DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS

Modus Ponens
Modus Tollens
Hypothetical Syllogism
Disjunctive Syllogism
Categorical Arguments (Venn Diagram)
P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

\P2
C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
IN THE QUIZ
 MODUS PONENS
(Mode that Affirms – Affirms the Antecedent)

P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.

(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(AFFIRM)
P2. The universe had a beginning,

(BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
 MODUS PONENS
(Mode that Affirms – Affirms the Antecedent)

P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.

(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(AFFIRM)
P2. The universe had a beginning,

(BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
 MODUS PONENS
(Mode that Affirms – Affirms the Antecedent)

P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.

(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(AFFIRM)
P2. The universe had a beginning.

(BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
 MODUS PONENS
(Mode that Affirms – Affirms the Antecedent)

P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.

(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(AFFIRM)
P2. The universe had a beginning,

(BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
 MODUS PONENS
(Mode that Affirms – Affirms the Antecedent)

P1. If the universe had a beginning, it must have had a cause.

(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(AFFIRM)
P2. The universe had a beginning.

(BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, it must have had a cause.
 MODUS TOLLENS
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He will not rise from the dead.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)
NOTE: There are 3 examples given. The 3rd one, with both the antecedent
and the consequent, in the affirmative is probably the less confusing.
 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 3)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He stayed in the grave.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(DENY)
P2. He did not stay in the grave.

(THE OPPOSITE OF THE ANTECEDENT BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, Jesus is not only a man..

 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 3)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He stayed in the grave.

P2. He did not stay in the grave.

C. Therefore, Jesus is not only a man..

 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 1)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He did not rise from the dead.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(DENY)
P2. He did rise from the dead.
 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 1)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He did not rise from the dead.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(DENY)
P2. He did rise from the dead.

(THE OPPPSITE OF THE ANTECEDENT BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, Jesus is not only a man..

 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 1)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus is only a man, He did not rise from the dead.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)
(DENY)
P2. He did rise from the dead.

(DENIED ANCECDENT BECOMES THE CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, Jesus is not only a man..
 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 2)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus did not rise from the dead, He is just a man.
(ANTECEDENT) (CONSEQUENT)

(DENY)
P2. He is not just a man.

(THE OPPPSITE OF THE ANTECEDENT BECOMES THE

CONCLUSION)

C. Therefore, Jesus did rise from the dead.

 MODUS TOLLENS (Ex. 2)
(Mode that Denies – Denies the Consequent)
P1. If Jesus did not rise from the dead, He is just a man.

P2. He is not just a man.

C. Therefore, Jesus did rise from the dead.

DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Either / Or)
P1. Either you are saved by grace alone or you are saved by grace plus works.
 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Either / Or)
P1. Either you are saved by grace alone or you are saved by grace plus works.

P2. You are not saved by grace plus works.

 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Either / Or)
P1. Either you are saved by grace alone or you are saved by grace plus works.

P2. You are not saved by grace plus works.

C. Therefore, you are saved by grace alone.

 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Either / Or)
P1. Either you are saved by grace alone or you are saved by grace plus works.

P2. You are not saved by grace plus works.

C. Therefore, you are saved by grace alone.

DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Who caused God?)
 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Who caused God?)
1. Either God was caused by nothing, God caused Himself, God caused
by another God who was caused by another God who was caused by
another God to infinity, or God is uncaused.
 DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM
(Who caused God?)
1. Either God was caused by nothing, God caused Himself, God caused
by another God who was caused by another God who was caused by
another God to infinity, or God is uncaused.

2. God was not caused by nothing, God did not cause Himself, God was
not caused by another God who was caused by another God who was
caused by another God to infinity.

3. Therefore, God is uncaused.

 HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
1. If you are saved faith, then you are not saved by works.
 HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
1. If you are saved faith, then you are not saved by works.

2. If you are not by works, then you can not boast.

 HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
1. If you are saved faith, then you are not saved by works.

2. If you are not saved by works, then you can not boast.

3. If you are are by faith, then you can not boast.

 HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
1. If you are saved faith, then you are not saved by works.

