Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
City of Naga, Cebu

GRADE 11 ADM LEARNING RESOURCE

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
(Quarter 1 – Week 4)

What I Need To Know

Meiosis is the process by which sexually reproducing organisms make their sex cells,
sperm and eggs. One of the benefits of sexual reproduction is the diversity it produces
within a population. That variety is a direct product of meiosis. Every sex cell made from
meiosis has a unique combination of chromosomes. This means that no two sperm or egg
cells are genetically identical which results unidentical to one another.

In addition, Mitosis is the process by which non-sex cells divide to make new cells. And
the process will continue exponentially throughout the organism's lifetime. This is how
individuals grow body parts, develop, repair damaged tissues, replace dead cells and
change at a cellular level as they mature. Mitosis always produces two cells that are
genetically identical to each other and the original cell.
https://education.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-mitosis-meiosis-sexual-
reproduction-5259.html.

On the other hand, during Cell cycle, the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in
preparation for cell division (www.britannica.com), is no longer regulated cancer may
occur. Cancerous cell generally divide much faster than normal cell and may form a mass
of abnormal cells called tumor.

Learning Objectives:
In this module, the learners are expected to:

1. Explain the significance or application of mitosis/meiosis

2. Identify the disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell
during the cell cycle.

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What I Know
I- Application of Mitosis and Meiosis. Write the correct letter of your answer in the space
provide before each number.
A. MITOSIS
B. MEIOSIS
C. BOTH MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
D. NEITHER MITOSIS NOR MEIOSIS
___________ 1. Haploid cells are formed.
___________ 2. This produces body cells (somatic cells).
___________ 3. The number of chromosomes increases from generation to generation.
___________ 4. This produce sperm cell.
____________5. This form the zygote
____________6. Process that occurs in longer roots
____________7. Process that occurs in Epithelial tissues
____________8. Process that occurs in pistil
____________9. Process that occurs in testes
____________10. It unites diploid cells to form haploid cells.

II-Diseases caused by non-regulation of the cell cycle. Write the letter of the correct answer
on the space provided before each number.

______11. It results from the non- regulation of cell cycle.

a. Cancer b. tumor c. p53 d. mutation

_____12. Which of the following does not belong to the group?

A. P36 B. Cyclin and Kinase C. Hormones D. Growth factors
_____13. Mechanism for controlling progress of the cell cycle are through:
A. B &C B. Checkpoint C. Chemical Signals D. Apoptosis
_____14. Which is true about cancer?
A. Cancer cells contain damage DNA and proliferate unwanted cell frequently
B. Cancer cells are inhibited by contact with other cells and form tumor
C. Cancer cells has difficulty to invade other tissues
D. None of the above

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______15. Which of the following disease is describe : The neuronal loss associated with
various neurodegenerative disorders which might occur via activation of multiple modes of cell
death, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy?

A. Huntington’s Disease B. Progeria C. Down Syndrome D. Parkinson’s disease

What’s In

Mitosis and meiosis are both involve in cells dividing to make new cells. This makes them
both vital processes for the existence of living things that reproduce sexually. Meiosis
makes the cells needed for sexual reproduction to occur, and mitosis replicates non-sex
cells needed for growth and development. Together, they provide the cellular basis for
healthy growth and sexual reproduction . (https://education.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-
mitosis-meiosis-sexual-reproduction-5259.html )

What’s New

Activity 1. Creating & Multiplying cells

Q1. Mitosis is a type of cell division.

What does mitosis produce cells for?

_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Q2. What does meiosis produce cells for?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Q3. Complete the passage using the words provide below.

Divide center replicated opposite line up

Before mitosis starts, the DNA is (3.1)_________________. At the beginning of mitosis,

the DNA coils into double –armed chromosomes that (3.2)________________ along the
(3.3)_________________ of the cell. The chromosomes then
(3.4)________________________as the cell fibres pull them apart. The two arms of each
chromosome move to (3.5)_________________ poles of the cell.

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Q4. Explain two advantages of being multicellular compared to being single- celled.

.___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Q.5. what do you think if meiosis does not exist? Explain your answer.

________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. READ ME

Read the passages and answer the question that follows.

