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    Internet and Computer Networks

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    Ayatakshi Roy
    The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

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    Internet and Computer Networks

    Uploaded by

    Ayatakshi Roy
    8 views38 pages
    The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

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    The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    8 views38 pages

    Internet and Computer Networks

    Uploaded by

    Ayatakshi Roy
    The document discusses the hierarchical organization of the Internet and computer networks. It begins with an overview of end users, end servers, and the physical infrastructure that connects them. It then covers the standardized protocols that allow communication across this infrastructure. It describes the layers of the 7-layer model and how responsibilities are distributed between layers, using the postal system as an analogy. It also discusses concepts like IP addressing, routing tables, TCP and UDP, and how reliable and unreliable connections are established over the network.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    Internet and Computer Networks

    The Internet

    End-server

    End-user
    The Internet

    Physical infrastructure
    The Internet

    Standardized Protocols

    Physical infrastructure
    The Hierarchical Organization
    mobile network
    national or global ISP

    local or
    Internet
    regional ISP

    home network content


    provider
    network datacenter
    network

    enterprise
    network
    Distribution of responsibilities
    between layers: The post-office
    example
    The 7-layer model
    To
    From
    user
    user

    To physical
    medium From physical
    medium
    Header and Payload
    The 7-layer model

    2.9
    Process-to-process delivery
    (Transport layer)
    Process-to-process delivery using Port
    Process-to-process delivery
    (Transport layer Socket)
    Hop-to-hop delivery (Routing
    Layer)
    The TCP /IP model
    The TCP /IP model
    Addresses
    App

    OS

    H/W
    H/W Addresses
    IP Addresses
    Process level addresses
    IP Address format
    IP Address classes
    IP Address classes
    Find the class of each address.
    a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
    b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
    c. 14.23.120.8
    d. 252.5.15.111
    IP Address classes
    Find the class of each address.
    a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
    b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
    c. 14.23.120.8
    d. 252.5.15.111

    Solution
    a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
    b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
    address.
    c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
    d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
    Private and public addresses
    IP Address classes: concept of
    Mask
    IP Address classes

    What is a loop-back address?


    Net ID & Host ID
    Net ID & Host ID & Subnetting
    Net ID & Host ID & Subnetting
    Subnetting
    Note

    Slash notation is also called


    Classless Inter-
    Inter-Domain Routing
    (CIDR)
    notation.
    NAT
    Routing Table
    Routing Table
    Adding an entry
    route add 10.10.10.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.10.29.1
    It indicates that any packets to 10.10.10.0 (in class C – 255.255.255.0) network
    should be forwarded to 10.10.29.1 router (gateway). But it would disappear
    with shutdown.

    route add –p 10.10.10.0 mask 255.255.255.0 10.10.29.1

    P will make it persistent


    Deleting an entry

    route delete 10.10.10.0


    Reliable connection oriented transport :
    Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

    Like a
    telephone
    call

    Ex:
    Browsing,
    E-mail, etc.
    Best Effort Transport : User Datagram Protocol
    (UDP)
    Like Telegram

    Ex: Browsing, E-mail, etc. Ex: VoIP

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