Soe Edbn 2524 Math 2

MwYZ wk¶Y- 2
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2524
e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (weGW) †cÖvMÖvg

gwWDj: 4 I 5
iPbvq
cÖ‡dmi †iv‡Kqv †eMg
wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|
(Awa‡ekb: 37, 38, 39, 40, 53, 54, 55, 56)
W. †gv: †gvnmxb DwÏb
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb, evDwe|
(Awa‡ekb: 33, 34, 35, 36, 49, 50, 51, 52)
Ave`yjøvn Avj gvngy`
mnKvix Aa¨vcK, wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR, wm‡jU|
(Awa‡ekb: 45, 46, 47, 48, 61, 62, 63, 64)
Avwgiæj Bmjvg
(Awa‡ekb: 41, 42, 43, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60)
m¤úv`bvq
†gv: Av‡bvqvi“j Bmjvg
(Awa‡ekb: 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60)
W. †gv: †gvnmxb DwÏb
(Awa‡ekb: 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64)
¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
Working For Quality evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MwYZ wk¶Y- 2
†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2524
weGW †cÖvMÖvg
cÖKvkKvj
cÖ_g gy`ªY
Ryb, 2009
cÖ_g cwigvwR©Z ms¯‹iY
GwcÖj, 2010
cyb: gy`ªY
b‡f¤î, 2011
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ISBN: 984-34-0084-3
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MvRxcyi- 1705|
gy`ª‡Y
gbgqyix Ad‡mU †cÖm GÛ cvewj‡KkÝ
38/2/2 wc. †K. ivq †ivW, evsjvevRvi
XvKv- 1100|
f~wgKv
Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖZxwZ-cÖcÂ mZZ cwieZ©bkxj| AvR‡Ki Ávb I `ÿZv fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄ
†gvKv‡ejvq h‡_ó n‡e bv- GUvB ¯^vfvweK| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwbqZ G †ÿÎmg~‡ni bevqb I
AvaywbKxKiY|
wkÿv I wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi cÖvwZôvwbK aviv G Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖvq `yBkZ eQi a‡i P‡j
Avm‡Q| AZx‡Zi G wkÿv`vb c×wZ wQj A‡bKvs‡k ¸iæ Z_v wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK| wkÿv`v‡bi G aviv
Ggb Kx wesk kZvãxi †kl cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ P‡j AvmwQj| eZ©gv‡b G wPšÍvavivi e¨vcK cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q| AvaywbK wkÿv`vb c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK I Kg©wfwËK| GQvovI wkÿY-wkLb wel‡q
wek¦e¨vcx wbZ¨ bZzb wPšÍvavivi D™¢e NU‡Q| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k G¸‡jv Abym„Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k
Gi cÖeZ©b GLb mg‡qi `vex|
Gme AvaywbK wek¦Rbxb wPšÍvaviv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv eë¯’vq cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿvi
gv‡bvbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi e¨vcK D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| Gi avivevwnKZvq 2005 mv‡j M„nxZ nq
Teaching Quality Improvement in Secondary Education Project (TQI-SEP)| G
cÖK‡íi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ nj gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gvb Dbœqb I AvaywbKvq‡bi gva¨‡g
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿY-wkL‡bi gv‡bvbœqb| †Kbbv GKgvÎ AvaywbK gvbm¤úbœ cÖwkwÿZ
wkÿ‡Ki gva¨‡gB gvbm¤§Z wkÿv`vb m¤¢e|
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi gv‡bvbœq‡b B‡Zvc~‡e© †mwmc cÖK‡íi AvIZvq weGW wkÿvµ‡g
e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab Kiv nq| cÖYqb Kiv nq AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wkÿvµg| wUwKDAvB-†mc
cÖK‡íi D‡`¨v‡M 2006 mvj †_‡K G wkÿvµg RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g mKj miKvwi I
†emiKvwi wUwUwm-†Z ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡q‡Q| miKv‡ii wm×všÍ Abymv‡i GKB mv‡_ Zv evsjv‡`k
D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q (evDwe) `~iwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡gI ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| G j‡ÿ¨
2008 mv‡j evDwe I wUwKDAvB-†mc cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq| G Pzw³ Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb 2008-2009 wkÿvel© †_‡K GKB
wkÿvµ‡gi Aax‡b weGW †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b `~iwkÿ‡Y weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©iv gy‡LvgywL weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡ì mv‡_ Awfbœ
wkÿvµ‡gi gva¨‡g GKB gv‡bi weGW wWwMÖ AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| G †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask G cvVmvgMÖx| eZ©gv‡b Dfq avivq GKB cvVmvgMÖx Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ¯‹zj Ae
GWz‡Kkb Ges wUwKDAvB-†mc Gi mswkøó Rb K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g G cvVmvgMÖÖx cÖYqb
K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ Zuviv cÖksmvi `vwe`vi|
G cvVmvgMÖx‡Z wkÿY-wkL‡bi AvaywbK I wek¦gv‡bi wPšÍvavivi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi cÖqvm Pvjv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k hy‡Mvc‡hvMx gvbm¤úbœ `ÿ wkÿKgÐjx ˆZwi Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e hviv evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvi gv‡bvbœq‡b `ÿ I BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡e|
cÖKí cwiPvjK Wxb

wUwKDAvB-†mc/cÖKí ¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv| evsjv‡`k D›gy³
& wek¦we`¨vjq
cvV wb‡`©kbv
wcÖq cÖwk¶Yv_x©,
`~iwk¶Y gva¨‡g weGW †cÖvMÖv‡g fwZ© nIqvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb Avš—wiK Awfb›`b
Rvbv‡”Q| ÔMwYZ wk¶Y-2Õ eBwU ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kk‡bi weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU ˆbe©vPwbK †Kvm©eB|
wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ QvovB Avcbviv hv‡Z wb‡R c‡o eBwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ †Kvm© eBwUi Avw½K I
Dc¯’vcbv cÖPwjZ cvVëB †_‡K wKQzUv wfbœ|
G eBwUi cvVë¯‘‡K cuvPwU BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU BDwb‡U Avevi GKvwaK Awa‡ekb
i‡q‡Q|
ÔMwYZ wk¶Y-2Õ †Kvm© eBwU cvV I Abykxj‡b Avcbvi KiYxq Kx?
 ¯^wkLb c×wZi g~j K_vB nj wb‡R wb‡R c‡o †kLv Ges wb‡Ri †Póvq †kLv| Ab¨ K_vq, G c×wZi
gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweavg‡Zv mg‡q †kLvi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nb| e¯‘Z G D‡Ïk¨‡K
mvg‡b †i‡LB ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb-Gi weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi wewfbœ †Kv‡m©i eB¸‡jv iwPZ| G‡Z fveMZ HK¨
i¶v K‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‘‡K KZ¸‡jv BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi BDwbU¸‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv
Awa‡ek‡b fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU Awa‡ekb cÖv_wgKfv‡e GKevi co‡Z Avcbvi 45/90 wgwbU mgq
jvM‡e e‡j a‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui †k‡l Avcwb wb‡RB wb‡Ri cv‡Vi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨ cv‡Vi †k‡l i‡q‡Q g~j¨vqb cÖkœgvjv|
 we GW †cÖvMÖv‡gi †Kvm©eB covi mgq Kx Kx Kv‡Ri Ici ¸i“Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e?
 cvV I cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wb‡R wb‡R Ki“b| Avcbvi DËi¸‡jv mwVK nj wK bv, Zv
cv‡Vi †k‡l †Ìqv ÔÔm¤¢ve¨ DËiÕÕ †`‡L hvPvB K‡i wbb|
 cvV I cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK n‡j cieZx© BDwb‡U GwM‡q hvb|
 Avcbvi DËi¸‡jv mwVK bv n‡j cvV¸‡jv Avevi co–b| cov †kl n‡j cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi
DËi Ki“b| DËi mwVK n‡j ci ci cv‡V GwM‡q hvb|
 †Kvb cv‡V me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j †m cv‡Vi wbw`©ó Ask Avevi co–b| Gfv‡e cÖwZwU
BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv †kl Ki“b|
eBwU‡Z †h mg¯— wb‡`©kbvg~jK wPý eëüZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
 Avewk¨K cvV  c‡e©i KvR
 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœgvjv m¤¢ve¨ DËi
 cvV mnvqK Avi Kx Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q we GW †cÖvMÖv‡g?

 ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb GB eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ cÖwZ mßv‡n wUD‡Uvwiqvj
Awa‡ek‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Gme Awa‡ek‡b †hvM w`‡q Avcwb eBwU co‡Z wM‡q †Kvb mgm¨vq
co‡j †m wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© I wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Avcbv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wUDUi
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Awa‡ekb¸‡jv †kªYxK‡¶ cÖwk¶K-cÖwk¶Yv_x© gy‡LvgywL †KŠk‡jI cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 GQvov ¯‹zj Ae GWy‡Kkb †eZvi I wUwf‡Z cÖwZ mßv‡n Avcbvi Rb¨ cvV¨ welqe¯‘wfwËK Awa‡ek‡bi
eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Avcwb wba©vwiZ mg‡q N‡i e‡m Gme Awa‡ek‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
m~wPcÎ
BDwbU Awa‡ekb welqe¯‘ c„ôv

33 mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL 11
34 Aš^q I dvskb 20
35 cªKvkfw½ wnmv‡e dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM 33
3 36 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (1) 42
37 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (2) 47
38 me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (1) 54
39 me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (2) 67
40 e„Ë (1) 76
41 e„Ë (2) 87
42 e„Ë (3) 91
43 MvwYwZK Dccv‡`ï †hŠw³K cÖgvY (1) 94
44 MvwYwZK Dccv‡`ï †hŠw³K cÖgvY (2) 106

MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖ‡kœi
6 45 119
AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb I Kvh©Kix
46 132
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwieZ©bxq w`K mg~n
47 cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB 143
48 cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB (2) KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v 156
49 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (1) 165

BDwbU Awa‡ekb welqe¯‘ c„ôv
4 50 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (2) 179
51 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (3) 188
52 AvswkK fMœvsk (cÖK…Z) 200
53 AvswkK fMœvsk (AcÖK…Z) 207
54 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (1) 214
55 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (2) 219
56 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (3) 232
57 †f±i (1) 240
58 †f±i (2) 248
59 wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (1) 262
MwYZ wk¶Y/Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ:

7 62 293
AvaywbK beZi wk¶Y aviYv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vKv
63 MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: my-cVb I wkLb Af¨vm 304
64 MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœqb 312
mnvqK MÖš’vejx 320

BDwbU-3
Awa‡ekb- 33: mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL

Awa‡ekb- 34: Aš^q I dvskb
Awa‡ekb- 35: cªKvkfw½ wnmv‡e dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
Awa‡ekb- 36: cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (1)
Awa‡ekb- 37: cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (2)
Awa‡ekb- 38: me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (1)
Awa‡ekb- 39: me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (2)
Awa‡ekb- 40: e„Ë (1)
Awa‡ekb- 43: MvwYwZK Dccv‡`ï †hŠw³K cÖgvY (1)
Awa‡ekb- 44: MvwYwZK Dccv‡`ï †hŠw³K cÖgvY (2)
gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY- weGW
BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb- 33
mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL
exRMwY‡Zi wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †jLwPÎ eënvi K‡i _vwK| †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
f~wgKv
mgm¨vi ev mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb AZ¨š— mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e| †jLwPÎ weg~Z©‡K g~Z© I ev¯—e
K‡i †Zv‡j| mij †iLvi †jL, mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL, e„Ë I Awae„Ë BZ¨vwì †jL
Avgiv mn‡RB A¼b Ki‡Z cvwi| †jLwPÎ A¼‡bi gva¨‡g mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb KivI
mnRZi nq|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv MwYZ wk¶Y- 1 Gi BDwbU- 3, Awa‡ekb- 25 G îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL

A¼b m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Awa‡ek‡b mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jLwPÎ
wKfv‡e AuvKv hvq Ges †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb wKfv‡e Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kie|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb-
 †jLwP‡Îi A¶ wba©viY I we›`ycvZb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wØPj mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †jLwP‡Îi A¶ wba©viY I we›`ycvZb
GKB mgZ‡ji `ywU ci¯úi j¤^ mij‡iLv XOX Ges YOY hw` ci¯úi‡K O we›`y‡Z
†Q` K‡i, Z‡e O we›`y Dfq †iLviB g~jwe›`y XOX †K X A¶ Ges YOY †K Y A¶
ejv nq|
11
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
X X
O
Y
Avevi †Kvb we›`yi ¯’vbvsK †`qv _vK‡j †Kvb ¯’vbvš—wiZ mgZ‡j H we›`y ¯’vcb Kiv‡K
we›`ycvZb e‡j| we›`ycvZ‡bi gva¨‡g we›`ywUi Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kiv hvq| aiv hvK, mgZj¯’
P †h †Kvb we›`y| P Gi ¯’vbv¼ x Ges y ev P(x, y)| GLv‡b x n‡jv fyR Ges y n‡jv
†KvwU|
¯’vbv¼ A¶Øq mgZj‡K Pvifv‡M fvM K‡i| GB Pvi fv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨K fvM‡K GKwU PZzf©vM
ejv nq| cÖ_g PZzf©v‡Mi fyR I †KvwU DfqB abvZ¥K; wØZxq PZzf©v‡Mi fyR FYvZ¥K I
†KvwU abvZ¥K; Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡Mi fyR I †KvwU DfqB FYvZ¥K Ges PZz_© PZzf©v‡Mi fyR
abvZ¥K I †KvwU FYvZ¥K|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avmyb GLb Avgiv QK KvM‡R wb‡Pi we›`y¸‡jv ¯’vcb Kwi Ges Ae¯’vb
†Kvb PZzf©v‡M D‡j- L Kwi|
A(2,5); B(2,7); C(4,0); D(4,5); E(5,6); F(0,8); G(0,0); H(0,6); I(8,0)
12
 ce©- L: wØPj mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b
`yB PjK wewkó GK NvZ †h †Kvb mgxKi‡Yi †jL n‡e mij †iLv| KviY mij wØPj
mvaviY mgxKiY ax+by = c me©`v GKwU mij †iLv wb‡`©k K‡i| †hLv‡b, a, b Ges c
aª“eK|
13
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Dc‡iv³ mgxKi‡Y x ev y Gi K‡qKwU myweavRbK gvb ewm‡q y ev x Gi mswk ó gvb

wbY©q K‡i K‡qKwU m`m¨ µg‡Rvo wbw`©ó Kiv nq| AZtci i“jvi a‡i we›`y¸‡jv †h
mij‡iLvq Aew¯’Z Zv A¼b K‡i †jLwPÎ cvIqv hvq| mvaviYZ `ywU we›`y Øviv GKwU
mij‡iLv wbw`©ó nq| myZivs mij ‰iwLK †jL A¼‡bi Rb¨ `yBwU we›`yB h‡_ó Z‡e wbLuyZ
A¼‡bi Rb¨ wZb ev Z‡ZvwaK we›`y n‡j fvj nq|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv QK KvM‡R wb‡Pi mgxKiY¸‡jvi †jL A¼‡bi †Póv Kwi|
(K) x +y = 4 (L) 2x +y = 8
ce©-M: †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb

 †j‡Li gva¨‡g mnmgxKi‡Yi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB mn mgxKi‡Yi ¯’vbv¼ wbY©qc~e©K
†jL A¼b Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb Avgiv 3x+y = 6 Ges 5x+3y = 12 Gi mgvavb †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g Kivi †Póv
Kwi|
3x + y = 6 ev, y = 6  3x ................... (1)
14
Gi GKwU m¤úK© QK:

x 1 2 3
y 3 0 3
wZbwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼: (1,3), (2,0), (3, 3)

5x + 3y = 12
ev, y = (125x)/3 ........... (2)
Gi GKwU m¤úK© QK:

x 0 6 3
y 4 6 1
wZbwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼: (0,4), (6, 6), (3,1);
QK KvM‡R we›`y cvZb K‡i h_vixwZ †jL AvuKv nj:

Y
D B
X X
O
Y A C
15
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†jL A¼‡bi weeiY:
A¶ cwiwPwZ: x A¶ XOX' Ges y A¶ YOY' ci¯úi O we›`y‡Z j¤^|

†¯‹j: ¶z`ªZg e‡M©i GK evûi ˆ`N©¨|
g~j we›`y: O(0,0)
A¼b: 1g I 2q mgZv †_‡K cÖvß we›`y cvZb K‡i h_vµ‡g AB I CD mij †iLv AvuKv
nj|
mgvavb: AB I CD †iLv ci¯úi K we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i, hvi ¯’vbvsK (1.5, 1.5)|
myZivs (x , y) = (1.5, 1.5)
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, GLb Avgiv wb‡gœi mgm¨v¸‡jv †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kwi|
(K) x + y = 5 (L) x + 4y =11
10x+6y = 4 x y = 3
16
g~j wkLbxq welq
mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL
†h †Kvb iƒc Aš^q, mgZv, mgxKiY ev AmgZvi PjK m¤úwK©Z Av‡cw¶K wPÎiƒc nj
†jLwPÎ
†jLwPÎ|
†jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g MwY‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvi mv‡_ R¨vwgwZi m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq|
 †jLwPÎ weg~Z©‡K g~Z© K‡i Zz‡j|
ci¯úi j¤^ `yBwU mij †iLv eënvi K‡i mgZ‡ji mKj we›`yi Ae¯’vb wbw`©ó Kiv nq|
GB ci¯úi j¤^ fv‡e †Q`x mij†iLv `ywUi GKwU Avbyf~wgK †iLv hv‡K ejv nq x A¶
Ges AciwU Dj¤^ ‡iLv hv‡K ejv nq y A¶| GB Dfq A¶avix Zj‡K ejv nq Kv‡Z©mxq
Zj (Gi Avwe®‹viK †WKv‡Z©i bvgvbymv‡i)|
†Kvb we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ †Ìqv _vK‡j †Kvb ¯’vbv¼vwqZ mgZ‡j H we›`y ¯’vcb Kiv‡K we›`y
we›`ycvZb
cvZb e‡j|
†jLwP‡Î Aew¯’Z K‡qKwU we›`y ¯’vcb Ki‡jB m¤ú~Y© †jLwPÎ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq|
mgxKi‡Yi `yB PjK wewkó mij (GK NvZ wewkó) †Kvb mgxKi‡Yi †jL GKwU mij †iLv|
gva¨‡g mij †iLvi †jL AsK‡bi Rb¨ `yBwU we›`yB h‡_ó Z‡e wbLuyZ A¼‡bi Rb¨ wZb ev
mgvavb
Z‡ZvwaK we›`y n‡j fvj nq|
`yBwU ci¯úi †Q`x †iLvi †Q` we›`yi ¯’vbv¼B mswk ó mnmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb; KviY GB
¯’vbv‡¼i x I y Gi gvb Øviv Dfq mgxKiYB wm× nq|
GKwU we›`yi x ¯’vbv¼‡K fyR Ges y ¯’vbv¼‡K †KvwU ejv nq|
`yBwU mgvš—ivj †iLvi †Kvb ‡Q` we›`y bvB Ges G‡ì mgvavbI bvB|
g~j we›`yi ¯’vbv¼ (0, 0)|
17
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
y A¶ †_‡K (a, b) we›`yi `~iZ¡ =  a 
x A¶ †_‡K (a, b) we›`yi `~iZ¡ = b 
x A‡¶i Dci cÖwZwU we›`yi †KvwU k~b¨|
y A‡¶i Dci cÖwZwU we›`yi fyR k~b¨|
x A¶ I y A¶ Zv‡ì aviK (Kv‡Z©mxq) Zj‡K PviwU mg‡KvYxq PZzf©v‡M wef³ K‡i,
hv‡ì‡K Nwoi KvUvi wecixZµ‡g cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq I PZz_© PZzf©vM (ev †KvqvWª¨v›U)
e‡j|
wØZxq fvM cÖ_g fvM

(Ñ, +) (+, +)
X X
Z…Zxq fvM O PZz_© fvM
(Ñ, Ñ) (+, Ñ)
Y
cÖ_g PZzf©v‡Mi fyR I †KvwU DfqB abvZ¥K; wØZxq PZzf©v‡Mi fyR FYvZ¥K I †KvwU
abvZ¥K; Z…Zxq PZzf©v‡Mi fyR I †KvwU DfqB FYvZ¥K Ges PZz_© PZzf©v‡Mi fyR abvZ¥K
I †KvwU FYvZ¥K|
18
g~j¨vqb:

1. mij îwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b Ki“b|
(K) 4x + 3y =6 (L) 2x – y = 10
(M) 3x – 2y = 9 (N) y =3x – 7
(O) 3x + 4y =0 (P) x – 2y – 5=0
(Q) 2x = 6 –3y (R) 2x – 5y + 12=0
2. †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g îwLK mnmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki“b|

(K) 3x –y =5 (L) 3x –4y = 0
4x – y =10 3x –2y =4
(M) 5x –3y =8
2x –3y =1
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©-M
(K) (4, 1) (L) (3, 2)
19
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Aš^q I dvskb
Aš^q I dvskb MwY‡Zi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ask| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv wewfbœ m¤ú‡K©i
f~wgKv
K_v ewj| †hgb- wcZv-gvZv m¤úK©, wk¶K-QvÎ m¤úK© BZ¨vw`| GiKg m¤úK© eY©bvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †¶‡Î `yÕwU †mU Ges GK †m‡Ui †Kvb m`m¨ Aci †m‡Ui †Kvb m`‡mï mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z Zv g¨vwcs (Mapping) ev wPÎb A_ev ¸YR †m‡Ui gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiv hvq|
Aciw`‡K dvskb GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi m¤úK© hLb A I B `yÕwU †m‡Ui g‡a¨ Ggb GKwU
m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv hvq †h, A †m‡Ui cÖwZwU m`‡mï Rb¨ B †m‡U GKwU gvÎ m`m¨
wba©vwiZ _v‡K ZLb †m m¤úK©‡K dvskb ev A‡c¶K e‡j| GB Awa‡ek‡b Aš^‡qi aviYv
I Zvi cÖ‡qvM; †Wv‡gb, †iÄ, †Kv-‡Wv‡gb Ges dvskb I dvsk‡bi cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 Aš^q Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aš^q Gi ev¯—e cÖ‡qvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 B‡gR, wcÖB‡gR, †Wv‡gb, †iÄ, †Kv-‡Wv‡gb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 dvskb Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 dvsk‡bi cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-K: Aš^q I Zvi ev¯—e cÖ‡qvM
`yÕwU †m‡Ui m`m¨‡ì wgj Kivi ev †Rvo MVb Kivi c×wZ‡K Aš^q e‡j| Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b
Pjvi c‡_ wewfbœ R‡bi/e¯‘i mv‡_ m¤úK© †`L‡Z cvB| †hgb- Kwig mv‡n‡ei 4 Rb
†Q‡j‡g‡q i‡q‡Q, Kwig mv‡ne H Awd‡m PvKzix K‡ib BZ¨vw`| GB mKj ˆØZ m¤úK© (x,
y) µg‡Rvo Øviv eySvb †h‡Z cv‡i| Avmyb Avgiv wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ GB ˆØZ m¤úK© eySv‡bvi
†Póv KiwQ|
†mU A = ¯¿xi `j = {x1, x2, x3}

†mU B = ¯^vgxi `j = {y1, y2, y3}
20
†f`wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †mU A I †mU B Gi Aš^q wbgœiƒ‡c †jLv hvq:
†mU A †mU B
x1 y1
x2 y2
x3 y3
Avmyb eÜziv, GLb Avgiv AviI `yÕwU Aš^‡qi ev¯—e D`vniY wb‡gœi Q‡K †f`wP‡Îi
mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bvi †Póv Kwi|
D`vniY- 1:
D`vniY- 2:
21
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: B‡gR, wcÖB‡gR, †Wv‡gb, †iÄ I †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi aviYv


Aš^q‡K µg‡Rv‡oi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j µg‡Rv‡oi cÖ_g Dcv`vb Av‡m †Wv‡gb †_‡K
Ges wØZxq Dcv`vb Av‡m †iÄ †_‡K| wØZxq Dcv`vb‡KB cÖ_g Dcv`v‡bi Qwe (Image)
ejv nq| Avevi cÖ_g Dcv`vb‡K wØZxq Dcv`v‡bi c~e©Qwe (Pre-image) ejv nq| Qwei
†mU‡K ejv nq †iÄ| †iÄ nj †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi Dc‡mU|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv G m¤úwK©Z wb‡gœi mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kwi|
x a
y b
z c
d
R
A B; R, Aš^q
(K) A †m‡U x, y wK?

(L) A R B †Z x, y wK?
(M) a I d, B †m‡Ui wK?
(N) A R B †Z a, c wK?
(O) A R B †Z {x, y, z} wK?
(P) A R B †Z {a, b, c} wK?
(Q) A R B †Z {a, b, c, d} wK?
22
mgvavb:
(K)
(L)
(M)
(N)
(O)
(P)
(Q)
23
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- M: dvskb I Zvi cÖKvi‡f`


`yÕwU Pj hw` Ggbfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ nq †h, GKwUi †Kvb ¯^vaxb gv‡bi Rb¨ Aaxb P‡ji
†Kej GKwU gvb Av‡m Z‡e G m¤úK©‡K ejv nq dvskb ev A‡c¶K| dvskb wewfbœ
iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- GK-GK dvskb, Dci dvskb, wfZi dvskb, aª“e dvskb,
mshy³ dvskb, wecixZ dvskb BZ¨vw`|
GK-GK dvskb ej‡Z †evSvq hw` X †m‡Ui cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ Y †m‡U GKwU Ges
†KejgvÎ GKwU Qwe _v‡K|
Avevi Dci dvskb ej‡Z †evSvq hw` Aš^‡q †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi me KqwU Dcv`vb Qwe
(Image) wnmv‡e m¤úwK©Z nq| †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi mKj Dcv`vb ev m`m¨ hw` Qwe bv nq
Z‡e Zv‡K wfZi dvskb e‡j|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Gevi G m¤úwK©Z wb‡gœi mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kwi|
(K)
A B
a 1
b 2
x y
A R B; R, Aš^q
(i) A R B GK GK dvskb †Kb?
(ii) A R B Dci dvskb †Kb?
24
mgvavb:
(i)
(ii)
(L)
A B
a 1
2
b 3
A R B; R, Aš^q
(i) A R B Kx ai‡bi dvskb? c‡¶/wec‡¶ hyw³ w`b|
(ii) A R B wfZi dvskb †Kb?
25
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
mgvavb:
(i)
(ii)
26
g~j wkLbxq welq
Aš^q I dvskb
`ywU †mU A I B Gi Dcv`vb ¸‡jv wb‡q hw` µg‡Rvo MVb Kiv nq, µg‡Rv‡oi msL¨v
Aš^q
n‡e `yB †m‡Ui Dcv`vb msL¨vi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| mKj µg‡Rv‡oi †mU‡K ejv nq A I B
Gi Kv‡Z©mxq ¸YR †mU|

†mU MVb c×wZ‡Z †jLv nq AB={(x, y): xA, yB}| GB ¸YR †m‡Ui †h †Kvb
Ak~b¨ Dc‡mUB nj GK GKwU Aš^q| †hgb: A = {0, 1} I B = {0, 2} n‡j
AB={(0,0), (0,2), (1,0), (1,2)}| GB µg‡Rv‡oi cyiv †mUB GKwU Aš^q Ges GwU
wb:kZ© Aš^q| GB 4 Dcv`v‡bi †m‡Ui 24 ev 16wU Dc‡mU i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ dvuKv

†mU ev‡` evwK 15wU Dc‡mU nj GK GKwU Aš^q| Gme Aš^q †_‡K †Kvb Aš^q
we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡j c~e© cª`Ë †Kvb kZ© ev m~Î mv‡c‡¶ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq:
(i) y = x k‡Z© Aš^qwU n‡e {(0,0)};
(ii) y = 2x k‡Z© Aš^qwU n‡e {(1,2)};
(iii) y  x k‡Z© Aš^qwU n‡e {(0,0),(1,0),};
(iv) y  x k‡Z© Aš^qwU n‡e {(0,0), (0,2), (1,2)} BZ¨vw`|
`ywU Pj hw` Ggbfv‡e m¤ú©Khy³ nq †h, GKwUi †Kvb ¯^vaxb gv‡bi Rb¨ Aaxb P‡ji
dvskb
†Kej GKwU gvb Av‡m Z‡e G m¤ú©K‡K ejv nq dvskb ev A‡c¶K (Function)|
g‡b Kwi, X I Y `ywU Ak~b¨ †mU| hw` Ggb wbqg (Rule) ev m~Î (Formula) f †`qv
_v‡K †h, X Gi †h †Kvb Dcv`vb x Gi Rb¨ Y †m‡U mswk ó GKwU Ges †Kej gvÎ
GKwU Dcv`vb y cvIqv hvq, Z‡e f †K X †_‡K Y G ewY©Z GKwU dvskb ejv nq Ges
ZLb †jLv nq y = f(x)| Dc‡ii Aš^‡qi D`vni‡Y cÖ_g wZbwU dvskb|
27
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
PviY¯’j Ges wek¦^ †m‡Ui ‡Kvb Dc‡m‡Ui mv‡_ †m GKB Dc‡m‡Ui ev Aci Dc‡m‡Ui †Kvb-bv-‡Kvb
mnPviY¯’j m¤ú©K i‡q‡Q| m¤ú©‡Ki Avw` †mU‡K ejv nq †Wv‡gb ev PviY¯’j Ges Aš— †mU‡K ejv
(Domain and
Co-domain) nq mnPviY¯’j ev †Kv-‡Wv‡gb| †Wv‡gb Gi m`m¨‡K ejv nq Dcv`vb|
Aš^q‡K µg‡Rv‡oi gv‡a¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j µg‡Rv‡oi cÖ_g Dcv`vb Av‡m †Wv‡gb †_‡K
Qwe I †iÄ
(Image & Ges wØZxq Dcv`vb Av‡m †iÄ †_‡K| wØZxq Dcv`vb‡KB cÖ_g Dcv`‡bi Qwe (Image)
Range)
ejv nq| Qwei †mU‡K ejv nq ‡iÄ| †iÄ nj †Kv‡Wv‡g‡bi Dc‡mU|
Aš^q‡K µg‡Rv‡oi gv‡a¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j µg‡Rv‡oi cÖ_g Dcv`vb Av‡m †Wv‡gb †_‡K
c~e©Qwe
(Pre-image) Ges wØZxq Dcv`vb Av‡m †iÄ †_‡K| cÖ_g Dcv`vb‡K wØZxq Dcv`‡bi c~e©Qwe (Pre-
image) ev †Kej Dcv`vbI ejv nq|
†Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi †h mKj m`m¨ m¤ú‡K©i AvIZvq c‡o A_©vr †Wv‡g‡bi †Kvb ev †Kvb
cvjv
(Range) Dcv`v‡bi Qwe nq, G‡ì †mU‡K ejv nq cvj- v ev †iÄ| †iÄ nj †Kv- †Wv‡gb Gi GKwU
Dc‡mU|
dvsk‡bi cÖKvi‡f`:
1. wPÎY Abymv‡i dvskb
2. cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` dvskb
1. wPÎY (Mapping) Abymv‡i dvskb:
†Wv‡gb ev Avav‡ii cÖwZwU Dcv`vb hw` we¯—v‡ii †Kej GKwU K‡i Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_
GK-GK m¤ú©wKZ nq Z‡e Zv‡K GK-GK dvskb (One-One Function) ejv nq|
dvskb
(One-One f: X Y Øviv m~wPZ dvskb‡K GK-GK dvskb ejv nq; Gi Øviv †evSvq X †m‡Ui
Function)
cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi Rb¨ Y †m‡U GKwU Ges †KejgvÎ GKwU Qwe Av‡Q| A_©vr GK-GK
dvsk‡b X †m‡Ui `ywU Dcv`v‡bi GKB Qwe _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
28
Dci dvskb Aš^‡q †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi me KqwU Dcv`vb hw` Qwe wnmv‡e m¤úwK©Z nq Z‡e Zv‡K Dci
(Onto dvskb ejv nq| Dci dvskb‡K me©MÖvnx dvskbI ejv nq|
Function)
wfZi dvskb
(Into
†Kv-†Wv‡g‡bi mKj Dcv`vb ev m`m¨ hw` Qwe bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K wfZi dvskb e‡j|
Function)
eû-GK Dci GKvwaK Dcv`v‡bi GKB Qwe n‡j Ges †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi mKj Dcv`vbB Qwe n‡j Zv‡K eû-
dvskb (Many-
one onto GK Dci dvskb e‡j|
Function)
eû-GK wfZi
†Wv‡g‡bi GKvwaK Dcv`v‡bi GK Qwe wKš‘ †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi mKj Dcv`vb Qwe bq Zv‡K
dvskb (Many-
one into
Function)
eû- GK wfZi dvskb e‡j|
aª“e dvskb mKj Dcv`v‡bi hw` GKwU Ges †Kej GKwU gvÎ Qwe _v‡K Zv‡K aª“e dvskb e‡j|
(Constant
Function) A_©vr †h mKj dvsk‡bi gvb me©`vB GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨v nq Z‡e Zv‡K aª“e dvskb ejv
nq:
y = 3 ev, F(x) = 5 BZ¨vw`|
A‡f` dvskb hw` †Kvb dvskb †Kvb †m‡Ui Dcv`vb‡K GKB †m‡Ui H Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_B Awš^Z K‡i,
(Identity ZLb Zv‡K A‡f` dvskb e‡j: F(x) = x
Function)
F(x) = x2 , f(x)= 2x n‡j,
F(f(x))= F(2x) = (2x)2 = 4x2

mshy³ dvskb
ev dvsk‡bi Ges f(F(x)) = f(x2)= 2x2
dvskb
(Composite
Function/Fun †Kvb dvsk‡bi Pj wnmv‡e hLb Aci GKwU dvskb eëüZ nq ZLb Zv‡K mshy³
ction of a
Function) dvskb ev dvsk‡bi dvskb ev K¤úwRU dvskb ejv nq| K¤úwRU dvskb F(f(x)) †K
Fof(x)) iƒ‡cI †jLv nq|
29
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†Kvb dvsk‡bi m¤úK© m~‡Î ¯^vaxb Pj†K Aaxb P‡ji gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i Ges †iÄ‡K
wecixZ dvskb
(Inverse †Wv‡gb a‡i wecixZ m¤úK© ev Aš^q MwVZ nq| dvsk‡bi wecixZ Aš^qwU dvskb bvI
Function)
n‡Z cv‡i|
aiv hvK GKwU dvskb F: R → R+, F(x) = x2
GLv‡b, F(x) = y  x= F1(y)
Ges y = x2
 x2 = y
 x = ±√y, y R+; [¯^vaxb Pj†K Aaxb P‡ji gva¨‡g cÖKvk ]
 F-1(y) =±√y  R
 F-1(x) =±√x, R+→R; [x ‡K y a‡i †iÄ †K †Wv‡g‡b iƒcv¯—i]
 F-1: R+→R, F-1(x) =±√x; [wecixZ Aš^q iƒ‡c cÖKvk], GwU dvskb bq| wKš‘ `yBwU
m¤úK© Avjv`vfv‡e †jLv n‡j, A_©vr F-1(x) =√x GKwU dvskb Ges F-1(x) =-√x GKwU
wfbœ dvskb| Z‡e F-1: R+→ R+ n‡j, F-1 GKwU dvskb n‡e|
†Kvb P‡ji Dci `yBwU wecixZ dvsk†bi †hŠ_ cÖ‡qvM, ¯^vaxb PjwU†K AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L
†hŠwMK dvsk‡bi Aaxb P‡j cwiYZ K‡i:
awi F(x)=x2 Ges H(x)=√x, `yBwU wecixZ dvskb; GLv‡b ev¯—eZvi Kvi‡Y x ≥ 0 Zv
n‡j F(H (x))=F(√x)=(√x)2 = x, Ges
H(F(x)) = H(x2)=√x2 = x , †h‡nZz x ≥ 0
30
g~j¨vqb:
 1.
a 1
b 2
c 3
A R B
(i) A R B eû-GK dvskb †Kb?
(ii) A R B wKiƒc eû-GK dvskb?
(iii) eû-GK dvsk‡bi msÁv wjLyb?
2.
a 1
b 2
c
A R B
(i) A R B wKiƒc dvskb?
(ii) aª“e dvskb Kv‡K e‡j?
(iii) aª“e dvsk‡bi ev¯—e D`vniY w`b|
31
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
3.
(i) eû-GK Dci dvsk‡bi wPÎ AsKb Ki“b|
(ii) eû-GK Dci dvskb Kv‡K e‡j?
(iii) eû-GK Dci dvskbwUi †iÄ I †Wv‡gb wbY©q Ki“b|
4.
(i) f: A → B Ges g: B → C †K wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki“b?
(ii) mshy³ dvskb (gof) : A → C †K fvlvq cÖKvk Ki“b?
5.
(i) f: A → B Ges f -1: B → A †K wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki“b?
(ii) f: A → B Ges f -1: B → A Gi cvi¯úwiK m¤ú©K wK?
(iii) GB Aš^q ev m¤ú©K‡K mvaviY fvlvq cÖKvk Ki“b|
32
cÖKvkfw½ wnmv‡e dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
c~e©eZx© Awa‡ekb-34 G Aš^q I dvskb m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ †R‡bwQ| dvskb m¤^‡Ü Rvb‡Z
f~wgKv
n‡j ev dvskb wPb‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì Aš^q ev m¤^Ü m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| dvskb nj
Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g `yBwU †m‡Ui g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© m„wó nq| dvskb‡K Avgiv
K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi, †hgb- wPÎY Abymv‡i dvskb I cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` dvskb|
c~e©eZx© Awa‡ek‡b wPÎY Abymv‡i dvskb m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| G Awa‡ek‡b cÖKvkfw½ †f‡`
dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
D‡Ïk¨
 cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` dvsk‡bi †kªYxKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aš^q I dvsk‡bi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Aš^q I dvsk‡bi mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` dvskb
cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` dvskb‡K Avevi K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- †mU dvskb, MÖvd
dvskb, AewY©Z dvskb, ewY©Z dvskb, QK dvskb, mgxKiY dvskb, Pj dvskb, aª“e
dvskb, e¨³ dvskb I Ae¨³ dvskb|
†mU dvskb nj †h †Kvb µg‡Rv‡Ui †mUB dvskb hw` Zvi †kl Dcv`vb Qvov Av‡Mi
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi web¨vm wfbœZi nq| Avevi MÖvd dvskb nj Kv‡Z©mxq MÖvd ev †jL hv‡K y
A¶ ev Zvi mgvš—ivj †iLv †Kej GKwU we›`y‡ZB †Q` K‡i|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avmyb Gevi Avgiv cÖKvkfw½ †f‡` Ab¨vb¨ dvskb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv
D`vniYmn wb‡gœi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi|
33
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
QK dvskb
AewY©Z dvskb
ewY©Z dvskb
mgxKiY dvskb
ce©- L: Aš^q I dvsk‡bi cv_©K¨

 D`vniY¯îƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i,
A = GK`j wkï = {c1, c2, c3, c4} Ges
B = GK`j gv ={m1, m2, m3}
GLv‡b A I B Gi g‡a¨ gv I wkï A_ev wkï I gv‡qi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i| G `yÕwU
m¤ú‡K© †KvbwU dvskb Zv ejvi †Póv Kwi|
GLv‡b wkï ev mš—vb I gv‡qi m¤úK© dvskb| KviY cÖ‡Z¨K mš—v‡bi †KejgvÎ GKRb
gv Av‡Q| wKš‘ gv I mš—v‡bi m¤úK© dvskb bq| KviY GKB gv‡qi GKvwaK mš—vb
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
wP‡Î mš—vb I gv‡qi m¤úK© dvskb Zv †`Lv‡bv nj:
A B
c1 m1
c2 m2
c3 m3
c4
34
Avmyb, Avgiv wb‡gœi Q‡K Aš^q ev m¤úK© I dvsk‡bi cv_©K¨ †jLvi †Póv Kwi|
Aš^q ev m¤úK© dvskb
. .
. .
. .
35
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- M: Aš^q I dvsk‡bi mgm¨v mgvavb


Avgiv wb‡gœi mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kivi †Póv Kwi|
A = {1, 0, 1, 2} n‡j S = {(x, y) : x A, yA Ges y=2x} =?
x = 0 n‡j y = 0
x =1 n‡j y =2
x =2 n‡j y =4; y =4 A
x =1 n‡j y =2; y = 2  A
 S = {(0, 0), (1, 2)}

GLv‡b †Wv‡gb = {0, 1}
†iÄ = {0, 2}
S dvskbwU wK GK GK?
S = {(0, 0), (1, 2)}
Avgiv Rvwb, hw` †Kvb dvsk‡bi Aax‡b Zvi †Wv‡g‡bi wfbœ wfbœ m`‡mï cÖwZ”Qwe wfbœ
wfbœ nq, Z‡e dvskbwU‡K GK GK dvskb ejv nq| Avi hw` †Wv‡g‡bi wfbœ wfbœ m`‡mï
cÖwZ”Qwe GKB nq, Z‡e dvskbwU‡K GK GK dvskb ejv nq bv|
GLb S dvskbwU ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, G dvsk‡bi Aax‡b †Wv‡g‡bi wfbœ wfbœ
m`‡mï cÖwZ”Qwe wfbœ wfbœ|
 S = {(0, 0), (1, 2)} dvskbwU GK GK|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, GLb AviI G ai‡bi K‡qKwU mgm¨vi mgvavb wb‡gœ Kivi †Póv Kwi|
mgm¨v- 1: F(x) = 2x1 †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q c~e©K GK-GK dvskb wKbv hvPvB Ki“b|
Avevi Bbfvm© Aš^‡q cÖKvk K‡i Aš^qwU GK-GK dvskb wKbv ZvI hvPvB Ki“b|
36
mgvavb:
mgm¨v- 2: F(x) = √x 1 Aš^qwUi †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©qc~e©K Aš^qwU dvskb ev GK-GK

dvskb wKbv Zv wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb:
37
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq

cªKvk fw½ wnmv‡e dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
†mU dvskb:
cÖKvkfw½
†f‡` dvskb µ‡gv‡Rvo, µgÎqx ev †h †Kvb µg‡Rv‡Ui †mUB dvskb hw` Zvi †kl Dcv`vb Qvov
Av‡Mi Dcv`vb ¸‡jvi web¨vm wfbœ nq|
QK dvskb:
 Kgc‡¶ `yB `j Z_¨ wewkó QK‡K QK dvskb ejv hvq hw` cÖ_g P‡ji GKB gvb
GKvwaKevi bv _v‡K Ges GKB gvb GKvwaKevi _vK‡j Zv n‡e Aš^q|
MÖvd dvskb:
Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv‡¼i aviYv Abyhvqx x †K me©`v ¯^vaxb I y †K Aaxb Pj aiv nq| ZvB y
†K x Gi dvskb ejv nq|
µ‡gv‡Rvo (x, y) Gi gvb w`‡q hw` †Kvb MÖvd AuvKv nq Zv wew”Qbœ we›`yi mgvnvi, mij
†iLv ev eµ †iLv n‡Z cv‡i|
Y
Y
x' x x
x'
o
x' o
Y'
Y'
dvskb dvskb bq
38
x' x
o
y'
dvskb bq
Kv‡Z©mxq MÖv‡d y-A¶ ev Zvi †Kvb mgš—ivj †eLv MÖvdwU‡K †Kej GK we›`y‡Z †Q`
Ki‡j MÖvdwU nj dvskb Ges GKvwaK we›`y†Z †Q` Ki‡j Aš^q|
AewY©Z dvskb: y = f(x) ai‡bi dvskb †hLv‡b m~Î-iƒc ewY©Z bq|
ewY©Z dvskb: y = 4x+3 ev, F:R→R+, F(x)= x2 ai‡bi dvskb †hLv‡b m~Îiƒc ewY©Z|
mgxKiY dvskb: x +2y = 8
Pj dvskb: Kv‡Z©mxq ¯’vbv¼ x †K me©`v ¯^vaxb I y †K Aaxb Pj aiv nq| Aaxb Pj‡K
ejv nq ¯^vaxb P‡ji dvskb| ZvB y nj x Gi Pj dvskb|
aª“e dvskb: y = 4 GLv‡b x Gi gvb hvB nDK y Gi gvb me©`v 4|

Ae¨³ dvskb: x +2y = 8 GB iƒc nj Ae¨³ dvskb|
e¨³ dvskb: y=(8  x)/2 GB iƒc nj e¨³ dvskb|
F(x)=x2 dvsk‡bi, F: R → R+
mgm¨vi
mgvavb (i) †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki“b|
(ii) GK-GK dvskb wKbv hvPvB Ki“b|
(iii) Bbfvm© Aš^‡q cÖKvk K‡i Aš^qwU GK-GK wKbv hvPvB Ki“b|
39
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
mgvavb:
(i) F: R→R+
F(x)=x2 R hw` I †Kej hw`
x2 ≥ 0
x≥0
 †Wv‡gb, F={x: x ≥ 0}=R

 †iÄ, F={xR: x ≥ 0}=R+
(ii) F: R→R+, F(x)=x2

GLv‡b †Wv‡gb, F = R
awi, †Wvg F Gi †h †Kvb m`m¨ x1 I x2 nq
Z‡e x1 = 1, Ges x2 = 1 wb‡q cvB,
F(x1) = F(1) = (1)2 = 1
Ges F(x2) = F(1)= 12 = 1
A_©vr F(x1)= F(x2)
myZivs F GK-GK dvskb bq|
(iii) F(x)=x2
awi, y= x2
x 1 2 3 1 2 3 -
y 1 4 9 1 4 9 -
F={(1, 1) (2, 4), (3, 9) (1, 1), (2, 4) (3, 9)---}

 F1={(1, 1) (4, 2), (9, 3) (1, 1), (4, 2) (9, 3)---}
40
wKš‘ cÖ`Ë dvsk‡bi †iÄ, F=R+ e‡j

F1={(1, 1), (4, 2), (9, 3)}
†h‡nZz G Aš^‡q GKB cÖ_g Dcv`vb wewkó wfbœ wfbœ µg‡Rvo †bB, †m‡nZz Bnv GKwU
dvskb|
g~j¨vqb:
 wb‡gœi Aš^q¸‡jvi-
(i) †Wv‡gb I †iÄ wbY©q Ki“b|
(ii) GK GK wKbv hvPvB Ki“b|
(iii) Bbfvm© Aš^‡q cÖKvk K‡i Aš^qwU GK GK wKbv ZvI hvPvB Ki“b|
(K) F(x) = √(1- x)

(L) F(x) = x- 1│ + │x - 2│
(M) S = {(x, y):xA, yA Ges y2=x}, A = {-2, -1, 0, 1,2}
(N) F(x) = 1/(x2)
(O) F(x) = ex
(P) F(x) = x│
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- M
mgm¨v- 1:
†Wv‡gb F = R, †iÄ F = R
mgm¨v- 2:
Wv‡gb F = {x : x ≥ 0} = R+
†iÄ F = { x : x ≥ 1}
dvskb Ges GK-GK dvskb|
41
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (1)
wLª‡ói R‡b¥i cÖvq 600 eQi Av‡M MÖxK cwÊZ cx_v‡Mvivm 3 GKK, 4 GKK Ges 5
f~wgKv
GKK evû wewkó GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfyR wb‡q GKwU m~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GwUB eZ©gv‡b
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ| wKš‘ cx_v‡Mviv‡mi cÖvq 1000 eQi c~‡e© wgkixq
f~wg RwicKvix‡Ì GB Dccv`¨ m¤^‡Ü aviYv wQj e‡j Rvbv hvq| GB Awa‡ek‡b
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`ï aviYv Ges wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgvY m¤^‡Ü
D‡Ïk¨
 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`ï aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`ï aviYv
3 GKK, 4 GKK Ges 5 GKK evû wewkó mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri GK evûi Dci Aw¼Z
eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj Aci `yB evûi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶ÎØ‡qi †¶Îd‡ji mgwói mgvb|
GwUB cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
42
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Dcwiwj- wLZ eY©bv Abymv‡i 3 GKK, 4 GKK Ges 5 GKK evû wewkó
mg‡KvYx wÎfyR A¼b K‡i cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡gœi Q‡K †jLvi
†Póv Kwi|
43
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ce©- L: wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`ï cÖgvY
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU wewfbœfv‡e cÖgvY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- BDwK¬W c×wZ, †f±i
c×wZ, MÖvd †ccvi eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Ges weKí c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY BZ¨vw`|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kwi|
C B
wP‡Î ΔABC mg‡KvYx Ges  C mg‡KvY

g‡b Kwi BC  a , CA  b Ges AB  c
GLv‡b a  b  c [†f±‡ii mgZv Abymv‡i]
GLb, †f±‡ii WU ¸Yb K‡i cÖgv‡Yi evwK Ask wb‡Pi Q‡K Kivi †Póv Kwi|
44
g~j wkLbxq welq
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ wewfbœ wbq‡g cÖgvY|
 cÖ_g c×wZ
 3 GKK, 4 GKK Ges 5GKK evûwewkó GKwU wGfyR AuvKzb|
 cÖ‡Z¨K evûi bvg w`b Ges cÖ‡Z¨K evû‡Z eM©‡¶Î AsKb Ki“b
 3 GKK eM©‡¶‡ÎwU‡K ¶y`ª GKK eM©‡¶‡Î wef³ Ki“b| (cÖ‡Z¨K evû‡K 3 As‡k
wef³ Ki“b Ges wecixZ evû ch©š— ewa©Z Ki“b)
 Abyiƒcfv‡e 4 GKK Ges 5 GKK eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Î‡K ¶z`ª GKK eM©‡¶‡Î wef³
Ki“b|
 cÖvß GKK eM©‡¶‡Îi g‡a¨ mgZvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki“b|
 m¤úK©wU‡K wÎfy‡Ri evûi bv‡gi gva¨‡g fvlvq cÖKvk Ki“b|
 GB m¤ú©KwU cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨|
wØZxq c×wZ:
A
c
b
B a C
wP‡Î ΔABC mg‡KvYx Ges  C mg‡KvY

g‡b Kwi BC  a , CA  b Ges AB  c
GLv‡b a  b  c
ev, a  b   a  b   c  c
ev, |a|2 + |b|2 + 2|a| . |b| cosC = |c|2
ev, a2 + b2 = c2; [ cosC = cos900 = 0]
AZGe a2 + b2 = c2 cÖgvwYZ|
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU cÖgvwYZ n‡jv|
45
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Z…Zxq c×wZ:
A
F
O D
G B C
L M
 4/5/6 GKK wewkó GKwU MÖvd‡ccvi ˆZix Kwi|

 GB MÖvd †ccv‡i mgwØevû GKwU mg‡KvYx ΔABC AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 AC AwZfy‡Ri Dci ACDE eM©‡¶Î AsKb Ges CE I AD KY©Øq †hvM Ki“b|
 j¤^ AB I f~wg BC Gi Dci h_vµ‡g AFGB Ges BCML eM©‡¶Î AuvKzb|
 AFGB eM©‡¶‡Îi AG KY© Ges BCML eM©‡¶‡Îi CL KY© †hvM Ki“b|
 wPÎ †_‡K AB evûi Dci AswKZ eM©‡¶Î †_‡K `yBwU wÎfyR Ges BC evûi Dci AswKZ
eM©‡¶Î †_‡K 2wU wGfyR cvIqv hv‡e| GB wÎfyR PviwU †K‡U wb‡j †`Lv hv‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU
me©mg| Avevi AC evûi Dci AswKZ eM©‡¶‡Î 4 wU me©mg wÎfyR cvIqv hv‡e
(cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i)|
Gevi cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i †`Lyb AB evûi Dci AswKZ eM© †_‡K `yBwU wGfyR Ges BC evûi
Dci AswKZ eM© †_‡K 2wU wGfyR †gvU 4wU wÎfyR cvIqv ‡Mj Zv AC evûi Dci AswKZ
e‡M© †h 4 wU me©mg wÎfyR Av‡Q Zvi mgvb|
AZGe, GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri AwZfy‡Ri Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj Aci `yB
evûi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶ÎØ‡qi †¶Îd‡ji mgwói mgvb|
A_©vr AC2 =AB2 +BC2
46
MwY‡Zi ZvwË¡K I cÖv‡qvwMK Dfq‡¶‡ÎB cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ AZ¨š—

f~wgKv
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wewfbœ MvwYwZK m~Î cÖgvY I mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î cx_v‡Mviv‡mi
Dccv`¨ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| ZvB MwY‡Zi wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qiB cx_v‡Mviv‡mi
Dccv`¨ m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Avgiv Rvwb, cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨
GKvwaKfv‡e cÖgvY Kiv hvq| BDwK¬‡Wi c×wZ eënvi K‡i †hgb GwU cÖgvY Kiv
hvq, †Zgwb weKí c×wZ‡ZI Zv cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| GB Dccv`¨ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K
aviYvi Rb¨ Dfq cÖKvi cÖgvY m¤^‡Ü wk¶K-wk¶v_x©‡ì Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb, hv‡Z
wk¶v_x©iv cÖv‡qvwMK MwY‡Zi wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ c×wZ eënv‡i
m¶g nq|
D‡Ïk¨
 BDwK¬Wxq wbq‡g Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BDwK¬Wxq wbqg Qvov Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z Dccv`¨wU cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: BDwK¬Wxq wbq‡g cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgvY
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgv‡Yi †¶‡Î BDwK¬‡Wi c×wZ GKwU eûj eëüZ I eûj
Av‡jvwPZ c×wZ| BDwK¬‡Wi c×wZ eënvi K‡i mn‡RB cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨
cÖgvY Kiv hvq| mnR mij eY©bv I wkLb Dc‡hvMx DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡RB
Zv AvqZ¡ Kiv hvq|
47
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Avmyb eÜziv, Gev‡i Avgiv BDwK¬Wxq c×wZ eënvi K‡i cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨
cÖgvY Kwi|
cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv‡`ï mZ¨Zv hvPvB:

1) XYZ mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri R
evû wZbwUi Ici E,F,G
eM© wZbwU Gu‡K wbb| P X S

FF
2) YZTU e‡M©i KY©Ø‡qi
E
†Q`we›`y w`‡q AB Gi
A
Z
mgvš—ivj K‡i RX Ges Q Y Z
D G
DC Gi mgvš—ivj K‡i
CC
XZ Gu‡K wbb| U B T
3) E I G eM© `yBwU‡K †Uªwms †ccv‡i Kwc K‡i †K‡U wbb|
4) G eM©‡K AB I CD eivei †K‡U Pvi UzKiv Kiæb|
5) E I G e‡M©i UzKiv PviwU‡K F e‡M©i Ici ¯’vcb K‡i cy‡ivcywi wgwj‡q wbb|
GLb Avgiv j¶¨ Kwi †h,

F eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj = E eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj + G eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj
ev, XZ2 = XY2 + YZ2

cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wUi mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ nj|
48
ce©- L: BDwK¬Wxq wbqg Qvov cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ we‡k lY


cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgv‡Yi †¶‡Î BDwK¬‡Wi cieZx©Kv‡j MwYZwe`MY weKí
c×wZ †ei K‡ib hv c~‡e©i Zzjbvq A‡c¶vK…Z mnR| GB c×wZ‡Z UªvwcwRqv‡gi
†¶Îdj †h †Kvb wZbwU wÎfy‡Ri †¶Îd‡ji mgvb, GB m~Î eënvi K‡i GB
Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Kiv hvq| GRb¨ G c×wZ‡K UªvwcwRqvg c×wZI ejv nq|
Avmyb wk¶v_x©e„›` Gev‡i Avgiv weKí c×wZ‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Kwi|
weKí cÖgvY:
g‡b Kwi, ABC mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri  A = GK mg‡KvY, BC = a, AB = c I AC
= b.
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, BC2 = AC2 + AB2
A_©vr, a2 = b2 + c2
A¼b: AB evû‡K D ch©š— ewa©Z Kwi †hb BD = AC = b nq| D we›`y‡Z AD
†iLvs‡ki Dci j¤^fv‡e DE †iLvsk
AvuwK †hb DE=AB=c nq| C,E I B,E C
†hvM Kwi|
cÖgvY: GLb, ABC I DEB G E
b a
AB=DE=c, AC=DB=b [A¼b a
c
Abymv‡i]
A c B b D
Ges Aš—f©y³  BAC = Aš—f©y³
 EDB [cÖ‡Z¨‡K GK mg‡KvY]
ABC DEB
BC=EB=a Ges  BCA=  EBD
GLb †h‡nZz CA AD Ges ED AD myZivs CA ED

AZGe, CADE GKwU UªvwcwRqvg|
49
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Avevi,  ABC+  BCA = GK mg‡KvY|

 ABC+  EBD = GK mg‡KvY
wKš‘  ABC+  CBE+  EBD = `yB mg‡KvY

 CBE = GK mg‡KvY
GLb, CADE UªvwcwRqvg †¶‡Îi †¶Îdj =  †¶Î CAB Gi †¶Îdj + 

†¶Î CBE Gi †¶Îdj +  †¶Î EBD Gi †¶Îdj|
ev,
ev,
ev,
ev,
ev,
50
g~j wkLbxq welq
weKí wbq‡g (UªvwcwRqvg c×wZ‡Z) cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ cÖgvY


C
E
√ x
a a
b c
x √
A D
c B b
wPÎ K
 GLv‡b ΔABC mg‡KvYx| ÔwPÎ KÕ Gi mg‡KvYx wÎfyR, evû Ges †Kv‡Yi wPý
†Ìqv Av‡Q| Zv †`‡L mgvb mgvb evû I †KvY¸‡jv mbv³ Ki“b|
 GLv‡b ABC mg‡KvYx wÎfyR n‡Z Zvi †¶Îdj, f~wg I j‡¤î gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Ki“b|
 cÖ_‡g ΔABC Gu‡K Zv †_‡K ÔwPÎ KÕ wKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv wjLyb|
 ÔwPÎ KÕ †_‡K cÖgvY Ki“b ΔABC  ΔBDE|
 †`Lvb †h, ADEC GKwU UªvwcwRqvg|
 GB ADEC UªvwcwRqv‡gi †¶Îdj KZ? (UªvwcwRqv‡gi †¶Îdj Gi m~Î eënvi
Ki“b)
 ADEC UªvwcwRqv‡gi †¶Îdj †Kvb wZbwU wÎfy‡Ri †¶Îd‡ji mgvb?
 GB wZbwU wÎfy‡Ri †¶Îdj KZ?
51
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ADEC UªvwcwRqv†gi †¶Îdj=wÎfyRÎ‡qi †¶Îd‡ji †hvMdj Zv MvwYwZK fvlvq
wjLyb|
 GB mgZv †_‡K cÖgvY Ki“b, a2 = b2 + c2|
 Gevi cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ Kx Zv wjLyb Ges GB mgZvi m‡_ wgj K‡i Kx †c‡jb
wjLyb|
Dccv`¨
GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfz‡Ri AwZfz‡Ri Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj Aci `yB evûi
Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶ÎØ‡qi †¶Îd‡ji mgwói mgvb|
g‡b Kwi, ABC GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR, hvi  A = GK mg‡KvY|

cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AwZfzR BC Gi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj = AB evûi
Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj + AC evûi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|
A_©vr, BC2 = AB2 + AC2
A¼b: ABC wÎfz‡Ri ewnf©v‡M BCDE, ACFG Ges ABLM eM©‡¶Î wZbwU A¼b
Kwi| A we›`y w`‡q BE †iLvs‡ki mgvš—ivj AN †iLvsk A¼b Kwi hv BC
†iLvsk‡K P we›`y‡Z Ges ED †iLvsk‡K N we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i| A I E Ges C I L
†hvM Kwi|
G
M
cÖgvY:  BAC =GK mg‡KvY (†Ìqv
Av‡Q) Ges  BAM = GK mg‡KvY A
F
[ABLM GKwU eM©‡¶Î] L
 BAC +  BAM = 2 mg‡KvY
CA Ges AM GKB mij‡iLvq C
Aew¯’Z| P
B
Avevi,  CBE =  ABL = GK
mg‡KvY|[A¼b Abymv‡i]
 CBE +  ABC =
 ABL+  ABC [Dfqc‡¶  ABC
†hvM K‡i]
E N D
 ABE =  CBL
52
GLb, ABE I CBL G

AB=BL, BE=BC Ges Aš—f©y³  ABE
=Aš—f©y³  CBL
ABE Gi †¶Îdj = CBL Gi
†¶Îdj
 †¶Î ABE Gi †¶Îdj = †¶Î
CBL Gi †¶Îdj|
GLb, ABE Ges AvqZ‡¶Î BPNE GKB f~wg BE Gi Dci Ges GKB mgvš—
ivj †iLvsk hyMj BE I AN Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
AvqZ‡¶Î BPNE Gi †¶Îdj = 2 (†¶Î ABE Gi †¶Îdj)
Avevi, CBL Ges ABLM eM©‡¶Î GKB f~wg BL Gi Dci Ges GKB mgvš—
ivj †iLvsk hyMj BL Ges CM Gi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z|
eM©‡¶Î ABLM Gi †¶Îdj = 2 (†¶Î CBL Gi †¶Îdj)
AvqZ‡¶Î BPNE Gi †¶Îdj = eM©‡¶Î ABLM Gi †¶Îdj|
GKBfv‡e, A, D Ges B, F †hvM K‡i cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,
AvqZ‡¶Î CDNP Gi †¶Îdj = eM©‡¶Î ACFG Gi †¶Îdj|
AvqZ‡¶Î BPNE Gi †¶Îdj + AvqZ‡¶Î CDNP Gi †¶Îdj = eM©‡¶Î
ABLM Gi †¶Îdj + eM©‡¶Î ACFG Gi ‡¶Îdj
A_©vr, eM©‡¶Î BCDE Gi †¶Îdj = eM©‡¶Î ABLM Gi †¶Îdj + eM©‡¶Î

ACFG Gi †¶Îdj
BC Gi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj = AB Gi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi
†¶Îdj + AC Gi Dci Aw¼Z eM©‡¶‡Îi †¶Îdj|

A_©vr BC2 = AB2 + AC2
 g~j¨vqb:
1| BDwK¬Wxq c×wZ Qvov weKí c×wZ‡Z cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU cÖgvY Ki“b|
53
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
BDwbU-3 Awa‡ekb- 38
me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (1)
R¨vwgwZK AvK…wZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv wÎfyR| wÎfyR msµvš— bvbv Av‡jvPbv
f~wgKv
gvby‡li MvwYwZK Ávb e„w×‡Z we‡kl Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q| †iLv I †KvY †f‡` wÎfy‡Ri
AvK…wZi bvbviƒc cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq, †hgb: mgevû wÎfyR, mgwØevû wÎfyR, welgevû
wÎfyR, mg‡KvYx, ¯’~j‡KvYx I m~²‡KvYx wÎfyR| wÎfy‡Ri †iLv I †KvY †f‡`
wÎfy‡Ri g‡a¨ me©mgZv I mv`„k¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wÎfyR m¤úwK©Z wk¶Y-wkL‡b
wÎfy‡Ri †KvY, evû m¤ú‡K© †hgb ¯^”Q aviYv Avek¨K GKBiKgfv‡e †KvY I evûi
wfwË‡Z GKvwaK wÎfy‡Ri ga¨Kvi me©mgZv I mv`„k¨ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl aviYv GKvš—
Avek¨K| G Awa‡ek‡b wÎfy‡Ri me©mgZv I mv`„k¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 me©mg m`„k wÎfy‡Ri msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 me©mg I m`„k wÎfy‡Ri g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 me©mg wÎfyR msµvš— Dccv`¨wU eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR
mgmsL¨K evû wewkó `yBwU eûfy‡Ri wgjKi‡Yi d‡j hw` cwigvc A‡_© Zv‡ì
Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb nq Ges ˆ`N©¨ A‡_© Zv‡ì Abyiƒc evû¸‡jv mgvb nq Z‡e
eûfyR `yBwU‡K me©mg e‡j|
Avevi, mgvb msL¨K evû wewkó `yBwU eûf~‡Ri GKwUi kxl©¸‡jv hw` AciwUi
kxl©we›`y¸‡jvi m‡½ Ggbfv‡e wgj Kiv hvq †h eûfyR `yBwUi-
54
 Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb nq, Ges

 Abyiƒc evûhyM‡ji AbycvZ mgvb nq, Z‡e eûfyR `yBwU‡K m`„k ejv nq|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avmyb Gev‡i Avgiv me©mg wÎfyR I m`„k wÎfy‡Ri msÁv wb‡æi Q‡K
†jLvi †Póv Kwi|
me©mg wÎfyR:
1| GKwU KKkxU wbb| G‡Z Giƒc GKwU wÎfzR ABC AvuKzb hvi AB=7 BwÂ,
BC=7 BwÂ Ges AC=5 BwÂ nq|
2| ABC Gi mgvb K‡i KKkxUwU †K‡U wbb|

