Rekayasa Termal

previously, on thermal engineering…

Closed System Analysis

dE=Q+W
now,

Open System: Control Volume Analysis

Flux through a surface of a CV:

ϕ =∬ ( f v r ⋅ n^ ) dA
A

any value F
f≡ =
volume V
If

F=m , f = ρF=E , f =ρeF= p , f = ρv F=L , f =|r × ρ v|

Flux through an enclosed surface of a CV:

ϕ =∯ ( f v r ⋅ n^ ) dA
A

What is the meaning by enclosed integral? Every direction of the surface.

n

∯ ( … ) dA=∑ ∬ ( … ) dA
A i=1 Ai

Conservation of Mass

d mCV
=−∯ ρ ( v r ⋅ n^ ) dA
dt A CV

Why is it negative? If the mass is entering the system, the vector v would be on the opposite
direction of n , and vice versa.

mCV =∭ ρ dV
V CV

Thus,

d
∭ ρ dV +∯ ρ ( v r ⋅ n^ ) dA=0
dt VCV A CV

Conservation of Energy

For closed system,

dE
=Q̇+ Ẇ
dt
For open system,

d E CV
=Q̇+ Ẇ + ϕ E
dt
where

ϕ E=−∯ ρe ( v r ⋅ n^ ) dA
ACV

Why is it negative? Same argument as mass flux, as the energy is carried by the mass.

How to choose control volume?

- choose which have as many zero as possible

- choose constant integrand

Energy balance for open system:

d E CV
=Q̇+ Ẇ −∯ ρe ( v r ⋅n ) dA
dt A CV

We also know that

ECV =∭ ρe dV
V CV

Thus,

d E CV d d
= ∭ ρe dV ∭ ρe dV =Q̇+ Ẇ −∯ ρe ( v r ⋅ n ) dA
dt dt V dt V
CV A CV CV

d
∭ ρe dV +∯ ρe ( v r ⋅n ) dA=Q̇+Ẇ
dt V CV A CV

For the case of simple compressible substance

Ẇ =Ẇ p dV + Ẇ ext
and
d Ẇ p dV =d F p dV ⋅vd Ẇ p dV =−p ( v ⋅ n ) dA Ẇ p dV =−∯ p ( v ⋅ n ) dA
A CV
Thus,
d E CV
+∯ ρe ( v r ⋅ n ) dA+∯ p ( v ⋅ n ) dA=Q̇+ Ẇ ext
dt A CV A CV

Simplification

1) Fixed control volume

v r=v−v s
As the CV is fixed, v s=0 . Thus,
d mCV
=ϕ m=−∯ ρ ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA ϕ E=−∯ ρe ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA
dt A CV

Therefore,
 ( )
d E CV d E CV p
+∯ ρe ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA +∯ p ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA=Q̇+ Ẇ ext +∯ ρ e+ ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA=Q̇+ Ẇ ext
dt A CV A CV
dt A ρ CV

However, we also know that

v2
e=u+ + gz
2
and
p
u+ =u+ pυ ≡ h
ρ
In other words,
d E CV
+∯ ρ ht ( v ⋅n ) dA=Q̇+ Ẇ ext
dt A CV

whereas
2
v
ht =h+ + gz
2
and total energy/time carried by fluid
2) Uniform inlets and outlets

ϕ ρψ =∬ ρψ ( v ⋅ n^ ) dA
Ai
As ψ and ρ is uniform,
ϕ ρψ = ρi ψ i ( v ⋅ n^ ) A i=ṁi ψ i
For
- mass: ψ=1
- energy: ψ=ht

no need to perform integration

Thus, with fixed CV and uniform properties at inlets and outlets,

CoM

d mCV
=∑ ṁ¿ −∑ ṁout
dt
CoF (st law for open system)

d E CV
=Q̇+ Ẇ ext + ∑ ṁ¿ ht ,∈¿ −∑ ṁout ht ,out ¿
dt
 Procedure

1) Define CV
a. Include the system we wanto to study
b. Greatly simplify the maths by choosing ACV with a lot of zeros:
i. Wall/streamline → zero flux
ii. Area in which properties are known w/ uniform values (if possible)
2) Assumptions
d E CV
a. Steady → =0
dt
b. Adiabatic → Q̇=0
c. etc.
3) Evaluate properties relations
Table or Equation of State
4) Conservations Laws
a. Conversation of mass
b. Conservation of energy
c. Conservation of linear/angular momentum (later in at fluid mechanics)
5) Solve~
Assumption:

- Fixed CV: shown

- Steady state

Properties evaluation:

- At inlet 2: look at compressed liquid

Not exist → take saturated liquid table at the same temperature
−3 3
υ 2=1.0078 ⋅10 m /kg
- At inlet 3: look at saturated water table
−3 3
υ 3=1.1080 ⋅ 10 m /kg
Conservation:

- Conservation of mass
d mCV
=∑ ṁ¿ −∑ ṁout
dt
Analysis:

d mCV ( Av )3 ( Av )3
=∑ ṁ¿ −∑ ṁ out∑ ṁ¿ =∑ ṁout ṁ1+ ṁ2=ṁ3ṁ1+ ṁ2= ṁ2= −ṁ1
dt υ3 υ3

ṁ2=
A 2 v2
υ2
υ
v 2= 2 m 2 v 2= 2
A2 [
υ ( Av )3
A 2 υ3 ]
−ṁ1 Calculation:
 3
0.06 m / s
ṁ2= −3 3
−40 kg /s=¿
1.1080⋅10 m /kg

