4APTER Laws of thermodynamics | Inside 1 Thermodynamic terms + Zeroth law of thermodynamics Fist law of thermodynamics + Further explanation of the terms sed in fist law tions of frst law of ‘termadymamics| Heat capacity Termodyamie parameters for =u of gases emadynamic processes “obaric process horic process * bothermal process Refrigerator Second law of thermodynamics "Reversible and irreversible process Cmot engine Enropy -s that deals with the concepts of heat, work forms of energy. In this chapter, we will study ws of thermodynamics. various thermodynamic processes. basic theory of heat ‘Thermodynamics is the branch of Thermodynamic terms “Thermodynamics studies transformation of energy taking place with physical and chemical changes. In order to understand these transformations we need to understand the terms given below. 1. Thermodynamic system tis an assembly of an extremely large number of particles (atoms or molecules) hich is capable of exchange of energy with its surroundings. A thermodynamic system may contains matter in solid, liquid or gaseous form or a combination of two or more of these states. ; Everything outside the system which has a direct effect on the system is called its Fyproundings. All space in universe outside the system is surroundings. e.g. Environment. KO es { Tintaey [ Thermsdvnamie | cen Fig, 15.1 A thermodynamic system having boundary and surroundings 'A system is separated from its surrounding by a boundary. Its areal or i A Sgimensional closed surface that enclose the Tae iar meee thermodynamic system occupies.702 OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 A thermodunamic system can be classified by the nature of the transfer of heat that are allowed to occur across its boundary. (9 Open system It exchanges both heat (or energy) and matter with its surroundings. Matter in oF out without conducting walls Fig. 15.2 Open system (i Closed system It exchanges only heat (or energy) no miatter with its surroundings. ex [idan conducting walls Heat in or ont Fig, 15.3 Closed system No matter (ii Isolated system Ii exchanges neither heat (or energy) nor matter with its surroundings. Fixed insulted hid _Container with [nslating walls No matter No heat in or out Fig. 15.4 Isolated system 2. Thermodynamic or state variables ‘The quantities like pressure (p), volume (V) and. temperature (7) which help us to completely, specify state of thermodynamic system are called thermodynamic variables. Theromodynamic variables may be extensive or intensive in nature. Extensive variables are those which depends on the size of the system and intensive variables are those which do not depend on the size of the system, e.g., Internal energy (U), volume (V) and total mass (M) are extensive variables and pressure (ph temperature (7) and density (p) are intensive variables. 3, Equation of state The equation which represents the relationship between the state variables of a system is called its equation of state. e.g, For an ideal gas, the equation of state is pV =yRT For a fixed amount of gas given, there are thus only two independent variables, say p and Vor Tand V. 4, Thermodynamic process When state of a system changes, then thermodynamic variables associated with the system like pressure p, volume V and temperature T of the system also change. This process is known as thermodynamie process, 5, Thermal equilibrium ‘Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of heat between them when they are brought into thermal contact. 6, Adiabatic and diathermic wall Adiabatic wall is an insulating wall between two thermodynamic systems which does not allow flow of energy (or heat) from one system to another system. diathermic wall is a conducting wall between two thermodynamic systems which allows energy flow (or heat) from one system to another system. Zeroth law of thermodynamics ‘The Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two systems A and Bare separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then A and Bare in thermal equilibrium with each other. Hence, from Zeroth law if systems A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with C, then T,=T and Ty =Te Sel, So, systems A and B will also be in thermal equilibrium with each other. Now, to understand zeroth law of thermodynamic, let us consider two systems A and B separated by a fixed adiabatic wall. ‘The two systems A and Bare in contact with a third system C through diathermic wall. The macroscopie variables of A and B will vary until both A and B come in thermal equilibrium with the third system C. This shows that two systems A and B are sej i \s A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third system C. This condition is shown in Fig. (a), Cndiabatic wal Diatherrio wal @ Fig 15.5vo antiabatic wall between A and Bis rey placed by a ie wall and an adiabatic wall inulanes Chee lates C from A {and Bare found in thermal equilibrium w tins condition is shown in Fig. (b), This exp “ihe zeroth law of thermodynamics, ith each iment First law of 2 thermodynamics fist law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation ienergy applied to any system in which energy transfer fram ot to the surroundings is taken into account. iustates that if some quantity of heat is supplied to a system capable of doing external work, then the quantity «(heat absorbed by the system is equal to the sum of the increase in the internal energy of the system and the external work done by the system. U+ aw] onli) uhere, AQ = Heat supplied to the system by the surroundings. It is a path dependent function, ie, [Heat supplied, AQ SW = Work done by the system on the surroundings. It is ‘path dependent funetion. AU = Change in internal energy of the system. It depends valy on the initial and final states. Often the first law is used in its differential form, which is [du =4Q-dw Thiscan also be written as [aq = au + aw] Thermodynamic Sign Conventions for Heat and Work Convention "at added o the systema AQ > 0 ie. postive "st removed from the system __8Q0 te, postive — negative AU>0 ie. postive Mevk done by the system (volume i AWE Qi “vc done onthe system (volume decreases) w "en temperature of the system rises Mien temperature of the system falls _ AU< 0 fe» negative jes AQ, AU and AW must *Wothe Eq, jee quantit aan aoa joule or in calorie. *e expressed in same unit either in j Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics 703 + dQand dW depend not only on the initial and final States but also on the path »f thermodynamic process, U depends only on the initial and final states. Further explanation of the terms used in first law First law of thermodynamics basically revolves round the three terms AQ, AU and AW. If you substitute these three terms correctly with proper signs in the equation AQ = AU + AW, then you are able to solve most of the problems of first law. Let us understand each term one by one, for an ideal gas system. 1. Work done by a thermodynamic system By work, we mean work done by the system or on the system. Suppose a gas is confined in a cylinder with a movable piston, if p is pressure on the piston and A is area of piston, then force exerted by the gas on the piston of cylinder, F = pA. [bes tax F Gas Fig. 15.6 Work done during expansion When the piston is pushed outward by the gas through an infinitesimal distance dx, then the work done by the gas dW = Fax = pA dx = pdv and for a finite volume change from V, to V;, Work done, W o raw Mi Work done, W = (W pav | Here, pis constant. From the equation of state pV =RTa) 704) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 ‘When variation of pressure with the volume is known to us then the area bounded by p-V graph (indicator diagram) represents the work done. [ Wonk = fi paV = area under p-V sont] ‘+ Work done is a path dependent quantity. So, work done is not a state function, * If volume is constant in a thermodynamic process then work done is zero. *+ If volume increases then work done is positive otherwise negative. * For a cyclic process work done is positive if cycle is clockwise and negative if cycle is anti-clockwise. Example 15.1 Two moles of an ideal gas are in a rubber balloon at 30°C in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure. The balloon is fully expanded and can be assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The temperature of the balloon increases slowly to 35°C. What is the work done of expansion of balloon? [R=831 J mot”'-K}, Sol. Ifthe balloon is fully expanded (i.e., does not develop significant tension as it expands), the pressure inside the balloon is always nearly equal to the pressure outside the balloon. And the pressure outside the balloon is 1 atm (constant), So the pressure inside the balloon is constant at about 1 atm. According to the question, the limits of temperature are 30°C and 35°C. T.=30°C =30 +273 ‘We know that, when the limits of temperature are given and pressure is constant, then Work done, W =nRAT = nk(T; ~ 7) = 2x 8.31 (308- 303]= 2x 8.31 (5]= 83.1] Example 15.2 (i)2 moles of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure so that its temperature increases from 27°C to 127°C. Find work done by the gas. Gi) In a process, the volume of gas increases from 1000 cc to 2000 cc at constant pressure 100 kPa. Find work done by the gas. Sol. Given, pressure p =100 kPa =100x 10" Pa, Temperature T; =27°C, T, =127°C Volume ¥; =1000 ce, V2 =2000 ce According to the question, pressure is constant 7 AW = pAV =nRaT () Work done by the gas AW =nRAT =nk(T, ~ 7) x 8.3x (127-27) “2 Number of moles of the gas, 1660) (i) Work done by the gas AW = pAV = pV, -4) = 100 10° (2000-1000) 10°" (2 Pressure p =100kPs) =100) Example 153 Consider the process on a system shown in figure below. During the process, predict the nature of work done by the system. 