3| Av‡iKwU KKkx‡Ui Dci ABC †i‡L mgvb K‡i †K‡U wbb|
4| G wÎfzRwU‡K A Gi ¯’‡j D, B Gi ¯’‡j E Ges C Gi ¯’‡j F bvgKiY
Ki“b|
5| Gevi wÎfzR `yBwUi evû Ges †KvY¸‡jv †g‡c †`Lyb AB=DE, BC=EF,
AC=DF Ges  ABC=  DEF,  BCA=  EFD,  BAC =  EDF nq
wKbv|
6| hw` Abyiƒc evû I †KvY¸‡jv mgvb nq Zvn‡j ejv hv‡e wÎfzR `ywU me©mg|
7| Gev‡i me©mg wÎfy‡Ri msÁv wjLyb|
m`„k wÎfyR:
1. cÖ_‡g GKwU KKkx‡Ui Dci †h‡Kvb cwigv‡c GKwU ABC AvuKzb|
55
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
2. ABC cwigvb KKkxU †K‡U wbb|

3. GLb Ggb GKwU wÎfzR DEF AvuKzb hv‡Z  ABC =  DEF Ges  BAC =
 EDF nq|
4. DEF †K‡U wbb|

5. GLb wÎfzR `ywUi AB, DE,BC, DF evû¸‡jv †g‡c †`Lyb AB/DE =
BC/DF nq wKbv|
6. wÎfzR `ywUi Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb Ges evûhyM‡ji AbycvZ mgvb nIqvq
Zviv m`„k|
7. Gev‡i m`„k wÎfy‡Ri msÁv wjLyb|
8. wÎfzR `ywU‡K m`„k‡KvYx wÎfzRI ejv nq|
56
ce©- L: me©mg I m`„k wÎfy‡Ri g‡a¨ cv_©K¨


me©mg wÎfy‡Ri I m`„k wÎfy‡Ri g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| m`„k wÎfyR mg~‡ni
AvK…wZ GK n‡jI AvKvi wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi me©mg wÎfyR mg~‡ni AvKvi I
AvK…wZ DfqB GK| GQvov `yBwU wÎfy‡Ri †KvYmg~n h_vµ‡g mgvb n‡j Zv‡K
m`„k wÎfyR ejv hvq| wKš‘ me©mg wÎfy‡Ri wZb evû ci¯úi mgvb n‡Z nq| `yBwU
wÎfyR me©mg n‡j Aek¨B Zviv m`„k n‡e wKš‘ `yBwU wÎfyR m`„k n‡j Zviv me©mg
bvI n‡Z cv‡i| wk¶©v_x© eÜziv Avmyb Gev‡i me©mg I m`„k wÎfy‡Ri ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨
Lyu‡R †ei K‡i wjwL|
m`„k wÎfyR me©mg wÎfyR
57
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- M: me©mg wÎfyR msµvš— Dccv‡`ï eY©bv I cÖgvY


wÎfy‡Ri me©mgZvi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸wj Dccv`¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb hw` GKwU wÎfy‡Ri
wZb evû †hgb KL, LM, KM Aci wÎfy‡Ri wZbevûi cd, de, eg Gi mgvb nq
Zvn‡j wÎfyR `yBwU me©mg n‡e| GiKgfv‡e me©mg wÎfy‡Ri mvaviY êwkó¨
Abymv‡i me©mg wÎfyR msµvš— †ek K‡qKwU Dccv`¨ cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kwi| Avmyb
Avgiv cÖ_‡g me©mg wÎfyR msµvš— Dccv`¨¸‡jv ‡evSevi Ges eY©bv Kivi †Póv
Kwi|
K. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri wZb evûi h_vµwgK mgZv|

1) ABC I DEF `yÕwU wÎfyR AuvKzb|
2) ABC I DEF Gi evû¸‡jv cwigvc K‡i †`Lyb|
3) ABC I DEF Gi evû¸‡jv cwigvc K‡i †`Lyb|
4) hw` AB=DE; BC=EF Ges AC=DF nq Z‡e wÎfzR `ywU me©mg|
L. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU K‡i †KvY I Zv‡ì Aš—M©Z evûi mgZv|

2) ABC I DEF Gi  ABC,  ACB,  DEF,  DFE †KvY¸‡jv
cwigvc K‡i †`Lyb|

3)  ABC=  DEF,  ACB=  DFE nq wKbv †`Lyb|
4) †h‡nZz ABC I DEF-Gi †KvYØq Ges `ywU †Kv‡Yi Aš—M©Z evû

BC=EF| myZivs wÎfzRØq me©mg|
58
M. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU K‡i evû I Zv‡ì Aš—fy©³ †Kv‡Yi mgZv|

2) cwigvc K‡i †`Lyb, ABC I DEF Gi AB=DE, BC= EF Ges

evûØ‡qi gaëZ©x †KvY  ABC=  DEF|
3) myZivs wÎfzRØq me©mg|
N. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU K‡i †KvY I †h †Kvb GK evûi mgZv|

2) ABC I DEF wÎfz‡Ri †KvY¸‡jv cwigvc Ki“b|
3) wÎfzRØ‡qi  ABC =  DEF Ges  ACB=  DFE|

4) GQvovI G‡ì GKwU †Kv‡Yi wecixZ evûØq AB = DE nq wKbv Zv wgwj‡q
wbb|
5) †h‡nZz wÎfzR `yBwUi `yB †Rvov †KvY Ges G‡ì GKwUi wecixZ evûØq
ci¯úi mgvb ZvB Giv me©mg|
O. `yBwU mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri AwZfyR-AwZfyR I Aci †h †Kvb GK evû-evû mgZv|

1) GKwU †Uªwms †ccv‡i GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR AvuKzb|
2) ABC Gi Abyiƒc GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfzR DEF AvuKzb hvi AwZfzR DF=
AwZfzR AC nq|
3) hw` ABC I DEF-Gi BC = EF nq Z‡e wÎfzRØq me©mg|
59
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
me©mg (Congruent): mgmsL¨K evûwewkó `yBwU eûfz‡Ri †KvY wgjKi‡Yi d‡j

 hw` Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb (cwigvc A‡_©) nq Ges Abyiƒc evû¸‡jv mgvb (ˆ`N©¨
A‡_©) nq, Z‡e eûfzR `yBwU‡K me©mg ejv nq| (wÎfzRI GK ai‡bi eûfzR)
A D
B C E F
m`„k (Similar): mgvb msL¨K evûwewkó `yBwU eûfz‡Ri GKwUi kxl©we›`y¸‡jv‡K

hw` AciwUi kxl©we›`y¸‡jvi m‡½ Ggbfv‡e wg‡j hvq †h, eûfzR `yBwUi-
 Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb nq Ges
 Abyiƒc evûhyM‡ji AbycvZ¸‡jv mgvb nq, Z‡e eûfzR `yBwU‡K m`„k ejv nq|
m`„k‡KvYx (Equiangular): mgvb msL¨K evûwewkó `yBwU eûfz‡Ri GKwUi

†KvY¸‡jv µg Abymv‡i AciwUi †KvY¸‡jvi mgvb n‡j eûfzR `yBwU‡K m`„k‡KvYx
m`„k wÎfy‡Ri
(Equiangular) ejv nq|
mgv‡jvPbv
m`„k wÎfy‡Ri AvK…wZ GKB wKš‘ mvBR (Size) ev AvKvi Avjv`vI n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr
†`L‡Z GKB iKg; wKš‘ eo ev †QvU n‡Z cv‡i|
60
`yBwU wÎfyR m`„k n‡e hw`:
1. `yBwU wÎfyR †_‡K `yBwU K‡i †bIqv, Giƒc `yB †Rvov †KvY ci®úi mgvb nq|
2. †h †Kvb `yB evûi AbycvZ Aci `yB evûi Abycv‡Zi mgvb nq|
me©mg
wÎfy‡Ri me©mg wÎfyR we‡kl ai‡bi m`„k wÎfyR| me©mg wÎfy‡Ri AvKvi I AvK„wZ GKB|
Av‡jvPbv wb‡Pi PviwU k‡Z© `yBwU wÎfyR me©mg nq:
1. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri wZb evûi h_vµwgK mgZv| ms‡¶‡c †jLv hvq: evevev (SSS)
2. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU K‡i evû I Zv‡ì Aš—fy©³ †Kv‡Yi mgZv| ev‡Kvev (SAS)
3. Dfq wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU K‡i †KvY I †h †Kvb GK evûi mgZv| †Kvev‡Kv/ †Kv‡Kvev
4. `yBwU mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri AwZfyR-AwZfyR I Aci †h †Kvb GK evû-evû mgZv|
AwZev/(HS)
hw` GKwU wÎfy‡Ri wZb evû Aci wÎfy‡Ri wZb evûi mgvb nq Z‡e Zviv me©mg|
`yBwU wÎfy‡Ri †KvY¸‡jv hw`-
 wfbœ nq, Z‡e wÎfyR¸‡jv m`„k/me©mg †KvbwUB nq bv|
 mgvb nq, Z‡e wÎfyR¸‡jv m`„k nq| (AAA)
 mgvb Ges Abyiƒc evû mgvb ˆ`‡N¨©i nq, Z‡e wÎfyRØq me©mg| (SSS )
61
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wÎfy‡Ri cÖZxKxqiƒc wPÎiƒc b~b¨Zg kZ© mvwe©K êwkó¨

m¤úK©
m`„k ABC  DEF A   A=  D,  A=  D
D   B=  E
 B=  E  C=  F
AB BC AB BC AC
B CE F  = = =
DE EF DE EF DF
me©mg ABC  DEF  evevev (SSS)  A=  D
A D  ev‡Kvev  B=  E
 †Kvev‡Kv/  C=  F
AB=DE
Kv‡Kvev
BC=EF
B C E F  AwZev AC=DF
 ABC = DEF
m`„k I me©mg wÎfz‡Ri Zzjbv

m`„k wÎfzR me©mg wÎfzR
1. `yBwU m`„k wÎfz‡Ri AvK…wZ GK; 1. me©mg wÎfz‡Ri AvK…wZ GK Ges
wKš‘, AvKvi wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| AvKviI GK| A_©vr †¶Îdj mgvb|
A_©vr †¶Îdj mgvb bvI n‡Z
cv‡i|
2. 2. †h †Kvb `y&B evûi AbycvZ 2. me©mg wÎfz‡Ri Abyiƒc evû hyMj
Abyiƒc `yB evûi Abycv‡Zi ci¯úi mgvb|
mgvb| A_©vr m`„k wÎfz‡Ri
evû¸‡jv mgvbycvwZK|
3. 3. GKwUi wZb †KvY h_vµ‡g 3. GKwUi wZb evû h_vµ‡g AciwUi
AciwUi wZb †Kv‡Yi mgvb n‡j wZb evûi mgvb n‡j wÎfyRØq me©mg|
wÎfzRØq m`„k|
4. 4. Dfq wÎfz‡Ri `yB †Rvov 4. `yB †Rvov evû ci¯úi mgvb n‡j,
†KvY ci¯úi mgvb n‡jB, Z…Zxq †Rvov mgvb bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Z…Zxq †RvovI ci¯úi mgvb Z‡e evûØ‡qi Aš—fy³ © †KvY mgvb
n‡e| n‡j wÎfzRØq me©mg n‡e|
5. 5. Dfq wÎfz‡Ri wZb †Rvov 5. wZb †Rvov †KvY ci¯úi mgvb, wZb
†KvY, wZb †Rvov evû I †Rvov evû ci¯úi mgvb Ges
†¶Îd‡ji g‡a¨ †Kej wZb †¶ÎdjI ci¯úi mgvb|
†Rvov †KvY ci¯úi mgvb|
6. 6. `yBwU wÎfzR m`„k n‡j me©mg 6. `yBwU wÎfzR me©mg n‡j Aek¨B m`„k
bvI n‡Z cv‡i n‡e|
62
(1) evevev/SSS
hw` GKwU wÎfy‡Ri wZb evû Aci wÎfy‡Ri wZb evûi mgvb nq Z‡e Zviv me©mg|
(evevev/SSS)
A D
B C E F
(2) †Kvev‡Kv/ASA
hw` †Kvb wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †KvY Ges `yBwU †Kv‡Yi Aš—M©Z evû, Aci wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †KvY
Ges `yBwU †Kv‡Yi Aš—M©Z evûi mgvb nq, Z‡e wÎfyRØq me©mg|
(†Kvev‡Kv/ASA)
A D
B C E F
(3) ev‡Kvev/SAS
hw` †Kvb wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU evû Ges evûØ‡qi gaëZx© †KvY, Aci ‡Kvb wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU evû
Ges evûØ‡qi gaëZx© †Kv†Yi mgvb nq, Z‡e wÎfyRØq me©mg| (ev‡Kvev/SAS)
63
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
A D
B C E F
(4) †Kv‡Kvev/AAS
hw` †Kvb wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †KvY Ges G‡ì GKwUi wecixZ evû, Aci wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †KvY
Ges Abyiƒc †Kv‡Yi wecixZ evûi mgvb nq, Z‡e wÎfyRØq me©mg| (†Kv‡Kvev/AAS)
A D
B C E F
(5) AwZev/Hyp-S
`yBwU mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri AwZfyR Ges Aci †h †Kvb GKwU evû mgvb nq, Z‡e mg‡KvYx
wÎfyRØq me©mg nq| (AwZev/Hyp-S)
A D
Hyp Hyp
B S C E S F
64
P X
Hyp Hyp
S S
Q R Y Z
(1) evev‡Kv/SSA
m`„k I
hw` `yBwU wÎfy‡Ri `yB evû Ges GKwU ewn©fy³ †KvY mgvb nq, Z‡e wÎfyRØq me©mg
me©mg
n‡ZI cv‡i, Avevi bvI cv‡i wKš‘ m`„k n‡e|
(2) †Kv‡Kvev/AAS
hw` GKwU wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †KvY, Aci wÎfy‡Ri `yBwU †Kv‡Yi mgvb nq ,Z‡e wÎfyRØq
m`„k wKš‘ me©mg bq| Z‡e Gi mv‡_ GKwU K‡i evû mgvb n‡j wÎfyRØq me©mg|
(3) †Kv‡Kv‡Kv/AAA
`yBwU wÎfyR †_‡K `yB †Rvov †KvY mgvb n‡jB wÎfyRØq m`„k n‡e| Z‡e `yB †Rvov ‡KvY
mgvb n‡j Z…Zxq †Rvov mgvb n‡eB|
A
B C E F
`yB †Rvov evûi AbycvZ mgvb n‡jB wÎfyRØq m`„k n‡e| Z‡e Z…Zxq †Rvovi AbycvZI
GKB n‡e| A_©vr m`„k wÎfy‡Ri evû¸‡jv mgvbycvwZK|
65
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
AB BC AC
= = ,
DE EF DF
AB DE AB DE
A_©vr, = ev, =
BC EF AC DF
 g~j¨vqb:
1| me©mg wÎfyR Kv‡K e‡j?
2| me©mg I m`„k wÎf~‡Ri cv_©K¨ Kx?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
g~j¨vqb- 1:
mgmsL¨K evûwewkó `yBwU eûf~‡Ri wgjKi‡Yi d‡j hw` cwigvc A‡_© Zv‡ì
Abyiƒc †KvY¸‡jv mgvb nq Ges ˆ`N©¨ A‡_© Zv‡ì Abyiƒc evû¸‡jv mgvb nq
Zv eûfyR `yBwU‡K me©mg e‡j|
g~j¨vqb- 2:
wÎfy‡Ri cÖZxKxq iƒc wPÎiƒc b~¨bZg kZ© mvwe©K êwkó¨

m¤úK©
m`„k ABC  DEF A   A=  D,  A=  D
D   B=  E
 B=  E  C=  F
AB BC AB BC AC
CE
 = = =
B F DE EF DE EF DF
me©mg ABC  DEF  evevev (SSS)  A=  D
A D  ev‡Kvev  B=  E
 †Kvev‡Kv  C=  F
AB=DE
/Kv‡Kvev
BC=EF
B C E F  AwZev AC=DF
 ABC = DEF
66
wÎfy‡Ri AvKvi I AvK…wZ Abyhvqx wÎfyR‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| Giv n‡jv
f~wgKv
me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR| me©mg wÎfyR we‡kl ai‡bi m`„k wÎfyR| me©mg wÎfy‡Ri
AvKvi I AvK…wZ GKB| Ab¨w`‡K m`„k wÎfy‡Ri AvK…wZ GKB n‡jI mvBR ev
AvKvi Avjv`vI n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr †`L‡Z GKB iKg wKš‘ eo ev †QvU n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡¶‡Î R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ m¤úwK©Z Ávb wk¶v_x©‡ì m`„k I me©mg wÎfyR
wPwýZKi‡Y we‡kl mnvqK nq| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì R¨vwgwZK
AbycvZ I mv`„k¨ m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨ I Zvi †hŠw³K cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨mg~n cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv`„k¨ m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ
m`„k wÎfy‡Ri aviYvi †¶‡Î R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ m¤úwK©Z Ávb AZ¨vek¨K| KviY
wÎfy‡Ri AvKvi mgvb bv n‡jI Zv‡ì evû I †KvYmgy‡ni mgvb Abycv‡Zi †¶‡Î
wÎfyR `yBwU m`„k n‡Z cv‡i|
eÜziv Avmyb Gev‡i Avgiv `yBwU mgD”PZv wewkó wÎfy‡Ri ga¨Kvi †¶Îd‡ji
AbycvZ wbY©q Kwi|
67
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
1| GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i GKwU wÎfzR †¶Î ABC AvuKzb|

2| ABC-Gi f~wg BC Gi Dci A kxl©we›`y †_‡K GKwU j¤^ AvuKzb hv BC †K
we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
3| Aci GKwU †cv÷vi †ccv‡i DEF Ggb GKwU wÎfzR AvuKzb hv‡Z j¤^ Aa =
j¤^ Dd nq|
4| GLb wÎfzR †¶‡Îi †¶Îd‡ji m~Î eënvi K‡i ABC Ges DEF Gi
†¶Îdj wbY©q Ki“b|
5| Gevi wÎfzRØ‡qi `yB evû BC I EF cwigvc K‡i G‡ì AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b|
ce©- L: R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ I mv`„k¨
68

c~‡e©i c‡e© Avgiv wÎfy‡Ri ga¨Kvi R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z wk‡LwQ|
wÎfy‡Ri me©mgZv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS †h, `yBwU wÎfy‡Ri evû¸‡jv Ges †KvY¸‡jv
hw` mgvb nq Z‡e Zv‡K me©mg wÎfyR e‡j| Avevi `yBwU wÎfy‡Ri Abyiƒc
†KvY¸‡jv hw` mgvb nq wKsev Abyiƒc evû¸‡jvi AbycvZ hw` mgvb nq Z‡e wÎfyR
`yBwU‡K m`„k wÎfyR ejv hvq| wÎfy‡Ri GB AbycvZ Ges mv`„k¨ wb‡q †ek K‡qKwU
Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Kiv hvq| wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avmyb Avgiv †h †Kvb GKwU wÎfy‡Ri
AbycvZ I mv`„k¨ m¤úwK©Z wb‡gœi †h †Kvb GKwU Dccv`¨ cÖgvY Kwi|
(1) evevev/SSS k‡Z©: wPÎ- 1
A D
( E F
B C
D
2) †Kvev‡Kv/ASA k‡Z©: wPÎ- 2
E F
B C
(3) ev‡Kvev/SAS k‡Z©: wPÎ- 3
A D
B C E F
(4) †Kv‡Kvev/AAS k‡Z©: wPÎ- 4
69
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
D
A
B C E F
(5) AwZev/Hyp-S k‡Z©: wPÎ- 5
A D
Hyp Hyp
B S C E S F
P X
Hyp Hyp
S S
Q R Y Z
(6) †Kv‡Kv‡Kv/AAA k‡Z©: wPÎ-6
70
B C E F
71
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
`yBwU wÎfyR‡¶‡Îi D”PZv mgvb n‡j Zv‡ì †¶ÎdjØq I f~wgØq mgvbycvwZK |


A D
h h
B a C E d F
g‡b Kwi, -†¶Î ABC I -†¶Î DEF Gi f~wg h_vµ‡g BC = a GKK I

EF = d GKK Ges Dfq †¶‡Îi D”PZv h GKK (mKj ˆ`N©¨ GKB GK‡K ewY©Z)|
1
Zvn‡j, -†¶Î ABC = ah eM©GKK
2
1
-†¶Î DEF = dh eM©GKK
2
1 1
 -†¶Î ABC: -†¶Î DEF = ah / dh=a/d = BC: EF
2 2
72
wÎfy‡Ri †Kvb GK evûi mgvš—ivj †h †Kvb mij‡iLv Zvi Aci `yB evû‡K ev
Zv‡ì ewa©ZvskØq‡K mgvb Abycv‡Z wef³ K‡i|
A
A
P Q B C
B C P Q
g‡b Ki“b, PQ †iLv ABC-Gi BC evûi mgvš—ivj Ges Dnv AB I AC †K

ev Zv‡ì ewa©Zvsk‡K h_vµ‡g P I Q we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
AP t PB = AQ t QC
A¼b: B, Q I C, P †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: APQ I BPQ GKB kxl©we›`y wewkó e‡j G‡ì D”PZv mgvb|
APQ AP
 
BPQ BP
APQ AQ
Z`ª“c 
CPQ CQ
GLbBPQ I CPQ GKB f~wg PQ-Gi Dci Ges GKB mgvš—ivj hyM‡j
Aew¯’Z|
 BPQ = CPQ
APQ APQ
myZivs 
BPQ CPQ
AP AQ
  (cÖgvwYZ)
BP CQ
73
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
`yBwU wÎfyR m`„k‡KvYx n‡j Zv‡ì Abyiƒc evû¸‡jv AbycvZ mgvb n‡e|
C F
M N
D E
A B
g‡b Ki“b, ABC I DEF-G
A=D, B=E Ges C=F
CA BC AB
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h,  
FD EF DE
A¼b: ai“b, ABC DEF, Zvn‡j CA n‡Z CM=FD Ges CB n‡Z

CN=FE KvUzb Ges M, N †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: CMN IFDE-G
CM=FD, CN=FE Ges
Aš—fy©³MCN= Aš—fy©³DFE
 CMNFDE
 CMN=FDE=A
wKš‘ CMN I A Abyiƒc †KvY|
 MN AB
74
CA BC

CM CN
CA BC
ev,  [CM=FD, CN=EF]
FD EF
GBiƒ‡c AC I AB n‡Z h_vµ‡g DF I DE Gi mgvb Ask †K‡U wb‡q †`Lv‡bv

hvq-
AC AB CA AB
 A_©vr 
DF DE FD DE
CA BC AB
   (cÖgvwYZ)
FD EF DE
g~j¨vqb:

1| R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2| R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨mg~n wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
g~j¨vqb- 1:
R¨vwgwZK AvK…wZmg~‡ni AvKv‡ii AbycvZ‡K R¨vwgwZK AbycvZ e‡j|
g~j¨vqb- 2: Avmyb Avgiv wb‡Riv †Póv Kwi|
75
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„Ë (1)
MwY‡Zi ZvwË¡K I eënvwiK †¶‡Î Ab¨Zg GKwU aviYv n‡jv e„Ë m¤úwK©Z aviYv|
f~wgKv
e„‡Ëi msÁv, e„‡Ëi wewfbœ Ask, Askmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi m¤úK©, e„‡Ëi †¶Îdj wbY©‡qi
c×wZ BZ¨vw` wel‡q aviYv wk¶v_x©‡ì MvwYwZK aviYv‡K mg„× K‡i| G m¤úwK©Z
Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ êÁvwbK Dc¯’vcb c×wZ wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk mnvqK|
e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mvwe©K aviYv wk¶v_x©‡ì MwY‡Zi cÖv‡qvwMK ‡¶‡Î Ab¨Zg PvwjKv
kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, Dchy³ Dc¯’vcb c×wZ,
h_vh_ wk‡¶vcKiY wbe©vPb I Zv‡ì mwVK eënv‡ii Afve, wk¶v_x©‡ì e„Ë
m¤úwK©Z Ávb AR©‡b e¨vNvZ m„wó K‡i| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b e„Ë I e„Ë m¤úwK©Z
welqvw` m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 e„Ë I mge„Ë msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi R¨v I e¨v‡mi msÁv w`‡Z I wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv welqwUi m~Î `yBwU e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë m¤úK©xq Dccv`¨mg~‡ni cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
76
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: e„Ë I mge„Ë
hw` O mgZ‡ji †Kvb wbw`©ó we›`y nq Ges r GKwU wbw`©ó abvZ¥K ev¯—e msL¨v nq,
Z‡e mgZj¯’ †h mKj we›`y O †_‡K r `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z, Zv‡ì †mU‡K e„Ë ejv nq,
hvi †K›`ª O I e¨vmva© r|
o
r o
A B
B B
mgZj¯’ KwZcq we›`y‡K mge„Ë ejv nq hw` we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU e„Ë hvq A_v©r
Ggb GKwU e„Ë _v‡K hv‡Z we›`y¸‡jv Aew¯’Z nq |
B D
C C
O
D B
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, e„Ë I mge„‡Ëi mv`„k¨ I êmv`„k¨ wb‡Pi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi|
77
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
mv`„k¨ êmv`„k¨
78
ce©- L: e„‡Ëi R¨v I e¨vm


wP‡Î O †K›`ª wewkó GKwU e„Ë i‡q‡Q| e„‡Ëi AB, AC †iLvsk i‡q‡Q| hv e„‡Ëi
cwiwai `ywU K‡i we›`y‡K †Q` K‡i‡Q| GB e„‡Ëi †KvbwU R¨v Ges †KvbwU e¨vm Zv
wPwýZ K‡i msÁvwqZ Ki“b|
A B
.O
79
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ce©- M: e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv welqK `yBwU m~Î

e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZvev` welqK m~Î `yBwU Rvb‡Z n‡j e„‡Ëi Af¨š—i¯’ we›`y Ges
ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y‡K wK ejv nq Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e| Gevi GKwU e„Ë A¼b K‡i Gi
Af¨š—i¯’ we›`y I ewnt¯’ we›`y wbY©q Kwi| wP‡Î P e„‡Ëi Af¨š—i¯’ GKwU we›`y
Ges Q e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ GKwU we›`y| PQ †iLvsk e„ËwU‡K †Kej R we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
e„‡Ëi `yBwU Awew”QbœZvev` m~Î wb‡gœ †Ìqv n‡jv:
(K) †Kvb e„‡Ëi Af¨š—i¯’ GKwU we›`y I ewnt¯’ GKwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk
e„ËwU‡K GKwU I †Kej GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
(L) hw` †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y Aci GKwU e„‡Ëi Af¨š—‡i _v‡K Ges cÖ_‡gv³
e„‡Ëi Aci GKwU we›`y †k‡lv³ e„‡Ëi ewn©fv‡M _v‡K, Z‡e e„ËØ‡qi `yBwU I †Kej
`yBwU †Q` we›`y _v‡K|
P Q
P Q R
ce©- N: e„Ë m¤úK©xq Dccv‡`ï cÖgvY

 `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y w`‡q hvq Ggb me e„‡Ëi †K›`ª¸‡jv GK mij‡iLvq Aew¯’Z| G
mgm¨v Abyhvqx Avgiv A‡bK¸‡jv e„Ë AvuKvi †Póv Kwi hv GKB we›`y w`‡q hvq Ges
GB †K›`ªMy†jv †h GKB mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kwi|
80
cÖgvY:
81
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
e„Ë (1)
e„Ë
hw` O mgZ‡ji †Kvb wbw`©ó we›`y nq Ges r GKwU wbw`©ó abvZ¥K ev¯Íe msL¨v nq,
 Z‡e mgZj¯’ †h mKj we›`y O †_‡K r `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z, Zv‡ì †mU‡K e„Ë ejv nq,
hvi †K›`ª O I e¨vmva© r|
o
A r o B
B B
mgZj¯’ KwZcq we›`y‡K mge„Ë ejv nq hw` we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU e„Ë hvq A_v©r
mge„Ë
Ggb GKwU e„Ë _v‡K hv‡Z we›`y¸‡jv Aew¯’Z nq |
A
B D
C C
O
C'
D B
cwiwa¯’ `yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K R¨v e‡j|

e„‡Ëi R¨v
†K›`ª †f` K‡i cwiwa¯’ `yBwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk‡K e„‡Ëi e¨vm e‡j|
A B
e„‡Ëi e¨vm .O
e„‡Ëi mgvb mgvb R¨v †K›`ª †_‡K mg`~ieZx©
82
g‡b Ki“b, ABDC e„‡Ëi O †K›`ª| AB I CD Zvi `yBwU mgvb R¨v| cÖgvY
Ki‡Z n‡e O †_‡K AB I CD R¨v-Øq mg`~ieZx©|
C
A
O

Q
P
D
B
A¼b: O †_‡K AB I CD R¨v-Gi Dci h_vµ‡g OP I OQ j¤^ †iLvsk AuvKzb|

O, A Ges O, C †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: †h‡nZz OP, AB Gi Dci j¤^|

1
 AP  AB
2
GKBfv‡e, OQ, CD-Gi Dci j¤^|
1
 CQ  CD
2
GLb †h‡nZz AB=CD AZGe, AP=CQ
myZivs OAP Ges OCQ mg‡KvYx wÎfyRØ‡qi g‡a¨

AwZfyR OA =AwZfyR OC [GKB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©] Ges AP=CQ
 OAP  OCQ
myZivs OP=OQ
wKš‘ OP I OQ h_vµ‡g †K›`ª †_‡K AB I CD R¨v-Gi `~iZ¡| myZivs AB I

CD R¨v-Øq e„‡Ëi †K›`ª †_‡K mg`~ieZx©| (cÖgvwYZ)
e„‡Ëi †K›`ª †_‡K mg`~ieZx© mKj R¨v ci¯úi mgvb|
83
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g‡b Ki“b, ABDC e„‡Ëi O †K›`ª Ges AB I CD R¨v-Øq †K›`ª †_‡K

mg`~ieZx©| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, AB=CD|
C
A
O

Q
P
D
B
A¼b: O we›`y †_‡K AB I CD R¨vØ‡qi Dci h_vµ‡g OP I OQ j¤^ A¼b

Ki“b| O, A Ges O, C †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: †h‡nZz AB I CD R¨v-Øq †K›`ª †_‡K mg`~ieZx©,

AZGe, OP= OQ
Avevi †h‡nZz, OP, AB Gi Dci j¤^
1
 AP  AB
2
1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, CQ  CD
2
GLb OAP Ges OCQ mg‡KvYx wÎfyRØ‡qi

AwZfyR AO =AwZfyR OC [GKB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©] Ges OP=OQ
 OAP  OCQ
AP= CQ
1 1
A_©vr AB  CD ev AB = CD
2 2
A_©vr †K›`ª †_‡K mg`~ieZx© mKj R¨v ci¯úi mgvb| (cÖgvwYZ)
e„‡Ëi e¨vmB e„nËg R¨v
84
g‡b Ki“b, O †K›`ª wewkó ABDC GKwU e„Ë| AB Zvi e¨vm Ges CD e¨vm wfbœ
†h †Kvb GKwU R¨v| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, AB>CD|
O
 B
A
D
C D
A¼b: O, C Ges O, D †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: GKB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva© e‡j, OA=OB=OC=OD

GLb OCD G
OC+OD>CD
ev, OA+OB>CD
ev, AB>CD (cÖgvwYZ)
hw` e„‡Ëi `yBwU R¨v ci¯úi‡K †Q` K‡i Ges †Q`we›`y I †K‡›`ªi ms‡hvMKvix
†iLvs‡ki mv‡_ Zviv mgvb †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Z‡e R¨vØq ci¯úi mgvb|
D O B
Q P
E
A C
g‡b Ki“b, O †K›`ª wewkó ABCD GKwU e„‡Ëi AB Ges CD R¨v `yBwU
ci¯úi‡K E we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i Ges OEB=OED| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
AB=CD|
85
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
A¼b: O †_‡K AB I CD R¨v-Gi Dci h_vµ‡g OP I OQ j¤^ A¼b Ki“b|

cÖgvY: OEP Ges OEQ Gi g‡a¨
OEP=OEQ
OPE=OQE [cÖ‡Z¨‡K GK mg‡KvY]
Ges OE mvaviY evû|

