Prepared By

ENGR. YOSHIAKI C. MIKAMI, BSCE MSCE-STE RMP

DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Deflections
- Structures, like all other physical bodies, deform and change
shape when subjected to forces. Other common causes of
deformations of structures include temperature changes and
support settlements. If the deformations disappear and the
structure regains its original shape when the actions causing
the deformations are removed, the deformations are
termed elastic deformations.
- The permanent deformations of structures are referred to as
inelastic, or plastic, deformations.
- For most structures, excessive deformations are undesirable,
as they may impair the structure’s ability to serve its intended
purpose.

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Direct/double integration method
- The direct integration method essentially involves writing the
expression for M=EI (bending moment divided by flexural
rigidity of the beam) in terms of the distance x along the axis of
the beam and integrating this expression successively to obtain
equations for the slope and deflection of the elastic curve. The
constants of integration are determined from the boundary
conditions.
- The direct integration method proves to be most convenient
for computing slopes and deflections of beams for which M=EI
can be expressed as a single continuous function of x over the
entire length of the beam.

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Direct/double integration method
- However, the application of the method to structures for
which the M=EI function is not continuous can becomequite
complicated. This problem occurs because each discontinuity,
due to a change in loading and/or the flexural rigidity (EI),
introduces two additional constants of integration in the
analysis, which must be evaluated by applying the conditions
of continuity of the elastic curve, a process that can be quite
tedious.
- Macaulay brackets <x>
if x < 0, value = 0
if x ≥ 0, value = x

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 1
Determine the maximum deflection on the beam shown below

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 1
𝑃 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥 −𝑃 𝑥−
2 2
2 2
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝑃 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝑥2 − 𝑥− + 𝐶1 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥− + 𝐶1
2(2) 2 2 4 2 2
3 3
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃 𝑃 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥− + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
4(3) 2(3) 2 12 6 2

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 1
At x=0, y=0
3
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿
𝐸𝐼(0) = 03 − 0− + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
12 6 2
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐

At x=L, y=0
3
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿
𝐸𝐼(0) = 𝐿3 − 𝐿− + 𝐶1 (𝐿) + 𝐶2
12 6 2
𝑃𝐿3 𝑃 𝐿3 𝑃𝐿3 𝑃𝐿3
0= − + 𝐶1 𝐿 + 0 = − + 𝐶1 𝐿
12 6 23 12 48
𝑷𝑳𝟐
𝑪𝟏 = −
𝟏𝟔

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 1
Substituting the constants,
3
𝑃 𝑃 𝐿 𝑃𝐿2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥3 − 𝑥− + − (𝑥)
12 6 2 16

Maximum deflection is at the midspan, x=L/2,

3
𝑃 𝐿 3 𝑃 𝐿 𝐿 𝑃𝐿2 𝐿
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − − + −
12 2 6 2 2 16 2
𝑃𝐿3 𝑃𝐿3
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
96 32
𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 2
Determine the maximum deflection on the beam shown below

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 2
𝑤𝐿 𝑥 𝑤𝐿𝑥 𝑤𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 𝑥 − 𝑤𝑥 = −
2 2 2 2
𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 𝑤𝑥 3 𝑤𝐿𝑥 2 𝑤𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − + 𝐶1 = − + 𝐶1
2(2) 2 3 4 6
𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4 𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 = − + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
4(3) 6 4 12 24

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 2
At x=0, y=0
𝑤𝐿 0 3 𝑤 0 4
𝐸𝐼(0) = − + 𝐶1 (0) + 𝐶2
12 24
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐

At x=L, y=0
𝑤𝐿 𝐿 3 𝑤 𝐿 4
𝐸𝐼 0 = − + 𝐶1 𝐿 + (0)
12 24
𝑤𝐿4 𝑤𝐿4
0= − + 𝐶1 𝐿
12 24
𝒘𝑳𝟑
𝑪𝟏 = −
𝟐𝟒

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 2
Substituting the constants,
𝑤𝐿𝑥 3 𝑤𝑥 4 𝑤𝐿3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + − 𝑥
12 24 24

Maximum deflection is at the midspan, x=L/2,

𝐿 3 𝐿 4
𝑤𝐿 𝑤 𝑤𝐿3 𝐿
2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − + −
12 24 24 2
𝑤𝐿4 𝑤𝐿4 𝑤𝐿4
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = − −
96 384 48
𝟓𝒘𝑳𝟒
𝒚𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −
𝟑𝟖𝟒𝑬𝑰

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 3
Determine the maximum slope and deflection on the beam
shown below

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = −435.5𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 + 67𝑘𝑁(𝑥)
67𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −435.5𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚(𝑥) + + 𝐶1
2
435.5𝑘𝑁∙𝑚 𝑥 2 67𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 2 3
435.5𝑘𝑁∙𝑚 𝑥 2 67𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 6

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 3
At x=0, y’=0
67𝑘𝑁 02
𝐸𝐼 0 = −435.5𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚(0) + + 𝐶1
2
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟏

At x=0, y=0
435.5𝑘𝑁∙𝑚 02 67𝑘𝑁 03
𝐸𝐼 0 = + + 0 0 + 𝐶2
2 6
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 3
Substituting the constants,
Maximum slope is at the cantilever end, x=6.5m
67𝑘𝑁 6.5𝑚 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = −435.5𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚(6.5𝑚) + + (0)
2
−𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟐
𝒚′ =
𝑬𝑰

Maximum deflection is at the cantilever end, x=6.5m

435.5𝑘𝑁∙𝑚 6.5𝑚 2 67𝑘𝑁 6.5𝑚 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + + 0 6.5𝑚 + 0
2 6
−𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟕𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑
𝒚=
𝑬𝑰