2 ae Value Sol, We said that the area under the p-V diagram is equal to the work done. So, if we move from 1 to 2 the shaded area (ABCD) under the graph is continuously increasing so work done by the system continuously increases, A a > c Shaded area Volume (V7 Example 15.4 An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the p-V diagram. . Boaluate the total work done by the gas during the cycle. Sol Work done = Area enclosed by triangle under the p-V diagram. dan 1 Lapxac Here side AB ofthe tia espa o pressure (pax therefore —- : e ‘AB = Change in pressure Ap = Similsy side AC ofthe i therfore a ~Pa=Ap—p=3p ingle is parallel to volume (V) axis: ‘AC = Change in volume AV. fo -V4=3V -V nav Work done, W. 1 poPx2V =3pVChapter 15 : Laws of thermodynamics (705 srample 155. The figure shows a p-V graph of the po oncinamic behaviour of an ideal Sol. As we know that area of a circle of radius R is 2R*. ; 928. Fi vk done By the gas inthe process Ay Bip a er ae ° infD +A (i work done by the gas in complete cyte’ os BOC IDA oKW) D HW. fo From the diagram itis clear that Vertical radius of the circle R=GB 10 2.0 30 40 50 60 70 — Vitite) Ae : sae Sol, () The work done in a thermodynamic process is equal to - eae enclosed between the p-V curve and the Horizontal radius of the circle KH _OH-OK _Vz ‘Work done by the gas in the process A> Bis Ry =Gc=pH =" OF OR te Vij =area ABE’ A —ABx AA ‘We know that the area of an ellipse is RR, where R, and Ry = (7-1) litrex (12x 10°) Nm? are semi-major and semi-minor axis respectively, as shown in = 6x 10 mx (12x 10°) Nav? oe = 7200 N-m= 7200 J Work done in the process B -> C is zero since volume <> ps remains constant. ‘Work done on the gas in the process C > Dis W, =area DGB' A’ DCx AD 6x 10%)x 2x10") 1200 J. (Negative sign is taken because volume decreases) Work done in the process D ~> Ais also zero, because ‘volume remains constant. If =Ry the elipse becomes a cicle as shown in figure. i) Work W is positive, while W, is negative. Hence, the So, here the work done = area of the circle net work done in the whole cycle by the gas is ‘=area of shaded portion w=W-We aS (25% Va-\ 200 - 1200 2 2 = 6000 joule ‘The positive sign is due to thet fact that the cycle is clockwise. Example 15.6 Find the work done during the perfect) circular Example 15.7 Calculate the work done by a gas, when it is ele process as shown in the diagram. taken from 1 to 2, 2t0 3 and 3 to 1 as shown. Also calculate the work done in cyclic process 1 —> 2-3 1\ 706) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Sol. The work done in a process is the area below the process in p-V diagram, Process | +2 Yo. v— AW 4.2 = Polo —Vo) In the process 2 3, volume remains Process 31 eo AW, 41 = area below the process 3 1 3 (Ps + 3p0N2Vp Vo) 2pVo Work done is negative because volume is decreasing. Work done in eyclic process: SWoetic 2M 2-03-01 AW 42 + AW, 5 HAWS = PVo + 0-2pVy =— PM 2. Internal energy of a thermodynamic system Internal energy of a system is defined as the total energy possessed by the system due to molecular motion and ‘molecular configuration. It is represented by U. The energy due to molecular motion is called internal kinetic energy Ui. The molecular motion includes translation, rotation and, vibrational motion of the molecules. ‘The energy due to molecular configuration is called internal potential energy Up. Then, internal energy, [T= Ug +U; ‘+ Internal energy is sum of the kinetic energies and potential energies of all the constituent particles of the system. ‘# Internal energy is a state variable it does not depend on the path taken to arrive at that state. Internal energy of an ideal gas In an ideal gas, there are no inter-molecular forces hence the gas does not possess intermolecular potential energy, thus Up = 0. So, internal energy of an ideal gas is just the sum of kinetic energies associated with various random motions (‘e., rotational, translational and vibrational) of its molecules, Therefore, internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on Sar its temperature and is given by U =U 2 ‘Change in internal energy, AU Soar] = degree of freedom, Change in internal energy is independent of path followed by a thermodynamic system. ge in internal energy, AU =U, ~U,] Example 15.8 1 by of water at 373 K is converted into steam at same temperature. Volume of | em? of water becomes 1671 em* on boiling. What isthe change in the internal energy of the system ifthe latent heat of vaporisation of water is 54x 10° cal kg? Sol, Volume of 1 kg of water =1000 em? Volume of 1 kg of steam =10° x 1671 cm’ (Change in volume, AV = (1,671 -10-4) m? Pressure, p=1 atm= 1.01 10° Nm“? In expansion work done, AW = pAV =1.01% 10x 1.67] 1.686% 10° 42 But AU = AQ ~ AW dlirst law of thermodynamics) or AU = (5.4x 10° ~0.4015x 10°) eal= 4.985% 10° cal .015% 104 cal Example 15.9 A certain amount of an ideal gas passes state A toB first by means of process 1, then by meame ape process 2. In which of the process is the amount of he absorbed by the gas greater? uae Sol, From the first law of thermodynamics, 4Q = AW, +AU, and AQ, =AW, +AU;y vjeastate function. Hence, AU depends —. pat pontions: Therelerey Tes Yom he na p au, =u, . AW, > AW, pe area under 1 is greater than area under 2. Hence, 4Q >AQ, saanple 1510. When a system goes from state A to state B, it steed with 400] of heat and it does 100 of work. fi For this transition, what isthe systems change in intemal energy? A If the system moves from B to A, what isthe change in internal energy? tiv If moving from A to B along a different path n which Win 400] of work ts dane on the system, how much heat does it absorb? Sat @) From the first law ofthe thermodynamics, A Us = Qe ~ Wag = (400 - 100) J =300 J {u) Consider a closed path that passes through the state A SUB. Internal energy is a state Function, so AU is zero fora closed path. Thus, | AU = Atyg + AUby=0 oo AUgy =~ AU yy =— 300] Gi) The change in internal energy is the same for any path, s0 ‘Ugg = AU jn = Qian ~ Wha 300 J=Qay ~— 400) and the heat exchanged is, Q'4g = 100) The negative sign indicates thatthe system loses heat inthis transition. ample 15.11 A gas is enclosed in a cylindrical vessel fitted witha frictionless piston. ‘The gas is slowly heated for some line. During the process, 10,J of heat is supplied and the piston found to move out 10 em. Find the increase in the internal ‘"eray of the gas. The area of cross-section of the cylinder 4m! and the atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa. 50 In given process piston moves against atmospheric Process 503 * chapter 15 : Laws of thermodynamics (or From first law of thermodynamics > AQ= AU + AW => 10=AU +4) ~ Tnerease in internal energy, AU = 6 J Example 15.12. The pressure in monoatgmic gs increases Fares joa x OE Nm-2 108% 10"! Nm? when its volume increases from 0.2 m° t0 0.5 m?. Calculate (10° Nm} (@ Work done by the gas. (ii) Increase in the internal energy. (iii) Amount of heat supplied. Sol. Given, p= 4x 10° Nmv®, pz = 8x 10° Nm, Vz =0.5 m? () Work done by the gas (AW) = Area under p-V graph. (Area ABCDEA) =} UE + BD)x AC =f x 107 + 8x 10°) 05-02) = Px 12x 10° 0.3= 1.8% 10°J (i) Increase in internal energy C T= (pio — PM rx pv) AU =3 (8x 10° 0.5)~ (4x 10° 0.2) 3 : 5 [4x 10? 0.8% 10°) = 4.8% 10° J ii) Amount of heat supplied, AQ=AU + AW =4.8x 10° + 1.8% 10° = 6.6x 10° J Example 15.3 A thermodynamical process is shown in figure with Pa =3% 108 Pa;V4=2% 10 m3, p= 8X10" Pa,Ve= 5x10 m? In the processes AB and BC, 600 J ‘and 200 J of heat is added to the system respectively, Find the change in internal energy of the system in omic eae Sol Since internal energy isa state function sot interal energy dng the process AC wil be sae su that during the total processes AB plus BC. Calculate the tot\ 708) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 work AW during AB plus BC and total heat AQ during these processes. Then calculate AU = AQ- AW. ‘During the process AB the volume doesn’t change so work done is zero. During BC the pressure is constant, so total work done = PaVc ~Va)= Pac -Va) tv Vp =V a) = 8x10" Nav (5x 10 m? 2% 10 m') =240) ‘AW daring process AB plus BC =240 J Now, given AQ during the same whole process = 600 + 200 = 800 Q.