CANCER MODALITIES

NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

a drug a type of cancer a type of cancer a cancer used to treat

treatment that treatment that treatment that treatment cancer, is a
uses powerful helps your immune targets proteins that uses procedure in
chemicals to kill system fight cancer that control how high doses of which a
fast-growing cancer cells radiation to surgeon
cells in your grow, divide, kill removes
body and spread. cancer cells a cancer from
nd shrink your body.
Immune checkpoint tumors. At
inhibitors, which are low doses, Cryosurgery a
drugs that block radiation is type of
immune used in x-rays treatment in
checkpoints. Small-molecule to see inside which extreme
When used with drugs are small your body, as cold produced
other T-cell transfer enough to enter with x-rays of by liquid
treatments, therapy, which is a cells easily, so your teeth or nitrogen or
chemotherapy treatment that they are used broken bones. argon gas is
can: boosts the natural used to
for targets that
ability of your T destroy
are inside cells.
Make a tumor cells to fight abnormal
smaller before cancer. tissue.
Monoclonal
surgery or
Monoclonal antibodies, also Lasers
radiation
antibodies, which known as This is a type
therapy. This is The type of
called are immune system therapeutic cancer of treatment in
neoadjuvant proteins created in antibodies, are which powerful
proteins the size of the beams of light
chemotherapy. the lab that are
tumor are used to cut
designed to bind to produced in the
specific targets on lab. These the tumor’s through
Geomhai B. Catbagan | NCM 112 LEC
 CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

Destroy cancer cancer cells. proteins are location in the tissue.

cells that may designed to body
remain after Treatment vaccines, attach to how close the Hyperthermia
treatment with which work against specific targets tumor is to is a type of
surgery or cancer by boosting found on cancer normal treatment in
radiation your immune cells. Some tissues that which small
therapy. This is system’s response are sensitive areas of body
monoclonal
called adjuvant to cancer cells. to radiation tissue are
antibodies mark
chemotherapy. exposed to
Immune system cancer cells so your general high
Help other that they will be health and
treatments work modulators, which better seen and medical
temperatures
better. enhance the
body’s immune destroyed by history Photodynamic
Kill cancer cells response against the immune whether you Therapy
that have cancer. system. will have is a type of
returned or other types of treatment that
spread to other cancer uses drugs
parts of your treatment which react to
body. a certain type
other factors,
such as your of light.
age and other
medical
conditions

Geomhai B. Catbagan | NCM 112 LEC

CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

 keep the cell from reproducing (making copies of itself) by damaging its
DNA. These drugs work in all phases of the cell cycle and are used to treat
many different cancers, including cancers of the lung, breast, and ovary
as well as leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, and
sarcoma.

Examples:

 Melphalan
 Oxaliplatin
 Temozolomide
 Thiotepa
 Trabectedin

 a subclass of microtubule-targeting agents that stimulate the assembly

of purified tubulin and increase the density of cellular microtubules by
shifting the equilibrium of tubulin polymer from the soluble to the
polymerized form
Examples
 Depolymerization.
 Epothilone A.
 Colchicine.
 Epothilone.
 Taxane.

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CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

 Mitotic inhibitors are also called plant alkaloids. They are compounds
derived from natural products, such as plants. They work by stopping
cells from dividing to form new cells, but can damage cells in all
phases by keeping enzymes from making proteins needed for cell
reproduction.

Examples of mitotic inhibitors include the taxanes and vinca alkaloids.

Taxanes include:

 Cabazitaxel
 Docetaxel
 Nab-paclitaxel
 Paclitaxel

Vinca alkaloids include:

 Vinblastine
 Vincristine

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 CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

 These drugs are not like the antibiotics used to treat infections. They
work by changing the DNA inside cancer cells to keep them from
growing and multiplying
 Anthracyclines are anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes
involved in copying DNA during the cell cycle. They bind with DNA so it
cannot make copies of itself, and a cell cannot reproduce. (Enzymes
are proteins that start, help, or speed up the rate of chemical
reactions in cells.)

Examples:

 Daunorubicin
 Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
 Doxorubicin liposomal
 Epirubicin
 Idarubicin

 interfere with DNA and RNA by acting as a substitute for the normal
building blocks of RNA and DNA. When this happens, the DNA cannot
make copies of itself, and a cell cannot reproduce. They are commonly
used to treat leukemias, cancers of the breast, ovary, and the
intestinal tract, as well as other types of cancer.

Examples:

 Azacitidine
 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
 Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
 Hydroxyurea
 Pentostatin

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 CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

 They interfere with enzymes called topoisomerases, which help separate

the strands of DNA so they can be copied. (Enzymes are proteins that
cause chemical reactions in living cells.) Topoisomerase inhibitors are
used to treat certain leukemias, as well as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal,
colorectal, and pancreatic cancers.

Topoisomerase I inhibitors (also called camptothecins) include:

 Irinotecan
 Irinotecan liposomal
 Topotecan

Topoisomerase II inhibitors (also called epipodophyllotoxins) include:

 Etoposide (VP-16)
 Mitoxantrone (also acts as an anti-tumor antibiotic)
 Teniposide


1. Ipilimumab (Yervoy®)
2. Atezolizumab (Tecentriq®)
3. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda®)

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CANCER MODALITIES
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1. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-

CRT)
2. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

 Assessment. The nurse assesses the

patient’s skin and oropharyngeal mucosa regularly when radiation
therapy is directed to these areas, and also the nutritional status
and general well-being should be assessed.
 Symptoms. If systemic symptoms, such as weakness and fatigue,
occur, the nurse explains that these symptoms are a result of the
treatment and do not represent deterioration or progression of the
disease.
 Safety precautions. Safety precautions used in caring for a patient
receiving brachytherapy include assigning the patient to a private
room, posting appropriate notices about radiation safety
precautions, having staff members wear dosimeter badges, making
sure that pregnant staff members are not assigned to the patient’s
care, prohibiting visits by children and pregnant visitors, limiting
visits from others to 30 minutes daily, and seeing that visitors
maintain a 6 foot distance from the radiation source.

Geomhai B. Catbagan | NCM 112 LEC

CANCER MODALITIES
NCM 112 LEC/ ASSIGNMENT

References:

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/chemotherapy

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-
therapies

https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-
effects/treatment-types/chemotherapy/how-chemotherapy-drugs-
work.html

https://www.cancercenter.com/treatment-options/precision-
medicine/immunotherapy

https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/how-cancer-
treated/radiation-therapy/understanding-radiation-therapy

https://nurseslabs.com/cancer/

Geomhai B. Catbagan | NCM 112 LEC