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 4
Determine the deflection at the midspan of the beam shown
below

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 4
Ʃ𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴 6𝑚 = 0.6 3𝑚 3.5𝑚
𝑚
𝑅𝐴 = 1.05𝑘𝑁

𝑘𝑁 𝑥−1𝑚 𝑘𝑁 𝑥−4𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 1.05𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 0.6 𝑥 − 1𝑚 + 0.6 𝑥 − 4𝑚
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 1.05𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 0.3 𝑥 − 1𝑚 2 + 0.3 𝑥 − 4𝑚 2
𝑚 𝑚

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 4
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
1.05𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 0.3 𝑥−1𝑚 3 0.3 𝑥−4𝑚 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − 𝑚
+ 𝑚
+ 𝐶1
2 3 3
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 0.525𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 − 0.1 𝑥 − 1𝑚 3 + 0.1 𝑥 − 4𝑚 3 + 𝐶1
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
0.525𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3 0.1 𝑥−1𝑚 4 0.1 𝑥−4𝑚 4
𝑚 𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 4 4
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0.175𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3 − 0.025 𝑥 − 1𝑚 4 + 0.025 𝑥 − 4𝑚 4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑚 𝑚

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 4
At x=0, y=0
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼 0 = 0.175𝑘𝑁 03 − 0.025 0 − 1𝑚 4 + 0.025 0 − 4𝑚 4 + 𝐶1 0 +
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶2
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐

At x=6m, y=0
3 𝑘𝑁 4 𝑘𝑁 4
𝐸𝐼 0 = 0.175𝑘𝑁 6𝑚 − 0.025 6𝑚 − 1𝑚 + 0.025 6𝑚 − 4𝑚 +
𝑚 𝑚
𝐶1 6𝑚 + 0
−𝟑. 𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟐 = 𝑪𝟏

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 4
Substituting the constants,
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0.175𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3 − 0.025 𝑥 − 1𝑚 4 + 0.025 𝑥 − 4𝑚 4 +
𝑚 𝑚
−3.7625𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 𝑥 + 0

deflection at the midspan, x=3m

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 0.175𝑘𝑁 3𝑚 3 − 0.025 3𝑚 − 1𝑚 4 + 0.025 3𝑚 − 4𝑚 4 +
𝑚 𝑚
−3.7625𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 3𝑚 + 0
−𝟔. 𝟗𝟔𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑
𝒚=
𝑬𝑰

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
Determine the slope of the elastic curve over the right support
of the beam shown below

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
Ʃ𝑀𝐶 = 0
𝑘𝑁
𝑅𝐴 8𝑚 + 24𝑘𝑁(2𝑚) = 10 4𝑚 6𝑚
𝑚
𝑅𝐴 = 24𝑘𝑁
Ʃ𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑘𝑁
24𝑘𝑁 + 𝑅𝐵 = 10 4𝑚 + 24𝑘𝑁
𝑚
𝑅𝐵 = 40𝑘𝑁

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
𝑘𝑁 𝑥 𝑘𝑁 𝑥−4𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 24𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 10 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 4𝑚 + 40𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 8𝑚
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 24𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 5 𝑥2 +5 𝑥 − 4𝑚 2 + 40𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 8𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
24𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 5 𝑥3 5 𝑥−4𝑚 3 40𝑘𝑁 𝑥−8𝑚 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = − 𝑚
+ 𝑚
+ + 𝐶1
2 3 3 2
5 𝑘𝑁 5 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 12𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 4𝑚 3 + 20𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 8𝑚 2 + 𝐶1
3 𝑚 3 𝑚

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
5𝑘𝑁 5𝑘𝑁
12𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3 𝑥4 𝑥−4𝑚 4 20𝑘𝑁 𝑥−8𝑚 3
3𝑚 3𝑚
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − + + + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 4 4 3
5 𝑘𝑁 5 𝑘𝑁 20𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 4𝑘𝑁 𝑥 3 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥 − 4𝑚 4 + 𝑥 − 8𝑚 3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
12 𝑚 12 𝑚 3

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
At x=0, y=0
5 𝑘𝑁 5 𝑘𝑁 20𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼 0 = 4𝑘𝑁 03 − 04 + 0 − 4𝑚 4 + 0 − 8𝑚 3 + 𝐶1 (0) +
12 𝑚 12 𝑚 3
𝐶2
𝟎 = 𝑪𝟐

At x=8m, y=0
3 5 𝑘𝑁 4 5 𝑘𝑁 4 20𝑘𝑁 3
𝐸𝐼 0 = 4𝑘𝑁 8𝑚 − 8𝑚 + 8𝑚 − 4𝑚 + 8𝑚 − 8𝑚 +
12 𝑚 12 𝑚 3
𝐶1 (8𝑚) + (0)
−𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟐 = 𝑪𝟏

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DIRECT/DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Example 5
Substituting the constants,
5 𝑘𝑁 5 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 12𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 4𝑚 3 + 20𝑘𝑁 𝑥 − 8𝑚 2 +
3 𝑚 3 𝑚
(−56𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)

slope at right support, x=8m

5 𝑘𝑁 5 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 12𝑘𝑁 8𝑚 2 − 8𝑚 3 + 8𝑚 − 4𝑚 3 + 20𝑘𝑁 8𝑚 − 8𝑚 2 +
3 𝑚 3 𝑚
(−56𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚)
−𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎𝟑
𝒚′ =
𝟑𝑬𝑰

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