- AW = 800 ~240 = 560) au Example 15.14 Consider a p-V diagram in which the path followed by one mole of perfect gas in a cylindrical container is shown in figure. () Find the work done when the gas is taken from state 1 to state 2. Gi) What isthe ratio of temperatures T,/Ty, if V2 =2V,? (ii) Given the internal energy for one mole of gas at temperature T is (3/2)RT, find the change in internal energy and work done by the gas when itis taken from states 1 to 2, withV = 24. Sol. G) It is given that 1 pV? =constant Let this constant is A A = Also we can write PM" = py? Work done by the gas, a wef pav aft 4 4] Me 2A WW, fi) = 2py3204? V3) A (i) Since, T=pV/nrk =A. ) vl (Gi) Then, the change in internal energy 3 3 anwi AU =U, =U, =5 8 Ty —H)=FRTW2 ~) Work done by the gas, aw =24KW2 Example 15.15 When a system is taken from state a to state b, in figure along the path » =2RT (V2 -1) a +c +b 60J of heat flow into the system, and 30] of work is done (@ How much heat flows into the system along the path a+ d +b if the work is 10. (G) When the system i returned from b to @ along the curved path, the work done by the system is 20 J. Does the system absorb or liberate heat, and how much? Sol, For the path a, ¢, b, AU =AQ- AW =60 -30=30] or, -U, =30J (Along the path a, db, AQ=AU + AW =30 +10=40) , (ii) Along the curved path b, a, AQ=U, ~U,)+ AW =(-30) + (-20) =~ 50 J, heat flows out of the system Example 15.16 In the previous example if U, =0 and U4 =22 J then find the heat absorbed in the processa>d andd >, Sol. For the patha +d —>b Wats =“Wora + Was =Wagg + 0 > Ward =Wea =10] Now, applying first low of thermodynamics for the patha —>d AQesd = AU aga + AWe yg 4 Uy +10 Similarly for the path d > b 2-04-10 =32) Quah = AU aay + AW, 4, =U, -Uy + 0=U, Uy Given, U,-U,=30} = U,-0=30-5 U, =30 : Quy =30-22 = 8] Example 15.17 50 cal of. system from the state A shown in figure. Find th it from A to B via ADB. heat should be supplied to take a {0 the state B through the path ACB 05 ie quantity of heat to be supplied to take » 155 kPa 50 kPaay In proces ACH AW AW AW y 5010! 1100-100) 10° 4 @ 10) aa cat Givers AQ = 50 cal From the fitst law of thermodynamics AQ= AU 4 AW =Uy-U, + AW 50= Uy -Uy)4 24 Up -Uy = AT cal In provess ADB AWapn = AWay + AW = 0 +155 x 10" x (300 ~100)x 10° au =31) 74 cal Quantity of heat supplied, AQ=AU + AW =Uy-Uy +74 = 41.6 + 7.4= 55 cal Applications of first law of thermodynamics Applications of first law of thermodynamics are given below. Melting process When a substance melts, the change in volume (dV) is, very small and can, therefore, be neglected. The lemperature of a substance remains unchanged during aking process. Heat absorbed during melting process, AQ = mL, where L islatent heat of fusion. 8y the first law of thermodynamics, AQ=AU+ AW >) [mb = AU] [:4W=pAV=px0=0) Ss, the internal energy increases by mL during the melting Ices, Gromple 15.18 At normal pressure and O°C temperature when 2go ice mets ty volume focrecses by 182 em. Latent heat See for melting is 3.4 x 10° J kg” Find out by what value ‘temal energy of the ice changes when its melts at normal Pesure and 0°C temperature? (Normal pressure 101% 10° Nm“) Heat required to melt 2 kg of ice, Q= ml 2 kg (3.4% 10°) J ke x 10° J Decrease in volume of ice = AV =162em° Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (108 Therefore, work done by external force on the ice Wo px AV = (1.01% 10” Nav #)x (182% 10° m’) =-18.4) Because work is dane on the ice therefore it is negative. ‘According to first law of thermodynamies change in internal cenempy of ice, AU =Q-W= (6.8% 1 ‘AU is positive. Therefore, internal when it melts 5.8% 10° [= (18.4 f) + 18.4) J = 6.8x 10°J gy of ice increases Boiling process When a liquid is heated, it changes into vapour at constant temperature (called boiling point) and pressure. Let us consider the vaporisation of liquid of mass m. Let V; and V, be the liquid and vapours respectively. ‘The work done in expanding at constant temperature and PRESSED, Ay aay opty, VD Let the latent heat of vaporisation Heat absorbed during boiling process, AQ = mL, Let U; and U, be the internal energies of the liquid and vapours respectively then AU =U, —U; According to the first law of thermodynamics, AQ = aU LAW =v) | mL =U, =U)) + PW, Example 159 When water is boiled at 2 atm pressure then latent heat of vaporization is 2.2% 10° Jkg~' and boiling point is 120°C: At this temperature volume of 1 kg of water is 107° mand that of 1 kg vapour's itis 0.824 m*. When 1 kg water is converted to the vapour at 120°C: temperature then find the work done and inerease in internal energy. (1 atm pressure = 1.013 10° Nm~*) Sol, Heat required to convert water into vapour at 120°C is, AQ=mx L=1 kgx 2.2x 10° Jkg = 2.2 10°J Change in volume of water = (0,824 ~ 0.001) m° = 0.823 m* ‘Therefore, work done against atmospheric pressure AW=pav (2x 1.013x 10° Nm“) (0,823 m°) = 166739.8 Nm= 1.67 10° J From first law of thermodynamics, AQ= AW +AU. or AU =AQ- AW =2.2« 10° J- 166739.8] 2033260.2= 2.03 10° J Required work = 1.67% 10° J and changes in internal energy = 2.03 10° JCheck point 15.1 1. First law of thermodynamics corresponds to (a) conservation of energy (©) conservation of momentum (c) law of conservation af angular momentum (@) conservation of mass 2. Ina given process for an ideal gas, AW/ = Oand AQ <0. Then for the gas {@) the temperature will decrease {b) the volume wil increase (©) the pressure will remain constant (3) the temperature will increase 3. 1.40 and AW represent the heat supplied tothe systern and the work done on the system respectively, then the first law of thetmodynamios can be written as (@) aQ=aU + aw (b) AQ = AU -aW (©) AQ =aw-au (@) AQ =-aw- aU where, AU isthe change in internal energy. 4. A thermodynamic system is taken from state (, V,)to (Pa.Ne)by two diferent process, The quantty which will remain same will be? fa) ag (0) aw (©) ag+ aw () aQ-aw 5. A system is taken from state A to state 8 along two different paths 1 and 2. The heat absorbed and work done by the system along these two paths are Q, and Q, and, and Wp respectively, Then @) Q,=Q, (b) M => (©) Q = =O, — Wy (©), +4 =O, 4% 6. An ideal monoatomie gas is taken around the cycle as shown in -V diagram. The work done during the oyee is aiven by % 3M @ dei (©) pao (©) 2p (6) None ofthese 7. Atherrodynamic system is taken through the cyclic process PORSP, The net work done by the system is, 100 300.6 (@) 204) -20(e) 400 (4) ~400 8. An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the p-V diagram, The work done during the cycle is BGp.3M1 @) 2p © pv oe (@) 2210 (@) positive (0) negative (6) zero (6) may be postive or negative 10, Acertain amount ofan ideal gasis taken from state to state B, one time bby process | and another time by process I. Ifthe amount of heat absorbed by the gas areQ, and Q, respectively, then (@) Q=Q, (6) Q Q, (¢) Data insufficient 11. In thermodynamic process, 200 J of heat is given to a gas ‘and 100 J of wotk is also done on it. The change in internal energy of the gas is (@) 1004 (b) 3004 (4190 @ aadccomespondiing to the process shown in figure, what is the 888 ABCA? peat given to the gas in the proce ZV tw) 3 4 @iy Se ©} @o 19, An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A> B-+.0-> A, as shown in the figure. I the net heat supplied to the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the gas in the process Cs a s vim’) Al 1 J. 10 pom) (SJ) 10) @) 153) -200 3) Heat capacity fan amount of heat AQ is needed to change the ‘temperature of a body by AT, then heat capacity of the material of the body is given by Heat capacity, S Nat capacity is equal to the heat energy required to change ‘he temperature of a body by unity. Its unit is JK“ Note smperature range. tt capacy ota ed skort Specific heat capacity amount of heat required to change the temperature of it mass of a substance by unity is known as specific heat *acity of the substance. Specific heat capacity, $ Chapter 15 : Laws of thermodynamics Gm 14, The p- ciagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation fs shown in igure. The work done on the system in gong fom A» 8» Cis 50.) and 20 cal heat is Quen toe aystem The change i Inirnal energy between Rand Cis e (@) sad ©) 705 (©) 845 (6) 1344 15. Aclosed system undergoes a change of state by process 1-2 for which Qye = 10J and Viz = ~5J. The system is now relumed to its inal state by a cifferent path 2 for which Qp,is ~34. The work done by the gas in the process 2—> tis (@ 8s (b) zer0 (©) -24 @ 45 It depends on the nature of substance and its temperature. Its unit J/kg-K. Molar specific heat capacity ‘The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram mole of a substance by unity is called molar specific heat capacity of the substance. Heat capacity per mole is known as molar specific heat capacity or molar heat capacity. c S-i(52) n nlaT Molar specific heat capacity, ¢ = 1 AQ nat where, n = number of moles. It depends on the nature of the substance, its temperature and the conditions under which heat is supplied. Its unit is J/mol-K. On the basis of condition under which the heat is supplied toa gas, motion specific heat capacity is of two types () Molar heat capacity at constant pressure (e-(3)___| constant pressure |Ti2) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 (ii) Molar heat capacity at constant volume ( Note In case of solids and liquids volume expansion is small (Le, AW = 0) therefore we define only one specific heat for solids and liquids. Relation between C, and C, For an ideal gas, the relation between C,, and Cy is C,-Gy=R Here, C, and Cy are molar specific heat capacities of an ideal gas at constant pressure and volume respectively and Ris the universal gas constant. This relation is known as, Mayer’s formula. The ratio of C,, and Gy is notified by y. It is known as heat capacity ratio, From the above two relation between C, and Cy, we get Cy nAT yR and Cy = ‘The ratio in terms of degrees of freedom is y = 1+ G where, f = degrees of freedom, Values of f,Cy,C, andy for different types of gases are given below. y- ‘Atomicity of gas Monoatomic Diatomic,triatomie and ‘Triatomic linear (at normal temperature) Poly atomic iangular For n moles of a gas, internal energy at temperature Tis nfRT u=2RF and [D=nGyT z and [(encyr] and change in internal energy AU = nCyAT- Example 15.20 5 moles of oxygen is heated at constant volume from 10°C to 20°C, What will be change in the internal energy of the gas? The gram molecular specific heat of oxygen at constant pressure is C, = 8 cal mole and R = 8.36 joule/mole °° Sol, According to the Mayor's formula Cy =G, +, Heat absorbed by 5 moles of oxygen at constant volume ( 2nG,AT =5 x 6 20-10) =30* 10 =300 cal ‘At constant volume AV = 0. ‘i aw=0 From first law of thermodynamics Q= AU + AW = 300=AU+0 => AU =300cal Example 1521 At normal temperature and pressure (NTP) density of air is 1.293 kg m™® and specific heat at constant volume is 169 cal kg™!