The unrestrained, uncontrolled growth of the cells in human leads to the disease
called cancer. Cancer is essentially a disease of cell division-a failure of cell
division control. One of the critical players in this control system has been
identified. Officially dubbed p53, this gene plays a key role in the G1 check point of
cell division.

The gene’s product, the p53 protein, monitors the integrity of DNA, checking
that it is undamaged. If p53 proteins detect damaged DNA, it halts cell division and
stimulates the activity of special enzymes to repair the damage. Once the DNA
has been repaired, p53 allows cell division to continue. In cases where DNA
damage is irreparable, p53 then directs the cell to kill itself.

By halting cell division in damaged cell, p53 gene prevents the development
of many mutated cells and is therefore considered a tumor-suppressor gene
Although its activities not limited to cancer prevention. Scientists have found out
that p53 is entirely absent or damaged beyond use in the majority of the cancerous
cells they have examined.

Questions:

1. What will happen if cell cycle is unrestrained, uncontrolled or not well regulated?
2. How cancer developed?
3. How do you describe the role of p53 gene in cell cycle?
4. Create a good title of the passage.

What Is It

Mitosis is the process by which non-sex cells divide to make new cells. After a

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fertilization event, mitosis kicks in to begin making copies of the newly formed zygote.
The first cell will duplicate itself through mitosis. The two resulting cells will also be
duplicated. And the process will continue exponentially throughout the organism's
lifetime. This is how individuals grow body parts, develop, repair damaged tissues,
replace dead cells and change at a cellular level as they mature. Mitosis always
produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original cell.

Significance of mitosis for sexual reproduction

Mitosis is important for sexual reproduction indirectly. It allows the sexually reproducing
organism to grow and develop from a single cell into a sexually mature individual. This
allows organisms to continue to reproduce through the generations.

Meiosis is the process by which sexually reproducing organisms make their sex cells,
sperm and eggs. During meiosis, a specialized cell called a germ cell splits to make four
new sex cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original germ cell.
Each of the four sex cells has a unique combination of DNA, meaning no two sperm or
eggs are genetically identical.

Significance of Meiosis and Chromosome Number

Chromosomes are the cell's way of neatly arranging long strands of DNA. Non-sex cells
have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Meiosis makes sex cells with
only one set of chromosomes. For example, human cells have 46 chromosomes, with
the exception of sperm and eggs, which contain only 23 chromosomes each. When a
sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the 23 chromosomes from each sex cell combine to make a
zygote, a new cell with 46 chromosomes. The zygote is the first cell in a new individual.

(https://education.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-mitosis-meiosis-sexual-reproduction-5259.html)

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6
https://www.slideshare.net/HamidHk1/significance-of-mitosis-nd-meosis-sss

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12632196/

Cell cycle and its relation to cancer

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  Cancer is a group of disorders that causes cells to escape normal controls on cell division
 Cancer cells divide more frequently
 Cancer cells are inhibited by contact with other cells and can form tumors. Cancer cells
can invade other tissues, a process called metastasis.

Non-cancerous cells form sheets Cancer cells grow in tumor cancer cells can invade other tissue

Control of the Cell Cycle

Mechanism for controlling progress through the cell cycle:

√ Checkpoint

√ Length of telomeres

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 Telomeres are structures at the

ends of chromosomes that

shorten with each cell division.

Telomere After 50 divisions, the shortened

√ Chemical signals from within and outside the cell

Chemical Signals that Control the Cell Cycle

Cyclin and Kinase-proteins that initiate mitosis-requires buildup of cyclin to pair with kinase

Hormones-chemical signals from specialized glands that stimulate mitosis

Growth Factors-chemical factors produced locally that stimulate mitosis

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10
Spread of the Lungs cancer cells

Failure to Stop at Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Mutation in a gene that usually slows the cell

cycle Rate of cell division is accelerated

Failure to pause for DNA repair Faulty DNA leads to unregulated cell growth.

Failure to pause for DNA Loss of control over Cancer cells have telomerase, an enzyme that
telomere length elongates telomeres. Cells continue to divide
after 50 mitoses

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https://www.slideshare.net/abishadh/cell-cycle-in-relation-to-cancer.