 OEPOEQ
 OP=OQ
myZivs AB=CD (cÖgvwYZ)
 g~j¨vqb:
1| e„‡Ëi e¨vm R¨v n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ mKj R¨v e¨vm n‡Z cv‡i bv- e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
2| Òe„‡Ëi `yÕwU mgvb R¨v ci¯úi‡K †Q` Ki‡j Zv‡ì GKwUi AskØq AciwUi
AskØ‡qi mgvbÓ Dccv`¨wU Dc¯’vcb c×wZ eY©bv Ki“b|
86
e„Ë (2)
e„Ë n‡jv GKwU eµ‡iLv hvi cÖwZwU we›`y Ab¨ Av‡iKwU we›`y †_‡K (hvi bvg †K›`ª) mgvb
f~wgKv
`~i‡Z¡ (hv‡K e‡j e¨vmva©) Ae¯’vb K‡i|
D‡Ïk¨
GB Awa‡ekb †k‡l Avcwb
 e„ËPvc, Aa©e„Ë, DcPvc I AwaPvc mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë¯’ †KvY I †K›`ª¯’ †Kv‡Yi msÁv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: e„ËPvc, Aa©e„Ë, DcPvc I AwaPvc mbv³ KiY
†Kvb e„‡Ëi `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges H we›`yØ‡qi GKcv‡k Aew¯’Z e„‡Ëi we›`ymg~‡ni †mU‡K
e„ËwUi GKwU Pvc e‡j|
wb‡Pi wPÎ¸wj †_‡K DcPvc, AwaPvc Ges Aa©e„Ë mbv³ Ki“b :

C C
A
B
 A  B
wPÎ- L
wPÎ- K
C C
A B
 B

A
D
wPÎ- M wPÎ- N
87
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ce©- L: e„Ë¯’ I †K›`ª¯’ †Kv‡Yi msÁv

wb‡Pi wPÎ `ywUi GKwU e„Ë¯’ †KvY Ges AciwU †K›`ª¯’ †KvY| †KvbwU wK Zv mbv³ K‡i
wPÎ †`‡L Zv‡ì msÁv ˆZwi Ki“b|
C C
 
A
B
A B
wPÎ- L
wPÎ- K
88
g~j wkLbxq welq

e„Ë (2)
DcPvc
 Aa©e„Ë
B
A
A B „
Aa©e„Ë AwaPvc
e„ËPvc: †Kvb e„‡Ëi A I B `yBwU wfbœ we›`y n‡j AB Gi LwÛZ Ask‡K e„ËPvc e‡j|
Aa©e„Ë: †Kvb e„‡Ëi A I B `yBwU wfbœ we›`y Ges hw` AB †K›`ª w`‡q hvq Z‡e Gi
LwÛZAsk‡K Aa©e„Ë e‡j|
DcPvc: †Kvb e„‡Ëi A I B `yBwU wfbœ we›`y Ges hw` AB †K›`ª w`‡q bv hvq Z‡e Gi
†QvU LwÛZ Ask‡K DcPvc e‡j|
AwaPvc: †Kvb e„‡Ëi A I B `yBwU wfbœ we›`y Ges hw` AB †K›`ª w`‡q bv hvq Z‡e Gi
eo LwÛZ Ask‡K AwaPvc e‡j|
O
A
B D E
†K›`ª¯’ †KvY e„Ë¯’ †KvY

e„Ë¯’ †KvY
89
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y n‡j Ges †KvYwUi cÖ‡Z¨K evû‡Z kxl©we›`y
QvovI e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y _vK‡j †KvYwU‡K GKwU e„Ë¯’ †KvY ev e„‡Ë Aš—wj©wLZ †KvY ejv
nq| e„‡Ëi `yBwU R¨v e„‡Ëi (cwiwa¯’) †Kvb we›`y‡Z wgwjZ n‡q Af¨š—‡i †h †KvY m„wó
K‡i|
†K›`ª¯’ †KvY
GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z n‡j †KvYwU‡K H e„‡Ëi GKwU †K›`ª¯’
†KvY ejv nq| Ges †KvYwU e„‡Ë †h Pvc LwÛZ K‡i †mB Pv‡ci Dci Zv Aew¯’Z ev
`Ûvqgvb ejv nq|
 g~j¨vqb:
(1) cÖgvY Ki †h, e„‡Ëi GKB Pv‡ci Dci `Ûvqgvb e„Ë¯’ †KvY †K›`ª¯’ †Kv‡Yi A‡a©K|
(2) cÖgvY Ki †h, GKB Pv‡ci Dci `Ûvqgvb e„Ë¯’ †KvY¸‡jv ci¯úi mgvb|
(3) cÖgvY Ki †h, Aa©e„Ë¯’ †KvY GK mg‡KvY|
(4) cÖgvY Ki †h, mgvb mgvb e„‡Ë mgvb mgvb R¨v mgvb mgvb Pvc wQbœ K‡i|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
ÔKÕ wP‡Î ACB DcPvc|
ÔLÕ wP‡Î ACB Aa©e„Ë|
ÔMÕ wP‡Î ACB AwaPvc|
ÔNÕ wP‡Î ACB DcPvc I ADB AwaPvc
ce©- L
ÔKÕ wP‡Î ACB GKwU e„Ë¯’ †KvY
ÔLÕ wP‡Î AOB GKwU †K›`ª¯’ †KvY
90
e„Ë (3)
wb‡Pi wP‡Î e„‡Ëi †K›`ª (Center), e¨vmva© (Radius) I Ab¨vb¨ Ask †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
f~wgKv
cwiwa
e¨vm
†K›`ª

e¨vmva©
¯úk©K
D‡Ïk¨
 †Q`K, ¯úk©K I mvaviY ¯úk©K AsKb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K m¤úK©xq Dccv‡`ï Dci wfwË K‡i DcKiY mn †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vb
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †Q`K, ¯úk©K I mvaiY ¯úk©K †Pbv
†Q`K k‡ãi A_© hv †Q` K‡i| ¯úk©K k‡ãi A_© hv ¯úk© K‡i| Zvn‡j mvaviY ¯úk©K
k‡ãi A_© wK n‡Z cv‡i AvcwbB wPš—v Ki“b| wb‡Pi wPÎ¸wj †_‡K †Q`K, ¯úk©K,
mvaviY ¯úk©K I ¯úk© we›`y wPwýZ Ki“b|
B
A B
C
A
O

P T
wPÎ- K wPÎ- L
91
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
BDwbU- 3 Awa‡ekb-42
g~j wkLbxq welq

e„Ë (3)
†Q`K, ¯úk©K I mvaviY ¯úk©K
 †Q`K:
GKwU e„Ë I GKwU mij‡iLvi hw` `yBwU †Q`we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K e„ËwUi GKwU †Q`K
e‡j|
¯úk©K:
GKwU e„Ë I GKwU mij‡iLvi hw` GKwU I †Kej GKwU ¯úk©we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K
e„ËwUi GKwU ¯úk©K e‡j Ges we›`ywU‡K ¯úk© we›`y e‡j|
B D
†Q`K ¯úk©K
mvaviY ¯úk©K:
GKwU mij †iLv hw` `yBwUe„‡Ë ¯úk©K nq, Z‡e Zv‡K e„Ë `yBwUi GKwU maviY ¯úk©K
ejv nq| `yB‡qi AwaK e„†ËiI GKwU mvaviY ¯úk©K _vK‡Z cv‡i|
92
A
B
D
g~j¨vqb:

(1) cÖgvY Kiyb †h, e„‡Ëi †h †Kvb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z ¯úk©K ¯úk©we›`yMvgx e¨vmv‡a©i Dci
j¤^|
(2) cÖgvY Kiyb †h, ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ë `yBwU ¯úk©K Uvb‡j, H we›`y †_‡K ¯úk©
we›`yØ‡qi `~iZ¡ mgvb n‡e|
(3) cÖgvY Kiyb †h, `yBwU e„Ë ci¯úi ¯úk© Ki‡j, Zv‡ì †K›`ªØq I ¯úk© we›`y mg‡iL
n‡e|
(4) e„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kvb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z ¯úk©K Ges H we›`yMvgx †h †Kvb R¨v Gi Aš—
M©Z †KvY Zvi GKvš—i e„Ëvsk¯’ †h †Kv†bv †Kv‡Yi mgvb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K:
   
ÔKÕ wP‡Î PA , PB , PC e„ËwUi †Q`K, PT e„ËwUi GKwU ¯úk©K Ges P we›`ywU GB
¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk©we›`y|

ÔLÕ wP‡Î AB e„Ë `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY ¯úk©K|
93
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
MvwYwZK Dccv‡`ï †hŠw³K cÖgvY (1)
MwY‡Zi mKj cÖgvYvwì wfwË nj hyw³ZË¡| AvRKvj DbœZ †`kmg~‡n gva¨wgK ¯—‡i
f~wgKv
hyw³ZË¡ ïay cov‡bvB n‡”Q bv, Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi cÖwZwU av‡c av‡c hyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡”Q| hyw³ZË¡ wk¶v`v‡bi Afv‡e †ekxi fvM MwYZ wk¶v_x©iv MvwYwZK cÖgv‡Yi h_v_©
Zvrch© eyS‡Z A¶g| MwY‡Z hZUzKz wk¶v Zviv cv‡”Q †mUv hyw³Z‡Ë¡i Áv‡bi Afv‡e
cwic~Y©iƒ‡c weKwkZ n‡”Q bv| MwYZ cv‡V wk¶vjä Áv‡bi GKUv Ach©vwß †_‡K hv‡”Q|
d‡j MwYZ Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GKwU wbim welqe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| G Kvi‡Y hyw³Z‡Ë¡i Áv‡bi
gva¨‡g MwYZ‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì Kv‡Q mnR welqe¯‘‡Z cwiYZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ Avcbvi|
D‡Ïk¨
 MvwYwZK Dw³ I †hŠwMK Dw³ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dw³i mZ¨ wg_¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ hyw³ QK ˆZix Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: MvwYwZK Dw³ I †hŠwMK Dw³
wb‡P KZK¸‡jv Dw³i D`vniY †`qv n‡jv| †KvbwU wK Dw³ Zv KviYmn D‡j- L Ki“b|
1. AwbK, ¯‹z‡j hvI|
2. Zzwg †Kv_vq hv”Q?
3. XvKv evsjv‡`‡k|
4. 2+4=8
5. GwU GKwU dj Ges GwU GKwU Avg|
94
6. GwU GKwU dj A_ev GwU GKwU Avg|

7. GwU GKwU dj hw` GwU GKwU Avg|
95
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ce©- L: Dw³i msL¨v ,D`vniY I mZ¨ wg_¨v QK ˆZwi

p: 9 nj GK As‡Ki e„nËg msL¨v|
q: 5 + 3 = 9
p٨q: 9 nj GK As‡Ki e„nËg msL¨v Ges 5 + 3 = 9
GLv‡b p Dw³wU mZ¨; wKš‘ q wg_¨v|

myZivs †hŠwMK Dw³ p٨q wg_¨v|
p Ges q wb‡q GKwU mZ¨-wg_¨v QK ˆZwi Ki“b|
96
ce©- M: †hŠw³KZv I wm×vš—


KwZcq mZ¨ ev wg_¨v Dw³i †hŠw³KZv hvPvB Ki“b|
1. GKwU `kwfwËK c~Y© msL¨vi †k‡l 5 A_ev 0 _vK‡j Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| 65
Gi GK‡Ki N‡i 5 Av‡Q myZivs 65, 5 Øviv wefvR¨|
2. GKwU c~Y© msL¨vi GK‡Ki N‡i 5 _vK‡j msL¨vwU 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| †Kvb msL¨v
2 Øviv wbt‡kl wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wbt‡kl wefvR¨ n‡e bv| myZivs †Kvb c~Y©
msL¨vi GK‡Ki N‡i 5 _vK‡j Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
3. hw` GKwU `k wfwËK c~Y© msL¨v 3 Øviv wbt‡kl wefvR¨ nq Z‡e 4 Øviv wbt‡kl
wefvR¨ n‡e bv| †Kvb msL¨v 4 Øviv wbt‡k‡l wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wbt‡k‡l
wefvR¨ n‡e bv| myZivs †Kvb msL¨v 3 Øviv wbt‡kl wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wbt‡kl
wefvR¨ n‡e bv|
97
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
MvwYwZK I †hŠwMK Dw³

1. MvwYwZK Dw³ (Statement): MvwYwZK Dw³ nj GKwU evK¨ hv mZ¨ A_ev wg_¨v n‡e;
 wKš‘ KLbI Dfq n‡e bv|
D`vniY:- 1. AwbK, ¯‹z‡j hvI|
D`vniY:- 2. Zzwg †Kv_vq hv”Q?
D`vniY bs 1 I D`vniY bs 2. MvwYwZK Dw³ bq ; KviY G evK¨¸‡jvi mZ¨ bv wg_¨v Zv

wbwðZ ejv hvq bv|
D`vniY:- 3. XvKv evsjv‡`‡k|
D`vniY:- 4. 2 + 4 = 8
D`vniY bs 3 I D`vniY bs 4 DfqB Dw³| cÖ_gwU mZ¨ Dw³ Ges c‡iiwU wg_¨v Dw³|
2. bv‡evaK Dw³:
ÔAvR iweeviÕ GB Dw³wU mZ¨ n‡j ÕAvR iweevi bqÕ Dw³wU wg_¨v n‡e| A GKwU Dw³
Ges Gi bv-‡evaK Dw³i mviYx wbgœiƒc:
bv-‡evaK QK(K_vq) bv-‡evaK QK(cÖZx‡K)

hw` A nq Z‡e A-Gi bv-†evaK nq A ~A
mZ¨ wg_¨v T F
wg_¨v mZ¨ F T
98
3. †hŠwMK Dw³ (Composite statement):
K. GwU GKwU dj Ges GwU GKwU Avg|

L. GwU GKwU dj A_ev GwU GKwU Avg|
M. GwU GKwU dj hw` GwU GKwU Avg|
Dc‡iv³ Dw³¸‡jv †hŠwMK Dw³i D`vniY|
wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii †hŠwMK Dw³:
1. ms‡hvRb (Conjunction):
hw` †Kvb `yBwU Dw³‡K ÕGesÕ Øviv GKwÎZ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Dw³ `yBwUi ms‡hvRb ejv
nq| GKwU Dw³ p I Aci Dw³ q Øviv wPwýZ Kiv n‡j, Zv‡ì ms‡hvRb g~jK †hŠwMK
Dw³ n‡e Ôp Ges qÕ hvi cªZxKxq cÖKvk nj: p٨q| Giƒc †hŠwMK Dw³ mZ¨ nIqvi
kZ© nj: Zvi cÖwZwU Ask Avjv`v Avjv`v mZ¨ n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb GKwU Ask hw` wg_¨v nq,
Z‡e cyiv †hŠwMK Dw³wUB wgL¨v n‡e|
D`vniY 1: p: 9 nj GK A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨v|
q: 5+4 = 9
pq: 9 nj GK A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨v Ges 5+4 = 9|
GLv‡b p I q Dfq Dw³B mZ¨| myZivs †hŠwMK Dw³ pq Aek¨B mZ¨|
D`vniY 2: p: 9 nj GK A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨v|
q: 5+3 = 9
pq: 9 nj GK A‡¼i e„nËg msL¨v Ges 5+3 = 9|
GLv‡b p Dw³wU mZ¨; wKš‘ q wg_¨v| myZivs †hŠwMK Dw³ pq wg_¨v|
99
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ms‡hvR†bi mZ¨Zvi QK (K_vq): ms‡hvR†bi mZ¨Zvi QK (cÖZx‡K)

hw` p Ges q Z‡e pq P q pq
nq n‡e
mZ¨ mZ¨ mZ¨ T T T
mZ¨ wg_¨v wg_¨v T F F
wg_¨v mZ¨ wg_¨v F T F
wg_¨v wg_¨v wg_¨v F F F
hw` †Kvb `yBwU Dw³‡K ÕA_evÕ Øviv hy³ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K Dw³ `yBwUi we‡hvRb ejv
nq| GKwU Dw³‡K p, Aci Dw³‡K q Øviv wPwýZ Kiv n‡j, Zv‡ì ms‡hvRb g~jK
†hŠwMK Dw³ n‡e Ôp A_ev qÕ hvi cªZxKxq cÖKvk nj: pq| Giƒc †hŠwMK Dw³ mZ¨
nIqvi kZ© nj: Zvi Aš—Z: †h †Kvb GKwU Ask mZ¨ n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr Dfq Ask mZ¨
n‡j †hŠwMK Dw³ †Zv mZ¨ n‡eB, GgbwK †h †Kvb GKwU Ask mZ¨ n‡jI we‡hvRb g~jK
cyiv †hŠwMK Dw³wU mZ¨ n‡e|
D`vniY:
P: DËiv MYfeb bv‡Uv‡i|
q: 3 + 2 = 6
pq: DËiv MYfeb bv‡Uv‡i A_ev 3 + 2 = 6
GLv‡b p Dw³wU mZ¨, wKš‘ q Dw³wU wg_¨v| myZivs †hŠwMK Dw³ pq mZ¨| KviY
ÕA_evÕ Øviv hy³ Ask¸‡jvi †h †Kvb GKwU Ask mZ¨ n‡jB cyiv †hŠwMK Dw³wU mZ¨|
Disjunction Gi mZ¨Zvi QK (K_vq) we‡hvR‡bi mZ¨Zvi QK (cÖZx‡K)
hw` p Ges q nq Z‡e pq n‡e P q pq

mZ¨ mZ¨ mZ¨ T T T
mZ¨ wg_¨v mZ¨ T F T
wg_¨v mZ¨ mZ¨ F T T
wg_¨v wg_¨v wg_¨v F F F
100
3. ¯^vaxb (Dependent) I wbf©ikxj (Independent) Dw³:
Avgiv Rvwb Dw³ n‡Z n‡j Zv mZ¨ A_ev wg_¨v n‡e| awi `yBwU wfbœ Dw³
p: GwU GKwU dj
q: GwU GKwU Kjv
GB Dw³ `yBwU mZ¨ I wg_¨v nIqvi PviwU m¤¢vebv Av‡Q:

1. `yBwU Dw³ mZ¨
2. cÖ_g Dw³ mZ¨ wØZxq Dw³ wg_¨v
3. cÖ_g Dw³ wg_¨v wØZxq Dw³ mZ¨
4. `yBwU Dw³ wg_¨v|
Dw³ hvPvB‡qi mviYx
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Dw³Øq wbf©ikxj|
awi, GKwU Dw³ p: AvR iweevi; Aci Dw³ q: evei fvj QvÎ|
GB Dw³ `yBwU mZ¨ nIqvi m¤fvebv PviwU| wg_¨v nIqvi m¤¢ebv bvB|
Dw³ hvPvB‡qi mviYx

p q pq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F T
G‡¶‡Î Dw³ `yBwU ¯^vaxb |
4. m½wZc~Y©,Am½wZc~Y© Ges we‡ivax Dw³:

K. m½wZc~Y© (Consistent) Dw³:
101
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
hLb GKB m‡½ `yBwU Dw³ mZ¨ nIqv m¤¢e ZLb Dw³ `yBwU‡K m½wZc~Y© ejv nq|
†hgb:
p: GwU UK RvZxq dj|
q: GwU GKwU †jey|
L. Am½wZc~Y© (Inconsistent) Dw³:

`yBwU Dw³ m½wZc~Y© bv n‡j Zv‡K Am½wZc~Y© ejv nq| †hgb:
p: GwU UK RvZxq dj
q: GwU GKwU Kjv|
M. we‡ivax Dw³ (Contradiction):
hw` `yBwU Dw³ GK m‡½ mZ¨ A_ev wg_¨v bv n‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡K we‡ivax Dw³ e‡j|
†hgb:
p: GwU GKwU Avg|
q: GwU GKwU Avg bq|
we‡ivax Dw³i †¶‡Î TF Ges FT mZ¨ nq|
5. mZ¨ wg_¨v †hŠw³KZv Ges wm×vš—:
GKwU Dw³‡K wg_¨v ejvi A_© nj Dw³wU mZ¨ bq| †Zgb GKwU Dw³‡K mZ¨ ejvi A_©
nj Dw³wU wg_¨v bq| hw` †Kvb GKwU Dw³ q †K mZ¨ Dw³ g‡b Kwi Z‡e q Dw³ wU mZ¨
bq Gi Rb¨ ~q cÖZxK eënvi Kiv nq|
g‡b Kwi gvbyl gibkxj| iwng GKRb gvbyl| AZGe iwng gibkxj| GLv‡b wm×vš—
†hŠw³K| iwng evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK| myZivs iwng I Kwig bv‡Uvi †Rjvi †jvK| GLv‡b
wm×vš— A‡hŠw³K|
GKwU wm×vš— mZ¨ n‡j Zv †hŠw³K n‡e Ggb bvI n‡Z cv‡i Avevi †Kvb wm×vš—
†hŠw³K n‡j †h mZ¨ n‡e Ggb bvI n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb wm×vš— wbwðZfv‡e mZ¨ n‡e
ZLbB hLb Zvi cÖ¯—vebv mZ¨ n‡e Ges wm×vš— †hŠw³K n‡e| Dw³i †hŠw³KZv Ges
wm×v‡š—i g‡a¨ †h m¤ú©K we`¨gvb Zvi GKwU aviYv cvIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi D`vniY¸†jv
j¶¨ Kwi:
102
1. hw` GKwU `kwfwËK c~Y© msL¨vi GK‡Ki A¼ 5 nq, Z‡e Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
65 Gi GK‡Ki A¼ 5; myZivs 65 msL¨vwU 5 Øviv wefvR¨|
2. hw` GKwU c~Y© msL¨vi GK‡Ki A¼ 5 nq, Z‡e msL¨vwU 2 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| †Kvb
msL¨v 2 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨| myZivs †Kvb c~Y© msL¨vi GK‡Ki
A¼ 5 n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
3. hw` GKwU c~Y© msL¨v 3 Øviv wefvR¨ nq Z‡e 4 ØvivI wefvR¨ n‡e| ‡Kvb msL¨v 4
Øviv wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| myZivs †Kvb msL¨v 3 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡j
Zv 5 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
4. hw` GKwU msL¨v 3 Øviv wefvR¨ nq Z‡e Zv 6 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| hw` GKwU msL¨v
6 Øviv wefvR¨ nq Z‡e Zv 12 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| myZivs †Kvb msL¨v 2 Øviv
wefvR¨ n‡j Zv 4 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
5. hw` †Kvb wGf~‡Ri `yB †KvY ci¯úi mgvb nq, Z‡e wGf~RwU mgwØevû n‡e|
mgwØevû wGf~‡Ri `yB evû ci¯úi mgvb nq| AZGe mgwØevû wGf~‡Ri `yBwU
†KvYI ci¯úi mgvb nq|
6. hw` eûfyRwU wÎfyR nq, Z‡e wÎfy‡Ri †KvY ¸‡jvi mgwó n‡e `yB mg‡KvY| hw`
wÎfy‡Ri †KvY ¸‡jvi mgwó `yB mg‡KvY nq, Z‡e PZzf©y‡Ri †KvY¸‡jvi mgwó n‡e
Pvi mg‡KvY| myZivs cÂfy‡Ri †KvY ¸‡jvi mgwó n‡e cuvP mg‡KvY|
GLv‡b Dw³¸‡jv nj kZ© mv‡c¶ Dw³| GKwU Dw³ p I GKwU Dw³ q n‡j, kZ© mv‡c¶
Dw³ nj: hw` p mZ¨ nq, Z‡e q mZ¨ n‡e| kZ© mv‡c¶ Dw³ †K cÖZxKxq fv‡e †jLv nq:
pq; (ms‡¶‡c cov nq hw` p Z‡e q)| Z`ª“c Z…Zxq Dw³ r n‡j, Ges r Gi mZ¨Zv
q Gi Dci wmf©ikxj n‡j, †jLv nq qr (hw` q Z‡e r)| kZ© mv‡c¶ Giƒc Dw³i
†hŠwMK Dw³ nj: hw` p mZ¨ Z‡e q mZ¨ Ges hw` q mZ¨ Z‡e r mZ¨| AZGe †hŠw³K
wm×vš— nj: hw` p mZ¨ Z‡e r mZ¨| A_©vr cÖZxKxq fv‡e †jLv nq:
(pqqr)(pr)| Giƒc wm×vš—‡K †hŠw³K AwZµgb (Logical Transition)
ejv nq|
mvaviY AmgZvq †hŠw³K AwZµg‡bi D`vniY nj: hw` p q Ges q r nq, Z‡e p r.
103
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Gev‡i Dch©y³ D`vniY¸‡jv†K we‡k lY K‡i cÖ¯—vebvi mZ¨ wg_¨vi m‡½ †hŠw³K ev
A‡hŠw³K wm×v‡š—i QK wba©viY Kwi:
µwgK bs cÖ_g cÖ¯—ve wØZxq cÖ¯—ve AwZµgY †hŠw³KZv wm×vš—
pq qr (pqqr)(pr) pr
1. mZ¨ mZ¨ ‡hŠw³K mZ¨
2. wg_¨v wg_¨v ‡hŠw³K mZ¨
3. wg_¨v wg_¨v ‡hŠw³K wg_¨v
4. wg_¨v wg_¨v A‡hŠw³K wg_¨v
5. mZ¨ mZ¨ A‡hŠw³K mZ¨
6. mZ¨ mZ¨ A‡hŠw³K wg_¨v
QK †_‡K †`Lv hv‡”Q †h wZb †Rvov mZ¨ Ges wZb †Rvov wg_¨v kZ© mv‡c¶ Dw³ †_‡K
†hŠw³K I A‡hŠw³K wm×v‡š—i gva¨‡g ‡hŠwMK evK¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b wm×vš—
Kjv‡g wZbwU mZ¨ i‡q‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ `yBwU wg_¨v †_‡K †hŠw³K mZ¨ (bs 2) Ges `yBwU
mZ¨ †_‡K A‡hŠw³K mZ¨ (bs 5) h_v_© mZ¨ bq| A‡hŠw³K wm×vš— †KvbwUB MÖnY‡hvM¨
bq|
evK¨w¯’Z Dw³¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e mZ¨ I hyw³hy³ n‡j wm×vš— mZ¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
hyw³hy³ evK¨ n‡jI wm×vš— mZ¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| hw` Dw³¸†jv mZ¨ Ges evK¨wU
†hŠw³K nq, †KejgvÎ ZLbB wm×vš— wbwðZ fv‡e mZ¨ nq|
AZGe GKgvÎ `yBwU mZ¨ †_‡K †hŠw³K wm×v‡š—i gva¨‡g M„nxZ mZ¨B h_v_© mZ¨
wn‡m‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨|
104
g~j¨vqb:

KwZcq mZ¨ ev wg_¨v Dw³i †hŠw³KZv hvPvB Ki“b:
1. hw` GKwU msL¨v 3 Øviv wefvR¨ nq Z‡e Zv 6 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| hw` GKwU msL¨v
6 Øviv wefvR¨ nq Z‡e Zv 12 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e| myZivs †Kvb msL¨v 2 Øviv wefvR¨
n‡j Zv 4 Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
2. hw` †Kvb wGf~‡Ri `yB †KvY ci¯úi mgvb nq, Z‡e wGf~RwU mgwØevû n‡e|
mgwØevû wGf~‡Ri `yB evû ci¯úi mgvb nq| AZGe mgwØevû wGf~‡Ri `yBwU †KvbI
ci¯úi mgvb n‡e|
3. Dchy©³ D`vniY¸‡jv‡K we‡k- lY K‡i cÖ¯—vebvi mv‡_ mZ¨ wg_¨v †hŠw³KZv I
wm×vš— QK ˆZwi Ki“b|
4. Q‡Ki cÖvß Z_¨¸‡jv we‡klY Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K, ce©- L Ges ce©- M
g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K †R‡b wbb|
105
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
MwY‡Zi †ekxi fvM we‡`kx cvVëB¸wj‡Z cÖ_‡gB †mU ZË¡, hyw³ZË¡ I msL¨vi aviYv †`qv
f~wgKv
ïi“ K‡i µgvš^‡q welqe¯‘i Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv Kivi †cQ‡b `k©b nj
Avcbv‡K g~j welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡j †gŠwjK wKQy c~e©Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| Avm‡j
Avcwb hw` MwY‡Z mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© cvi`kx© n‡Z Pvb Z‡e hyw³Z‡Ë¡i gZ MwY‡Zi wKQy
†gŠwjK welqe¯‘ Avcbv‡K Aek¨B Aa¨qb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z weZ‡K©i †Kvb AeKvk †bB|
Avmyb Avgiv hyw³ m¤ú‡K© wKQy ZË¡ I Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wb‡R‡ì Ávb fvÊvi mg„× Kwi|
D‡Ïk¨
 Dw³, kZ©gyjK Dw³i mgZzj Dw³i e¨vL¨v I cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †hŠw³K mgZzj I wPi mZ¨ Dw³ mviYxi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: Dw³,kZ©gyjK Dw³,mgZzj Dw³i e¨vL¨v I mviYxi gva¨‡g
cÖgvY
(K) g‡b Kwi p: †m abx q: †m myLx n‡j wb‡gœi cÖZxK¸‡jv‡K K_vq cÖKvk Ki|
(1) p V q (2) p٨ q (3) p V ~q (4) q → p
(5) q↔ ~p (6) (~ p٨ q )→p (7) ~( p٨ q) (8) ~(~ p٨ q )→ p
106
(L) p → q: hw` AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ nq Z‡e e„wó n‡e| GB kZ©g~jK Dw³i mZ¨Zvi QK
ˆZwi Ki“b|
107
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(M) A Ges B `yBwU Dw³ n‡j A ↔ B Dw³i mZ¨Zvi QK ˆZwi Ki“b|
108
(N) wb‡Pi Dw³ ¸wji mZ¨Zvi QK ˆZwi Ki“b|

(1) ~p ٨ q, (2) ~( p → ~q ), (3) (p ٨ q) →( p ٧ q ) (4) ~p → ~q
109
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©-L: †hŠw³K mgZzj I wPi mZ¨ Dw³i cÖ‡qvM


wb‡gœi mgm¨v¸‡jvi mZ¨Zvi QK ˆZwi Ki“b:
(K). (1) p ٧ ~p (2). ~(p ٨ ~p)
(3) p → q ≡ ~(p ٨ ~q)
(L). (1) {(p →q ) ٨ p } → q (2) p → q ≡ ~ q → ~ p
(M) (1) {(p → q) ٨ ~q } → ~p (2) ~(p ٨ q) ≡ ~p ٧ ~q
(N) (1) ~(p → ~q) (2) ~(p ٧ q) ≡ ~p ٨ ~q
(O) (1) {( p→ q) ٨ (q → r)} →( p → r) (2) ~(p ٨ ~p)
110
g~j wkLbxq welq
kZ©g~jK (Conditional) Dw³
hw` AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ nq Z‡e AvR e„wó n‡e| GBwU cÖZx‡Ki mnv‡h¨ wjLv hvq p → q GB
 iƒc Dw³‡K kZ©g~jK Dw³ e‡j| GLv‡b p → q kZ©g~jK Dw³| GKwU kZ©g~jK Dw³ p
→ q †K wewfbœ fv‡e cov hvh| †hgb- 1| hw` p nq Z‡e q 2| q Gi Rb¨ p ch©vß 3|
p Gi Rb¨ q cÖ‡qvRbxq|
1. kZ©g~jK Dw³i QK
Dw³ Dw³ kZ©g~jK Dw³
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
111
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
2. mgZzj Dw³ (Biconditional Statement)

mgZj Dw³‡K ↔ wP‡ý cÖKvk Kiv nq| ↔ A_© nj hw` Ges †Kej hw` ms‡¶‡c ÔÔhw`
qÓ|
mgZzj Dw³ (Biconditional Statement)
Dw³ Dw³ kZ©g~jKDw³ kZ©g~jKDw³ mgZzjDw³

p q p→q q→p p↔q
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
kZ©g~jK Dw³i wewfbœ iƒc

1. hw` p nq Z‡e (p → q) kZ©g~jK Dw³|
2. hw` q nq Z‡e p, (q → p) wewbgq wecixZ|
3. hw` p bv nq Z‡e q bq, (~ p → ~ q) bv- wecixZ
4. hw` q bv nq Z‡e p bq, (~ q → ~ p) bv wewbgq wecixZ|
3. wPimZ¨ (Tautology) Dw³:

†Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î †hŠwMK Dw³ me©`v mZ¨ nq| GB ai‡bi Dw³‡K wPimZ¨ Dw³ ejv nq|
†hgb-
 (p ٧ ~ p ): †m evey A_ev †m evey bq|
 (p ٨ ~ p): †m evey Ges evey bq|
 ~( p ٨ ~ p): Ô†m evey Ges †m evey bqÕ mZ¨ bq|
* wPimZ¨ Dw³i mZ¨Zvi QK

(1) p ٧ ~p (2). (p ٨ ~ p)
112
p ~p p ٧ ~p p ~p p٨~p
T F T (3). ~(p T F F
F T T F T F
٨~p)
p ~p p٨~p ~( p ٨ ~ p)
T F F T
F T F T
(4). gWvm †cv‡bÝ (MODUS PONENS) ev cÖZ¨¶ cÖgvY

{(p →q ) ٨p } → q
p q p→q (p → q) ٨p {(p → q ) ٨ p} → q
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
(5).gWvm U‡jÝ (Modus tollens) AcÖZ¨¶ cÖgvY

{(p → q) ٨ ~q } → ~p
p q p→q ~q (p → q) ٨ ~p {(p → q) ٨ ~q} → ~p

~q
T T T F F F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F F T T
F F T T T T T
4. †hŠw³K mgZzj (Logical Equivalant)
113
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
`yBwU Dw³‡K †hŠw³Kfv‡e mgZzjZv ejv nh hLb mZ¨Zvi gvb GKB nh| p Ges q `yBwU
Dw³‡K cÖZx‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †hŠw³K mgZzj wjLv nq p ≡ q
(1). p→q ≡ ~(p ٨ ~q) Gi mZ¨Zvi QK
p q p→q
p q ~q
T T T p ٨ ~q ~(p ٨ ~q)
T F F T T F F T
F T T T F T T F
F F T F T F F T
F F T F T
p → q ≡ ~(p ٨ ~q) cÖgvwYZ
(2) p→q ≡ ~q→~ p Gi mZ¨Zvi QK
p q p→q p q ~q ~p ~q→~ p
T T T T T F F T
T F F T F T F F
F T T F T F T T
F F T
p → q ≡ ~ q → ~ p cÖgvwYZ
114
(3) (a) ~(p ٨ q) ≡ ~p ٧ ~q
(b) ~ (p ٧ q) ≡ ~p ٨ ~q
(3) (a) ~(p ٨ q) ≡ ~p ٧ ~q Gi mZ¨Zvi QK
p q p٨q p q ~p ~q
~(p ٨ q) ~p ٧ ~q
T T T F T T F F F
T F F T T F F T T
F T F T F T T F T
F F F T F F T T T
~(p ٨ q) ≡ ~p ٧ ~q cÖgvwYZ
 g~j¨vqb:
cÖZx‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki“b| A: †m abx B: †m myLx
(K) (1) †m abx A_ev myLx| (2) †m abx Ges myLx| (3) †m abx A_ev AmyLx| (4)
hw` †m myLx nq Z‡e †m abx| (5) †m myLx hw` †m abx bv nq| (6) hw` †m Mixe
Ges myLx nq Z‡e †m abx| (7) †m abx Ges myLx bq| (8) hw` †m Mixe Ges myLx
bv nq Z‡e †m abx|
(L) kZ©g~jK Dw³i mZ¨Zvi QK ˆZwi Ki“b|

(1) hw` p nq Z‡e q, (p → q) kZ©g~jK Dw³|
(2) hw` q nq Z‡e p, (q → p) wewbgq wecixZ|
(3) hw` p bv nq Z‡e q bq, (~ p → ~ q) bv- wecixZ
(4) hw`q bv nq Z‡e p bq, (~ q → ~ p) bvwewbgq wecixZ|
115
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
m¤¢e¨ DËi:
ce©- K
(1) †m abx A_ev myLx| (2) †m abx Ges myLx (3) †m abx A_ev AmyLx (4) hw` †m myLx
nq Z‡e †m abx| (5) †m myLx hw` †m abx bv nq| (6) hw` †m Mixe Ges myLx nq Z‡e †m
abx| (7) †m abx Ges myLx bq| (8) hw` †m Mixe Ges myLx bv nq Z‡e †m abx|
L, M Ges N Gi mgvavb kZ©g~jK Ges mgZzj Dw³i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q|
ce©- L
116
BDwbU- 6
Awa‡ekb- 45: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖ‡kœi

Awa‡ekb- 46: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb I
Kvh©Kix Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwieZ©bxq w`K mg~n
Awa‡ekb- 47: cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB
Awa‡ekb- 48: cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB (2) KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v
Awa‡ekb- 49: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (1)
117
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
118
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ Ges KvwVb¨ I

†h †Kvb wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ GKwU wba©vwiZ wk¶vµg‡K AbymiY K‡i cVb cÖwµqv
f~wgKv
cwiPvwjZ nq| cVb cÖwµqv PjvKvjxb mg‡q gv‡S g‡a¨ Ges Kvh©µ‡gi †k‡l wk¶v_©xi
wk¶vi AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ nvwZqvi I †KŠkj i‡q‡Q|
wk¶v‡¶‡Î g~j¨vq‡bi cÖavb nvwZqvi nj Afx¶v (Test)| wesk kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© wewfbœ
g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Afx¶v Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvaywbK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi aviYvi D™¢e nq|
g~j¨vqb cÖavbZt wZb cÖKvi- cÖvK g~j¨vqb, avivevwnK g~j¨vqb I cÖvwš—K g~j¨vqb| GB
Awa‡ek‡b g~j¨vqb I g~j¨hvPvB wK, MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB wK, GB MVbKvjxb
g~j¨hvPvB‡q wjwLZ I †gŠwLK cÖkœ ˆZix Ges Gi KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v
wbiƒcb Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB I g~j¨vqb Gi msÁv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB I g~j¨vqb Gi aviYv
wk¶vi D‡Ïk¨ nj e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi Kvw•LZ cwieZ©b I Zvi me©v½xb weKvk mvab| GB
cwieZ©b KZUv mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| g~j¨vqb wk¶v eë¯’vi
GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| g~j¨vq‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b g~j¨hvPvB Kiv nq| GwU wk¶v eë¯’v‡K
MwZkxj I Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi AvPi‡Yi KZUzKz
119
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Kvw•LZ cwieZ©b n‡jv Zv hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ cix¶v, Afx¶v,
cwigvc, g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vw` cwifvwlK kã¸‡jv AZ¨š— IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi Avmyb Dc‡i D‡j- wLZ Av‡jvPbv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri fvlvq
g~j¨hvPvB I g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU msÁv ˆZwi Kwi-
g~j¨hvPvB:
g~j¨vqb:
120
wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì AR©b cwigvc g~j¨hvPvB‡qi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K cwigvc

K‡i Zvi fwel¨r Pjvi c‡_ KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb Ges wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ïk¨
KZUzKz AR©b evwK i‡q‡Q †mUv wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K e‡j w`‡q mZK© K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j wk¶K
†kªYxK‡¶ wk¶v_©x‡ì GB g~j¨hvPvB Gi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Î“wU ev mgm¨v
ev `~e©jZv mbv³ K‡i †m¸‡jv mvwi‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †kªYxK‡¶
g~j¨vq‡bi djcÖm~ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKw`‡K †hgb wk¶v_©x‡ì wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó Kiv hvq
Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb wk¶‡Ki †ckvMZ `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
GLb, wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ˆZwi Kwi-
cÖk-œ 1: wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vbKv‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wK wK eë¯’v

MÖnb K‡ib?
DËi:
cÖkœ 2: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB ej‡Z Avgiv Kx eywS?

DËi:
121
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ


MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ †h †KŠkj me‡P‡q †ekx eënvi K‡i
_v‡Kb Zv n‡”Q †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ KiY| D³ †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶_©x‡ì wk¶vi AMÖMwZ hvPvB K‡ib| GB hvPvB‡qi Av‡jv‡K wk¶K
cieZ©x KiYxq wba©vib K‡ib|
wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`, Avmyb Gevi wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ˆZwi Kwi-

cÖk-œ 1: gva¨wgK MwY‡Z‡i †h †Kvb cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K `yBwU K‡i †gŠwLK cÖkœ I wjwLZ cÖkœ
ˆZwi Ki“b|
DËi:
cÖk-œ 2: wjwLZ I †gŠwLK cÖkœ ej‡Z Avgiv wK eywS?

DËi:
122
ce©- M: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v


g~j¨hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î cÖkœ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wK g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z PvB- Ávb, `¶Zv bv
`„wófw½ †mUv Av‡M wVK K‡i †m g‡Z Afx¶v ˆZix Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPwjZ
g~j¨vqb c×wZ‡Z wjwLZ, †gŠwLK cix¶v †bqv n‡q _v‡K| wjwLZ cix¶vi cÖkœ iPbvg~jK
I msw¶ß- G `yB iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| GQvov ˆbe¨©w³K Afx¶vi gva¨‡gI wjwLZ cix¶v
†bqv n‡q _v‡K| cÖPwjZ g~j¨vqb eë¯’vq gva¨wgK ¯—‡i †gŠwLK cix¶vi †Kvb eë¯’v
†bB Ges †Kvb b¤îI eivÏ †bB| mvaviYZ †h †Kvb fwZ© cix¶vq †gŠwLK cix¶v †bqv
nq|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avmyb Gevi MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y
mgm¨vi GKwU aviYv gvbwPÎ (Concept Map) ˆZwi Kwi-
wk¶‡Ki Ávb,
`¶Zv I
AwfÁZvi ¯^íZv
MVbKvjxb
g~j¨hvPvB‡q
KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ
wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨vi GKwU aviYv gvbwPÎ
(Concept Map)
123
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q †gŠwLK I wjwLZ cÖkœ Ges KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y

 mgm¨v
g~j¨hvPvB I wk¶v_©x, wk¶vµg, cÖwk¶Y, wk¶v Kg©m~wP I wk¶vbxwZi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi
g~j¨vqb Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ nj g~j¨hvPvB, Avi wkLb D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ K…wZ‡Z¡i gvb AR©‡bi
Zzjbv‡K g~j¨vqb e‡j| h_vh_ g~j¨vqb DËg wk¶Y-wkL‡bi c~e© kZ©|
g~j¨hvPvB (Assesment): wk¶Y I wkL‡bi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h

†KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv n‡”Q g~j¨hvPvB| Afx¶v, wba©vwiZ KvR, cÖ‡R± cÖ`vb,
avivevwnK MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwš—K g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g wk¶Y-wkL‡bi
AMÖMwZ g~j¨hvPvB Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb (Evaluation): †Kvb wel‡qi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_©xiv KZUzKz AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q
Zv wbiƒc‡bi Rb¨ wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e G wk¶v_©x m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn, wePvi we‡k- lY I cÖvß
djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z wm×vš— MÖn‡bi cÖwµqv nj g~j¨vqb| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i,
g~j¨hvPvB n‡”Q cwigv‡ci c×wZ Ges g~j¨vqb n‡”Q Zvi djvdj ev wm×vš—|
wk¶v_©x‡ì AwR©Z g~j¨hvPvB bvbvfv‡e Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb `yÕwU g~j¨hvPvB
cÖwµqv nj-
1. MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB (Formative Assesment)

2. mvgwóK g~j¨hvPvB (Summative Assesment)
124
MVbKvjxb ‘Form’†_‡K Formative k‡ãi DrcwË| Form A_© MVb Kiv ev ˆZix Kiv| wk¶v_©xi
g~j¨hvPvB
`ye©jZv ev mejZv mbv³ K‡i wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v (Remedial measure) MÖn‡Yi
(Formative
Assesment) gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡K ˆZix ev MVb K‡i †bqvi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb Zv‡K e‡j MVbg~jK ev
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb| cÖvK g~j¨vqb I avivevwnK g~j¨vqb A_ev †h †Kvb iƒc g~j¨vqbB hLb
wk¶v_©x‡ì MV‡bi Rb¨ ev wk¶v_©x‡K h‡_vchy³fv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkLb-
‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K Dbœqb I mymsMwVZ Kivi Kv‡R eëüZ nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq
MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb|
MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB GKwU Pjgvb g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv| wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q
Z`viKx Kivi Rb¨ G RvZxq g~j¨vqb eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| g~jZt MVbg~jK g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
msÁvq ejv hvq, †h g~j¨hvPvB cÖwµqvq wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì †Kvm© PjvKvjxb mg‡q
†kªYxK‡¶ wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I ev¯—evqbKv‡j Kvh©µg KZUv AMÖmi n‡”Q
Zv Z`viKx Kiv nq Zv‡KB MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB ejv nq|
Ruth Sutton Gi g‡Z, ÔÔMvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB nj AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e
cwiPvwjZ GKwU Pjgvb Awew”Qbœ cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g wkïi wkLb msµvš— Z_¨ cÖgvY
cvIqv hvq Ges Zvi gva¨‡g cieZ©x av‡ci cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv hvq|Ó
Page Thomas Gi g‡Z, ÔÔMvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB eë¯’vq cÖ‡qvMK…Z Afx¶vi djvdj
†_‡K Z‡_ï djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶Y-wkLb eë¯’v‡K DbœZ Kiv hvq ev hv wk¶Y
c×wZi Kvh©KvwiZv I m‡e©v”P wkLb cÖwZeÜKZvi wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z m¶g, Zv‡K MvVwbK
g~j¨hvPvB e‡j|Ó
†kªYxK‡¶ MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi †ewki fvM msNwUZ nq †kªYxK‡¶, g~j¨vqb MvVwbK I mvgwóK
g~j¨vqb `yÕiK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wK Kv‡R GB g~j¨vqb eëüZ n‡”Q Zv †_‡K
wba©vwiZ nq GB g~j¨vqb MvVwbK bv mvgwóK? †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vqb bvbv c×wZ‡Z Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †Kvb cv‡Vi c~‡e© I c‡i A_©vr cvVc~e© I cvV-DËi g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvsk
125
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†¶‡Î G g~j¨vqb nq cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g| GQvov †kªYxK‡¶ cvV PjvKvjxb g~j¨vqb n‡Z
cv‡i wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g, cv‡Vi welq m¤ú‡K© wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨
cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g, †kªYx‡Z †Kvb KvR GKKfv‡e ev `jxqfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g|
GQvovI Afx¶vi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e GB g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb-
†PKwj÷, †iwUs‡¯‹j BZ¨vwì gva¨‡gI †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i|
†kªYxK‡¶ MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB Kvh©µg¸‡jv nj-

1. wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y:
 wk¶K wk¶v_©xi gv‡S cÖ‡kœvËi ch©‡e¶Y;
 GKK I `jxq KvR cÖ`vb K‡i Kv‡Ri gvb ch©‡e¶Y;
 cv‡V wk¶v_©xi AskMÖn‡bi gvÎv ch©‡e¶Y|
2. †PKwjó eënvi:
 wk¶v_©x wK Rvb‡Z cvij ev wK AwfÁZv AR©b Kij;
 AvPi‡Yi wK cwieZ©b nj;
 `„wófw½i wK cwieZ©b nj BZ¨vwì Dci †PKwjó ˆZwi K‡i hvPvB Kiv|
3. Afx¶vi eënvi:
 wewfbœ cÖKvi Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i gvb
wba©viY Kiv hvq|
MvVwbK wewfbœ wk¶vwe`M‡Yi msÁv we‡k- l‡Yi Av‡jv‡K wbgœwjwLZ êwkó¨mg~n wPwýZ Kiv hvq-
g~j¨hvPvB‡qi  GwU GKwU Pjgvb I Awew”Qbœ cÖwµqv|
êwkó¨  wk¶v Kvh©µg ev¯—evqbKv‡j wk¶v_©xi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`q|
 GwU wk¶v_©xi wkLb D‡Ïk¨‡K cwigvc Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 GwU AvbyôvwbK AbvbyôvwbK `yÕfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
 wk¶v_©xi mgm¨v mgvav‡b GwU Zvr¶wYK wm×vš— w`‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
126
 MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB n‡Z cv‡i ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK, gvwmK, ˆÎgvwmK, mvb¥vwmK A_ev †h
†Kvb wcwiIwWK g~j¨vqb|
 Gi gva¨‡g wk¶K wk¶v`v‡bi cieZ©x Kvh©µg wK n‡e Zv wVK K‡i _v‡Kb|
 Gi gva¨‡g cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z wk¶Y c×wZ I DcKi‡Yi aib I eënvi
cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
MvVwbK MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v:

g~j¨hvPvB‡qi
†¶‡Î mgm¨v 1. cÖwk¶‡Ki Ávb, `¶Zv I AwfÁZvi ¯^íZv|
I mgvavb 2. cÖwk¶‡Ki cÖwk¶Y I DÏxcbvi Afve|
3. wk¶v_x©i AwbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZ|
4. †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_x©i msL¨v †ekx|
5. wk¶v_x© I cÖwk¶‡Ki G KvR‡K AwZwi³ †evSv g‡b Kiv|
6. wk¶v_x©i I cÖwk¶‡Ki AwaK K¬vk _vKv|
7. KvwiKzjv‡g mwVK wb‡`©kbv bv _vKv|
8. MVbKvjxb g~j¨ hvPvB Gi b¤î mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mshy³ bv Kiv|
9. Zzjbvg~jK KwVb welqmg~n †Kvb †Kvb wk¶v_©xi mn‡R eyS‡Z bv cviv|
mgvavb:
1. cÖwk¶K Ávb I `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ Aa¨qb I Abykxjb Ki‡eb|
2. cÖwk¶‡Ki Rb¨ wi‡d«kvi †Kvm© I D”PZi cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
3. wk¶v_©xi wbqwgZ Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY|
4. †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_©xi msL¨v †ewk n‡j AwZwi³ kvLv †Lvjvi eë¯’v Kiv|
5. †mwgbvi wm‡¤úvwRqvg, mncvV Kvh©µg, ¯eíKvjxb cÖwk¶Y, †fŠwZK myweavw` e„w×
I wewfbœ Drmvng~jK Kvhµ‡gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x I cÖwk¶K‡ì D¾xweZ Kiv|
6. i“wU‡b cwiwgZ K¬vk ivLv, cÖ‡qvR‡b wk¶‡Ki msL¨v e„w× Kiv|
127
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
7. ev¯—evq‡bi mwVK wb‡`©kbvmn evwl©K Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb I GKv‡WwgK

mycviwfk‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
8. avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi b¤î ev †MÖW P~ovš— g~j¨vq‡b †hvM Kiv|
9. h_vh_ DcKiY I c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i welqe¯‘‡K wk¶v_©xi mvg‡b mnR K‡i Zz‡j
aiv|
10. wcwQ‡q cov wk¶v_x©‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv |
Dc‡iv³ eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Dwj- wLZ mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 g~j¨vqb
1. MwY‡Zi K¬v‡k MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB Kivi †¶‡Î Avcwb Kx mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡ib
e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
2. D³ mgm¨v¸‡jv Avcwb wKfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡eb? Zv e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
128
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
g~j¨hvPvB
wk¶Y I wkL‡bi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv
n‡”Q g~j¨hvPvB| Afx¶v, wba©vwiZ KvR, cÖ‡R± cÖ`vb, avivevwnK MvVwbK g~j¨hvPvB Ges
cÖwš—K g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g wk¶Y-wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ g~j¨hvPvB Kiv nq|
g~j¨vqb
†Kvb wel‡qi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_©xiv KZUzKz AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv wbiƒc‡bi Rb¨
wbiwew”Qbœfv‡e G wk¶v_©x m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn, wePvi we‡k- lY I cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z
wm×vš— MÖn‡bi cÖwµqv nj g~j¨vqb| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, g~j¨hvPvB n‡”Q cwigv‡ci
c×wZ Ges g~j¨vqb n‡”Q Zvi djvdj ev wm×vš—|
DËi- 1: wk¶K †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vbKv‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ

eë¯’v MÖnb K‡i _v‡Kb-
 GKK, †Rvovq ev `jxq KvR|
 †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y|
 wjwLZ I †gŠwLK cÖkœ|
 evoxi KvR|
 †kªYxi Afx¶v|
 Awc©Z KvR|
GQvovI wk¶K mvßvwnK, cvw¶K, gvwmK, ˆÎgvwmK I lvb¥vwmK cix¶vi eë¯’v MÖnb
K‡i _v‡Kb|
129
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
DËi- 2: wk¶v_©xi wkL‡b mej I `~e©j w`K mbv³ K‡i Zv wbivg‡qi Rb¨ †h †KŠkj
eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB e‡j|
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB nj †Kvb †Kvm© ev †cÖvMÖvg PjvKvjxb g~j¨vqb ev Pjgvb g~j¨vqb|

wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K †kªYxK‡¶; gwbUi ev Z`viwK Kiv Ges cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wkLb NU‡Q
wKbv Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb cwiPvwjZ nq|
ce©- L
DËi- 1:
†gŠwLK cÖk-œ
1. a  b 2 Gi m~ÎwU ejyb|
2. sin 30 0 Gi gvb KZ?
wjwLZ cÖkœ-
1. R¨vwgwZK wbq‡g a  b 2 Gi m~ÎwU cÖgvb Ki“b|
2. 30 0 †Kv‡bi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbb©q Ki“b|
DËi- 2: †Kvb wKQy hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ hw` ‡Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi wjwLZ fv‡e PvIqv nq Zv wjwLZ
cÖkœ, Avi †gŠwLK DËi PvIqv n‡j Zv †gŠwLK cÖkœ|
130
ce©- M
wk¶v_x©i
MVbKvjxb AwbqwgZ wk¶‡Ki Ávb,
g~j¨hvPvB Gi b¤î Dcw¯’wZ `¶Zv I
mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡b AwfÁZvi ¯^íZv
AwaKvsk †¶‡Î
mshy³ bv Kiv
MVbKvjxb
cÖwk¶‡Ki g~j¨hvPvB‡q †kªYx‡Z
cÖwk¶Y I KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wk¶v_x©i
DÏxcbvi Afve wbix¶‡Y mgm¨v msL¨v †ekx
wk¶v_x©i I wk¶v_x© I
cÖwk¶‡Ki Zzjbvg~jK KwVb cÖwk¶†Ki G
AwaK K¬vk welqmgyn ‡Kvb KvR‡K AwZwi³
_vKv †Kvb wk¶v_©xi †evSv g‡b Kiv
mn‡R eyS‡Z bv
cviv
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB Gi †¶‡Î KvwVb¨ I AMÖMwZ wbix¶‡Y mgm¨vi GKwU aviYv gvbwPÎ
(Concept Map)
131
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb I Kvh©Kix Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

cwieZ©bxq w`Kmg~n
g~j¨hvPvB wk¶v‡¶‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wk¶vi KZ¸wj wbw`©ó j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨
f~wgKv
_v‡K hv wk¶v_©xi g‡a¨ Kvw•¶Z cwieZ©b Av‡b| G j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi w`‡K j¶¨
†i‡L we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| wk¶v eë¯’vi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ hw`
µgvMZ g~j¨hvPvB‡qi eë¯’v bv _v‡K Zvn‡j G j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨¸wj mwVKfv‡e AwR©Z nq
bv| GB Awa‡ek‡b cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv, wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v I
mgvavb †KŠkj Ges Zvi cÖ‡qvM Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v I mgvavb †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wk¶v_x©‡ì Kvh©Kix Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwieZ©bxq w`K mg~n mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kvh©Kix Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb
wk¶Y I wkL‡b ¸YMZ I cwigvbMZ cwigv‡ci Rb¨ bvbv ai‡bi †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv
nq| G¸‡jv‡KB g~j¨hvPvBKiY ejv nq| wewfbœ wk¶vweÁvbx, M‡elK I wk¶vwe`
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì meviB eY©bvi g~j e³e¨ GKB| Zvn‡jv,
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb GKwU Pjgvb AweiZ cÖwµqv †h cÖwµqvq †Kvb wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqv
cwiKwíZfv‡e AMÖmi n‡”Q wKbv Zv gwbUi Kiv nq| c¨vR I Ugv‡Ri g‡Z, †h Afx¶vi
132
djvdj wk¶Y c×wZi Kvh©KvwiZv I m‡ev©”P wkLb cÖwZeÜKZvi wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z m¶g,
Zv †_‡K Z‡_ï wdWe¨v‡Ki gva¨‡g, †h g~j¨vqb wkLb-wk¶Y eë¯’v‡K DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zv‡K MvVwbK g~j¨vqb e‡j (c¨vR I Ugvm, 1978)|
MvVwbK ev MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb nj †Kvb †Kvm© ev †cÖvMÖvg PjvKvjxb g~j¨vqb ev Pjgvb

g~j¨vqb| wk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K gwbUi ev Z`viwK Kiv Ges cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wkLb NU‡Q wKbv
Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb cwiPvwjZ nq| MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi cÖavb †¶Î n‡jv
†kªYxK¶; †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶Y wkLb wKfv‡e NU‡Q, KZUzKz evKx _vK‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© wk¶K I
wk¶v_x©‡K wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb ev djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cwiPvwjZ nq|
cÖevnwP‡Î MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv nj:
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb (wkLb cÖwµqv

gwbUi KiY)
wk¶v_x© cÖZ¨vwkZ wkLbdj AR©b K‡i‡Q

wKbv?
`jxq ev e¨w³ chv©‡q wkLb‡K my`„pKi‡Yi Rb¨

wbivgq/cÖwZweavbg~jK wdWe¨vK/djveZ©b cÖ`vb
eë¯’v wbb Ki“b
wbY©vqK Afx¶vi gva¨‡g cwiKwíZ wk¶Y Kvh©µg

wkL‡bi Amyweav¸‡jv wbY©q ïi“ Ki“b
Ki“b
133
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb wk¶Y I wk¶v_x©‡K wk¶v_x©i AMÖMwZ ev AMÖMwZi Afve m¤ú‡K© wdWe¨vK
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Kiv nq h‡_ó mgq c~‡e© hv‡Z wk¶Y cÖ‡Póv ev
cÖwµqvq cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Avbqb Kiv mn‡RB m¤¢e nq| GB g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb
wbw`©ó wk¶Y Kv‡h©i c~Y© mdj wkL‡bi gvÎv Avwe¯‹vi ev c~Y© mdj wkL‡bi KZUzKz evKx
iBj Zv mbv³ Kiv nq (Avngvb I M K, 1975)|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi Avmyb Dc‡i D‡j- wLZ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K wPš—v K‡i cv‡V wkLb
g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi-
cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vq‡bi ZvwjKvwU nj-

 wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y|
134
 ce©- L: MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi mxgve×Zv
wkLb †kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq `ye©jZv mbv³ K‡i Zv `yi Kivi Rb¨ MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi h‡_ó
f~wgKv _vK‡jI Zvi wKQz Amyweav ev mxgve×ZvI i‡q‡Q| mxgve×Zv¸‡jv nj-
 MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© wk¶‡Ki Ávb, aviYv ev AwfÁZvi ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y h_vh_
djveZ©b cvIqv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
 †kªYx‡Z wk¶v_©xi msL¨v †ekx n‡j G cÖwµqvi g~j¨vqb ev¯—evq‡b †ek `~iƒn n‡q
co‡Z cv‡i|
 wk¶‡Ki cÖwk¶Y, AvMÖn, Drmvn-DÏxcbvi Afv‡e G g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv e¨vnZ n‡Z
cv‡i| G g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi gv‡S BwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wó Kiv bv
†M‡j Zv‡ì Kv‡Q GwU GKwU evowZ †evSv g‡b n‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwZwbqZ g~j¨vqb ev cix¶v, cybtcyb evwoi KvR, Ab¨vb¨ avivevwnK g~j¨vqbg~jK
KvR wk¶K wk¶v_©xi Dci AZ¨vw`K Pvc m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwZ
†bwZevPK g‡bvfve m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Gevi Avmyb Dc‡i D‡j- wLZ mxgve×Zv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K wPš—v K‡i
MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi Av‡iv K‡qKwU mgm¨vi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kwi -
MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jv nj-
135
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- M: MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡


wk¶K wk¶v_©x Df‡qi wbKU MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| GB ai‡Yi
g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß djvd‡ji gva¨‡g wk¶K Zvi wk¶Y Kvh©µ‡gi `ye©jZv I mejZv mbv³
K‡i `ye©jZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡ib| wk¶v_©xI cv‡V Zvi
AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges `~e©jZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM wb‡Z
cv‡i| G g~j¨vq‡bi djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g AwffveKI Zvi mš—v‡bi `~e©jZv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b
wb‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g
wk¶vµg we‡klÁMYI wk¶µg I cvV¨m~wPi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvR©b I bevqb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wk¶v cÖkvmKMYI G djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mgq _vK‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq w`K wb‡`©kbv
w`‡Z cv‡ib ev Kvh©µg MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wcÖq wk¶v_©xe„›`, Avmyb Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K g‡b g‡b wPš—v K‡i wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY
Kwi-
wk¶‡Ki wbKU MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡:

MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K wk¶v_©xi `ye©jZv mbv³ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq
wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hb cÖvwš—K g~j¨vq‡b †Kvb wech©q bv N‡U|
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wk¶v_©xi wbKU MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡:

 wk¶_©x Zvi wkL‡bi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡q `ye©jZv `~i Kivi Rb¨
m‡PZbfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i|
 ......................................................................................|
 ......................................................................................|
 ......................................................................................|
 ......................................................................................|
136
g~j wkLbxq welq
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB‡q cv‡V wkLb g~j¨vqb I Kvh©Kix Dbœq‡bi Rb¨

 cwieZ©bxq w`Kmg~n
MvVwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb nj, AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ GKwU Pjgvb I AweiZ
g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv hvi mvnv‡h¨ wkïi wkLb msµvš— Z_¨ I mv¶¨ cvIqv hvq Ges Zvi Dci wfwË
K‡i, †Kvb avc ev †Kvb wbw`©ó Kvh©‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq (mvUb, 1991)|
G‡ej I wd«Rwe e‡jb, Òwk¶Y cÖwµqv‡K gwbUi Ki‡Z Ges c~e© cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wkLb
NU‡Q wKbv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z MvVwbK g~j¨vqb cwiPvwjZ nqÓ (Eble & Frisbie, 1991)|
†eó I Kvb MvVwbK g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, MvVwbK g~j¨vqb nj GKwU Pjgvb I AweiZ
cÖwµqv| MvVwbK ch©‡e¶‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ ev KvR nj †Kvb wkLb Kv‡h©i KZUzKz c~Y© nj
ev KZUzKz wkLb NUj Zvi gvÎv wbiƒcY Ges c~Y© mdj wkLb NU‡Z KZUzKz evKx iBj Zv
mywbw`©óKiY (†eó I Kvb, 1995)| Gi †¯‹vwis ev b¤î cÖ`vb m¤ú~Y©fv‡e c~e© wbav©wiZ
µvB‡Uwiqv ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e AwR©Ze¨ wkLbdj wfwËK| MvVwbK g~j¨vqb n‡e `ye©jZv wbY©vqK
Ges G‡Z †Kvm© PjvKvjxb mg‡q wk¶K wk¶v_x©i `ye©jZv ms‡kvab ev cÖwZweav‡bi my‡hvM
_vK‡e (my`, 1995)|
MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi †ewki fvM msNwUZ nq †kªYxK‡¶; wKš‘ †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vqb MvVwbK I
†kªYxK‡¶
g~j¨vqb mvgwóK `yÕiK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ ev wK Kv‡R GB g~j¨vqb eëüZ n‡”Q Zv
†_‡K wbav©wiZ nq GB g~j¨vqb MvVwbK bv mvgwóK ? †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vqb bvbv c×wZ‡Z Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb cv‡Vi c~‡e© I c‡i A_v©r cvVc~e© I cvV-DËi g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i,
AwaKvsk †¶‡Î G g~j¨vqb nq cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g| GQvov †kªYxK‡¶ cvV PjvKvjxb
g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g, cv‡Vi welq m¤ú‡K© wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i
137
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g, †kªYx‡Z †Kvb KvR ¯^Zš¿fv‡e ev `jxqfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g|
GQvovI Afx¶vi gva¨‡g AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e GB g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i, †PKwjó,
†iwUs‡¯‹j BZ¨vwì gva¨‡gI †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs †kªYxK‡¶ g~j¨vq‡bi
Dcvq ev c×wZ¸‡jv nj:
1. wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y,
2. wk¶K wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœvËi,
3. †kªYx‡Z ¯^Zš¿ ev `jxq KvR,
4. cv‡V wk¶v_x©i AskMÖnY,
5. wk¶v_x© Kx Kx wk‡L‡Q †PKwj‡÷i gva¨‡g Zv hvPvB,
6. wk¶v_x© cv‡Vi KZUzKz ev Kx cwigvb wk‡L‡Q ev AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zv hvPvB,
7. wewfbœ ai‡bi Afx¶vi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvwš—K ev mvgwóK g~j¨vqb|
Avgiv MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi êwkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi mgq e‡jwQ †h, GB g~j¨vqb
AvbyôvwbK ev AbvbyôvwbK `yÕiK‡giB n‡Z cv‡i| Afx¶v ˆZix K‡i AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv
w`‡q g~j¨vqb n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi n‡Z cv‡i AbvbyôvwbK †kªYxK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y,
†gŠwLK cÖ‡kœvËi, evwoi KvR, KzBR, AbvbyôvwbK Bb‡fbUwii gva¨‡g| †kªYxK‡¶
Av‡jvPbv I `jxq KvR m¤úv`b MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi Dcvq n‡Z cv‡i| MvVwbK g~j¨vqb
`yÕfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i| Afx¶vi mvnv‡h¨ Ges Afx¶v e¨ZxZ Ab¨ DcKiY eënvi K‡i| Z‡e
G ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi †ewki fvMB msNwUZ nq AbvbyôvwbK Afx¶v DcKiY eënvi K‡i|
G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb †h c×wZ I DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Kiv nq Zv njÑ
†kªYxK‡¶ wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y: G †_‡K wk¶v_x©i g‡bv‡hvM ev Zvi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afve,

gv_v †b‡o †evSv‡Z cviv ev bv cvivi e¨vcviwU †evSv hvq|
†kªYxK‡¶ †gŠwLK cÖkœKiY: cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq wk¶v_x© KZUzKz ey‡S‡Q ev
†ev‡Swb| bv †evSvi ev fyj †evSvi cÖK…wZ I we¯—…wZ Gi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq|
138
†kªYxi KvR: †kªYx‡Z †Kvb KvR ¯^Zš¿fv‡e ev `jxqfv‡e Ki‡Z w`‡q Zvi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb|
evwoi KvR, Awc©Z KvR ev A¨vmvBb‡g›U ev Uvg©‡ccvi: Gi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x©i †evSvi aiY,
cwigvY I we¯Z…wZ g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq|
KzBR: ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK, cvw¶K, gvwmK BZ¨vw` cix¶vi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb|
AbvbyôvwbK Bb‡fbUwi ev †PKwjó: Gi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq wk¶v_x© Kx eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q, wK