- K~!, Find the value of specific heat at constant pressure. lass Me Sol, Density = or Volume = Volume Density 1 Volume of 1 kg of ain, V = Normal pressure that is 76 cm mercury column pressure p=hpg = 76% 10"? x 13.6x 10° 9.8 Nm? ‘Normal temperature, 7 =273 K For 1 kg air, pV =RT (76% 1 2 13.6% 10°x 273 _76x 136% 98x 107 © 273% 1.293 From Mayor's formula, “, ak ee = 1694 286.96 = 273.32 cal kg” K* = 169+ 68,32 Example 15.22. Find the work done in increasing temperature of nitrogen at constant pressure from 37°C to 337°C. Cc, Seema °C, in this process what is the work done by the gas? Sol, Heat given to increases temperature of nmole ofa gas by dT AQ=nC,aT 0.2% 71887 - 37) 0.2% Tx 300= 420 cal Equivalent work done on nitrogen AW = J8Q= 4.2 420=1764J Change in internal energy, AU =nCyAT = AU =0.2x 5x 837-97) Cy =C,~R=7-2=5 cal mol°C 1.2% 5 x 300 =300 cal Work done by the gas, AW -=4Q~AU = 420-300 =120 cal =120% 4.2504 J"9 specific heat or molar heat SR/2. The gas is kept ina prample 15.23 An ideal gas ! eine rant pressure ( esse! of volume 0.0083 im? at a te od vss of ume O-G088'n. a @ temperature of 300 K » presstl ’m™*. An amount of 2.49 x 10" J Heat energy is supplied to the gas. Calculate the final mperature and pressure of the gas According to the Mayor's formu su emul R= 2 R= DAV =G 7 =300K, ey ve .0083 m*, p =1.6% 10° Nev rom first law of thermodynamics Q= AU + pAV 2 AU =Q=2.49 10" J pV _1.6x 10%x 0.0083 _16 From gas equation n = PY. . 1.6 10°x 16 RT 83x500 3 AU =nCyAT AU _ 2.49% 10% > ar = AU ~ 249% 10" 6 _ 75K nGy 3x 83x 16 Final temperature =300 +375 = 675 K ‘As volume remains constant, pT > 22-2 at Ty, 1.6% 10° x 675 = pw Thx p= ESI x 675, ae 300 =3.6 «10° Nm? Example 15.24 Find molar specific heat for the process p oe 3 svanowanic oe (2 cominaGy = 28) Sol, From first law of thermodynamics, aQ=AW +AU Q_ aw, aU = Omar ar aT catMac, te avacyary aT From gas equation, 3S Cwor+cy=2R +572" Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (78 Thermodynamic parameters for a mixture of gases ‘Thermodynamic parameters for a mixture of gases are given below () Equivalent molar mass When m, moles of a gas with molar mass M, are mixed with nz moles of a gas with molar mass M,, the equivalent molar mass M, + moM; of the mixture is given by M ou my + Ne (ii) Internal energy of the mixture The total energy of the mixture is U =U, + Up wi) (iii) Cy of the mixture As, U=U,+U, = AU=AU, +AU, or nCyAT or (my +n) Cy =m Cy + 2Cv, ~mCy tn2Cy, ny Cy AT + myCy,AT Gi) (as n =n, +n9) m+n (iv) G of the mixture S nyCy, +m Cvy As,C, mey Sratys Cy +R or Cy +R m+ ny (Cy +R) + Mg Cy, +R) _mGp, + 2p m +My my ny Thus, C, Coy + Coy = Coy my (0) 7 of the mixture From Eq. (), im, + ny) Cy =n Cy, + n2Cy, on fu+ndR mR, oR eed ia! i mtmg my no y-l 0 ov-1 y2-1 Thus, y of the mixture is given by above equation. Example 15.25 A gaseous mixture enclosed in a vessel consists of Ig mole of a gas A{y -3 and some amount of gas 1 alr ot temperature T. The gases A and B do not react 5 with each other and are assumed to be ideal, Find number of ‘gram moles of the gas B, if for the gaseous mixture a(2 Sol. Using formula for Gy of a mixture of two gases, we have 3 5 1x3Renyx Se Beg 2 = (Cy, = 2AEvda + ralCvln nate 6 Temp 313413n, +151g=> ng =2¢-mol~ Check point 15.2 } 1. 11 1000 cal of heat is added to 4 mole of a monoatomic gas without changing ts volume, then change in temperature of the gas is (a) 233K (0) 833K (©) 123K (d) 433K 2. The specific heat at constant pressure is greater than that of the same gas at constant volume because (@) at constant valume works done in expancing the gas (0) at constant pressure worcis cone in expanding the ges (© the molecular attaction is more at constant pressure (@) the molecular vibration is more at constant pressure 3. For hydrogen gas C, ~C, =2.end for oxygen gas G ~G, =Dihen the reaion Between a and Ds (whereC, and Cy are gram specific heats) fa) a~t6b (&) b= 16a (asp (©) None of these 4. The molar specific heals ofan ideal gas at constant pressure ard volume are denoted by C, and C, respectively ify =O, /G,and Ris the universal gas éonsta, then Cys equal to, @tt pA my @-) ots (OR 5. The molar heat capacity of a gas at constant volume is Cy. If ‘7 moles of the gas undergo AT change in temperature, its internal energy will change by nCy AT (@)only if the change of temperature occurs at constant volume 9 (D)only ifthe change of temperature occurs at constant pressure (©)in any process which Is not adiabatic (@)in any process Thermodynamic processes ‘When state of a thermodynamic system changes or the state variables changes with time, then the process is known as thermodynamic process. Few of thermodynamic processes, are discussed below. 1. Isobaric process A thermodynamic process occurring at constant pressure, is known as isobaric process. e.g. Boiling of water in an open container. ye T and volume V are 6. Two moles of a gas at temperature T ani heated to tice its volume at constant pressure. If, /C, = y then increase in internal energy of the gas is 7 ear a5 © oat 6 2 ORF OF 7. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles of ‘argon a! temperature 7. Neglecting all vibrational modes, the total intemal energy ofthe system is (@) 4RT (e) 1587 (c) 9AT (@) 11AT 8. Five moles ot halum are mixed with two moles of hydrogen to form a miduro. Tako molar mass of helium Mf = 4g and that of hydrogen My =29. The equivalent molar mass ofthe mixture is @ 89 tw) “32 18 244 oe @ % 9. The equivalent value of yin the above question is fa) 1.59 (bo) 1.53 (©) 1.56 {@) None of these 10. & gaseous mixture enclosed in a vessel consists of 3 g mole of gas X with y =(6/3) and some amount of gas ¥ wth (7/8)at a temperatute T. The gases X and ¥ do not react with each other and are assumed to be ideal. Iy for the ‘gas20us misture is 3 than the number of gram moles of the gas Vis (@) 05 wos os @1 Equation of state In this process, volume V and temperature T changes but Pressure p remains constant. v = = constant F (Charles’ law) Graphs Graphs related to isobaric process are given below, p-V graph In an isobaric process, pressure of the gas remains constant, fooefore. -V graph associated with this process is a ug lel to V- (h: dp ight line parallel to V-axis (having slope, “. =o) a5 wi

: constant Graph Graphs related to isobaric process are given below. p-V Graph In an isochoric process, volume of the gas remains constant. Therefore, p-V graph is a straight line parallel to praxis with slope, = cas shown below. av v Tpereaie in pressure Decrease in presure Fig. 15.10 Graph for isochorie process p-T Graph For isochoric process, 7 = constant. pet ie., pT graph is a straight line passing through origin. 1 >| 6 T= Fig. 15.11 p-T Graph for isochoric process Note. slope ofthe p- graph tano= V-T Graph In isochoric process volume remains constant. So pressure changes resulting in change of temperature as shown below. Fig, 15.12 V-T Graph for isochorie process Work done ‘As volume remains constant ie, V = constant > Av=0 Work done, AW = pAV = 0 First law of thermodynamics for isochoric process AQz=nCyAT From first law of thermodynamics We get, AQ=AU+AW ‘As, dW = 0 (for isochoric process), AQ = AU =nCyAT For one mole of a gas > AQ =CyAT = AU Example 1528 What isthe heat input needed to raise the temperature of 2. moles of helium gas from 0°C to 100°C @ at constant volume? (i) at constant pressure? (ii) What isthe work done by the gas in part (i) Give your answer in terms of R? Sol, Helium is monoatomic gas. Therefore, @) At constant volume, a=ncyar=01( 00-2008 (i) At constant pressure, _ BR @=n6,a7=03( $)a00)=s00n Gi) At constant pressure, W=Q-Au NG,AT —nCyAT ‘AT = @) 8) 000) 00R 3. Isothermal process A thermodynamic process occuring at constant temperature, is known as isothermal process. e.g. Freezing ‘of water at 0°C to form ice at 0°C. Equation of state For an ideal gas, the equation of state for isothermal process is given by pV =constant So, gas follows Boyle's law #1V, = ppVp, for isothermal process Note Slow processes are treated as isothermalh rat! iphs related to isothermal process are given below. pv Graph “isothermal process p-V’ = constant jeretore, p-V graph is a rectangular hyperbola as sje BELOW sotherms sothermal expansion Fig, 18.13 An isothermal expansion process. An isotherm is ‘acurve that connects points of same temperature v-TGraph Temperature of the gas remains constant during isothermal process. Thus, V-T graph is parallel to V-axis as shown in figure. Fig. 15.14 V-T Graph for isothermal process TGraph Sailar to V-T graph, p-T graph is parallel to p-axis. Fig. 15.18 p-T graph for isothermal process Slope of p-v graph “isothermal process, p¥ = constant erentiating, we get pdV +Vdp =0 be dp dv pv Chapter 15 ; Laws of thermodynamics (qu dp av v,, then >0, hence @>die, gas absorbs heat and work is ‘one by the gas on the surrounding during expansion, + If V AQ =——= 547.9 cal 2 42 . Example 15.31 2 g mole ideal gas is expanded isothermally at 21°C. Its volume increases three times of initial volume. Find the work done and heat absorbed by the gas. Take, R=8.3 J mol™'-K* Sol Work done by n mole of an ideal gas at isothermal temperature T, when its volume changes from V, to V; is ¥; W =2.302 nT logy According to the question n=2g-mole, T =273 +27=300K VV =3 W = 2.3026 2 g-molex 8.314 J mol!