Seve Albert H.

Paglinawan 11-Einstein

Assignment for Prob. & Stat.

1. What is the difference between parameters and statistics? Give Examples

A parameter is a number describing a whole population (e.g., population mean),
while a statistic is a number describing a sample (e.g., sample mean).

Examples of parameters:
 20% of students of section Gold voted for a particular measure. There are
only 40 students in section Gold, you can count what every single one of
them voted.
 40% of 1,211 student drivers at a driving school got below a 30 on a
standardized test. You know this because you have each and every
students’ test score.
 44% of 300 construction workers at a construction firm were paid less than
$17,000 per year. You have the payroll data for all of the workers.
Examples of statistics:
 50% of Filipinos agree with the latest health protocol proposal. It’s not
possible to actually ask hundreds of millions of people whether they agree.
Researchers have to just take samples and calculate the rest.
 30% of dog owners poop scoop after their dog. It’s impossible to survey all
dog owners—no one keeps an accurate track of exactly how many people
own dogs. This data had to be from a sample, so it’s a statistic.
 46% of Brooklyn, New York residents report that they have at least played in
a PlayStation system. It’s very doubtful that anyone polled in excess of a
million people for this data. They took a sample, so they have a statistic.

2. Define Margin of errors and write the formula, give at least one example
The formula is a little different for proportions:

Where:

 = sample proportion (“P-hat”),

 n = sample size,
 z = z-score.

Question: 1000 people were surveyed and 380 thought that climate change was not caused by human
pollution. Find the MoE for a 90% confidence interval.
Step 1: Find P-hat by dividing the number of people who responded positively. “Positively” in this sense
doesn’t mean that they gave a “Yes” answer; It means that they answered according to the statement in
the question. In this case, 380/1000 people (38%) responded positively.

Step 2: Find the z-score that goes with the given confidence interval. You’ll need to reference this
chart of common critical values. A 90% confidence interval has a z-score (a critical value) of 1.645.
Seve Albert H. Paglinawan 11-Einstein

Step 3: Insert the values into the formula and solve:

= 1.645 * 0.0153

= 0.0252

Step 4: Turn Step 3 into a percentage:

0.0252 = 2.52%
The margin of error is 2.52%.

3. Define Confidence interval and give examples

The confidence interval is the range of values that you expect your estimate to
fall between a certain percentage of the time if you run your experiment again or
re-sample the population in the same way. Confidence interval is the level of
unpredictability with a specific statistic. Usually, it is used in association with the
margin of errors to reveal the confidence a statistician has in judging the results
of an online survey or online poll are worthy to represent the entire population or
not.

Examples:
1. You survey 100 Brits and 100 Americans about their television-watching habits, and
find that both groups watch an average of 35 hours of television per week.
However, the British people surveyed had a wide variation in the number of hours
watched, while the Americans all watched similar amounts.

Even though both groups have the same point estimate (average number of hours
watched), the British estimate will have a wider confidence interval than the American
estimate because there is more variation in the data.

2. We measure the heights of 40 randomly chosen men, and get a mean height

of 175cm,
We also know the standard deviation of men's heights is 20cm.
The 95% Confidence Interval (we show how to calculate it later) is:

The "±" means "plus or minus", so 175cm ± 6.2cm means

 175cm − 6.2cm = 168.8cm to 
 175cm + 6.2cm = 181.2cm
Seve Albert H. Paglinawan 11-Einstein

And our result says the true mean of ALL men (if we could measure all their heights) is
likely to be between 168.8cm and 181.2cm
But it might not be!
The "95%" says that 95% of experiments like we just did will include the true mean,
but 5% won't.
So there is a 1-in-20 chance (5%) that our Confidence Interval does NOT include the
true mean.

4.
z-table:

t-table:
Seve Albert H. Paglinawan 11-Einstein

f-table:
Seve Albert H. Paglinawan 11-Einstein

chi-square table: