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Presentation 1663 Content Document 20220924125440PM
Presentation 1663 Content Document 20220924125440PM
Potassium(K+) 100 5
Chloride(Cl-) 13 150
• Because of the difference in concentrations,
ions will tend to diffuse into and out of the cell
depending on the concentration gradient.
• Example: K+ concentration within the cell is
more, will diffuse out
Nernst Equation
• Given the charge of an ion and its concentrations
inside and outside the cell, the equation predicts
the potential difference assuming the ion in
question is in a state of equilibrium where it
neither flows into nor out of the cell.
• Two forces that keep X in equilibrium are
• concentration gradient: ions have the tendency to
diffuse inwards due to greater concentration of
ions on the outside
• electrostatic gradient: ions have the tendency to
be pushed out of or into the cell depending upon
the nature of the electric field that builds up
across the membrane due to imbalance of charge
neutrality
Graded potential
• Maintaining the resting potential-important
• decides about transmitting information
• External signals striking at synapses-create
disturbances in the cell potential-graded
potential
• when the external signal decreases the internal
potential below the resting potential-neuron is
hyperpolarized
• when the external signal rises the internal
potential in a positive direction w r t the resting
potential-neuron is hypopolarized/depolarized
• the disturbances –in the order of few mV
• these are conducted along neuron in the same way as
electric charge conducted along a resistive conductor
• dendrites has both resistance and capacitance, the
disturbance decays exponentially towards zero in space
• amount of fluid inside the membrane of the dendrite-
responsible for –conduction of electricity
• dendrites-large diameter-more fluid-offer less
resistance-conduct better
• graded potential also varies in time
• when external stimulus disturbs ionic balance of ions in
resting membrane-finite time is required for diffusion
and pumping of ions-to restore the resting potential
• when stimulus is epotential is restored-rest value-small
fraction of second
Action potential
• neurons-receive-inputs from other neurons –
along dendrites-at points-synapses-post synaptic
potentials
• psp-occurs-asynchronously in space and time at
various points along difft dendrites-neuron
• each psp-decreasing/increasing voltage pulse
that decays in space and time
• cell soma-receives-psp superimposed upon each
other-integrates
• soma potential increases and decrease to resting
value
• at axon hillok-ion channels exist(proteins) –
sensitive-integrated soma potential
• ion channels-moniters-soma potential-when
cell potential exceeds a threshold value-say -
40mV-neuron fires action potential-
transmitted down its axon-towards-synaptic
terminal
Chemical synapses
• communication b/w neurons takes place
through synapses
• synapse-contact points
• at synapse, unidirectional conduction of a signal takes
place from pre synaptic to post synaptic membrane
• synapsis strengthens each signal and stretch it out-to
have large amplitude and longer duration than the pre
synaptic potential
Two step transmission process at synapse
from electrical action potential to chemical transmitter
substance which is releases into synaptic cleft
from chemical transmitter back to an electrical signal
post synaptic potential
mathematical neuron model
models the
internal firing