-K x 300 logy 3 = 2,3026x 2x 8.31 x 300x 0.4771 = 5.48% 10° J Now, W=JQ Absorbed heat Q and 1.31% 10° cal 4, Adiabatic process ‘A thermodynamic process which takes place in such a way that there is no transfer of heat into or out of a system, e.g. Rapid compression like filling of a cycle tube by a hand pump, rapid expansion. Equation of state For an ideal gas, equation of state for adiabatic process is pV" = constant Proof of the p-V relation In adiabatic process, dQ and dw=-du pdV =—CyaT (forn =) pdV 7 ar =— Also for 1 mole of an ideal gas, d(pV)=d RT) or pdV +Vdp =RdT or = aT = PAV + Vp li) R From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get GWdp + (Cy +R) pd or Cap + CypdV = 0 Dividing this equation by pV, we are left with Pic vt +c, =0 or In(p) +y In V) =constant or In(p) +1n(V) =constane or In(pV") = constant We can write this in the form, pV” =constant ‘This equation is the condition that must be obeyed by an ideal gas in an adiabatic process. e.9., if an ideal gas makes an adiabatic transition from a state with pressure and volume p, and Vj to a state with py and V,, then PV! = VE The equation pV’ = constant can be written in terms of other pairs of thermodynamic variable: ss by combining it with the ideal gas law (pV = nRT).a —e——EE——————— Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (19 putting P (From ideal gas equation) Slope of p-V graph In an adiabatic process (pV? =constant), the slope of p-V diagram at any point is a constant )__y ( P vr Vv 1 weet TY R gain porting V a (From ideal gas equation) ceget Tip!” = constant Graphs Graphs related t0 adiabatic process are given below. pV graph yar no beat change in adiabatic process, pressure decreases cxonentially with increase in volume as shown below. Thus, ‘Also we know that in an isothermal process (Slope)ysochermat . Because y > 1, the isothermal curve is not as steep as that for the adiabatic expansion. Ve P ? 1—-monoatomie 2 diatomic 3 polyatomic VT = Constant Fig. 15.17 p-V Graph for adiabatic process leat Isothermal yr 1.33 VTgraph Net lnadiabatic process, with increase in temperature volume pattie yee ‘decreases exponentially as shown below. a vo a ‘Adiabatic and isothermal Adiabatic expanston of mono, dia ‘expansion af an ideal gas ‘and polyatomic gases Fig. 18.21 Adiabatic and isothermal expansion Noe in similar way fr adiabatic and isothermal compression ofan ideal gas BV dgram 5 shown the cuve whichis mre werent sdabate N Adiabatic thermal Fig, 15.18 V-7 Graph for adiabatic process her ihe Pip 1522 ®t adiabatic process, with decrease in temperature : Meseure decreoses az shown below. Example 15.32. Initial pressure of a gas is 5 x 10° Nin Under an adiabatic process its volu value. What is the pressure of the (Take, y =3/2) ime becomes 1/9 of its initial gas in this situation? Strenttncrmestte wn nit nen Given, ¥=3/2, and p= 5x 109 Nm“? Pan snrorx( v8 phrT'=Constant Fig. 15.19 p-T Graph for adiabatic process\ 720) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 5x 108 x (9)? =5x10°x3° 5x 10° x G2)? 35% 10° Nm Example 15.33 Tivo samples of a gas initially at same temperature and pressure are compressed from a volume V to V/2. One sample is compressed isothermally and the other adiabatically. In which sample is the pressure greater? Sol, Let initial volume, Vy and pressure, = p Final volume, Vp ~ and final pressure, p, =? For isothermal compression p= ph or p; Peat cmp a] : > Pa! vy | =2 of =2 [Fal <2" = w= £2 >2and py! > py Pressure during adiabatic compression is greater than the pressure during isothermal compression. yel Example 15.34 An ideal monoatomic gas at 300 K expands adiabatically to twice its volume. What is the final temperature? Sol. For an ideal monostomic gas, y = 5/3 In an adiabatic process, TV" ~| Tp t=Tyeo « 7on(8]” 0), then J, 7, Lethe temperature ofthe 35 rses. First law of thermodynamics for adiabatic process Now, by first law of thermodynamics, AQ =AU + AW As, AQ=0= AU =-AW So, if work is done by the system, on the expense of internal energy and so the temperature of system falls ie, W>0,T;< T,. Conversely, if work is done on the system, the internal energy and so the temperature of system increases. ie, W< 0, Ty > Tj Bulk modulus of gas Bulk modulus of gas is given by ap a ( dp ) =-—%— o p=-v( 2 > vm av op rhe slope of p-V graph. where < is slope of p-V grap! For isothermal process, £ v7 (8) we 1 Vv Bulk mots ot ges 8=-v() or B=-yp Bulk modulus of gas B= For adiabatic process, “2. av ‘Therefore, isothermal bulk modulus is equal to pressure of the gas and adiabatic bulk modulus is 'y times the pressure of gas. p-V Diagram of Different Processes P-V diagram of different processes is shown as follows. We can compare the work done in each process from area under p-Veurve, ° g &_feompression) A\ (asta Isobasic o Bothermal Isochoric | ‘Adiabatic expansion) o aN Fig. 15.23 Combined p-V diagram of different processes We know that in an isothermal process, SP. — Ap v it means that at a particular adiabatic process, 1pont stop ale of adiabatic curve i more than that for rithert or We can say adiabatic curve is more steep th wpothermn for expansion and just reverse for Mapression. Its clear from the jhat occurs within same Limits. Wootane > Woothenmal > Wadatane > Woochar ote general many thermodynamic processes follows rl of te pv" =constant. figure that for expansion scare These processes are cae polytape process and‘ ical poop index. ae «Work done in polropic (1-2 process aw = [pay = 28 nt (T=) Jet + Heat transfer a poytropic process ~Gth- 1) ina polytopic process Summary of AQ, AU and AW for different processes Name of the Process Isothermal Example 15.35. 14 g of nitrogen gas is compressed in an Adiabatic process such that its temperature increases by 60°C. Find the work done on the as. SOL Given, m =14g, Ty — = 60°. Work done on the gas, Negative sign shows that work is done on the gas. Chapter 15 : Laws of thermodynamics (ma Example 15.36 Temperature of a 5 mole of hydrogen gas Feat co kone expended through adiabatic proces Nr, bythe gee Whats the change in interna nor) of the os? aR Sol, Work done by the gas, W = (1; ~)) According to the question, n=5 mole, R =8.13 J/mokK 4, T, =273 K, T; =260 K (273~ 260) K~ 1350] ‘According to first law of thermodynamics AU =Q-W =0~(1350)=~1350J Example 1537. Figure shows a process ABCA performed on an ideal gas. Find the net heat given to the system during the process. mT Sol, Since the process is cyclic, hence the change in internal energy is zero. ‘The heat given to the system is then equal to the work done by it. ‘The work done in part AB is W; = 0 (the volume remains constant). The part BC represents an isothermal process so that the work done by the gas during this part is During the part CA:V T.So, V/Tis constant and hence, ing p= "EE is constant “The work done by the gas during the part CA is Wy =p ~V2)=nRF, ~ RT, =-nk (7; -). ‘The net work done by the gas in the process ABCA is WW, +, +05 a,-| The sme anount of heat ie given to the ga Example 15.38 2m° volume of a gas at a pressure of 4% 10° Nm is compressed adiabaticaly so that ee becomes 0.5 m*. Find the new pressure. Compare this with the pressure that would result if the compression was isothermal. Calculate work done in each process. (Given, y = 1.4) Sol, Given, ¥j=2 m’, p= 4% 10° NmvV2 =0.5 m? In adiabatic process pV! = pV}_ 722\ OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 2 meer 1o[ 2] ‘0.0 uh =200 10 na? $s In isothermal process gl = pV . pM _ 410° x2 fre Ven Now work dane in adiabatic process waPliz pe _ x 10x 2-260 10's 09) Y a= 6x 10° Nev? “1.5% 10° J ‘Work done in isothermal process Ve W =2.3026 RT log [2 200 pg = 2.5026 4% 108% 2x log 2° 2.0. = 2.3026x 4x 10°x 2 w( 3) Lax 10 Example 1539 Two moles of helium gas ly = 5/3), assumed ideal, are initially at 27°C and occupy a volume of 20 litres. ‘The gas is first expanded at constant pressure till its volume is doubled. It then undergoes an adiabatic change unl the temperature returns to its initial value. Determine the final pressure and volume of the gas. Also, calculate the work done under isobaric and adiabatic processes. (R = 8.3 J mol! K-"} Y= 205107 mi, y=, =300K hen Vee ra For process AB (p = constant) T, =2T, =600K For process BC TV?! = constant Therefore, (27NV,)9~" = (7 NV)" > Vy = 0,0)? =2v2V, = 803 x 10" m? = 642 litre ART, _ (2V8.3N300) =mh . 