2. If you are not saved by works, then you can not boast.

3. If you are are by faith, then you can not boast.

 Potentiality & Actuality: Argument from Change
1. If whatever is changed from potential to actual is not changed by
its own accord, then whatever is changed from potential to actual
must be changed by an already existing external influence (an
actualizer).
 Potentiality & Actuality: Argument from Change
1. If whatever is changed from potential to actual is not changed by
its own accord, then whatever is changed from potential to actual
must be changed by an already existing external influence (an
actualizer).

2. If whatever is changed from potential to actual must be changed

by an already existing external influence (an actualizer), then infinite
regress of changes from potential to actual is impossible.
 Potentiality & Actuality: Argument from Change
1. If whatever is changed from potential to actual is not changed by
its own accord, then whatever is changed from potential to actual
must be changed by an already existing external influence (an
actualizer).

2. If whatever is changed from potential to actual must be changed

by an already existing external influence (an actualizer), then infinite
regress of changes from potential to actual is impossible.

3. If infinite regress of changes from potential to actual is impossible,

then there must exist an unchanging external influence (a Purely
Actual Actualizer).
 Potentiality & Actuality: Argument from Change
1. If whatever is changed from potential to actual is not changed by
its own accord, then whatever is changed from potential to actual
must be changed by an already existing external influence (an
actualizer).

2. If whatever is changed from potential to actual must be changed

by an already existing external influence (an actualizer), then infinite
regress of changes from potential to actual is impossible.

3. If infinite regress of changes from potential to actual is impossible,

then there must exist an unchanging external influence (a Purely
Actual Actualizer).

4. Therefore, if whatever is changed from potential to actual is not

changed by its own accord, then there must exist an unchanging
external influence (a Purely Actual Actualizer).
CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS
M

S P
NOT IN THE QUIZ
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be

distributed at least once.
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be

distributed at least once.

- Which one is the middle term?

- How do we know if it is
distributed or undistributed?
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

- Which one is the middle term?

P1. Every man is mortal.

major middle
P2. Your mom is mortal.
minor
C. Your mom is man.
subject predicate
minor major
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

- Which one is the middle term?

P1. Every man is mortal.

major middle
P2. Your mom is mortal.
minor
C. Your mom is man.
subject predicate
minor major
ALWAYS!
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

- Which one is the middle term?

P1. Every man is mortal.

major middle
P2. Your mom is mortal.
minor
C. Your mom is man.
subject predicate
minor major
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

- Which one is the middle term?

P1. Every man is mortal.

major middle
P2. Your mom is mortal.
minor middle
C. Your mom is man.
subject predicate
minor major
- How do we know if the middle
term is distributed or
undistributed?
 TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
Type A
Universal Affirmative
Ex: All dogs are mammals.
subject predicate
distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!
 TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
Type A
Universal Affirmative
Ex: All dogs are mammals.
subject predicate
distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!
Type E
Universal Negative
Ex: No dogs are reptiles.
subject predicate
distributed distributed
ALWAYS!
 TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
Type A Type I
Universal Affirmative Particular Affirmative
Ex: All dogs are mammals. Ex: Some dogs are black.
subject predicate subject predicate
distributed undistributed undistributed undistributed
ALWAYS! ALWAYS!
Type E
Universal Negative
Ex: No dogs are reptiles.
subject predicate
distributed distributed
ALWAYS!
 TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
Type A Type I
Universal Affirmative Particular Affirmative
Ex: All dogs are mammals. Ex: Some dogs are black.
subject predicate subject predicate
distributed undistributed undistributed undistributed
ALWAYS! ALWAYS!
Type E Type O
Universal Negative Particular Negative
Ex: No dogs are reptiles. Ex: Some dogs are not black.
subject predicate subject predicate
distributed distributed undistributed distributed
ALWAYS! ALWAYS!
- How do we know if the middle
term is distributed or
undistributed?

A: P1. Every man is mortal.

D U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal.
D U
A: C. Your mom is man
- How do we know if the middle
term is distributed or
undistributed?

Type A
subject predicate
distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!

A: P1. Every man is mortal.