Signal arrives
at death
receptor on caspase enzymes carry
cell out cell destruction

White blood cell

destroy cell fragments Apoptosis: Cell Death

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 https://slideplayer.com/slide/3246574/

Generally, when cell cycle is not well regulated (DNA damage checkpoint) fails proliferation of
unwanted cells (cancer cell) may occur and during G2 When Apoptosis checkpoint fails
abnormal Apoptosis (cell death) occurs. This may lead to disorders or diseases.

Examples of diseases associated with dysfunction of either cell cycle or cell

death programmes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02282.x

13
Defective cell cycle and cell death regulation in disease

The cell cycle is the main process leading to cellular proliferation. However, there is a close
link between cell proliferation and cell death. It seems likely that when a cell establishes the
programme to proliferate, it also acquires an abort pathway –‘better dead than wrong’.
Indeed, in their early work on apoptosis, Kerr and colleagues suggested a role for cross‐talk
between the cell cycle and cell death in the pathogenesis of cancer, stating: ‘We should
now like to speculate that hyperplasia might result from decreased apoptosis rather than
increased mitosis’. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02282.x

Definition of Some of the diseases Of RAS mutations (in cell proliferation/ cancer)

Colon cancer- a type of cancer that begins in the large intestine (colon). The colon is the final
part of the digestive tract. It affects older adults, though it can happen at any age. It usually
begins as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called polyps that form on the
inside of the colon. (//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-
20353669)

Lung cancer- a type of cancer that begins in the lungs and the leading cause of cancer
deaths worldwide. People who smoke have the greatest risk of lung cancer, though lung
cancer can also occur in people who have never smoked. (//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669)

Pancreatic cancer -begins in the tissues of your pancreas — an organ in your abdomen
that lies behind the lower part of your stomach. Your pancreas releases enzymes that aid
digestion and produces hormones that help manage your blood sugar. It may include
cancerous and noncancerous tumors.
(//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669)

Breast cancer-Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer,
breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast
cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
(//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/colon-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20353669)

Definition of Some of the diseases associated with dysfunction of either cell cycle or cell death
programmes.

Alzheimer′s Disease (AD)is the most widespread neurodegenerative disorder. This progressive,
lethal disease is characterized by memory loss. (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-
2796.2010.02282.x)

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Huntington’s Disease

The neuronal loss associated with various neurodegenerative disorders which might occur
via activation of multiple modes of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.
(https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02282.x)

Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that occurs when an error in cell division
results in an extra chromosome 21. .( https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145554)

Parkinson’s disease (PD) one of the mitochondrial malfunctioning implicated in the pathogenesis of
several neurodegenerative diseases. .The cause of dopaminergic cell death in PD is thought to
involve oxidative stress and mitochondrial complex I dysfunction.(
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02282.x)

 progeria -also known as Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, is an extremely rare, progressive

genetic disorder that causes children to age rapidly, starting in their first two years of life.
Children with progeria generally appear normal at birth. ( https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/progeria/symptoms-causes/syc-20356038).

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder in which the body

cannot properly regulate the number of immune system cells (lymphocytes). This results in
the overproduction of lymphocytes, which build up and cause enlargement of the lymph
nodes, liver and spleen. (https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/8686/autoimmune-
lymphoproliferative-syndrome)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is the most common type of lupus. SLE is an

autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing
widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints,
skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. ( https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/facts/detailed.html)

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder primarily characterized by

cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and
radiation sensitivity. A-T is often referred to as a genome instability or DNA damage
response syndrome. (https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/)

kidney /Renal infarction results from interruption of the normal blood supply to part of, or
to the whole kidney. The main imaging differential diagnosis includes pyelonephritis
and renal tumors. (https://radiopaedia.org/articles/renal-infarction)

Hodgkin's disease (HD) is a type of lymphoma, which is a blood cancer that starts in the
lymphatic system. The lymphatic system helps the immune system get rid of waste and

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fight infections. HD is also called Hodgkin disease, Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin's
lymphoma.

What’s More!

Independent Activity 1: GENETIC VARIATION

1. Complete the table by putting a tick in the correct box. The first one has been done for
you.

Can cause variation Does not cause

variation

Formation of gametes from reproductive

cell

Mutation of a reproductive cell,

Random fertilization

Conditions in the womb when the baby is

developing

Environmental effects after birth

2. One of the statements below is true. Tick the box next to the correct one.
a. Neither your genes nor your environment is important
b. Your health is only determined by your genes
c. Your environment is the most important factor for your sporting ability.
d. It’s hard to say if your genes or your environment are more important for
Characteristics Like intelligence

Independent Assessment 1

1.The formation of gametes and fertilization both cause genetic variation.

a. What are gametes?_____________________________________________________

16
 b. Explain how the formation of gametes results in genetic
variation.________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2.Explain how fertilization causes genetic variation_________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Independent Activity 2: Cancer and Drug Development

1.Cancer is caused by cells dividing out of control. Explain the difference between
benign and malignant cancer tumors?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.Write the numbers in the boxes below to show the correct order in which drugs are
tested.
Drug is tested in human tissue
Drug is tested on live animals
Human volunteers are used to test the drug
Computer models stimulate a response to the drug
3.A pharmaceutical company is conducting a trial on a new drug. They are using a
placebo in the trial and are conducting the trials “double blind”
a. What is placebo?________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
GCSE Biology.The Workbook.Higher level.co.Uk.

Independent Assessment 2
1.Why are the scientists using a placebo?
2.What is double blind trial?

What I Have Learned

1.Explain the significance or application of mitosis/meiosis

2.Identify the disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the
cell cycle.

17
What I Can Do

a. Give two examples of changes people can make to their lifestyle or diet which
might reduce their risk of getting cancer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
CITY OF NAGA, CEBU

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
First Quarter Week 4
Post Assessment

Name _________________________ Section _______________ Date _________

1-6. Choose the appropriate process. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before each number.

A. Mitosis B. meiosis C. Both D. fertilization

___________ 1. This produce sperm cell.

____________2. This form the zygote
____________3. Process that occurs in longer roots
____________4. Process that occurs in Epithelial tissues
____________5. Process that occurs in pistil
____________6. Process that occurs in testes

7-15. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.

____7. Cyclin-depended kinases (Cdks) are regulated by the

a. Periodic destruction of cyclins
b. Bipolar attachment of chromosomes to the spindle
c. DNA synthesis
d. Both a and B are correct

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_____8. The bacterial SMC proteins, eukaryotic cohesion proteins, and condensing
proteins share a similar structure. Functionally they all
a. Interact with microtubules
b. Can act as kinase enzymes
c. Interact with DNA to compact or hold strands together
d. Connect chromosomes to cytoskeletal elements
_____9. Genetically, proto-oncogenes act in a dominant fashion because.
a. There is only one copy of each proto-oncogene in the genome
b. They act in a gain -of- function fashion to turn on the cell cycle.
c. They act in a loss -of -function fashion to turn off the cell cycle.
d. They require that both genomic copies are altered to affect.
_____10.Which of the following does not belong to the group
B. P36 B. Cyclin and Kinase C. Hormones D. Growth factors
_____11.Mechanism for controlling progress of the cell cycle are through :
B. B &C B. Checkpoint C. Chemical Signals D. Apoptosis
_____12.Which is true about cancer
E. Cancer cells contain damage DNA and proliferate unwanted cell frequently
F. Cancer cells are inhibited by contact with other cells and form tumor
G. Cancer cells has difficulty to invade other tissues
H. None of the above
______13.which of the following disease is describe : The neuronal loss associated with various
neurodegenerative disorders which might occur via activation of multiple modes of cell death,
including apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy.

A. Huntington’s Disease B. Progeria C. Down Syndrome D. Parkinson’s disease

_____14. One of the mitochondrial malfunctioning implicated in the pathogenesis of

several neurodegenerative diseases. The cause of dopaminergic cell death is thought to
involve oxidative stress and mitochondrial complex I dysfunction.