7 Vy ‘Bov2x 10° Work done under isobaric process = pAV = 9(V, 4) 2 Va=2M) a 144% 10° Nav (40 «10° ~ 20 x10" 4980] 20% 10" ‘Work done under adiabatic process =. aa ya 2x 8.3x (300) 63-1) oo 5. Cyclic process [A single process or a series of processes in which is after certain interchanges of heat and work the system is restored to its initial state are known as a eyelie process, ‘As both initial and final states are same in a cyclic process, au=4, -Y¥ =0 p ’ v v Anti-clockwise jel process Fig, 15.24 Cyelie processes Cloclewise eyelic process For a cyclic process, p-V graph is a closed curve and area ‘enclosed by the curve is equal to the work done. From first law of thermodynamics, AQ = AU + AW: For cyclic process, AU=0 or AQ=AW So, heat supplied to the system is converted into work done and vice-versa. Heat is supplied to the system for clockwise cycle and heat is taken from the system for anti-clockwise cycle. Example 1540 Two moles of helium gas undergo a cyclic process as shown in figure. Assuming the gas to be ideal calculate the following quantities in the process: ( the net work done (i) the net change in internal energy (ii) the net change in heat energy (R 3.32 J mol'K™ =} : aed [ees ae at a —aie oa Sok Given, n Cy =3R/2,C, = 5R2, Ty=Tp =300K, Ty = To = 400K (0) AB isobaric process): 8Ws45=PAV =nRAT =2R(400 ~300)=200R BC lisothermal expansion): Wo = Ty In (Py/.)= 2R x 400 @/1)= 800 R In? CFD Gaobaric process): AWe.4p =nRAT =2RG00 ~ 400) = -2008 DA isothermal compression):J =ART Ln (Pp /P4) =2R x 300In (1/2) =~ 600 RIn2 AWay + Wyo + AWon + AWoy 200R + 800R In 2 ~200R ~ 600 In 2 =200R In 2 =200 x 8.3% 0,693 = 1150] i) For eyelie process, AT =Q, AU {ail For eyelic process, AQ = AW =1150 J AW AWocte trample 15.41 A gas is initially at a pressure of 50 kPa. Its Bleue is kept constant and the volume is changed from 2 m* £75 me’ Its volume is now Rept constant and the pressure is ‘creased from 50 kPa to 150 kPa. The gas is brought buick to inintial state via a process in which, the pressure varies linearly with its volume. Whether the heat is supplied to or raced from the gas in the complete cycle? Sol First draw p-V diagram as shown below. 2 Mim) According to the p-V diagram, work done (50 — 50) 10° x (2.5~ 2.0) 25000} Inthe eyelic process ‘AQ = AW =~25000] Negative sign shows that heat is extracted from the gas, ficiency of a cycle Eiiciency (n) of a cycle can be defined as ‘Work done by the working substance during a cycle ‘Heat supplied co che gas during the cycle Woot 90 = !atatat! = Irate! 5 109 1Quteal raat [Quart ooh Qansortes Thus, 4) = Wt x00 {t- [ean 100 1Qrosormeal |Qunsarbed re cannot be a cycle whose efficiency is 100%. Hence, Ty Lays less than 100% Wrort # Qube n-| >< 100 100 “ Example 15.42. N moles of a monoatomic gas is cart rectangular eycle ABCDA as : TA Tp, Find the thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle. fed round the “shown in the diagram. The temperature v Ye 2% ‘Sok First of all note that point Cis at highest temperature and A is fat lowest temperature. So during process A to Band Bto C heat is being added to the cycle. Work output can be calculated by calculating the area under the cycle of p-V diagram. Then tlficiency can be calculated as work output upon heat input. Note that the temperature at A is To, that at Bis 27 and that at Cis 4Tp, Also note Cy for monoatomic gas is 38/2. For A-B AQ=NCyAT + eonstant volume process) =n Sem, ~Te)=F3RTo For BG AQ=NC,AT constant pressure process) ow 8 ary -215) SNR, sow tls apc (28) er «2, ‘Work output = Area under the cycle 2p ~ Po) Vo —Va)= Poo = NRT ' NRT, | 2 tficieney = = NET 2 on 15.308 OB xen Example 15.43 An ideal gas e3 isothermal Example 1543, dn ideal gas expands isothermal along AB ° c WH ‘ How much heat does the gas exch s exchange along AB? () The gas then expands adiabatically along BC and does 400 Jof CA, ivexhausts 100,J of Sol, (i) AB is an isothermal process. Hence, , AU gy =0 and Quy =W, (0 BC ean adabatc pacer Honey “2” 7°04 Qac =O => Wye = 400) Was = G00} (given)\ 724) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 Therefore. (AW) yank gete =0= AU ap + AU gg + AU cy and from fist law of thermodynamics, Onn + Gre + Gea =Wan + Wh + Wen Substituting the values, 700+ 0- 100= 700+ 400+ AWay . ‘AWe, =~500] Negative sign implies that work is done on the gas. Different values in different processes __ Press QO WO AUD AB "700 on BC 9 | 400 | -400 cA =100 | -s00 | 400 For complete cyele Cae ee) Check point 153) 1. Choose the incorrect statement related to an isobaric process @ Leconion Napa (Heat genoa stanis used up na he temperature only (d) None of the above ‘A gas expands under constant pressure p from volumes V, ‘and V2. The work done by the gas is (@) PlV2-4)) (©) pM -V,) Wi rv) ( pM © put —ve) @ pga . When 1 g of water at 0°C and 1x 10° Nm~ pressure is converted into ice of volume 1092 cm’, the work done will be (a) 0.0091 J (b) 0.0182 (0 0091 J (6) Data insufficient 4. An ideal gas of volume 15 x 10% m® and at pressure 10 x 10° Pa is supplied with 70 J of energy. The volume increases to 17 x 10~ m®, the pressure remaining constant. The internal energy ofthe gas is (@) increased by 90 (b) increased by 70 J (©) increased by 50J ——_(@) decreased by 50.3 5. In an isochoric process if T, = 27°C and T, = 127°C, then 2 will be equal to i Pe 9 ©S 5 8 (@) None of these 66. Which ofthe following is a slow process? {@) Isothermal (0) Adiabatic (©) Isobaric (@) None of these 7. When an ideal gas is compressed isotherraly then its pressure (@) increases (b) decreases (©) remains same (@) first increases then decreases Note otal work done is 600, which implies that area ofthe closed cue is alsa 600] Example 1544 In example 15.43 find the efficiency of the given cycle. Sol. From table of the previous example, we can see that Qu... during the cycle is 700 J, while the total work done in the eyele is 600 J West ater -(B)x100 700, = 85.71% 100 8. Inn isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, select wrong statement (2) there is no change in the temperature of the gas (b) there is no change in the internal energy of the gas (c) the work done by the gas is equal to the heat supplied to the gas (2) the work done by the gas is equal to the change in its internal energy 9. During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas (a) its intemal energy decreases (©) its intemal energy does not change (the work done by the gas is equal to the quantity of heat absorbed by it (0) Both (b) and (c) are correct 10. Which is incorrect? (6) In an isobaric process, 4p = 0 (©) In.an isochoric process, Al (6) In an isothermal process, AT = 0 (9) In an isothermal process, AQ = 0 11. Which of the p-V, diagrams best represents an isothermal process? p p @ Oy_ acwe tye bursts suddenly. This represents an wAMSotheimal process —_(b) isobaric process (i isochoric process —_(d) adiabatic process tyhen an enclosed perfect gas is subjected to an adiabatic voces f) it total intemal does not change ip) its temperature does not change {ots pressure varies inversely as a certain power ofits volume {gine product of is pressure and volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature uA gas for which y =1.5 is suddenly compressed to (1/4)h of he intial volume. Then the ratio ofthe final to the inital essure 1S @it6 1B 124 ast 5 45. Foragas 7 = 3 and 640 ce ofthis gas is suddenly compressed to 80 cc. If the initial pressure is p, then the final pressure will be (a) 8 (0) 8p = ©) 169 (a) 64 16, The volume of a gas is reduced adiabatically to 1/4 of its volume at 27°C. IFy = 1.4, the new temperature will be fa) (300) 2° K (to) (300) 4K {c) (00) 4°* K (6) (300)2"* K {1-Anideal gas at a pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 27°C ‘s compressed adiabatically unti its pressure becomes Bimes the intial pressure, then the final temperature is, 12) @ arc Ww) sarc (9 427°C @) BTC 18. Cuing an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found tobe proportional to the cube ofits absolute temperature The ratio 2 cy for the gas is, 3 5 4 (2 o> ©3 Os 5) Heat engine ‘heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into «chanical energy. Tre essential parts of a heat engine are as follows Urce It is a reservoir of heat at high temperature and 'shnite thermal capacity. Any amount of heat can be {tice from it at constant temperature tink Itis a reservoir of heat at low temper ‘ital capacity. Any amount of heat can 3 constant temperature. ature and infinite be given to the Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (725 419. Spocitc heat of gas undergoing aciabatic changes is @ zero (o) infrite (©) positive {@) negative 20. The work done in which of the following processes is zero? 1 idathenmal process (0) Adiaba'c process (@) Adiabatic {@) Isochone 24. A gon system undergoe: + change in which the work done Dome System equals the ds = 22 _ t|mb} Toa Positive sign is used for heat absorption and negative sign is used for heat rejection. i) When temperature of a substance changes from T, to Ty, then 1 =j[2 ns['F = msin( 2) = 2303 mS logyo( 22 qt, where, m = Mass of the substance = Specific heat of the substance Example 15.53 200 gram of ice at 0°C is converted into water vapour at 100°C. Evaluate the change in entropy. Sol, Consider conversion of ice into water ice —+ water oc oc Change in entropy duting this conversion AQ _ mbics _ 200% 80 AS, = TE = Mice _ 200% 80 _ 54 6... To Ten gig 586 aK Again consider rise of temperature of water from 0°C to 100°C. water —>water oe hore“quange in entropy for this increase in temperature of the 2001 In( 322) 213 water » = 200 In (1.4) cal/K again consider conversion of water to vapour water —vapour Check point 15.4) 4 Asystem undergoes a cyclic process in which it absorbs Q, heat and gives out, heat. The efficiency of the process is ‘and work done is W. Select the correct statement, aw (€) Both (a) and (b) are correct {@) Bath (a) and (6) ae wrong 2. An ideal heat engine is opening between 227°C and 127°C. Itabsorbs 10* J amount of heat at the higher temperature. ‘he amount of heat corwerted into work (a) 2000 J (o) 40004 (©) 000 4 (@) 86005 2. The inside and outside temperature of a retigrator are 273 K and 308 K respectively. Assuming that refigerator jel is rversible. for every joule of work done the heat Severed to the surroundings wil be f@ 100 (@) 203 (6) SO) SO 4. Cat engine has an efficiency of 60% a sink temperature 50°C. Calculate the temperature of source. TSG) 14H) 10°C () B7VC 5. ACamot's engine is made to work between 200°C and o°C first and then between 0° and -200°C. The ratio of efficiencies (| of the engine in the two cases is my ite Ce cal! Change in entroy py for this conservation is ‘as, = 29 = Mbstean = 200% 540 - 249.5 cal” a cc! 373 Net change in entropy 6. 