Engineered Systems for Water Purification

Many aquifers and isolated waters are ot hign water quaity and may be pumped trom the suppiy and transmission network

heavily agriaultural. Here, the water supply must receive varying degrees of treatment priar to distribution. Atyplcal water
treatment plant is diagrammed. Such plants are made up of series of reactors or unit operations, with water flowing from
one to the next and when stacked in series, achieve a desired end product. Each operation is designed to performa specific
function and the order of these operations is
important.

Oge

w wate

wTe

Chemlcal mixing & (4) Rapid sand filter

(1 basinCoaguiation
Flocculation (5) Disinfection with chlorine
(2) Flocculatirg basin
(3) Setting tank
bm ciean water storase basin
Pump for water distribution

1) Coagulation and Flocculation

-Raw surface water entering a water treatment facility usualy has significant turbidity caused by tiny colloldal clay and sil t particles.
These particies have a natural electrostatic charge that keeps them continualy in motion and prevents them from colliding and
StICKing Togener. henicds sucn as dum t a u n u m s u a r e are so0ed to wate stoge l , urst to neutrire tne tndrge on h e
partciesand tnen to dId in making n e n y p a r e s s0y 5o they can todieste and Ton idrge partices stoge n E p u r p o s e s
to ciear the water of suspended coiloidal solids by building large particies trom the stabie colloidal solids so that these large and
heavler particles could be reddiy sertue Our or wdtts
Coagulation-the chemical aiteration of the coloidal particies to make them stick toßether torming lärge particies called
flocs. It is the destabilization of thee colloids. Two mechanisms are thought to be involved in coagulation.
Charge neutraization -the aluminum ios are used to counter the charges on the colloidal particles. The
colloidal particles in natural waters are commonly negatively charged and when suspended in water, repel each other due

icies makine them less stable in terms of their

tively charges particles, they compress the negative charge on the particies, making tnem es3 >iaue
charges. They form then larger particles.
2) Interparticle bridging this involves the sticking together of the colloidal particles by virtue of the
macromoiecules tormed by the aiuminum hydroxides. The polymers bridge the gap between adjacent particies, thereby
creating larger particles. In addition, because aluminum hydroxide i5 soluble in low pH, there I5 a need to raise pH and that
Is done by addition of calcium hydroxioe Some of the calcium preciptates as calcium carbonate which assist also in

settling
Flocculation-the physical combination of the coagulated particles forming flocs

Chemistry of Coagulation-Flocculation
1) Most particles dissoved in water have a negative charge, so they tend to repel each other. As a result, they stay
disoersed and dissoved or colloidal in the water
Ispe

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 Engineered Systemsfor Water Purification
2) Coagulants tend to be positively charged Due to their positive charge, they are attracted to the negative particles In
ne water

3) The combination of positive and negative charge results in a neutral or lack, of charge. As a resuilt, the partides no

Waal's forces reter to the tendency of particles in nature to attract each other weakiy if they have na charge.
4) Once the particles in water are not repelling each other, van der Waal's forces make the particles drift toward each
other and join together into a group. When enough partices have joined together, they become floc and wll settle out
of the water,

(2)

(4)

2) Sedimentation or >ernng
FlOCS T o r m e d m u s t b e s e p a r a t e d t r o m t h e w a t e r This i s d o n e in 8 r a v i t y s e t t l i n g t a n k t h a t s i m p l y a l l o w t h e h e a v i e r - t h a n - water to

sertie at tne bottonm. n e siudBe in water Weatment piants is auminum nyaroxides, Caicium carbonates, dna clays, Is not ngni
Diodegradable ond will not decompose at the bottom of the tank. TYpically. sludge is removed every Tew weeks through a valve a
the bottom and is wasted either into sewer or into a siudge holding/ drying pond Settling tanks work because the density of thee
sollds exceeds that of the liquid. The movement or a solid particie through a Tuid under the pul of gravity Is governed by a number
Df varlabies such as partcie site, particie shape, particie densitY, nud density and Tuid viscOsily

Ouerfiow rate (surface

wweriow rate (surtace loading)
Vim)
A (m') t
(critical particle setding velocity)
Velocity of
the particles (v,) must overcome v. for it to settle
Residence time (retentian time)

(m7s)
3) Filtration
Environmental engineers have learned to apply natural purification of water through its movement to soll and sand. They have

Dackwashing. The su5pended solids that escape the occultion and settling processes are caught on the fiter sand particies an
eventualy the rapid sand iter becomes cloßged and must be cleaned through a process called backwashing The suspended solds

i n n o " o d C***omc to* 1A'ato" Ds**iioatin

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 Engineered Systemsfor Water Purification
trapped within the filter are released and escape with the wash water. Other fiters make use of activated carbon (powder or
8ranules in form) as fitering media in place of sand and grave.

=Overflow
Raw Water In

Raw Water
Reserv lo

Sand Bed

Back
Underdrain edaler

System
4) Disinfection
Water Is disinfected in order to destroy whatever pathogenic organisms present. The disinfectant commonly used is chlorine,
purchased as liquid but is released to the water as gas using a chlorine feeder system, The presence of a residual of active chlorine
In the water is an indication that no turther organisms remain to be oxidized and that the water can be assumed to be freeof
disease- causing organisms. Usualy, s m is added but residual chiorine must be 2 mg/ to ensure disinfection. Possible
fOrmation o e

ormation of trihalogen methanes (THM), chlorinated phenols, halogenated methanes, ethanes and ethenes,
halogentaed polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and chiorinated aldehydes and ketones.
Chlorine dioxide can also be used as a disinfectant. lt possesses theoretically 25 times greater oxidizing power than chlorine.
Advantages of using this as disinfectant are: no deterioration of taste and odor, tormation of tHM can be negiected, and it does not

eact with ammonia. Drawbacks inciude, rormation of touc chiorite (Cio2-) and chiorate (OS-]which can cause
methemoglobinemia in babies just like nitrates if concentration in water exceeds 0.1 mg/L
Ozone is also used as disinfectant. This is produced from oxygen in pure form or from ionization of clean dry air. Drawbacks Includde
t being expensive. ( 2-3times higher than chiorine)

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