U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal.

A: C. Your mom is man

- How do we know if the middle
term is distributed or
undistributed?

Type A
subject predicate
distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!

A: P1. Every man is mortal.

D U U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal.
D U
A: C. Your mom is man
D U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be distributed

at least once.

FORMAL FALLACY:
Undistributed Middle

A: P1. Every man is mortal.

D U U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal.
D U
A: C. Your mom is man
D U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be distributed

at least once.

FORMAL FALLACY:
Undistributed Middle

A: P1. Every man is mortal.

D U U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal.
D U
A: C. Your mom is man
D U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be distributed

at least once.

FORMAL FALLACY:
Undistributed Middle
AAA -2
A: P1. Every man is mortal. A: P1 P M
D U U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal. A: P2 S M
D U
A: C. Your mom is man A: C S P
D U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism

Middle Term must be distributed

at least once.

FORMAL FALLACY:
Undistributed Middle
AAA -2
A: P1. Every man is mortal. A: P1 P M
D U U
A: P2. Your mom is mortal. A: P2 S M
D U
A: C. Your mom is man A: C S P
D U
 Deity of Christ
U
Jn. 8:58

Ex. 3:14
minor middle
D U
minor major
D U.
A: P1. God is I AM. (Ex. 3:14)
major middle
D U U

A: P2. Jesus is I AM. (Jn. 8:58)

minor middle
D U

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Type A
A: P2. Jesus is I AM. subject predicate
minor middle distributed undistributed
D U ALWAYS!

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Type A
A: P2. Jesus is I AM. subject predicate
minor middle distributed undistributed
D U ALWAYS!

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Type A
A: P2. Jesus is I AM. subject predicate
minor middle distributed undistributed
D U ALWAYS!

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Type A
A: P2. Jesus is I AM. subject predicate
minor middle distributed undistributed
D U ALWAYS!

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Type A
A: P2. Jesus is I AM. subject predicate
minor middle distributed undistributed
D U ALWAYS!

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. God is I AM.
major middle
D U U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism
A: P2. Jesus is I AM.
minor middle
D U Middle Term must be
distributed at least once.
A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major A: P1 P M AAA-2
D U
A: P2 S M

A: C S P
A: P1. God is Yahweh. FORMAL FALLACY:
major middle Undistributed Middle
D U U
Rule in Categorical Syllogism
A: P2. Jesus is Yahweh.
minor middle
D U Middle Term must be
distributed at least once.
A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major A: P1 P M AAA-2
D U
A: P2 S M

A: C S P
 AAA -1
A: P1 M P

A: P2 S M

A: C S P
KALAM COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT - VALIDTY
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause.

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.
Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.
Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.
Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 AAA-1 A: P1 M P

A: P2 S M

A: C S P

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 AAA-1 A: P1 M P
VALID?
A: P2 S M

A: C S P

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 AAA-1 A: P1 M P
VALID? YES!
A: P2 S M

A: C S P

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 AAA-1 A: P1 M P
TRUE?
A: P2 S M

A: C S P

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 AAA-1 A: P1 M P
TRUE? DON’T KNOW YET
must defend scientifically, A: P2 S M
philosophically, etc.
A: C S P

P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

Middle Term Middle Term Major Term
P2: The universe began to exist..
Minor Term Middle Term
Middle Term
C: The universe must have had a cause.
Subject Predicate
Minor Term Major Term
 Deity of Christ
U
Jn. 8:58

Ex. 3:14

Let’s build a valid argument!

minor middle
A: P1. Whoever ascribed Yahweh in the Bible is God.
middle major
D U
U Type A
A: P2. Jesus is ascribed Yahweh in the Bible
minor middle
subject predicate
D U distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!
A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. Whoever ascribed Yahweh in the Bible is God.
middle major
D U
U Type A
A: P2. Jesus is ascribed Yahweh in the Bible.
minor middle
subject predicate
D U distributed undistributed
ALWAYS!
A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. Whoever ascribed Yahweh in the Bible is God.
middle major
D U
U
A: P2. Jesus is is ascribed Yahweh in the Bible
minor middle
D U