[ ]
−3 3 3
1.0078 ⋅10 m / kg 0.06 m /s
v 2= 2 −3 3
−40 kg /s =¿
25 cm 1.1080 ⋅ 10 m /kg
Application

Turbine

Compressor/Pump

Assumptions:

1) Steady state
2) Neglect ΔPE and ΔKE
3) Fixed CV w/ uniform inlet–outlet

CoM

v¿ A ¿
ṁ= ṁ¿ =ṁout =
υ¿
CoE

[ ( )]
2 2
v ¿ −v out
E˙CV =Q̇+ Ẇ ext + ṁ ( h¿ −hout ) +
2

Heat Exhanger

Assumptions:

1) Steady state
2) Neglect ΔPE and ΔKE
3) Ẇ ext =0

Throttling Devices

System Integration
Assumption:

- CV: Turbine
- Steady state

Known:

Inlet:

- Inlet 1
p1=80 ¯¿T 1=440 ° C ( Av )1 =236 m3 /min

Outlet:

- Outlet 2
ṁ2=0.20 ṁ1 p2=60 ¯¿T 2=400 ° CD 2=0.25 m
- Outlet 3
x 3=0.90 p3=0.7 ¯¿ D3=1.5 m

Properties evaluation:

- Inlet 1: superheated vapour (steam)

3
υ 1=v ( 80 ,̄ 440 ° C )=0.03742m /kg
- Outlet 2: steam
3
υ 2=v ( 60 ,̄ 400 ° C )=0.04739 m /kg
- Outlet 3: saturated
−3 3 3
υ f , 3=1.0360 ⋅ 10 m / kgυ g , 3=2.365 m / kg

υ 3=υ f , 3 + x ( υ g , 3−υ f ,3 )¿ 2.1286 m 3 /kg

Law:

Conversation of mass

dm
=∑ ṁ¿−∑ ṁout
dt
Steady state:

∑ ṁ¿ =∑ ṁout ṁ1=ṁ2 +ṁ3ṁ1=0.2 ṁ2+ ṁ3ṁ3=0.8 ṁ2

A 2 v2 ( Av )1 ( Av )1 υ 2
ṁ2=0.2 ṁ1 =0.2 v 2=0.8
π D2 υ1
2
υ2 υ1

A 3 v3 ( Av )1 ( Av )1 υ 3
ṁ3=0.8 ṁ1 =0.8 v3 =3.2
υ3 υ1 π D 32 υ 1

v 2=20.296 m/sv3 =36.465 m/s

Nozzlezzzzzzz

Assumption:

- CV: Nozzles
- Ideal gas
- Steady state

Known:

Inlet:

ṁ1=3 kg /sv1 =20 m/sT 1=340 K p1=400 kPa

Outlet:

p2=100 kPa v 2=478.8 m/s

Properties evaluation

Inlet:

h1 =9 888 kJ /kmol

M =28.01 kg /kmol
Outlet:

Law:

CoM + Steady
 dm A v υ
=0∑ ṁ¿ =∑ ṁ out ṁ1=ṁ2=ṁ 2 2 =ṁ1 A2= 2 ṁ1
dt υ2 v2

Assume ideal gas,

R T2
p2 υ2=R T 2υ 2=
M p2

R T 2 ṁ 1
A2=
M p2 v 2
CoE + Steady

dE
dt [ ( v 2−v out 2
=0 Q̇+ Ẇ ext + ṁ ( h ¿−hout ) + ¿
2 )] [ (
= 0ṁ ( h¿ −h out ) + )]
v¿ 2−v out 2
2
=0

( )
2 2
h1−h 2 v 1 −v 2 M 2
=0h2 =h1 + ( v 1 −v 2 )
2
+
M 2 2

28.01 kg/kmol
h2 =9 888 kJ /kmol+
2
[ ( 20 m/s )2−( 478.8 m/ s )2 ]¿ 6 682.964 kJ /kmol T 2 ≈ 230 K

8.314 kJ / kmol ⋅ K 230 K 3 kg /s

A2= ⋅ ⋅ =…
28.01 kg /kmol 100 kPa 478.8 m/s
 h1 =¿

Assume:

- Steady state
- Q̇=0
- ΔKE=0
- ΔPE=0
Analysis:

Turbine 1

CoM + Steady

ṁ1=ṁ2

CoE + Steady + Q̇= ΔKE= ΔPE=0

 Ẇ ext
Ẇ ext =ṁ1 ( h 2−h1 )ṁ1=
h2−h1
Heated part of heat exchanger

CoM

ṁ2=ṁ3

CoE

Q̇23
Q̇23=ṁ2 ( h3−h2 )h3 = +h
ṁ2 2

Heat exchanger

CoE

Q̇23=−Q̇56
Heater part of heat exchanger

CoM

ṁ5=ṁ6

CoE

Q̇56=ṁ5 ( h6 −h5 )Q̇23=ṁ 5 ( h5−h6 )

ṁ5
h3 = ( h −h ) +h
ṁ2 5 6 2

Turbine 2

CoM

ṁ4 =ṁ 3

CoE

(
Ẇ ❑ext ,2 =ṁ3 h4 −
ṁ5
ṁ2
( )Ẇ
(
h5−h6 )−h2 = ext ,1 h4 −
h 2−h1
( h2−h 1) ṁ5
Ẇ ext ,1
( h5−h6 ) −h2 )