj;j rkaj;jpd; gpupTfs;

2.14 ,yf;fpa tsur;rp;