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. Whoever ascribed Yahweh in the Bible is God.
middle major
D U
U
A: P2. Jesus is ascribed Yahweh in the Bible
minor middle
D U

A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major
D U
A: P1. Whomever is ascribed to as I AM in Scriptures is God. ascribed
Yahweh in the middle major
D U U
A: P2. Jesus is ascribed to as I AM in Scriptures.
minor middle
D U
AAA -1
A: C. Jesus is God.
minor major A: P1 M P
D U
A: P2 S M

A: C S P
IN THE QUIZ
ACTS of INTELLECT, CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS & VENN DIAGRAM

S P
ACTS of INTELLECT, CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS & VENN DIAGRAM

S P
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

DOGS MAMMALS
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

TERMS DOGS MAMMALS

ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

All DOGS are MAMMALS

ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

PROPOSITION All DOGS are MAMMALS

ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

PROPOSITION All DOGS are MAMMALS

Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Type A
PROPOSITION All DOGS are MAMMALS
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Shaded = Empty

Type A
PROPOSITION All DOGS are MAMMALS
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Shaded = Empty

Type A
PROPOSITION All DOGS are MAMMALS
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Type E
PROPOSITION NO DOGS are REPTILES
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Shaded
= Empty

Type E
PROPOSITION NO DOGS are REPTILES
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Type I
PROPOSITION Some DOGS are BLACK
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

X
Only some
but NOT all

Type I
PROPOSITION Some DOGS are BLACK
Think Intersection!!!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

Type O
PROPOSITION Some DOGS are not BLACK
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning

X
Only some
but NOT all

Type O
PROPOSITION Some DOGS are not BLACK
Think OUTSIDE of Intersection!!!
UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE

PARTICUALRAFFIRMATIVE
PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE PARTICULAR NEGATIVE
 PROPOSITIONS

THINK INTERSECTIONS!
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning
ACTS OF THE INTELLECT
Apprehension
Judgement
Reasoning
ARGUMENT
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P
ARGUMENT M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

P S
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

S P
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

S P
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

S P
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P?

S P
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

VALID

S P
 M
P1: All M is P
P2: All S is M
C: All S is P

VALID

S P
 APOLOGETICS APPLICATION
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause.

 Began to Exist
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a Cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause

Universe Cause
 Began to Exist
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a Cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause

Universe Cause
 Began to Exist
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a Cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause

Universe Cause
 Began to Exist
P1: Whatever began to exist must have had a Cause.

P2: The universe began to exist.

C: The universe must have had a cause

Universe Cause
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M

S M
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M

S M
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M

S M
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M?

S M
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M?

INVALID

S M
 P
P1: All S is P
P2: All M is P
C: All S is M?

INVALID

S M
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man.

Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man.

Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man.

Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man.

Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man.

Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man?

INVALID
Mom Man
 Mortal
P1: Every man is mortal.
P2: Your mom is mortal
C: Your mom is man?

INVALID
Mom Man
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P ?

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P

INVALID

S P
 M
P1: All P are M
P2: All M are S
C: All S are P
Some S are M
INVALID

S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P

S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P

S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P

X
S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P?

X
S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P

VALID
X
S P
 M
P1: Some P are M
P2: All M are S
C: Some S are P

VALID
X
S P
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B

A B
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B

A B
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B

X
A B
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B?

X
A B
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B

VALID
X
A B
 C
P1: All C is B
P2: Some A is C
C: Some A is B

VALID
X
A B
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P

S P
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P

S P
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P X

S P
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P X
X
S P
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P? X
X
S P
 M
P1: Some M is not P
P2: Some S is M
C: Some S is not P X
INVALID
X
S P
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C

A C
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C

A C
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C

A C
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C?

A C
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C

VALID

A C
 B
P1: All A is B
P2: No B is C
C: No A is C

VALID

A C

No A is C
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C

A C
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C

A C
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C

A C
X
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C?

A C
X
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C?

INVALID

A C
X
 B
P1: Some A is not B
P2: All B is C
C: Some A is C?

INVALID

A ? C
X ?