10. 5, + AS, + Ss 586 + 2001n(1.4) + 289.5 148.1 + 200 x 2.303 logo (1-4) =415.4 cal/K as Ia. Camot's engine functions at source temperature = 127°C land sink temperature = 87°C; what is its efficiency? (@) 10% (o) 25% (6) 40% (@) 50% 7 A Carnat’s engine, with its cold body at 17°C has 50% etficiency. Ifthe temperature of its hot body is now increased by 145°C, the efficiency becomes. (a) 55% (b) 60% e) 40% (0) 45% ‘The heat reservoir of an ideal Camot engine is at 800 K and Tssinkis at 400 K. The amount of heat taken init in one Secone fo produce ubet) mechanical work al the rate of 750 Ji8 (a) 22504 (©) 11254 (6) 1500 (@) 75053 For which combination of temperatures the effi ‘Carnot's engine is highest? 7 a (a) 80K, 60K (©) 100K, 80K (©) 60, 40K (@) 40K 20K Enuooyo system's elated wih (a) dlsorder of molecular motion ofthe eye (b) volume of the system eee (©) pressure ofthe System (@) None of the aboveChapter exercises A) Taking it together (Assorted questions of the chapter for advanced level practice) 1, In an adiabatic process, the state of a gas is changed from py Vi T, t© Pay Vz» T,. Which of the following relation is correct? ta) yt = Tey" ©) aM * = py © Tet = Ts (@ TK = TNE 2. Identify the incorrect statement related to a cyclic process (2) the initial and final conditions always esincide (b) Q=W @w>o (€) None of the above 3. p-V diagram of a diatomic gas is a straight line passing through origin, The molar heat capacity of the gas in the process will be (a) 4k @)25R BR @ 3 4, One mole of helium is adiabatically expanded from its initial state (p,, V,, T;) to its final state (py, V;, T)) ‘The decrease in the internal energy associated with this expansion is equal to @ Cy, 1) 0) C,(7; -7) Cw -T)) | -7) 1 © +, + : O56, 5. Two identical containers joined by a small pipe initially contain the same gas at pressure py and absolute temperature T,. One container is now ‘maintained at the same temperature while the other is heated to 275. The common pressure of the gases will be 3 4 5 (Fr Sm © Fm 2p 6. An ideal monoatomic gas is compressed (no heat being added or removed in the process) so that its volume is halved. The ratio of the new pressure to the original pressure is wero) ay to @y"* @) ap? 10. The process AU = 0, for an ideal gas can be best 7. If Carnot’s engine functions at source temperature =137°C an sink temperature = 97°C, what is its efficiency? @) 9.75% (b) 10.5% (©) 40% (@) 50% 8. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50 Nm“? from a volume of 10 m* to a volume of 4 m°. Energy of 10 J then added to the gas by heating. Its internal energy is, (a) increased by 400 (b) increased by 200] (©) increased by 100] (€) decreased by 200 J 9. An ideal gas undergoes four different processes from the same initial state (figure). Four processes are adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric and isochoric. Out of 1, 2, 3 and 4 which one is adiabatic? a4 3 (2 at represented in the form of a graph P, - ne ta | © KS T —y Coes », Asean © @ A —v eieeaneaae 11. The p-V diagram of a system undergoing ‘The work dorie by the system in going from thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. A> B- Cis 30 J and 40 J heat is given to the1 1B. rs 6 16, oven The change in internal energy between A ” © p= 10) 705 84] (@) 134) A thermally insulated rigid container contain an ideal heated by a filament of resistance 100 2 through “Current of 1 A for 5 min, then change in internal energy is a ow} ©) 10%) te) 20k) (d) 30 Ky Inthe p-V diagram, shown». in figure the net amount of work done will be (a) positive (b) negative (©) zero (a infinity Which of the accompanying pV diagram best represents an isothermal process » » a |4 © @ / {An ideal gas is allowed to expand vacuum in a rigid insulated conta freely against ner. The gas undergoes (a) an increase in its internal enerY (b) a decrease in its internal ener) (6) Neither an increase nor decrease in internal enera¥ (@) an increase in temperatwre An ideal gas mixture filled ip according to the relation pV temperature inside the balloe (2) incre Increasing (©) decreasing (0 constant () Cannot be defined temperature oF de a balloon expands = constant. The nis 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (733 “The internal energy of a gas is given by U = 2pV. It expands from Vo to 2Ve against a constant pressure der The heat absorbed by the gas in the process 18 ED 2p%o (b) ApV (0) BPMo (A Po ‘An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes the process AB 1 (@) data insufficient w vo) @ rrin| 22 w) erin| Y= [7 © ariel wo rrn| =" @) RTIn| |v=b ORT TS ‘A closed system undergoes a change of state by process I-> 2 for which Qy, =10J and W,, =~ 5J. ‘The system is now returned to its initial state by a different path 2 Lfor which Qs, is ~3]. The work done by the gas in the process 2—> lis 8s Were 2) 45J ‘A monoatomie gas is supplied the heat Q very slowly keeping the pressure constant. The worl done b gas will be oe a2 8 @2Q we (2 1 @2e@ wie. 734) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 24. 70 cal of heat are required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant presstite from 30°C to 35°C. The amount of heat required in calories to raise the temperature of the same gas through the same range (30°C-35°C) at constant volume is (a) 30 cal () 50 cal (©) 40 cal (€) 90 cal 25. The temperature of a hypothetical g increases to ¥2 times when compressed adiabatically to half the volume. Its equation ean be written as @) pv ©) pV =constant (©) pV" = constant (@ pv 26, Identity the graph (s) which correctly represents an isotherm at two temperatures T, and Ty © T,) constant constant © a 27, One mole of a perfect gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston has a pressure p, volume V and temperature T. If the temperature is increased by 1 K keeping Pressure constant, the increase in volume is v v i + av oF Oo @ 28. Ideal monoatomic gas is taken through a process dQ = 2dU. The molar heat capacity for the process is (where dQ is heat supplied and dU'is change in internal energy) @24R — ()3R OR (@ 2K 29, Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is @ = — pinks G10 nJ_— W)10* RJ (C10? RY (A) 10? xy 30, Unit ms of Hg with volute i completly hanged into a gas of volume Va constant ie ieee pattemperature [1 the latent heat of evaporation is L, then the inetease in the internal energy of the system ts (b) ps) wt (a) zero () L= ps 31, A gas mixture consists of 4 moles of oxygen nd 6 moles argon at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the system is @)4RT (ART (e) BRT) LRT 32, One mole of an ideal monoatomie gas is at 360 K and a pressure of LO° Pa. It is compressed at constant pressure until its volume is halved. Taking Ras 8.3 mol! K"! and the initial volume of the gas as 3.0x 10-*m’, the work done on the gas is (@) =1500) (b) +1500] (©) ~3000} (@) +3000 33. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature T,, is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston, The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a temperature T, by releasing the piston sudden! L, and L, are lengths of the gas column before ai after expansion respectively, then T; /T, is given by oi)” (oY ay" If an average person jogs, he produces 14.5x 10° cal/min. This is removed by the evaporation of sweat. The amount of sweat evaporated per minute (assuming 1 kg requires 580 x 10° cal for evaporation) is 90.25 bg W)22ke (10.05 ky (0.20 kg An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process in which its internal energy U and density p vary as Up = constant. The ratio of change in internal energy and the work done by the gas is 3 o> 34, 35, gt = ry 5 oF 36. The molar heat capacity in a process of a diatomic as if it does a work of Q/4 when a heat of Qis supplied to it is 2 5 10 6 @2r SR «0 7 . > FR WSR 87. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a monoatomic gas from 20°C to 30°C at ‘constant volume is H. Then the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2 mole of a diatomic gas from 20°C to 25°C at constant pressure s wan w sn 3 7 @2 Z 3% @ aH38 38. 40. 41 2, pVdiogram of acyclic > process ABCA is as shown, tn figure. Choose the correct statement, fe) AQu-sa = negative (0) AU ps = Positive 8 c (6 AWoap =negative {@ Allof the above ‘Two different ideal diatomic gases A and B are initially in the same state, A and Bare then expanded to same final volume through adiabatic and isothermal process respectively. If ps py and Ty, Tp represents the final pressure and temperatures at A and Bresepectively, then @ pa py and T,>Ty © pa>peard Ts Ty Inthe cyclic process ABCDA shown in the figure, consider the following statements. Pw v lc —v I Area ABCD = Work done on the gas I, Area ABCD =Net heat absorbed TIL. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0 Which of these are correct? ( Tonly (@ Wand Pressure versus density graph shown in figure () Honly (@) I, Wand UL of an ideal gas is se dane by the gas is postive AB wr Sons bythe gs is negative energy of the Bas (a) during the process (0) during the process (6) during the process BC it (0 None a the ab fone of the above A refrigerator, whose coefficient of ue 4, extracts heat from the cooling pane eer ela a rate of 400 J per cycle. How much work Ps Tequired to operate the refrigerator? (8) 100 J (b) 200] ( soy @ 25) 43, Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics (135 One mole of a monoatomic gas is carried along process ABCDEA as shown in the diagram. Find the net work done by gas 44. 45, 46, 47. 3 1 as) iy 5) (@ oy ‘The p-V diagram of 2 g of helium gas for a certain process A —> Bis shown in the figure. What is the heat given to the gas during the process A> B? (2) 4p%q—(B) GPW (0) Spevo—(@) 2paVo Aggas undergoes AtoB through three different processes 1, 2, and 3 as shown in the figure. The heat supplied to the gas is Qs and Qs respectively, then @) Q=Q=Q ©) Q<@<@ ( Q> Ur @) Q=Q:>Q ‘A perfect gas goes from state A to another state B by absorbing 8 x 10° J of heat and doing 6.5x 10° J of ‘work (by the gas). It is now transferred between the same two states in another process in which it absorbs 10° J of heat. Then, in the second process (a) work done on gas is ~ 0.5» 10° J (&) work done by gus 8 0.5% 10° 7 (0) work done on gas is 10° J (4) work done by gas is 10° J ‘Two pistons can move freely inside a horizontal cylinder having two sections of _ ‘unequal cross-sections. The pistons are joined by an inextensible, light string and some gas is enclosed between the pistons. On heating the system, the piston will {@) move to the left (0) move to the right (Q remain stationary {@) (a) or (c) depending upon the initial pressure of the gas138) 48, 49, 50. 51. 52. OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 When an air bubble rises from the bottom to the surface of a lake, its radius becomes double, Find the depth of the lake. Given that the atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure due to a column of water 10 m high. Assume constant temperature and disregard surface tension (@) 30m ®) 40m © 70m (@ 80m A container of volume 1m? is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One of these ‘compartments contains an ideal gas at 300 K. The other compartment is vacuum. The whole system is thermally isolated from its surroundings. The partition is removed in the gas container. Its temperature now would be (a) 300K (b) greater than 300K (6) less than 300 K (@) Data insufficient Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from volume V, to V; in three different ways. The work done by the gas is W, if the process is isothermal, W, if isobaric and W, if adiabatic, then (a) W, > >W, (b) Wa > Wy >, (Wow, >w, (@) WoW >, A carnot’s engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7° C has efficiency of 50%. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees should the temperature of the high temperature reservoir be increased. (@) 933K (0 373K (b) 432K (@) 267 K A certain mass of an ideal gas is at pressure p, and volume Vj. It is compressed isothermally and then allowed to expand adiabatically until its pressure returns to py. The gas is then allowed to expand its, original volume. Upon which of the following p-V graphs are these processes correctly shown? 53. A and Bare two adiabatic curves for two different gases. Then A and B corresponds to SS ; (@) Arand He respectively (b) He and H, respectively (0) Oy and, respectively (d) H and He respectively 54. The pressure (1x 10°Nm™) of the air filled in a vessel is decreased adiabatically so much as to increase its volume three times. ‘The air pressure is (y for air = 14, logig 3 = 0.4771, logo 2.148 = 0.33206) (a) 2.14% 10° Nm? (6) 2.19 10° Nm (91.14 «10° Nev? (@) 3.14% 10% Nm? 55. An ideal gas undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in given p-V diagram. The amount of work done by the gas is v mr 2p » 3% ©) 60%» 0) 2p. © +2pM (+p, 56. Two different masses of a gas m and 3m are heated separately in vessels of equal volume. The T-p curve for mass 2m makes angle a with T-axis and that for mass m takes angle B with T-axis then @) tana =tanB 0) tana =2tanB © tanB=2tana (@) None of these 57. In a cyclic process shown in the figure, an ideal gas. is adiabatically taken from B to A, the work done on the gas during the process B > Ais 30 J, when the gas is taken from A — B the heat abs is 20 J. The change in internal the process A — Bis ‘orbed by the gas ‘energy of the gas in ’ A SX 30] v 20) 307) 505-10538. nmoles of an ideal gas undergo a process in which the temperature changes with volume as T = KY? The work done by the gas as the changes from Ty to 4T, is (a) 3nRTo 10 (3) 2 59. One mole of a gas expands with temperature T such that its volume, V = kT?, where kis a constant. If the temperature of the gas changes by 60°C, then the work done by the gas is iges by 60°C, then the (120K (b) RIn 60 (e) ARIn 60. (d) GORR 60, An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process in which the gas volume relates to temperature as VT = constant. Then molar specific heat of gas in this process is R ws WR temperature ‘ o (2), (@) zero oF (4) None of these 61. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at constant pressure C', undergoes the process T =Ty +aV, where T, anda are constants. If its volume increases from V, to V; the amount of heat transferred to the gas is 9 C, RT| Ye ° IM ) aC, -Y)-RT, In 2. A cyclic process for 1 mol of an ideal is shown in the V-T diagram. The work done in AB, BC and CA respectively is @ arr: in| “| Rm - QRT, ks 1¥, A ) RG, -7,), ORT In 63. 64. 65. Chapter 15: Laws of thermodynamics Gar (c) In| (T -T, (9 atin] 2 wey 9 (@ nr] %| ee ~19 ‘When a system is taken from state {to a state f along path jaf, Q = 50] and W = 20]. If W = -13] for the curved feturn path fi, Q in this path is ’ (@) 33] ©) 235 7 (@ ~43) Two Camot's engines A and B are operated in succession. The first one, A receives heat from a source at T; = 800 K and rejects to sinks at T, K. The second engine B receives heat rejected by the first engine and rejects to another sink at T, = 300 K. If the work outputs of two engines are equal, then the value of T, is {@) 100K ) 300K (© 550K @ 700K Consider p-V diagram for an ideal gas shown in figure. ‘Out of the following diagrams, which figure represents the T-p diagram? n 1 2 o « 1 3 r n a (| 2 su e @ Gv) Gi (©) Gi) aa~ 738) OBJECTIVE PHYSICS Vol. 1 66. A sample of 100 67. 68, 70. g water is slowly heated from 27°C to 87°C. What is the change in the entropy of the watet? Specific heat capacity of water = 4200) Jkg-K. (a) 420 In (1.2) JK“! (b) 220 In (1.4) JK“ (0 120.5) JK" (@) 320 In (1.2) TK An ideal gas is taken through a cyclic thermodynamie process through four steps. The amounts of heat involved in these steps are Q = 5960 J, Q, = - 5585 J, Q5 = 2980] and Qu-= 3645] respectively. The corresponding works involved are W; = 2200}, W, = — 825], W, = -1100] and W, respectively. ‘What is the efficiency of the eycle (@) 1082 % () 11.42% (© 932% (@) 5.82% At 27°C two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupy a volume V. The gas expands adiabatically to a volume 2V. Which of the following option correct, (@) Final temperature of the gas is 189 K (6) Change in its internal energy, -2767.235 (6) The work done by the gas during the process is 2767.25 @) All are correct Consider two containers A and B containing identical gases at the same pressure, volume and temperature. ‘The gas in container A is compressed to half of its original volume isothermally while the gos in container B is compressed to half of its original value adiabatically. The ratio of final pressure of gas in B to that of gas in A is no »(°) art tie 1y {4 of “() (5) ‘Three copper blocks of masses M,,M, and My kg respectively are brought into thermal contact till they reach equilibrium. Before contact, they were at temperatures 7, T; and T, (T, > T, > T,). Assuming there is no heat loss to the surroundings, the ‘equilibrium temperature T's (s is specific heat of copper) @T-EtR+h 3 _ M+ Maly + Ml, wr M,+M, +My (r= Mt MTs + MT, 3M, + M, +My) MIs+MjTis+ Moros M+M +My @T= 71. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a eycle as shown in figure. It absorbs 50 J of energy during the process AB, no heat during BG, rejects 70 J during CA. lA 40 J of work is done on the gas during BC. Internal energy of gas at A is 1500 J, the internal energy at C would be @) 1890} (b) 1620) @) 1540) 72. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas undergoes the process A —> Bin the given p-V diagram. The molar heat capacity for this process is 3R 13R ts ty IR at oF @ 1570) 5R oF (@2R 78, Carbon monoxide is carried around a closed cycle aabea in which be is an isothermal process as shown in the figure. The gas absorbs 7000 J of heat as its temperature increases from 300 K to 1000 K in going from ato b, P cs a Vaca The quantity of heat rejected by the gas during the process ca is approximately (@) 4200] () 5000 J (©) 9000] (@) - 9800) 74. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperatures are T, = 600 K, Ty = 800 K, Te = 2200 K and T, =1200K, the work done per cycle is approximately Tr @ 20 30K © 40 CO