†ev‡Swb|
†iwUs †¯‹j: Gi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq wk¶v_x© Kx †ev‡S wb Ges KZUzKz †ev‡S wb|
Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, †h Dcv‡q ev †h DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ MvVwbK g~j¨vqb Kiv †nvK bv
†Kb Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©vejxi Z`viwK ev gwbUi Kivi gva¨‡g Zv Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb, hv‡Z wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Zv‡ì `~e©jZv mbv³ K‡i wbivgq ev
cÖwZweavbg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
MvVwbK MvVwbK g~j¨vqb wk¶K I wk¶v_©xi `ye©jZv mvwi‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
g~j¨vqb Gi n‡jI G g~j¨vq‡bi wKQz mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| mxgve×Zv¸‡jv-
mxgve×Zv
 QvÎ wk¶K AbycvZ †ewk n‡j wk¶K‡ì Dci Pvc †e‡o hvq| d‡j G ai‡bi
g~j¨vqb Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|
 A‡bK mgq wk¶‡Ki Av¯’vc~Y© `„wófw½i Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y GwU Kvh©Ki nq bv|
 wk¶v_©xi wbqwgZ ev AwbqwgZ Abycw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y G ai‡Yi g~j¨vqb cÖwµqv e¨nZ
nq|
 †kªYx‡Z wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi Avš—wiKZvi Afve _vK‡j G ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡b Î“wU †`Lv
hvq|
 Nb Nb G¨vmvBb‡g›U cÖ`vb I cix¶v MÖnY Kiv n‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì Dci Kv‡Ri Pvc
†e‡o hvq| d‡j wk¶K I wk¶v_©x‡ì G ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwZ Abxnv m„wó nq|
139
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 wk¶K‡ì MvVwbK g~j¨vqb m¤úwK©Z Ávb, `¶Zv, `„wófw½, aviYv I AwfÁZv

BZ¨vwì Afv‡e A‡bK mgq G ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡b Î“wU †`Lv †`q|
 wk¶K-wk¶v_©xi wbKU GwU Lye ¸i“Z¡c~Y© n‡jI A‡bK mgq wcZvgvZv I
AwffveKMY G ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
MvVwbK wk¶K I wk¶v_x© Df‡qi wbKU MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| GB g~j¨vq‡bi
g~j¨vqb Gi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶K-wk¶v_x© Zv‡ì `ye©j I mej w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©i
¸i“Z¡
mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi eû c~‡e©B GB `ye©jZv KvwU‡q IVvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wdWe¨vK I
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov wk¶v_x©‡K g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K Zv‡ì wk¶‡Yi
mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wk¶Y c×wZ, wk‡¶vcKiY I gyj¨vqb cÖwµqvi
DcKiY I c×wZi cwieZ©b I DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov, †Kvb wk¶vµg ev¯—
evq‡bi c~‡e© Zv UªvB-AvDU K‡i Gi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB‡qi Ab¨Zg DËg Dcvq nj MvVwbK
g~j¨vqb| wk¶K, wk¶v_x©, AwffveK, wk¶vµg we‡klÁ, wk¶v cÖkvmK A_©vr wk¶vi mv‡_
mswk- ó mKj e¨w³eM©B GB MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶v Kvh©µ‡gi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ n‡q mgqgZ cieZ©x cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
K) wk¶‡Ki wbKU ¸i“Z¡t

1. MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wk¶K wk¶v_©xi `ye©jZv mbv³ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq
wbivgqg~jK eë¯’v Mªnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2. wk¶K wewfbœ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i wk¶v`vb K‡ib| G g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g c×wZi
Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB K‡i mwVK c×wZ I †KŠkj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. wk¶v DcKi‡Yi Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB K‡i mwVK DcKiY eënv‡i m‡Pó n‡Z cv‡ib|
4. mgq _vK‡Z wk¶v_©x I AwffveK‡K m‡PZb Kiv hvq I cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbvi gva¨‡g
wk¶_©x‡ì hZœ †bqv hvq|
140
L) wk¶v_©xi wbKU Myi“Z¡t

1. wk¶v_©x G g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi wkLb AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡q `ye©jZv `~i
Kivi Rb¨ m‡PZbfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i|
2. we‡kl `ye©j w`K KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ wk¶‡Ki we‡kl mnvqZv I civgk© PvB‡Z cv‡i|
3. AwffveK‡K Zvi AMÖMwZ I `ye©jZv Rvwb‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v Mªn‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. mncvVx‡ì mv‡_ `jMZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡iI wb‡Ri `ye©jZv `~i Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. cÖwZwbqZ g~j¨vq‡bi Kvi‡Y g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwZ wk¶v_©x‡ì mvaviY fxwZ `~i n‡q hvq|
6. welqe¯‘i cwi®‹vi aviYv MV‡b MvVwbK g~j¨vqb AZ¨š— mnvqK|
M) wk¶vµg we‡kl‡Ái wbKU ¸i“Z¡t

1. MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi djveZ©‡bi wfwË‡Z wk¶vµg we‡klÁ wk¶vµg I cvV¨m~wPi
`ye©jZv I mejZv mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2. we‡klÁMY M‡elYvg~jK Kv‡R Gi wdWe¨vK eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. wk¶vµg Dbœqb, cieZ©x cwigvR©b I bevq‡bi Kv‡R MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡bi djvdj
eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
N) wk¶v cÖkvm‡Ki wbKU ¸i“Z¡t

1. wk¶v cÖkvmKMY wk¶vMZ Z`viKxi mgq MVbg~jK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß djvdj eënvi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
2. wk¶K‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ Kvh©µg MÖn‡Yi Kv‡R G djvdj eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. wb‡qvM, e`jx I h_v¯’v‡b Dchy³ wk¶‡Ki c`vqb, cÖ‡gvkb BZ¨vw` wel‡q MvVwbK
g~j¨vq‡bi djveZ©b eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
141
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j¨vqb
 1. MwY‡Zi wk¶K wnmv‡e Avcbvi wbKU MvVwbK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
1. wk¶‡Ki ch©‡e¶Y|
2. wk¶K wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœvËi|
3. †kªYx‡Z ¯^Zš¿ ev `jxq KvR|
4. †PK wjó, †iwUs †¯‹j BZ¨vw`|
142
cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB
wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg ev¯—evqb †k‡l mgMÖ Kvh©µ‡gi mvgwMÖK djvdj, cÖfve I AwR©Z
f~wgKv
j¶¨gvÎv wbiƒc‡Yi Rb¨ †h g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvwš—K g~j¨vqb e‡j| cvV mgvwßi
ci Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v_©xi m‡½ †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡K Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ ev wk¶v_©x‡ì wk¶v MÖn‡Yi
¸YMZ gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨ G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| GwU cÖvwš—K ev mvgwóK ev mvgwMÖK
ev P~ovš— g~j¨vqb| GB Awa‡ek‡b iPbvg~jK, ˆbe©¨w³K, KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj
Afx¶v I cÖvwš—K g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K, KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v I mvgwMÖK ev P~ovš— ev cÖvwšÍK
ev mvgwóK g~j¨vqb msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K I KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K I KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K, KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v I
mvgwóK g~j¨vqb
wk¶Y-wkLb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wkLb AwfÁZv AR©‡bi d‡j wk¶v_©x KZUzKz Ávb ev
`¶Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q Ges wK ai‡bi gvbwmKZv †cvlY K‡i Zv hvPvB Kiv nq| wk¶v_©xi
AvPiYMZ GBme êwkó¨ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h Afx¶v eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K cvi`wk©Zv
ev K…wZ‡Z¡i Afx¶v e‡j| cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi êwk‡óï wePv‡i cix¶v‡K wZb fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v- †gŠwLK cix¶v, eënvwiK cix¶v I wjwLZ cix¶v| wjwLZ cix¶v
143
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- iPbvg~jK, msw¶ß DËi, ˆbe©¨w³K cix¶v BZ¨vw`|
GB mKj Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½ g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wk¶v_©xe„›`, Gevi Avgiv wb‡Pi Q‡K wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv‡K wb‡Ri fvlvq msÁvwqZ
Kwi-
iPbvg~jK Afx¶v:
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v:
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
mvgwóK g~j¨vqb:
144
ce©- L: mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi †kªYxwefvM


mvgwóK g~j¨vqb nj †Kvb †Kvm© ev wk¶Y BDwbU mgvwßi ci wk¶v_©x‡ì g~j¨vqb| G
g~j¨vqb †k‡l wk¶v_©x‡ì †MÖW †`qv nq ev Zv‡ì I¯—v`xc~Y© wkL‡bi mvwU©wd‡KU †`qv
nq A_ev cvk ev †dj †NvlYv Kiv nq| G g~j¨vqb wk¶‡Yi P~ovš— ch©v‡q †Kv‡m©i Rb¨
wba©vwiZ †gqv`v‡š— (1 gvm, 2 gvm ev 6 gvm ci ev e‡Qii †k‡l) n‡Z cv‡i| GUv n‡e
Aek¨B †Kvm© mgvwßi ci|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avgiv mvaviYZt we`¨vj‡q †h fv‡e mvgwóK ev P~ovš— g~j¨vqb K‡i _vwK
Zvi GKwU cÖevn wPÎ wb‡Pi Q‡K ˆZwi Kwi-
g~j¨vq‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mvgwóK ev P~ovš— g~j¨vq‡bi †kªYxwefvM Gi

cÖevn wPÎ wbgœiƒc:
ce©- M: iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K I KvVv‡gve× cÖkœcÎ cÖ¯‘Z
145
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi êwk‡óï wePv‡i wjwLZ cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ mvavibZt wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q
_v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ iPbvg~jK cÖkœ, ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ I KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ Ab¨Zg|
wk¶v_©xe„›` Avmyb Gevi wb‡Pi Q‡K gva¨wgK †kªYxi eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K D`vniY Abymv‡i
GKwU K‡i iPbvg~jK, ˆbe©¨w³K I KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ, ˆZwi Kwi-
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
1| cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨wU eY©bv I cÖgvY Ki“b|
2|
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ:
1| cÖ‡kœi DËi`v‡bi êwk‡óï wePv‡i cix¶v‡K Kq fvM Kiv hvq?
K) 1 fvM L) 2 fvM
M) 3 fvM N) 4 fvM
2|
146

1| DEF Gi DF=x †m wg, EF evû DF evû A‡c¶v 2 †m wg †QvU Ges DE evû DF
evû A‡c¶v 4 †m wg †QvU|
K) DFE Gi wPÎwU A¼b Ki“b|

L) DEF mg‡KvYx wÎfyR n‡j, mg‡KvY †Kvb we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e? †Kb, hyw³ cÖ`k©b
Ki“b|
M) wÎfyRwU mg‡KvYx n‡j, †`Lvb †h, x2 -12x+20=0
N) mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki“b Ges x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
2|
147
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- N: iPbvg~jK, ˆbe¨©w³K I KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M


mgm¨v
mvaviYZ †h †Kvb ai‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î iPbvg~jK Afx¶v ev ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v ev
KvVv‡gve× cÖkœcÎ cÖ‡qvM K‡i wk¶_©x‡ì †Kvb wel‡qi Ávb, `¶Zv I `„wófw½i
cwieZ©b m¤úwK©Z g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G mKj Afx¶v¸‡jv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wKQz
mgm¨v cwijw¶Z nq| †hgb- cÖkœ wbe©vP‡b Î“wU, cÖkœ Kivi Î“wU, b¤î`v‡bi Î“wU
BZ¨vw`|
wk¶v_©xe„›`, Gevi Avmyb wb‡Pi Q‡K gva¨wgK †kªYxi MwYZ wel‡qi iPbvg~jK Afx¶v,
ˆbe©¨w³K Afx¶v I KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgm¨vmg~n wPwýZ Kwi-
iPbvg~jK Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M mgm¨v:

. mxgZ MwÛ †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq ZvB h_v_Zv© Kg|
.
.
.
ˆbe¨©w³K Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M mgm¨v:

. ïay Áv‡bi cwigvc Kiv nq|
.
.
.
KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M mgm¨v:

. KvVv‡gve× Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvM A‡bKUv bZzb, ZvB G m¤ú‡K© mK‡ji aviYv ¯úó bq|
.
.
.
.
148
g~j wkLbxq welq
cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB

mvgwóK GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi wk¶Y-wkLb Kvh©µg †k‡l wewfbœ wel‡q wk¶v_©xi wkLb AMÖMwZi
g~j¨vqb hvPvB‡qi Abym„Z c×wZi bvgB nj mvgwMÖK ev P~ovš— ev cÖvwš—K ev mvgwóK g~j¨vqb|
G‡Z wk¶v_©x‡ì mvwe©K AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv nq| ZvQvov K…ZKvh© I AK…ZKvh© wba©viY
K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î mb`cÎ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| we`¨vj‡q cÖPwjZ lvb¥vwmK I evwl©K
cix¶v, GmGmwm I GBPGmwm cix¶v mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi D`vniY|
g~j¨vq‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mvgwóK (Summative) g~j¨vqb ev P~ovš—

g~j¨vqb Gi wb‡gœv³ †kªYxwefvM Kiv nj-
wKQy wKQy MvVwbK g~j¨vqb P~ovš— g~j¨vq‡b eëüZ nq| †hgb- A¨vmvBb‡g›U, evoxi KvR
BZ¨vw`|
149
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
mvgwóK cÖkœcÎ, mv¶vrKvi, eënvwiK cix¶v, cÖKí cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯—evqb, wmgy‡jkb,
g~j¨vqb Abykxjb cvV`vb, †mwgbvi, wm‡¤úvwRqvg I IqvK©k‡c AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g|
cÖwµqv
†h me Afx¶v cix¶v_x©‡K DË‡ii Dcv`vb wbe©vP‡b, Dcv`vb¸‡jvi web¨vm I †m¸‡jvi

iPbvg~jK
Afx¶v ‡jLvi ¯^vaxbZv †`q Ges cix¶KI ¯^vaxbfv‡e b¤î cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv‡K iPbvg~jK Afx¶v
e‡j|
†h Afx¶v ev Afx¶v c‡ì MVb, cÖ‡qvM Ges dj wbY©‡q Afx¶v_x© I Afx¶K Df‡qiB
ˆbe©¨w³K
Afx¶v e¨w³MZ cÖfve _v‡K bv Z‡K ˆbe¨©w³K Afx¶v e‡j|
GB ˆbe¨©w³K Afx¶v cªYq‡b wb‡Pi ¯—i¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

 wb‡`©kK QK MVb|
 UªvB AvDU AvB‡Ug cÖYqb|
 P~ovš— cÖkœ wbe©vPb I KvwVb¨ Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv|
 Afx¶vi wb‡`©kcÎ cÖYqb|
 g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ DËicÎ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv|
 cÖkœ mnR mij I †evaMg¨ nIqv|
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ïi“‡ZB we‡klag©x DÏxcK eënvi K‡i me ai‡bi

KvVv‡gve× ev
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wk¶v_©xi wkL‡bi wewfbœ `¶Zv hvPvB‡qi j‡¶¨ †h m„Rbkxj GKwU `„k¨Kí ev NUbv
ci¤úiv eY©bv Kiv nq Zv‡K KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ e‡j|
150
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb êwkó¨

1. NUbvi eY©bv _vK‡e|
2. 3/4 wU Ask _vK‡e|
3. †gŠwjKË¡ _vK‡e|
4. mnR †_‡K KwVb, wbgœ `¶Zv †_‡K D”PZi `¶Zv|
5. k~Y¨ b¤î cvevi m¤¢ebv Kg|
6. c~Y© b¤î †c‡Z cv‡i|
7. D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ msMwZc~Y©|
8. b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î ˆbe©¨w³KZv wbwðZ Kiv nq|
9. b¤î wbw`©ó _v‡K| †hgb ¯§iYkw³ hvPvBg~jK 1 b¤î, Abyaveb ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK 2
b¤î, cÖ‡qvM ¶gZv hvPvBg~jK 3 b¤î Ges we‡k lY, ms‡k lY I g~j¨vqb ¶gZv
hvPvBg~jK 4 b¤î, me©‡gvU 10 b¤î|
iPbvg~jK  mxgZ MwÛ †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq ZvB h_v_©Zv Kg|

Afx¶v
cÖ‡qv‡M  cvV¨welq †_‡K 15/16wU cÖkœ †e‡Q wb‡q c‡o cvk Kiv hvq|
mgm¨v  b¤î `v‡bi ˆbe¨©w³KZvi Afve|
 cix¶vi djvdj cÖKv‡k wej¤^ nq|
 gyL¯’ cÖeYZv e„w× cvq|
 cvZv ¸‡Y b¤î †Ìqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K|
 nv‡Zi †jLv †`‡L b¤î †Ìqvi cÖeYZv _v‡K|
 cÖ_g LvZvi cÖfve cieZ©x LvZvq c‡o|
 wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv Kg|
 Av‡jvPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DË‡i wk¶‡Ki g‡Zi cÖfve c‡o|
ˆbe©¨w³K
Afx¶v  iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g mgMÖ wel‡qi Ávb cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
cÖ‡qv‡M
 ïay Áv‡bi cwigvc Kiv nq|
mgm¨v
 fvlv, iPbv‰kjx Ges cÖKvkfw½ cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
151
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 mvwe©K K…wZZ¡ cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|

 wPš—v I wePvikw³ hvPvB Kiv KwVb|
 fvlvi `¶Zv, hyw³i cÖ‡qvM I m„RbkxjZv nªvm cvq|
 cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi‡Z mgq, kªg I A_© †ekx jv‡M|
 cÖkœcÎ ˆZwi AZ¨š— KwVb KvR ZvB we‡klÁ I AwfÁ wk¶K Qvov cÖYqb Kiv hvq
bv|
 Afx¶v cÖ‡qv‡M cvi`wk©Zvi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
 AbygvbwfwËK DËi †`qvi my‡hvM †ekx _v‡K|
 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶vi cÖ‡qvM A‡bKUv bZzb, ZvB G m¤ú‡K© mK‡ji aviYv
KvVv‡gve×
ev m„Rbkxj ¯úó bq|
Afx¶v  Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk wk¶v_x© cvVëB Gi evB‡i Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx bq, ZvB GB
cÖ‡qv‡M
mgm¨v Afx¶vi mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qv mKj wk¶v_x©i c‡¶ m¤¢e bq|
 eZ©gvb KvwiKzjv‡g wkLb †¶‡Îi wewfbœ †Wv‡gb hvPvB‡qi eë¯’v †bB ej‡j P‡j|
wKš‘ KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶vi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †Wv‡gb hvPvB Kiv nq|
KvwiKzjv‡gi mv‡_ cªv‡qvwMK w`K ‡_‡K KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj Afx¶vi Awgj
i‡q‡Q|
Afx¶vmg~‡ni we‡klZ: iPbvg~jK cÖkœ cÖYq‡b mgMÖ cvV¨ †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv nq bv ev wk¶vi mKj †¶Î ev
AcÖvmw½K
Áv‡bi mKj ¯—i hvPvB Kivi g‡Zv cÖkœ Kiv nq bv| DË‡ii AvKvi KZUzKz n‡e
welq wbqš¿Y
iPbvg~jK cª‡kœ Zv Abyaveb Kiv hvq bv| iPbvg~jK cÖ‡kœi DËicÎ hvPvB K‡i b¤î †`qvi
†¶‡Î wewfbœ cix¶‡Ki b¤î cÖ`v‡b wgj _v‡K bv| wewfbœ cix¶K wbR wbR `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
GKB ai‡bi DË‡ii wfbœ wfbœ gvb wba©viY K‡i _v‡Kb| G mg¯— Î“wU `~i K‡i cix¶v
c×wZ, cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb Ges b¤î cÖ`vb cªwµqvi Dbœqb Kiv ìKvi|
152
cÖkœ cÖ‡YZvMY cix¶v_x©‡ì wbKU †_‡K ‡Kvb cÖ‡kœi wecix‡Z KZUzKz I †Kvb ai‡bi DËi
cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib Zvi bgybv DËi mieivn Ki‡eb| Zv Qvov ‡jLvi AvKvi I Áv‡bi ¯—i
Abymv‡i b¤î e›Ub _vK‡e| cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi mgq cÖkœ cÖ‡YZvMY bgybv DËi I b¤î †Ìqvi
wb‡`©wkKv mieivn Ki‡eb| h_vh_ KZ…©c‡¶i gva¨‡g cix¶KMY bgybv DËi I b¤î
†Ìqvi wb‡`©wkKv msMÖn Ki‡eb Ges †mfv‡e b¤î cª`vb Ki‡eb| cÖkœ ˆZwii †¶‡Î
†ev‡W©i wb‡`©kgZ cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ `¶ wk¶K wb‡qvM I m¤§vbRbK m¤§vbxi eë¯’v _vKv
evÃbxq| Afx¶vq Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯—i, ‡¶Î ev `¶Zvi AvB‡Ug _vK‡e| †Kvb Aa¨vq
†_‡K Kx ai‡bi KZwU cÖkœ _vK‡e Zvi Rb¨ †ev‡W©i mieivnK…Z wb‡`©kK QK AbymiY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aš—t I ewnt cix¶vq c„_K fv‡e cvk Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv gvK©kx‡U c„_Kfv‡e †`Lv‡Z
n‡e| g~j¨vqb eë¯’v‡K AviI Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ cÖkœ cÖ‡YZv, gWv‡iUi I DËicÎ
g~j¨vqbKvix‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| bZzb ai‡bi cªkœ cÖYqb, DËicÎ g~j¨vqb
Ges mswk ó wel‡q wk¶K I wk¶v cÖkvmK‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v MÖnY Avek¨K|
wk¶v_x©‡ì cix¶v fxwZ `~i Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ Aa¨vqb I Abykxjb Kiv hv‡Z cwVZ
welq¸†jvi aviYv my¯úó nq I cÖ‡qvM `¶Zv e„w× cvq| †h mKj welq Zv‡ì Kv‡Q KwVb
e‡j g‡b nq †mmKj welq fvjfv‡e AvZ¥¯’ Kivi Rb¨ welq wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ †bqv|
ZvQvov kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’ _vKv|
g~j¨vqb
 1. MwY‡Zi wk¶K wnmv‡e we`¨vj‡qi cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡b Avcbvi f~wgKv D‡j- L Ki“b|
153
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
iPbvg~jK Afx¶v: †h Afx¶v cix¶v_x©‡K DË‡ii e¨vcKZv wba©viY, Dcv`vb wbe©vPb,
web¨vm I †jLvi ¯^vaxbZv †`q Ges cix¶KI Zuvi wbR¯^ Dcjwä Abyhvqx ¯^vaxbfv‡e b¤î
cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡K iPbvg~jK Afx¶v e‡j|
‰be¨©w³K Afx¶v: Ô‰be©¨w³KÕ K_vi A_© nj ÔbvB e¨w³i cÖfveÕ| †h Afx¶vq DËi
wba©vi‡Y Afx¶v_©xi ¯^vaxbZv mxwgZ _v‡K Ges DËi cÎ g~j¨vq‡b ev b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î
cix¶‡Ki e¨w³ cv_©‡Kï Kvi‡Y g~j¨vqb ev b¤^‡ii †Kvb ZviZg¨ nq bv Zv‡K ˆbe¨©w³K
Afx¶v e‡j|
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖk:œ KvVv‡gve× K_vi A_© nj mywbw`©ó Q‡K euvav| †h cÖ‡kœi
ïi“‡ZB Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯—i (ev †¶Î) Abyhvqx wKQy Z_¨ mieivn K‡i Ges cÖ`Ë
Z_¨wfwËK KwZcq (`yB Gi AwaK) DccÖkœ g~j¨-gvbmn (b¤î) avivevwnKfv‡e web¨vm
K‡i †Ìqv nq Zv‡K KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ e‡j|
mvgwóK (Summative) g~j¨vqb: mgwó †_‡K mvgwóK| mg‡Mªi Dci g~j¨vqbB nj

mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| GKwU wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì †Kvm© mgvcbv‡š— †h g~j¨vqb nq Zv nj cÖvwš—K
g~j¨vqb| Avi GB cÖvwš—K g~j¨vq‡bi mv‡_ mgMÖ †gqv‡ì avivevwnK ev MVbg~jK
g~j¨vq‡bi gvb ms‡hvM Kiv n‡j Zv nj mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi wfwË‡Z
wk¶v_©xi †kªYx ev ¯—i DËiY N‡U| AZGe ejv hvq †Kvb wbwÏ©ó †gqv‡ì wk¶Y-wkLb
Kvh©µg †k‡l, wk¶v_©xi DËi‡Yi j‡¶¨, mgMÖ cvV¨m~Pxi Dci wkLb AMÖMwZi hvPvB‡qi
Abym„Z c×wZi bvgB nj mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| G‡Z wk¶v_©xi mvwe©K AMÖMwZ cwigvc Kiv
nq| Avgv‡ì cÖPwjZ evwl©K cix¶v, GmGmwm I GBPGmwm cix¶v mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi
D`vniY|
154
ce©- L
g~j¨vq‡bi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ †K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q mvgwóK (Summative) g~j¨vqb ev P~ovš—
g~j¨vqb Gi wb‡æv³ †kªYxwefvM Kiv nj-
wKQy wKQy MvVwbK g~j¨vqb P~ovš— g~j¨vq‡b eëüZ nq| †hgb- A¨vmvBb‡g›U, evoxi KvR
BZ¨vw`|
cix¶vi wfwË‡Z mvgwóK g~j¨vqb‡K wb‡gœv³fv‡e †kªYxwefvM Kiv hvq-
ce©- M: g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K †R‡b wbb

ce©- N: g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K †R‡b wbb
155
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB (2)-KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v
wk¶v_x©i K…wZ‡Z¡i cwigvc Z_v wk¶v_x©i AvPiY, `¶Zv ev êwk‡óï cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h
f~wgKv
g~j¨vqb Kiv nq Zv‡K g~j¨hvPvB ejv nq| G g~j¨ hvPvB wewfbœ iKg n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
MVbKvjxb g~j¨hvPvB, cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vw`| wk¶v_x©‡ì g~j¨ hvPvB‡qi †¶‡Î wjwLZ
cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ mvaviYZ wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: iPbvg~jK cÖkœ, ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
I KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ BZ¨vw`| GB Awa‡ek‡b KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi
aviYv I MVb êwkó¨, myweav I eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv Ges KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
ˆZwiKiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi myweav I eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MwY‡Zi KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi aviYv I MVb êwkó¨
KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi †¶‡Î KvVv‡gv n‡”Q cÖ‡kœi GKwU m~Pbv hv DÏxcK wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
G DÏxcK n‡Z cv‡i wPš—bagx© welqe¯‘, GKwU mviYx, GKwU Qwe BZ¨vw` hv wk¶v_x©‡K
fve‡Z DØy× K‡i|
156
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœ wbgœ, gvSvwi I DËg me ai‡bi QvÎ Zv‡ì †gav/†hvM¨Zv
Abyhvqx cÖ‡kœi DËi Ki‡Z cv‡i hv‡Z wkL‡bi/`¶Zvi me¸‡jv ¯—i A_©vr Ávb, Dcjwä,
cÖ‡qvM, D”PZi `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, GLb Avgiv wb‡gœi mgm¨vwU mgvavbc~e©K KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi
êwkó¨ m¤úwK©Z wKQy cÖ‡kœi DËi †`qvi †Póv Kwi|
wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z †`Lyb, †ejbvKvi cvwbi cvBc emv‡bvi Rb¨ ABDC UªvwcwRqv‡gi AvK…wZ‡Z
gvwU KvUv n‡q‡Q| UªvwcwRqv‡gi Dc‡ii evûi ˆ`N©¨ 1.1 wgUvi, wb‡Pi evûi ˆ`N©¨ 0.8
wgUvi Ges D”PZv 0.7 wgUvi| gvwUi MZ©wUi ˆ`N©¨ 500 wgUvi|
1.1 wgUvi
A B
0.7 wgUvi
C D
0.8 wgUvi
(K) †h cwigvY gvwU KvUv n‡q‡Q, Zvi Nbdj wbY©q Ki“b|

(L) cvwbi cvB‡ci e¨vm 0.5 wgUvi| cvwbi cvB‡ci AvqZb KZ?
(M) cvwbi cvBc emv‡bvi ci gvwU fivU Kiv n‡q‡Q| fiv‡Ui ci kZKiv KZ fvM gvwU
DØ„Ë n‡q‡Q wbY©q Ki“b| (ai“b =3.14)|
157
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vwUi †cÖw¶‡Z wb‡gœi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wb‡Pi Q‡K †`qvi †Póv Kwi:
1. cÖ‡kœi ïi“‡Z †Kvb welq ev NUbvi eY©bv Av‡Q wK? wKfv‡e?

2. cÖ‡kœi KqwU Ask Av‡Q?
3. cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kvb †Kvb aviv †gvZv‡eK mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q (†hgb: Rvbv-ARvbv, mnR-
KwVb BZ¨vw`)?
4. cÖkœ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gŠwjKZ¡ †Kgb?
5. G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ k~Y¨ cvevi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz?
6. †gavex wk¶v_©x‡ì c~Y© b¤î cvIqvi m¤¢vebv Av‡Q wK? †Kb?
7. wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ G cÖkœ¸‡jvi m½wZ Av‡Q wK? wKfv‡e?
ce©- L: KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi myweav I eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv


KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g †hgb- wbgœ, gvSvwi I DËg me ai‡bi wk¶v_x©
Zv‡ì †gav/†hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx cÖ‡kœi DËi Ki‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb cvV¨ wel‡qi mnR Ges
KwVb As‡ki DËi w`‡Z wk¶v_x©iv KZUv cvi`wk© Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Avi wK wK myweav I eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv

_vK‡Z cv‡i Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki“b|
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi myweav:

. b¤î cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î ˆbe©¨w³KZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
.
.
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ eënv‡ii †hŠw³KZv:

. cÖkœ¸‡jv wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ AwaKZi msMwZc~Y©|
.
158
ce©- M: KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ‰ZwiKiY


wkLb‡K AwaK A_©en I Kvh©Kix Kivi Rb¨ KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ we‡klfv‡e MVb
Kiv n‡q‡Q| KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ ˆZwii †¶‡Î wbæwjwLZ welqvejx we‡ePbvq Avbv Avek¨K-
1. mKj KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ GKwU `„k¨Kí ev Scenarior w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z
nq| `„k¨KíwU AvKl©Yxq Ges mn‡R †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e|
2. `„k¨KíwU wk¶vµ‡gi Aš—fy©³ n‡Z n‡e| GwU Ggbfv‡e cÖYxZ n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
3/4wU cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e nq|
3. KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Ask¸‡jv mnR cÖkœ †_‡K KwVb cÖkœ µgvbymv‡i MVb
Ki‡Z nq|
4. aiv hvK, 10 b¤^‡ii GKwU KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wZbwU Ask Ggbfv‡e
wef³ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb 1g As‡ki Rb¨ 2 b¤î, 2q As‡ki Rb¨ 4 b¤î Ges 3q
As‡ki Rb¨ 4 b¤î eivÏ _vK‡e| Askmg~n G‡K A‡bï Dci wbf©ikxj n‡e bv|
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avmyb Avgiv GLb wb‡b¥i Q‡K mvaviY MwY‡Zi GKUv KvVv‡gve× ev
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ ˆZwi Kwi Ges g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bB|
159
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq

 cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB (2) -KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v
cÖ‡kœi †¶‡Î KvVv‡gv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

KvVv‡gve×
ev m„Rbkxj KvVv‡gv n‡”Q  cÖ‡kœi GKwU m~Pbv hv DÏxcK (Stimulus) wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
cÖkœ
 G DÏxcK n‡Z cv‡i-
 GKwU wjwLZ wPš—bagx© welqe¯‘ (Text/Passage).
 GKwU mviYx, GKwU Qwe BZ¨vw` hv cvVK‡K fve‡Z DØy× Ki‡e|
 DÏxcK c~e© cwVZ/AaxZ bv nIqvB mgxPxb|
 G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ wkL‡bi/`¶Zvi me¸‡jv ¯—i (Ávb, Dcjwä,
cÖ‡qvM, D”PZi `¶Zv) hvPvB Kiv hvq|
 wbgœ, gvSvwi I DËg-me ai‡bi QvÎ Zv‡ì †gav/†hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx
cÖ‡kœi DËi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 G‡Z 3-4wU cÖkœ _v‡K| G¸‡jv mnR †_‡K KwVb/`¶Zvi
µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
 b¤î wbw`©ó _v‡K| b¤î cÖ`v‡bi wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx b¤î cÖ`vb Kiv
nq|
 b¤î cÖ`v‡b ˆbe©¨w³KZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
160
 GKwU cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|

KvVv‡gve×  cvV¨ wel‡qi mnR Ges KwVb As‡ki DËi w`‡Z wk¶v_©xiv KZUv cvi`k©x Zv hvPvB
ev m„Rbkxj
Kiv hvq|
cÖ‡kœi myweav
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ cÖkœ evQvB Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kvb aviv Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv nq bv|
 wbgœ, gvSvwi I DËg me ai‡bi wk¶v_©x Zv‡ì †gav/†hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx cÖ‡kœi DËi
KvVv‡gve× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ev m„Rbkxj
 wk¶v_©x‡ì cix¶vq k~Y¨ cvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
cÖkœ
eënv‡ii  cÖkœ¸‡jv wk¶vµ‡gi D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ AwaKZi msMwZc~Y©|
†hŠw³KZv  cÖv‡qvwMK w`K‡K wjwLZ cix¶vi AvIZvq Avbv hvq|
 b¤î cÖ`v‡b ˆbe©¨w³KZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
 G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ wkL‡bi/`¶Zvi me¸‡jv ¯—i (Ávb, Dcjw×, cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi
`¶Zv) hvPvB Kiv hvq|
 †gavex wk¶v_©xiv c~Y© b¤î †c‡Z cv‡i, d‡j mn‡RB wk¶v_©x‡ì †hvM¨Zvi cv_©K¨
wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq|
mvaviY cÖk-œ 1.
MwY‡Zi wKQz ABC Gi AB = x †m wg, AC evû AB evû A‡c¶v 2 †m wg †QvU Ges BC evû AB
KvVv‡gve×
evû A‡c¶v 4 †m wg †QvU|
cÖ‡kœi bgybv
K) ABC Gi wPÎwU A¼b Ki“b Ges †`Lvb †h ABC Gi cwimxgv P=3x-6.
L) ABC mg‡KvYx wÎfyR n‡j, mg‡KvY †Kvb we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡e? †Kb, hyw³
cÖ`k©b Ki“b|
M) wÎfyRwU mg‡KvYx n‡j, †`Lvb †h, x2 -12x+20=0
N) mgxKiYwU mgvavb Ki“b Ges x Gi gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
161
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
cÖk-œ 2.
(K) wb‡Pi wPÎ avivq cieZx© wPÎwU A¼b Ki“b:
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 wPÎ-3 wPÎ-4
(L) wb‡Pi QKwU c~iY Ki“b:
wPÎ 1 2 3 4 5 --- 16
wP‡Îi WU msL¨v 5 11 ---
(M) wP‡Îi WU Øviv †Kvb ai‡bi aviv cÖKvk K‡i?

(N) GB avivwUi n-Zg c` wbY©‡qi m~Î wjLyb|
(O) †Kvb GKwU wP‡Î 101wU WU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, H wP‡Îi msL¨v KZ n‡e?
cÖk-œ 3.
GK f`ª‡jvK Zuvi Mvwoi evB‡ii Ask‡K jvj, meyR ev bxj i‡O Ges wfZ‡ii Ask‡K
mv`v ev njy` i‡O is Ki‡Z cv‡ib| evB‡ii i‡Oi †mU‡K A = {r, g, b} Ges wfZ‡ii
i‡Oi †mU‡K B = {w, y} ejv nq|
(K) f`ª‡jvK KZfv‡e Zuvi Mvwo is Ki‡Z cv‡ib, e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
(L) is Kivi m¤¢ve¨ msL¨v‡K A I C †m‡Ui µg‡Rv‡oi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki“b|
(M) †mU A hw` mš—v‡bi †mU Ges †mU B hw` H mš—v‡bi gv‡qi †mU nq, Z‡e
:A  B GKwU †fbwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Ki“b|
162
(N) †fbwPÎwU †h MvwYwZK m¤úK© cÖKvk K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki“b Ges µg‡Rv‡oi
gva¨‡g Zvi msÁv w`b|
cÖk-œ 4.
iwdK Kwig BmivZ

wP‡Î iwdK, Kwig I Bmiv‡Zi g~ja‡bi AbycvZ wb‡`©k K‡i| hw` Zviv 7200 UvKv
g~jab wewb‡qvM K‡i 1g eQ‡i 780 UvKv jvf Ges 2q eQ‡i 120 UvKv †jvKmvb K‡i
Z‡e-
(K) cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewb‡qv‡Mi mij AbycvZ KZ? Abycv‡Zi ivwk¸‡jvi †hvMdj KZ?
(L) 7200 UvKvi g‡a¨ Kvi g~jab KZ wQj?
(M) wØZxq eQi †k‡l Kvi gybvdv KZ n‡e?
(N) wØZxq eQi †k‡l Kwi†gi gybvdv Zvi wewb‡qv‡Mi kZKiv KZ fvM n‡e?
g~j¨vqb:
 1. evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi †kªYxK‡¶ KvVv‡gve× cÖ‡kœi eënvi KZUv hyw³hy³ Zv
e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
2. gva¨wgK ch©v‡q cÖPwjZ cÖkœ c×wZ Ges KvVv‡gve× cÖkœ c×wZi Zzjbvg~jK cv_©K¨
e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
163
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- K
1. wel‡qi eY©bv Av‡Q|
2. wZbwU Ask Av‡Q|
3. mnR †_‡K KwVb, wbgœ `¶Zv †_‡K D”PZi `¶Zv|
4. †gŠwjKZ¡ Av‡Q|
5. k~b¨ cvevi m¤¢vebv Kg|
6. c~Y© b¤î †c‡Z cv‡i|
7. D‡Ï‡kï ms‡M msMwZc~Y©|
ce©- L
KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi myweav
 GKwU cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡Yi `¶Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq|
 cvV¨ wel‡qi mnR Ges KwVb As‡ki DËi w`‡Z wk¶v_©xiv KZUv cvi`k©x Zv hvPvB
Kiv hvq|
 wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ cÖkœ evQvB Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 KvVv‡gve× ev m„Rbkxj cÖkœ¸‡jv †Kvb aviv Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv nq bv|
164
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (1)
MwYZ welq mwVKfv‡e ü`q½g Ki‡Z n‡j MwY‡Zi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K©
f~wgKv
Rvb‡Z n‡e| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ `yÕwU D‡j- L‡hvM¨ c×wZ n‡jv:
Av‡ivnx Ges Ae‡ivnx c×wZ| A‡bK †¶‡Î mgm¨v mgvav‡bi GKwU c×wZ Avi GKwU
c×wZi cwic~iK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨KwU c×wZi GKwU wbR¯^ êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q|
we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î we‡kl we‡kl c×wZ Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ A‡c¶v AwaK Kvh©Kix| GB
Awa‡ek‡b MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ, Av‡ivnx c×wZ I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi MvwYwZK c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Av‡ivnx c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Av‡ivnx c×wZ I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ mbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-K: Av‡ivnx c×wZ I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ
KZK¸‡jv we‡kl we‡kl `„óvš— †_‡K mvaviY wm×v‡š— †cuŠQv‡bvi c×wZ n‡jv Av‡ivnx
c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡jB Zv‡K me©`v mZ¨ ejv hvq bv| Av‡ivnx
c×wZ‡Z cÖvß m~Î‡K ev wm×vš—‡K †h c×wZ Øviv cÖgvY Kiv nq Zv‡K MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
c×wZ e‡j| Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z cÖvß wm×vš— ev m~Î‡K m¤¢vebvc~Y© ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Acic‡¶ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z cÖwZwôZ m~ÎwU n‡jv wbfy©j|
165
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wcÖq wk¶v_x©e„›`, Avmyb GLb Avgiv Av‡ivnx c×wZ I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi Zzjbvg~jK
cv_©K¨ wb‡gœi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi Ges Avcbvi DËi g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q
†bb|
Av‡ivnx c×wZ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
166
ce©- L: wewfbœ ai‡bi MvwYwZK Av‡ivn


MvwYwZK hyw³ MV‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv n‡jv: Av‡ivnx, Ae‡ivnx, ms‡k- lY I we‡k- lY|
Av‡ivn †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g wm×vš— †bIqv n‡j G c×wZwU‡K ejv nq Av‡ivnx c×wZ|
hyw³we`¨v Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡K eûfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Q| MwY‡Z Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡K cÖavbZ wZb
fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- mvaviY Av‡ivn, weKí Av‡ivn I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv wb‡æi mgm¨vwU †h †Kvb GKwU c×wZ‡Z mgvav‡bi †Póv Kwi|
mgm¨v:
xn yn ivwkwU x  y Øviv wefvR¨|
mgvavb:
167
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq

MvwYwZK I êÁvwbK wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ `ywU c×wZi hyw³aviv Av‡Q| c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q
MvwYwZK
Av‡ivnx I Ae‡ivnx c×wZ|
Av‡ivn
n(n  1)(2n  1)
Avgiv Rvwb †h cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi e‡M©i mgwó n‡”Q GwU
6
GKwU mvaviY djvdj| GLvb †_‡K Avgiv D`vniY wn‡m‡e cÖ_g 10wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi
 †hvMdj wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi
10(10  1)(20  1)
 385 mvaviY djvdj †_‡K Gfv‡e we‡kl
6
djvdj cÖwµqv‡K e‡j Ae‡ivn c×wZ|
we‡kl we‡kl `„óvš— †_‡K mvaviY m~‡Î ‡cŠQv‡bvi c×wZ‡K e‡j Av‡ivnx c×wZ| Av‡ivnx
c×wZ‡Z cÖvß wm×v‡š— wKQzUv m‡›`n ev `~e©jZv †_‡K hvq| †Kvb NUbv `yB/wZbwU †¶‡Î
mZ¨ n‡jI mKj †¶‡Î mZ¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
Av‡ivnx c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †h mg¯— m~Î wbYx©Z nq Zv wbf©yj GK_v ejv hvq bv| m~Î¸wj
MvwYwZK cÖgv‡Yi A‡c¶v iv‡L| ÒAv‡ivnx c×wZ Øviv cÖvß m~Î‡K †h c×wZ Øviv cÖgvY
Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq MvwYwZK Av‡ivn (Mathematical Induction)Ó|
Av‡ivn Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv wbY©q Kiv nq MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z| c×wZwU Ggb nIqv
cÖ‡qvRb hvi Øviv ejv †h‡Z cv‡i m~ÎwU me©‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
n = 1 Gi Rb¨ GKwU evK¨ mZ¨ n‡j n = m Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU‡K mZ¨ a‡i hLb m + 1
Gi RbÏ Zv mZ¨ nq ZLb m = 1 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ e‡j (m + 1) ev 1 + 1 = 2 Gi

RbÏ mZ¨ nq|
168
Avevi m = 2 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ e‡j (m + 1) ev 2 + 1 = 3 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ nq|

m = 3 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ e‡j (m + 1) ev 3 + 1 = 4 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ nq|
Giƒ‡c †h †Kvb ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ nq|
AZGe n = 1 Gi Rb¨ ‡Kvb MvwYwZK evK¨ mZ¨ n‡j n = m Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU‡K mZ¨ a‡i
†h kZ© cvIqv hvq, G kZ© cÖ‡qvM K‡i n = m + 1 Gi RbÏ hw` evK¨wU‡K mZ¨ cÖgvY
Kiv hvq Z‡e mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ Zv mZ¨ cÖgvwYZ nq G‡KB MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
(Mathematical Induction) e‡j|
n Gi gvb 1 †_‡K 4 ch©š— ci ci a‡i wb‡q 1 †_‡K n ch©š— ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi

MvwYwZK
Av‡ivn †hvMd‡ji †h m¤¢ve¨ m~ÎwU cvIqv hvq Zvi †_‡K ejv hv‡e bv †h, 1 †_‡K n msL¨K
c×wZi ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj
n(n  1)
n‡e|
e¨vL¨v 2
n Gi †h †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨ a‡i wb‡q hw` cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, n Gi
Ab¨ †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨, Zvn‡j m~ÎwUi MvwYwZK mZ¨Zv cÖgvwYZ n‡e| GwUB
nj MvwYwZK Av‡ivn|
n Gi gvb 1, 2, 3, 4 a‡i n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj KZ nq Zv wbY©q Kiv hvK|
n Gi DcwiD³ gvbmg~‡ni Rb¨ †hvMd‡ji m‡½ I‡ì AbycvZI wbY©q K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
KviY n Gi gv‡bi m‡½ m‡½ †hvMdj¸‡jvI cwiewZ©Z nq| n Gi gvb 1, 2, 3 Ges 4

ewm‡q †h ZvwjKv cvIqv hvq Zv nj:
n Gi gvb †kªYx †hvMdj †hvMdj I n Gi AbycvZ

1 1 1 1/1 ev 2/2
2 1+2 3 3/2
3 1+2+3 6 6/3 ev 2 ev 4/2
4 1+2+3+4 10 10/4 ev 5/2
169
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
2
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, n = 1 n‡j †hvMdj Ges n Gi AbycvZ
2
3
n = 2 n‡j †hvMdj Ges n Gi AbycvZ
2
4
2
5
2
n 1
myZivs n = n n‡j †hvMdj I n Gi AbycvZ=
2
n(n  1)
AZGe ejv hvq, n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj nIqv m¤¢e|
2
GLv‡b n Gi †h †Kvb we‡kl gv‡bi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨ n‡e a‡i wb‡q hw` cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,
n Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨, Z‡e cÖgvwYZ n‡e †h m~ÎwU mZ¨|
aiv hvK, n = p Gi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨|

p ( p  1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ......................... + p =
2
p ( p  1)
1 + 2 + 3 + .......................... + p + (p + 1) = + (p + 1)
2
( p  1)( p  2)
1 + 2 + 3 + .......................... + (p + 1) =
2
myZivs cÖgvwYZ nj †h, n = p Gi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨ n‡j n = (p + 1) Gi RbÏ m~ÎwU
mZ¨| wKš‘ c~‡e© †`Lv †M‡Q †h, n = 1, 2, 3 Ges 4 Gi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨ n‡q‡Q| myZivs n
= 4 + 1 ev 5 Gi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨| Abyiƒcfv‡e n = 6 Gi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨| Gfv‡e cÖgvY
Kiv hvq †h, n Gi mKj abvZ¥K gv‡bi Rb¨ m~ÎwU mZ¨| m~Î cÖgv‡Yi GB c×wZwU nj
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn|
wew”Qbœ KwZcq D`vniY †_‡K mvaviY wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqvi c×wZ‡K e‡j Av‡ivnx
c×wZ| Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z cÖvß wm×v‡š— wKQzUv m‡›`n ev `ye©jZv †_‡K hvq| †Kvb NUbv
`yB/wZbwU †¶‡Î mZ¨ n‡jI mKj †¶‡Î mZ¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z cÖvß
wm×vš—‡K mvaviY †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i hvPvB K‡i wb‡j m‡›`n gy³ nIqv hvq| hyw³ we`¨v
†_‡K D`vniY w`‡q ejv hvq: ciï mKv‡j m~h© c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z n‡q‡Q, MZKvj mKv‡j m~h©
c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z n‡q‡Q AvR mKv‡j m~h© c~e© w`‡K Dw`Z n‡q‡Q| myZivs Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z
mvaviY wm×vš— nj m~h© c~e© w`‡K Dw`Z nq; Giƒc wm×vš— me©`v MÖnY †hvM¨ bq|
170
†hgb: ciï mKv‡j e„wó n‡q‡Q, MZKvj mKv‡j e„wó n‡q‡Q, AvR mKv‡j e„wó n‡q‡Q- G
†_‡K hw` wm×vš— †bIqv nq †h, cÖZ¨n mKv‡j e„wó nq| Giƒc wm×v‡š— †h fyj i‡q‡Q
MwY‡Zi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡ÎI Av‡ivnx c×wZi Giƒc wm×vš— weåvwš— m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB wbwðZ mvaviY wm×vš— †bIqvi c~‡e© mvaviY †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i wm×v‡š—i Aåvš—Zv
hvPvB K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgb m~h© DVvi †¶‡Î ejv hvq, AvR, MZKvj, ciïi mv‡_ wgwj‡q
hw` ejv nq hZw`b †`‡LwQ m~h© c~e©w`‡KB Dw`Z n‡q‡Q| Zvn‡j Òm~h© c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z nqÓ
K_vwU m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq| wKš‘ weMZ `yB, wZb, Pvi ev K‡qKw`‡bi mKv‡j e„wó
nIqvi mv‡_ hZw`b †`‡LwQ mew`bB mKv‡j e„wó n‡q‡Q cÖ‡qvM Kivi gZ mZ¨ cvIqv
hv‡”Qbv| Kv‡RB GLv‡b e„wó nIqvi e¨vcviwU mvaviY mZ¨ bq| ZvB MwYZ, hyw³we`¨vi
Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z cÖvß mZ¨‡K mvaviY †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i hvPvB K‡i wm×vš— †bq|
†Kvb MvwYwZK cÖKí, Dw³ ev evK¨ hLb n = 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq, n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨
a‡i cÖvß kZ© Øviv hw` n = m + 1 Gi RbÏ cÖKíwU mZ¨ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq, ZLb mKj
n  N Gi Rb¨ cÖKíwU mZ¨ nq| MvwYwZK cÖKí ev evK¨ cÖgv‡Yi GB bxwZ‡KB ejv nq
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn|
†mUZ‡Ë¡ MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni msÁv nj: hw` S  N Ggb nq †h,
1  S,
m  S = > m + 1  S mZ¨ nq
Z‡e S = N
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn bxwZ‡Z

Avevi m = 2 Gi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ e‡j (m + 1) ev 2 + 1 = 3 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ nq|
Giƒ‡c †h †Kvb ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Rb¨ evK¨wU mZ¨ nq|
mvaviY Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡Z MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZK©kv‡¯¿ M„nxZ
Av‡ivnx
c×wZ I GKwU Av‡iv‡ni D`vniY †bIqv hvK| D`vniYwU‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q- Ôm~h© G ch©š— cÖwZw`b
MvwYwZK mKv‡j c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z n‡q‡QÕ| myZivs ÔAvMvgxKvj m~h© c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z n‡eÕ| wKš‘
Av‡ivn MwY‡Zi †Kvb QvÎB cÖ`Ë kZ© †_‡K Giƒc wm×vš— †g‡b †b‡eb bv| MwYZkv¯¿ Abyhvqx
c×wZ
Giƒc wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqvq evav Av‡Q| MwY‡Z ïay GKgvÎ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h,
171
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wm×vš—wU m¤¢vebvc~Y©| wm×vš—wU Aåvš— n'‡Z n‡j K‡qKwU cÖKwíZ kZ©

(Hypothetical Conditions) †g‡b wb‡Z nq| GB kZ©¸wj n‡”Q- (1) m~h© I c„w_exi
Av‡cw¶K Ae¯’vb Kvj ch©š— eZ©gvb _vK‡e| (2) c„w_ex Zvi A‡¶i Pviw`‡K AvMvgxKvj
ch©š— Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| MwYZ wecixZ m¤¢vebv¸‡jv‡K Dwo‡q w`‡Z ev A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| MvwYwZK Av‡ivn cÖwZwU we‡kl †¶‡ÎB m~ÎwU cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e| Gi †Kvb e¨wZµg n‡e
bv| GKwU MwY‡Zi D`vniY †`qv hvK, n2n+11 m~Î n = 1, 2…. BZ¨vw` gv‡bi Rb¨
†gŠwjK msL¨v Drcbœ Ki‡jI n = 11 Gi ‡¶‡Î AK…ZKvh© nq|
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn m~Î mKj Gi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki n‡Z n‡j Zv‡K `y‡Uv kZ© cvjb Ki‡Z nq,
h_v-
(K) m~ÎwU Aek¨B 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e, Ges

(L) m~ÎwU hw` †Kvb msL¨v k Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq, Z‡e k + 1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ n‡e|
wewfbœ hyw³MVb ev †gŠwjK †hŠw³K c×wZ PviwU : Av‡ivnx, Ae‡ivnx, ms‡k- lY I we‡k- lY|
ai‡bi Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡K wbgœiƒ‡c †kªYxwefvM Kiv hvq|
MvwYwZK
c×wZ
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
†mU MVb mgZv cÖgvY m~PKxq mgZv
Av‡ivnx c×wZi GKUv we‡kl iƒc nj MvwYwZK Av‡ivn| †Kvb Rvbv m‡Zï Av‡jv‡K
ARvbv †Kvb Z‡_ï mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© wm×vš— †bIqvi hyw³‡K Av‡ivnx hyw³ e‡j|
†h hyw³i gva¨‡g we‡kl we‡kl D`vniY †_‡K mvaviY wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq ZvnvB
Av‡ivnx c×wZ| GK K_vq we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY ev me©vqb Kivi c×wZB Av‡ivnx c×wZ|
Av‡ivnx c×wZi gva¨‡g m~Î MwVZ nq|
172
MvwYwZK hyw³ MV‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv nj- Av‡ivn, Ae‡ivn, ms‡k- lY I we‡k- lY| Av‡ivn
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wm×vš— †bIqv n‡j G c×wZwU‡K ejv nq Av‡ivnx c×wZ| hyw³we`¨v
Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡K eûfv‡e fvM K‡i| MwY‡Z Av‡ivnx c×wZ‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| mvaviY Av‡ivn, weKí Av‡ivn I MvwYwZK Av‡ivn|
GKwU mvaviY mZ¨‡K ev Z_¨‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q we‡kl we‡kl mZ¨Zv cÖgvY Kiv nj
Ae‡ivnx c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z eëüZ m~Îvejx ev wm×vš—mg~n c~‡e©B mZ¨ e‡j cÖgvwYZ
ev M‡elYvjä djvdj|
AZGe ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Ae‡ivnx c×wZ nj Av‡ivnx c×wZi D‡ëvµg|
D`vniY¯îƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h †Kvb †RvomsL¨v 2 Øviv wefvR¨| msL¨v †kªYx `k wfwËK
nIqvq `kK, kZK, nvRvi BZ¨vw` ¯’vbxq msL¨v¸‡jv 2 Øviv wefvR¨| GKK ¯’vbxq AsK 2
Øviv wefvR¨ n‡j †h †Kvb msL¨v 2 Øviv wefvR¨ hv †Rvo msL¨v n‡e|
KwZcq mgm¨v mgvav‡b wewfbœ c×wZi D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g c×wZ¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡gœ
eY©bv Kiv nj|
D`vniY- 1: xn – yn ivwkwU x – y Øviv wefvR¨Zvi cÖgvY, hLb n  N
(K) Av‡ivnx c×wZ:
x1 – y1 = x – y hv x – y Øviv wefvR¨
x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y), Bnv x – y Øviv wefvR¨
x3 – y3 = (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2), Bnv x – y Øviv wefvR¨
x4 – y4 = (x - y) (x3 + x2y + xy2 + y2), Bnv x – y Øviv wefvR¨
Gfv‡e AMÖmi n‡q xn – yn = (x - y) (xn-1 + xn-1y + xn-2y2 + xn-3y3 + … +yn1), hv

(x - y) Øviv wefvR¨|
173
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(L) Ae‡ivnx c×wZ:
(xn – yn)  (x – y)
(x n  y n )
= (x – y ) xn – yn (xn-1 + xn-1 y ….
(x  y)
xn – xn-1y
xn-1y – yn
xn-1y – xn-2 y2
xn-2y2 – yn
………………………..
 (xn – yn)  (x – y)
=> xn1 + xn1y + xn2y2 + ………………. + yn1
 (xn – yn) ivwkwU (x – y) Øviv wefvR¨|
(M) ms‡k- lY c×wZ:

xn – yn ivwkwU GKwU eûc`x hvi NvZ n| mKj c‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡j n NvZ wewkó
eûc`xi c`msL¨v n1 eûc`xi Abywj- wLZ c`¸‡jv †hvM-we‡qvM AvKv‡i ms‡k- lY K‡i
cvIqv hvq:
xn – yn = xn – (xn-1 y- xn-1y) - (xn-2 y2- xn-2y2) -………… - yn

= xn – xn-1 y + xn-1y - xn-2 y2 + xn-2y2 - ………..… - yn
= xn-1(x–y)+xx-2y2(x–y)+xn-3y2(x–y) + .. + yn-1 (x – y)
= (x – y) ( xn-1 + xx-2 y + xn-3y2 +……………. + yn-1 )
 (x – y), xn – yn Gi GKwU Drcv`K|
xn – yn ivwkwU x – y Øviv wefvR¨|
174
(N) we‡k- lY c×wZ:
xn – yn ivwkwU x – y Øviv wefvR¨ n‡e|
hw` xn – yn = (x – y) Q (x, y) mZ¨ nq Ges
Q (x, y) GKwU n–1 Nv‡Zi eûc`x nq|
xn  yn
A_©vr hw` Q (x, y) = ivwkwU GKwU (n – 1) Nv‡Zi eûc`x nq|
x y
= > Q (x, y) = xn-1 + xn-2 y + x n-3 y2 + ……….. + yn-1
fvM cÖwµqvq cÖvß fvMdj eûc`x| Bnv (n – 1) Nv‡Zi eûc`x|
xn – yn ivwkwU x – y Øviv wefvR¨|
(O) weKí Av‡ivn:
awi xn – yn ivwkwUi x – y Øviv wefvR¨ bq, xn – yn †K x–y Øviv fvM Kiv n‡j awi
fvMdj nq Q ( x, y) Ges fvM‡kl nq r  0
 xn – yn = (x-y) Q (x,y) + r, Bnv GKwU A‡f`; Dfqc‡¶ x = y ewm‡q cvB r = 0
A_©vr xn – yn †K x-y Øviv fvM Ki‡j fvM‡k‡li gvb nq k~b¨|
myZivs cÖ_‡g a‡i ‡bIqv cÖKíwU mZ¨ bq e‡j Zvi weKíwU mZ¨|
A_©vr xn – yn ivwkwU x - y Øviv wefvR¨|
175
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(P) MvwYwZK Av‡ivn:
cÖKí: xn – yn ivwkwU x - y Øviv wefvR¨ hLb n  N

hLb n = 1, xn –yn = x1–y1 = x–y hv x–y Øviv wefvR¨|
awi, n = m Gi Rb¨ cÖKíwU mZ¨|
A_©vr xn – yn = xm – ym = ( x – y) Q (x, y) GLv‡b x – y GKwU
GKNvZ Drcv`K e‡j Q (x, y) Aek¨B m–1 Nv‡Zi eûc`x|
hLb n = m + 1, m Gi ¯’‡j m + 1 ewm‡q cvIqv hvq:
Xm+1 – ym+1 =( x–y) Q( x, y) hLb Q( x, y) GKwU m NvZ wewkó eûc`x
myZivs Wvb c‡¶ ( x – y) GKwU Drcv`K i‡q‡Q e‡j Zv x – y Øviv wefvR¨|

mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ xn – yn ivwkwU x – y Øviv wefvR¨|
g~j¨vqb:
 1. †kªYxK‡¶ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi myweav I Amyweavmg~n
eY©bv Ki“b|
2. †kªYxK‡¶ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v
Ki“b|
176
BDwbU- 4

Awa‡ekb- 52: AvswkK fMœvsk (cÖK…Z)
Awa‡ekb- 53: AvswkK fMœvsk (AcÖK…Z)
Awa‡ekb- 54: e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (1)
Awa‡ekb- 57: †f±i (1)
Awa‡ekb- 58: †f±i (2)
Awa‡ekb- 59: wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (1)
177
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
178
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z ev¯—ewfwËK Z‡_ï gva¨‡g MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv
f~wgKv
m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î ÔÔ†Kb I wKfv‡eÕÕ Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi
†c‡Z cv‡i d‡j gyL¯— Ki‡Yi we‡kl Pvc _v‡K bv| wk¶v_x©iv cvV`vb Kvh©vejx‡Z
mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dcwiwj- wLZ ¸Yvewji Kvi‡Y MvwYwZK mgm¨v
mgvav‡b MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| GB Awa‡ek‡b MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Zvi cÖgvY, MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖwZÁv Ges wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb m¤ú‡K©
D‡Ïk¨
 MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

 MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖwZÁv m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-K: MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Zvi cÖgvY
MwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni gva¨‡g †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î ÔÔ†Kb I wKfv‡eÕÕ Gme cÖ‡kœi
DËi cvIqv hvq weavq wk¶v_x©iv MwYZ‡K fq bv †c‡q eis MwY‡Zi cÖwZ AvMÖnx n‡q
D‡V| myZivs †Kvb b~Zb MvwYwZK mgm¨v †evSvi Rb¨ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ AbymiY
KivB DËg|
179
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
180
MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ `yBwU avc AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ_g avc: P(1) Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ cÖgvY|
wØZxq avc: P(m) Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j P(m+1) Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e †hLv‡b mN.
Avmyb eÜziv, S †mUwU ÔÔ2 Øviv n(n+1) wefvR¨ÕÕ Zv wb‡gœi Q‡K cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kwi Ges
c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bB|
cÖ_g avc:
wØZxq avc:
181
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖwZÁv Ges mgm¨vi mgvavb


MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖwZÁv ej‡Z, ¯^vfvweK msL¨v PjK n m¤^wjZ †Kvb †Lvjv evK¨ mKj
n  N Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
(1) evK¨wU n = 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq Ges

(2) evK¨wU n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j Zv n = m + 1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ nq, †hLv‡b mN.
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv Dc‡iv³ cÖwZÁv Abymv‡i wb‡æi mgm¨vwU Q‡K mgvav‡bi †Póv Kwi Ges
c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bB|
n(n  1)
mgm¨v: 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n =
2
mgvavb:
cÖ_g avc: cÖwZÁvwU n = 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ cÖgvY Ki“b|
wØZxq avc: cÖwZÁvwU n = m+1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ cÖgvY Ki“b Zvn‡jB cÖwZÁvwU cÖgvwYZ
n‡e|
182
g~j wkLbxq welq
MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| GB c×wZ‡Z ev¯—e