A. Parkinson’s disease B. Progeria C. Down Syndrome D. Huntington’s Disease

______15.) Is a disorder in which the body cannot properly regulate the number of immune
system cells (lymphocytes).
A. Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 
B. Progeria
C. Down Syndrome

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 D. Huntington’s Disease

Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
CITY OF NAGA, CEBU

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
First Quarter Week 4
Answer Key
Pre test
1. B 2 .A 3. B 4. B 5.B 6. A 7.A 8.B
9.B 10.B 11.A 12.A 13. A 14.A 15.A

ACTIVITY 1
1.SOMATIC CELL 2. GAMETES
3.1 REPLICATED 3.2 LINE UP 3.3 CENTER 3.4 DIVIDE 4.OPPOSITE
Q4.BEING MULTICELLULAR , AN ORGANISM HAS HIGHER CHANCES OF SURVIVAL UNLIKE
THE SINGLE -CELLED ORGANISM, BY THE WIPE OF AN ALCOHOLOR ANY ANTIBACTERIAL
MEDICINE MAY KILL THEM.
Q5. IF MEIOSIS DOES NOT EXIST, NO MALE OR MALE EXISTED. THEREFORE NO HUMAN
ORGANISM OR ANY OTHER ORGANISM THAT MAY PRODUCE THROUGH FERTILIZATION
OF GAMETES
ACTIVITY 2
1.cancer cells may developed
2.cancer may develop if damaged DNA continue to proliferate and mitosis of this damaged
DNA cells produce more cells.
3.P35- a gene that play an important role in g1 check point of cell division. It monitors the
integrity of the DNA if it is damage or not.
4. answer may vary

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Independent Activity 1

3. Complete the table by putting a tick in the correct box. The first one has been done for you.

Can cause variation Does not cause

variation

Formation of gametes from reproductive cell √

Mutation of a reproductive cell, √

Random fertilization √

Conditions in the womb when the baby is √

developing

Environmental effects after birth √

4. One of the statements below is true. Tick the box next to the correct one.
e. Neither your genes nor your environment is important
f. Your health is only determined by your genes
g. Your environment is the most important factor for your sporting ability.
h. It’s hard to say if your genes or your environment are more important for
Characteristics Like intelligence √

Independent Assessment 1

1.gametes are sex cell (sperm and egg)

2. Specifically, meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four
daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired
chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced though meiosis exhibit an
amazing range of genetic variation

21
 Independent Activity 2:

 1.  benign tumors are harmless and can be left alone while Malignant. The tumor contains
cancerous cells and is life threatening.

2. 3 , 2, 1 and 4
3. A placebo is used in clinical trials to test the effectiveness of treatments and is most often used
in drug studies. For instance, people in one group get the tested drug, while the others receive a
fake drug, or placebo, that they think is the real thing.
Independent Assessment 2
1. By using placebos in research, scientists are able to get a better idea of how treatments impact
patients and whether new medications and treatment approaches are safe and effective.

2. A double-blind clinical trial is one in which both the recipient and the administrator does not
know if the recipient is receiving the actual drug.

Post test
1.B 8.C
2.B 9.B
3.A 10.A
4.A 11.A
5.B 12.A
6.B 13.A
7.A 14.A 15.A

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 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
CITY OF NAGA, CEBU

Prepared by:

JUDIMA A. SUMAYANG
(Writer)

CARMENCITA B. LOPEZ
Education Program Supervisor in Science
(Content and Language Evaluator / Reviewer)

MERLY J. OMAMBAC
Education Program Supervisor in LRMDS
(Book Design/Format/Layout Evaluator /
Quality Assurance Team Reviewer)

(TA)
BENIGNO S. GONZAGA
Division Illustrator
Recommending Approval:

GENDA P. DE GRACIA, ED. D.

Chief Education Supervisor, CID

Approved:

ROSALIE M. PASAOL, ED. D.

Schools Division Superintendent

23
 Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
CITY OF NAGA, CEBU

24
Republic of the Philippines
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region VII, Central Visayas
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS
CITY OF NAGA, CEBU

25
References:

Campbell, N. Reece, B., Taylor M., ‘et.al’. Tour of the cell. Biology Concepts and
Connection. 10th ed. Pearson Education Inc. Sansome St., San Francisco, A9411. 2013

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