MvwYwZK
Av‡iv‡ni wfwËK Z‡_ï gva¨‡g MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi gva¨‡g we¯—vwiZ
cÖ‡qvRbxqZ e¨vL¨v mnKv‡i cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì/wk¶v_x©‡ì MvwYwZK Z_¨, cÖwµqv Ges m~Î Dc¯’vcb Kiv
v nq| d‡j cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv/wk¶v_x©iv †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î Ò†Kb I wKfv‡eÓ Gme
cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqv m¤¢e nq| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq cÖwk¶Yv_x©iv/wk¶v_x©iv
mwµqfv‡e cvV`vb Kvh©vejx‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zviv wb‡RivB cixw¶Z Z‡_ï
gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡b wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì/wk¶v_x©‡ì mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi `¶Zv I wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi ¶gZvi DbœwZ N‡U| †h‡nZz GB c×wZ‡Z ev¯—e
wfwËK ev cixw¶Z Z‡_ï gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv nq †m‡nZz
cÖwk¶Yv_x©‡ì/wk¶v_x©‡ì gyL¯—Ki‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
S †mUwU Ò2 Øviv n (n + 1) wefvR¨Ó

MvwYwZK
Av‡iv‡ni
cÖgvY †Lvjv ev‡Kï mgvavb †mU, †hLv‡b n Pj‡Ki †Wv‡gb ev e¨vwß †mU N Gi~c †Lvjv evK¨‡K
P(n) Øviv m~wPZ K‡i n ¯’‡j ¯^vfvweK msL¨v 1, 2 BZ¨vw` cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i P(1), P(2)
BZ¨vw` MvwYwZK Dw³ cvIqv hvq| †hgb Dc‡i Dwj- wLZ †Lvjv evK¨wU‡K P(n) a‡i
Avgiv cvB,
P(n): Ò2 Øviv n(n+1) wefvR¨Ó G‡Z n ¯’‡j 1, 2 BZ¨vw` ewm‡q cÖvß Dw³¸‡jv nj,
P(1): Ò2 Øviv 1(1+1) wefvR¨Ó
P(2): Ò2 Øviv 2(2+1) wefvR¨Ó BZ¨vw`|
183
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
D‡j- wLZ D`vniYwU‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, P(n) †Lvjv ev‡Kï mgvavb †mU S=N. G †_‡K
ejv hvq †h, mKj nN Gi Rb¨ P(n) cÖwZÁvwU cÖgvwYZ nj| mgvavbwU ch©v‡jvPbv
Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, GRb¨ wb†gœv³ `yBwU avc cÖgvY KivB h‡_ó|
cÖ_g avc: P(1) mZ¨|

wØZxq avc: P(m) mZ¨ n‡j P(m+1) mZ¨, †hLv‡b mN.
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa Gi~c cÖgv‡Yi wfwË e‡j G‡K MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi cÖgvY ejv
nq|
¯^vfvweK msL¨v PjK n m¤^wjZ †Kvb †Lvjv evK¨ mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
MvwYwZK
Av‡iv‡ni
(1) evK¨wU n = 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ nq Ges
cÖwZÁv
(2) evK¨wU n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j Zv n = m + 1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ nq, †hLv‡b m 
N.
D`vniY- 1: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b †h,
1 + 3 + 5 + .......... + (2n – 1) = n2; †hLv‡b n †h †Kvb ¯^vfvweK msL¨v|
cÖgvY: (cÖ_g avc): GLv‡b 1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + (2n – 1) = n2 .... (1)
n = 1 n‡j, (1)Gi evgc¶ = 1 Ges Wvbc¶ = 12 = 1
n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨|
(wØZxq avc): awi, n = m Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨|

A_©vr 1 + 3 + 5 + .......... + (2m – 1) = m2 .............. (2)
GLb (1) evK¨wU n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + (2m + 1) = (m + 1)2 ............. (3) mZ¨ nq|
(2) Gi Dfqc‡¶ 2m + 1 †hvM K‡i cvB,

1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2m1) + (2m + 1) = m2 + (2m + 1) = (m + 1)2
184
GLb (1) Gi Dfqc‡¶ n = m + 1 emv‡j (1) Gi evgc¶ Ges Wvbc¶ h_vµ‡g (3)
Gi evgc¶ I Wvbc‡¶i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| myZvivs m~ÎwU n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j Zv n
= m + 1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨|
(3) mZ¨, A_©vr n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨|
myZivs MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abyhvqx mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ (1) mZ¨|
D`vniY- 2: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b †h, mKj n  N Gi Rb¨ 1
n(n  1)
+ 2 + 3 + .......... + n =
2
n(n  1)
cÖgvY: (cÖ_g avc): GLv‡b, 1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + n = ...........(1)
2
1(1  1)
n = 1 Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨, KviY ZLb evgc¶ =1 Ges Wvbc¶ = 1
2
(wØZxq avc): awi, n = m Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨, A_©vr
m(m  1)
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + m = .............(2)
2
GLb (1) evK¨wU n = m + 1 Gi RbÏ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
(m  1)(m  2)
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + (m + 1) = ..........(3) mZ¨ nq|
2
GLb (2) Gi Dfqc‡¶ (m + 1) †hvM K‡i cvB,
1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + m + (m + 1)
m(m  1) m(m  1)  2(m  1) (m  1)(m  2)
  (m  1)  
2 2 2
185
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 (3) cÖgvwYZ nj A_©vr n = m +1 Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨|

myZivs MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abyhvqx mKj nN Gi Rb¨ (1) Dw³wU mZ¨|
D`vniY- 3: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b †h, n †h †Kvb ¯^vfvweK
msL¨v n‡j, x2n–y2n ivwkwU x + y Øviv wefvR¨|
cÖgvY: (cÖ_g avc) cÖwZÁvwU n = 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨| KviY x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y) hv
(x + y) Øviv wefvR¨|
(wØZxq avc): awi, cÖwZÁvwU n=m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨| A_©vr x2m–y2m ivwkwU x + y Øviv
wefvR¨|
GLb cÖwZÁvwU n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
x2(m+1) – y2(m+1) = x2m+2 – y2m+2 ivwkwU x + y Øviv wefvR¨ nq|
GLv‡b, x2m+2 – y2m+2 = (x2m+2 – x2y2m) + (x2y2m – y2m+2)

=x2 (x2m – y2m) + y2m (x2 - y2)…………(K)
GLb (K) Gi Wvbc‡¶i cÖ_g I wØZxq c` x + y Øviv wefvR¨| myZivs (K) Gi evgc¶
x + y Øviv wefvR¨ A_©vr cÖwZÁvwU n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨| myZivs MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
c×wZ Abyhvqx †h †Kvb n  N Gi Rb¨ cÖwZÁvwU mZ¨|
MvwYwZK mgwó wbY©q:

Av‡iv‡ni
mgm¨v D`vniY- 1: 12  2 2  3 2  ..........  n 2
mgvavb mgvavb: g‡b Ki“b, S= 12  2 2  3 2  ..........  n 2
Avgiv Rvwb,
3

p 3   p  1  p 3  p 3  3 p 2  3 p  1 
= p3  p3  3 p2  3p  1
= 3p2  3p 1
GLb, p=1, 2, 3, ... n ewm‡q cvB
186
13 03 = 3.12  3.1 +1

23 13 =3.22  3.2 +1
33 23 =3.32  3.3 +1
...................................
...................................
n3  (n 1)3 = 3n2  3n + 1
†hvM K‡i cvB-
n3 = 3 (12  2 2  3 2  ..........  n 2 ) 3 (1 + 2 + ........ + n) + (1 +
1+.........+1)
3n(n  1)  n(n  1) 
= 3S 
2
n  1  2  3  .............  n  2 

3 3n(n  1)
3S= n  n
2
2n 3  3n 2  3n  2n
=
2
2n 3  3n 2  n
=
2
n(2n 2  3n  1)
=
2
n(n  1)(2n  1)
=
2
n( n  1)( 2n  1)
S =
6
187
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
D`vniY- 2: 13  2 3  33  ..........  n 3
mgvavb: g‡b Ki“b,
S= 13  2 3  33  ..........  n 3
Avgiv Rvwb,
 
2 2
( p  1) 2 . p 2  p 2 p  1) 2  p 2 ( p  1   p  1 
= p 2 .4 p
= 4 p3
GLb, p=1, 2, 3, ... n ewm‡q cvB
22 .12 12.02 = 4.13
32 .22 22.12 = 4.23
42 .32 32.22 = 4.33
...................................
...................................
(n +1)2.n2  n2 (n 1)2=4.n3
†hvM K‡i cvB-
(n +1)2.n2 = 4 (13  2 3  33  ..........  n 3 )
ev, (n +1)2.n2 = 4S
2
n 2 (n  1) 2  n(n  1) 
S=  
4  2 
g~j¨vqb:
 MvwYwZK Av‡iv‡ni cÖwZÁvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b:
1. 1+2+22+ ............ + 2n1=2n1
2. 2 +4+6+ ..............+2n=n(n+1)
188
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î mgm¨vi ¯îƒc Abyhvqx cvV`v‡bi Ges
f~wgKv
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †KŠkj wVK Ki‡Z nq| MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj mKj
†¶‡Î mgvb n‡jI mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †KŠk‡j wfbœZv i‡q‡Q| GB Awa‡ek‡b MvwYwZK
Av‡ivn c×wZi cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj, cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj Ges wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb m¤ú‡K©
D‡Ïk¨
 †kªYxK‡¶ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †kªYxK‡¶ MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ cÖ‡qvM †KŠkj
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn wewa cÖ‡qvM K‡i †h †Kvb MvwYwZK ev‡Kï mZ¨Zv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ `yÕwU avc
AbymiY Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ_g av‡c, n=1-Gi Rb¨ MvwYwZK evK¨wU mZ¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z nq|
wØZxq av‡c, MvwYwZK evK¨wU n=m+1-Gi RbÏ mZ¨ n‡e| Zv n‡jB MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
c×wZ Abyhvqx MvwYwZK evK¨wU mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v n-Gi RbÏ mZ¨ n‡e|
189
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv Dc‡iv³ †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wb‡æi mgm¨vwU Q‡K mgvav‡bi †Póv Kwi
Ges c‡i g~j wkLbxq wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bB|
mgm¨v: 13 + 33 + 53 + ........................ + (2n – 1)3 = n2 (2n2 – 1)
mgvavb:
cÖ_g avc:
wØZxq avc:
190
ce©- L: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj Ges wewfbœ mgm¨vi


mgvavb
MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wewfbœ avivi †hvMdj wbY©‡q GKwU we‡kl
†KŠkj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj, e‡M©i
†hvMdj, mgvš—i avivi †hvMdj, ¸‡YvËi avivi †hvMd‡ji †¶‡Î wfbœ wfbœ †KŠkj
Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj wbY©‡qi †¶‡Î,

awi,
S = 1  2  3  ........................  n.....................(1)
Avevi, GLb S †K D‡ëvfv‡e mvwR‡q †bB-

S = n  (n  1)  (n  2)  ..................  1...........(2)
GLb (1) I (2) †hvM Ki‡jB cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj cvIqv hv‡e|
Avmyb, GLb Avgiv mgm¨vwUi evwK Ask wb‡æi Q‡K Kivi †Póv Kwi Ges c‡i g~j wkLbxq
wel‡qi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †bB| G iKg AviI wKQy mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †KŠkj g~j wkLbxq welq
†_‡K †R‡b †bB|
191
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
192
g~j wkLbxq welq
wb‡Pi aviv¸‡jvi n c` ch©š— †hvMdj †`qv Av‡Q| me¸‡jvi †¶‡ÎB MvwYwZK Av‡ivn
MvwYwZK
Av‡ivn wewa cÖ‡qvM K‡i n c` ch©š— †hvMd‡ji mZ¨Zv hvPvB Kiv n‡q‡Q|
c×wZ
cÖ‡qvM D`vniY- 1: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b †h, mKj n  N Gi Rb¨,
mgvavb 1.2 +2.5 + 3.8 + ............................ + n (3n – 1) = n2 (n + 1)
cÖgvY:
 1.2 +2.5 + 3.8 + ................ + n (3n – 1) = n2 (n + 1) ... ... ... (1)

n = 1 n‡j (1) Gi evg c¶ = 2 Ges Wvbc¶ = 12.2 = 2
AZGe, n = 1 n‡j (1) MvwYwZK evK¨wU mZ¨|

GLb g‡b Kwi, n = m Gi Rb¨ (1) mZ¨|
A_©vr 1.2 +2.5 + 3.8 + ........ + m (3m – 1) = m2 (m + 1) ... ... (2)
GLb (1) evK¨wU n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e hw`
1.2 +2.5 + 3.8 + ........................ + (m + 1)(3m + 2) =
(m + 1)2 (m + 2) ... ... ... (3)
mZ¨ nq|
(2) Gi Dfq c‡¶ (m + 1) (3m + 2) †hvM K‡i cvB
1.2 +2.5 + 3.8 + ....................... + m(3m 1)+(m + 1) (3m + 2)
= m2 (m + 1) + (m+1) (3m + 2)= (m+1) (m2 +3m+2)
= (m + 1) (m + 1) (m + 2)
= (m + 1)2 (m + 2)
AZGe, (3) cÖgvwYZ nj A_©vr, m~ÎwU n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j Zv n = m + 1 Gi

RbÏ mZ¨|
193
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
AZGe, MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abyhvqx (1) mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v n Gi Rb¨ mZ¨|
D`vniY- 2: MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki“b †h, mKj n  N Gi Rb¨,

13 + 33 + 53 + ........................ + (2n – 1)3 = n2 (2n2 – 1)
cÖgvY:
13 + 33 + 53 + ........... + (2n – 1)3 = n2 (2n2 – 1) .... .... (1)
n = 1 n‡j (1) Gi evgc¶ = 1 Ges Wvbc¶ = 1.1 = 1
AZGe, n = 1 n‡j (1) evK¨wU mZ¨|

GLb g‡b Kwi, n = m Gi Rb¨ (1) evK¨wU mZ¨| A_©vr
13 + 33 + 53 + .......... + (2m – 1)3 = m2 (2m2 – 1) .... .... (2)
GLb (1) evK¨wU n = m + 1 Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡e, hw`
13 + 33 + 53 + ...................... + (2m + 1)3 =
(m + 1)2 {2 (m + 1)2 – 1} .... .... (3)
mZ¨ nq|
(2) Gi Dfq c‡¶ (2m + 1)3 †hvM K‡i cvB,
13 + 33 + 53 + ................. + (2m – 1)3 + (2m + 1)3= m2 (2m2 – 1) + (2m + 1)3

= 2m4 +8m3 +11m2 + 6m + 1
= (m + 1) (2m3 + 6m2 + 5m + 1)
= (m + 1)2 (2m2 + 4m +1)
= (m + 1)2 { 2 (m+1)2 – 1}
AZGe, (3) cÖgvwYZ nj| A_©vr m~ÎwU n = m Gi Rb¨ mZ¨ n‡j, Zv n = m + 1 Gi

RbÏ mZ¨| AZGe, MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ Abyhvqx (1) mKj ¯^vfvweK msL¨v n Gi
Rb¨ mZ¨|
194
wewfbœ Aby‡”Q`mg~‡n gva¨wgK ch©v‡q cwVZ K‡qKwU avivi †hvMdj cÖvqkB cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
MvwYwZK
Av‡ivn †kªYxK‡¶ wb‡gœv³ D`vniYmg~n wKfv‡e cvV`vb Kiv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
c×wZ‡Z avivi †hvMdj GKwU we‡kl †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq|
cvV`v‡bi
†KŠkj (i) cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †hvMdj:
g‡b Kwi,
S = 1  2  3  ........................  n.....................(1)
S = n  (n  1)  (n  2)  ..................  1...........(2)
(1) Ges (2) †hvM K‡i cvB,

2S = ( n + 1) + (n + 1) + (n + 1) + ...... ..... + (n + 1) = n (n + 1)
n(n + 1)
S =
2
(ii) cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi e‡M©i †hvMdj:
g‡b Kwi, S = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... ... + n2
Avgiv cvB,
(n + 1)3 – n3 = 3n2 + 3n + 1
n3 – (n - 1)3 = 3(n – 1)2 + 3 (n –1) + 1
(n - 1)3 – (n – 2)3 = 3(n – 2)2 + 3 (n –2) + 1
........ ......... .......... ...........
33 – 23 = 3.22 + 3.2 + 1
23 – 13 = 3.12 + 3.1 + 1
†hvM K‡i cvB,

(n + 1)3 – 13 = 3 (12 + 22 + 32 + ... ... n2) + 3 ( 1+ 2 + 3 + .. .. .. + n) + n
3n(n  1)
ev, n3 + 3n2 + 3n = 3S + +n
2
195
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
3 2 3
 3S = n3 + 3n2 + 3n – n – nn
2 2
1
= (2n3 + 3n2 + n)
2
1
= n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
2
1
S = n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
(iii) mgvš—i aviv:
mgvš—i avivi cÖ_g c` a, mvaviY Aš—i d Ges †kl c` m n‡j cÖ_g n msL¨K c‡ì
†hvMdj
S = a + ( a + d) + (a + 2d) + ... ... ... + {a +(n – 1)d}
= na + d ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ............. + n–1 )
n(n  1)
= na + d
2
1
= 2a  (n  1)d 
2
1
= a  a  (n  1)d 
2
1
= n(a  m) [†hLv‡b, †kl c` m  a  (n  1)d ]
2
(iv) My‡YvËi aviv

cÖ_g c` a Ges mvaviY AbycvZ r n‡j, ¸‡YvËi avivi cÖ_g n msL¨K c‡ì †hvMdj,
S = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... ... .. + arn−1 ............................. (1)
r Øviv Dfqc¶‡K ¸Y K‡i cvB,
196
Sr = ar + ar2 + ar3 + .. ... ... .. + arn−1 + arn .................. (2)

(1) †_‡K (2) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
S – Sr = a − arn
ev, S (1 – r) = a (1 – rn)
a(1  r n )
S= , GLv‡b r  1
1 r
hLb r < 1 ZLb
1 rn
S= a ; r 1
1 r
Avevi, hLb r >1 ZLb
r n 1
S =a ; r1
r 1
j¶Yxq †h, r = 1 n‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`B a Ges S = na n‡e|
a
hLb, n Ges r < 1, ZLb S 
1 r
D`vniY- 1: n msL¨K c` ch©š— †hvMdj wbY©q|
MvwYwZK
Av‡ivn 1.2 + 2.5 + 3.8 + ..... ...... .......
c×wZ
cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgvavb:
mgm¨v
n Zg c`,
mgvavb
un = n (3n – 1) = 3n2 – n
u1 = 3.12 – 1
u2 = 3.22 – 2
u3 = 3.32 – 3
........ ......... .........
AZGe, avivwUi n Zg c` ch©š— †hvMdj,

Sn = 3 (12 + 22 + 32 .... ..... + n2) – (1 + 2 + 3 + .... ..... .... + n)
197
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1)

= 3. 
6 2
n(n  1)(2n  1) n(n  1)
= 
2 2
n(n  1)
= (2n  1  1)  n 2 (n  1)
2
Aš—i cÖwµqvi avivi mgwó wbY©q:
g‡b Kwi cÖ`Ë avivwU
u1 + u2 + u3 .................... + un + ..........
avivi nZg c` un †K hw` vn – vn1 i~‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Z‡e n Zg c` ch©š— cÖ`Ë
avivi mgwó Sn mn‡RB wbY©q Kiv hvq, †Kbbv un = vn – vn1
un1 = vn1 - vn2
.......... ............ ..................
u2 = v2 – v1
u1 = v1 – v0
AZGe, Sn = u1 + u2 + ... ... ... ... ... + un
= v1 – v0 + v2 – v1 + v3 – v2 + ... ... ... ... +vn – vn1
= vn – v0
D`vniY- 2: n Zg c` ch©š— †hvMdj wbY©q|

1 1 1
   ... ... ...
(1  x )(1  2 x ) (1  2 x)(1  3 x) (1  3 x)(1  4 x)
mgvavb:
1 2 1
 
(1  x )(1  2 x ) 1  2 x (1  x )
1 3 2
 
(1  2 x )(1  3x ) 1  3 x 1  2 x
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
198
1 n 1 n
 
(1  nx )1  (n  1) x 1  (n  1) x 1  nx
n 1 1 n
 Sn =  
1  (n  1) x 1  x 1  (n  1) x(1  x)
msL¨K Drcv`‡Ki ¸Ydj Ges c`¸‡jvi cÖ_g Drcv`K GKB mgvš—i †kªYxfy³:
aiv hvK, avivwU u1 + u2 + u3 .. ... ... .... +un

†hLv‡b, un = (a + nb) {a +(n+ 1)b} .... .... ... {a +(n + r – 1)b}
a, b Ges r wZbwU aª“eK|
a  (n  r )bu n  a  (n  1)bu n
GLb, U n 
(r  1)b
a  (n  r )bu n a  (n  1)bu n
= 
(r  1)b (r  1)b
= vn – vn1, †hLv‡b vn 
a  (n  r )bun
(r  1)b
Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... .... ..... ... + un

= v1 - v0 + v2 – v1 + v3 – v2 + ... ... .... + vn – vn1
= vn – v0
†hLv‡b, v0 GKwU aª“eK hv n Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| AZGe, cÖ`Ë avivi nZg c`
ch©š— †hvMdj D‡j- wLZ m~Î Øviv wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
gš—e¨: n-Zg c‡` me©‡kl Drcv`‡Ki cieZx© mgvš—i †kªYxfy³ Drcv`K Aš—fy©³
Ki“b Ges Drcv`‡Ki msL¨v I mgvš—i †kªYxi mvaviY Aš—‡ii ¸Ydj Øviv fvM K‡i
GKwU aª“eK †hvM Ki“b| aª“eKwUi gvb n = 1 A_ev n = 0 ewm‡q wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
D`vniY- 3: nZg c` ch©š— †hvMdj wbY©q|

1.3.5 + 3.5.7 + 5.7.9 + ... ... ... ...
GLv‡b, un = (2n – 1) (2n + 1) (2n + 3)
199
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(2n  1)(2n  1)(2n  3)(2n  5)

AZGe, S n  C
8
n = 1 ewm‡q cvB,
1.3.5.7
15  C
8
15
AZGe, C 
8
(2n  1)(2n  1)(2n  3)(2n  5) 15
 Sn  
8 8
= n(2n3 + 8n2 + 7n – 2)
n Zg c` ch©š— Giƒc avivi †hvMdj wbY©q, hvi cÖwZwU c` mgvš—i †kªYxfy³ r msL¨K
Drcv`‡Ki ¸Yd‡ji wecixZ Ges c`¸‡jvi cÖ_g Drcv`K GKB mgvš—i †kªYxfy³:
g‡bKwi avivwU, u1 + u2 + u3 + ... ... ... .... +un
1
†hLv‡b, U n 
(a  nb)a  (n  1)ba  (n  2)b.......a  (n  r  1)b
GLb Un 
1
.
a  (n  r  1)b  (a  nb)
(r  1)b (a  nb)a  (n  1)b......a  (n  r  1)b
1 1
 .
(r  1)b (a  nb)a  (n  1)b......a  (n  r  2)b
1 1
= .
(r  1)b a  (n  1)ba  (n  2)b...a  (n  r  1)b
= vn1vn
Sn = u1 + u2 + u3 + ... ... ... .... +un

= v0  v1 + v1 – v2 + v2  v3 + ... ... ... + vn1 – vn
(a  nb)un
= v0–vn, †hLv‡b vn  Ges v0 GKwU aª“eK hv n Gi Dci
(r  1)b
wbf©ikxj bq|
200
D`vniY- 4: n Zg c` ch©š— †hvMdj wbY©q|
1 1 1
   ...
1.3.5 3.5.7 5.7.9
1
GLv‡b, u n 
(2n  1)(2n  1)(2n  3)
1
Sn  C 
4(2n  1)(2n  3)
1 1
n = 0 ewm‡q cvB, 0  C  , ev C 
12 12
1 1
Sn  
12 4(2n  1)(2n  3)
g~j¨vqb:
 wbgœwjwLZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki“b Ges Zv‡ì GKwU
ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|
1| 12+22+32 + ................... + 402 = KZ

2| 13+23+33 + ................... + 153 = KZ
3| 10 + 15 + 20 + ............ avivwUi 30Zg c` KZ?
1 1 1
4| 1     .......... avivwUi cÖ_g 10wU c‡ì mgwó KZ?
3 9 27
201
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
AvswkK fMœvsk (cÖK…Z)
MwY‡Z eënvwiK †¶‡Î AvswkK fMœvs‡ki eënvi e¨vcK| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi bvbv
f~wgKv
MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ fMœvs‡ki eënvi Ki‡Z nq| fMœvsk mvaviYZ
`yB cÖKvi cÖK…Z fMœvskI AcÖK…Z fMœvsk| fMœvs‡ki †hvM, we‡qvM, fMœvsk wbY©‡qi
¯—i, fMœvsk wefw³Ki‡Yi c×wZ, cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—i Kivi
cªwµqv m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©‡ì ¯^”Q aviYv _vKv AZ¨vek¨K| cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK
fMœvs‡k wefw³Ki‡Yi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv Qvov wk¶v_x©‡ì c‡¶ A‡bK
mgq MwY‡Zi bvbviKg eënvwiK mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e bq| G Awa‡ek‡b
AvswkK fMœvsk wbY©‡qi ¯—i, AvswkK fMœvsk wefw³KiY I cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K
AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Kivi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
D‡Ïk¨

 AvswkK fMœvsk wbY©‡qi ¯—i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvswkK fMœvsk wefw³Ki‡Yi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©-K: AvswkK fMœvsk wbY©‡qi ¯—i
hw` je, ni A‡c¶ wbæNv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j fMœvskwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk| Avevi je, ni
A‡c¶v D”P Nv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j fMœvskwU AcÖK…Z fMœvsk| hw` †Kvb fMœvsk‡K
GKvwaK fMœvs‡ki †hvMdjiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Z‡e †k‡lv³ fMœvsk¸‡jvi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K cÖ_‡gv³ fMœvs‡ki AvswkK fMœvsk e‡j| AvswkK fMœvsk wbY©‡qi ¯—
i¸‡jv n‡jv:
202
1. cÖ_gZ fMœvs‡ki cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr fMœvskwU cÖK…Z bv AcÖK…Z Zv wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. fMœvskwU AcªK…Z fMœvsk n‡j Zv‡K cÖK…Z fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. n‡ii Drcv`K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. n‡ii Drcv`‡Ki msL¨v I cÖK…wZ †`‡L aª“eK I mgZv MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. mgZv‡K A‡f‡` cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. A‡f` †_‡K KwíZ aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e Pj‡Ki gvb ¯’vcb K‡i|
7. mnM mgxK…Z K‡i KwíZ aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
 ce©- L: cÖKZ
… fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk
ce©-K G AvswkK fMœvsk wbY©‡qi ¯—i m¤ú‡K© †R‡bwQ| Gevi Avgiv wb‡gœi
mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Kiv Kiv
hvq Zv †`Le|
mgm¨v: (3x2-8x-4) / (x3 + x2 – 2x)
mgvavb:
GLb x3+x2-2x=x(x-1)(x+2)
g‡b Kwi, (3x2-8x-4) / (x3+x2-2x) = A/x + B/(x-1)+C/(x+2)
x(x-1)(x+2) Øviv Dfq c¶‡K ¸Y Kwiqv
(3x2-8x-4x-4) = A(x-1)(x+2) + Bx(x+2)+Cx (x-1) .......(1)

†h‡nZz Bnv GKwU A‡f`, myZivs Bnv x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨B mZ¨| x-Gi †h
mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ n‡ii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Drcv`K k~b¨ µgvMZ fv‡e x Gi H gvb¸wj
eënvi Kiv nj|
(1) G x = 0 emv‡j -4=-2A AZGe A = 2
(1) G x = 1 emv‡j 3-8-4=3B AZGe B =-3
(1) G x =-2 emv‡j 12+16-4=6C AZGe C = 4
myZivs (3x2-8x-4) / (x3+x2-2x)=2/x-3/(x-1) + 4/(x+2)
203
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq

AvswkK fMœvsk (cÖK…Z)
cÖK…Z fMœvsk: hw` je, ni A‡c¶v wbgœ Nv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j fMœvskwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk|
fMœvs‡ki
cÖK…wZ AcÖK…Z fMœvsk: hw` je, ni A‡c¶v D”P Nv‡Zi nq Zvn‡j fMœvskwU AcÖK…Z fMœvsk|
AvswkK fMœvsk: hw` †Kvb fMœvsk‡K GKvwaK fMœvs‡ki †hvMdj iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq Z‡e
†k‡lv³ fMœvsk¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K cÖ_‡gv³ fMœvs‡ki AvswkK fMœvsk e‡j|
 1. cÖ_gZ fMœvs‡ki cÖK…wZ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr fMœvskwU cÖK…Z bv AcÖK…Z Zv wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
AvswkK 2. fMœvskwU AcªK…Z fMœvsk n‡j Zv‡K cÖK…Z fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e|
fMœvsk 3. n‡ii Drcv`K wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbY©‡qi
4. n‡ii Drcv`‡Ki msL¨v I cÖK…wZ †`‡L aª“eK I mgZv MVb Ki‡Z n‡e|
¯—i
5. mgZv‡K A‡f‡` cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. A‡f` †_‡K KwíZ aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e Pj‡Ki gvb ¯’vcb K‡i|
7. mnM mgxK…Z K‡i KwíZ aª“e‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k wefw³Ki‡Yi c×wZ:
je f(x) Gi NvZ ni (x) Gi NvZ A‡c¶v Kg n‡j f(x) / (x) fMœvsk‡K AvswkK
fMœvs‡k wefw³Ki‡Yi c×wZ wbgœiƒc:
204
1. cÖ`Ë fMœvskwU‡K KZK¸‡jv aª“eK mgš^‡q MwVZ mnRZi fMœvs‡ki †hvMd‡j

cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. (x) Gi cÖwZwU (x  a) Acybive„Ë GK NvZ Drcv`‡Ki Rb¨ A/( x a) AvKv‡ii
AvswkK fMœvsk _vK‡e|
3. (x) Gi cÖwZwU n ( x  b)n evi cybive„Ë GKNvZ Drcv`K A_©vr cÖwZwU ( x  b)n
Drcv`‡Ki Rb¨ B1 /( x –b) + B2 / (x  b)2 + ----------+Bn /( x  b)n AvKv‡i

n-msL¨K AvswkK fMœvs‡ki GKwU `j _vK‡e|
4. (x) Gi cÖwZwU Acybive„Ë wØNvZ Drcv`K x2 + px + q Gi Rb¨ (Cx + D)/(x2
+ px + q) AvKv‡i GKwU AvswkK fMœvsk _vK‡e|
5. (x) Gi m evi cybive„Ë cÖwZwU wØNvZ Drcv`K, A_©vr (x2 + px + q)m
Drcv`‡Ki Rb¨
(C1x +D1) / (x2 + px + q) + (C2x +D2) / (x2 + px + q)2 +---------+ (Cmx
+Dm) /(x2 + px + q)m AvKv‡i n-msL¨K AvswkK fMœvs‡ki GKwU `j _vK‡e|
cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk:

16
mgm¨v- 1: †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki“b|
( x  1) 2 ( x  3)
mgvavb:
16 A B C
ai“b, 2
=  2

( x  1) ( x  3) x  1 ( x  1) x3
g‡b Kwi, (3x28x4)/(x3 + x22x) ≡ A/ x + B/ (x1)+ C/ ( x + 2)
205
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Dfq c¶‡K ( x  1) 2 ( x  3) Øviv ¸Y K‡i

16 ≡ A( x  1)( x  3)  B ( x  3)  C ( x  1) 2 ...............(i )
GwU GKwU A‡f` e‡j x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨B mZ¨, x = 3 ewm‡q

16 = A  0  B  0  C (3  1) 2 A_ev 16C = 16  C  1 Avevi x  1 ewm‡q
16 = A  0  B  (1  3)  C  0 A_ev 4B = 16  B  4
GB A‡f`wUi Wvb cv‡k¦© x2 Gi mnM A I C Ges evgc¶ x 2 gy³|

 (i ) bs G x 2 Gi mnM mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
0=A+C
A_ev 0 = A + 1 [C Gi gvb ewm‡q]
 A  1
16 1 4 1
AZGe, wb‡Y©q AvswkK fMœvsk   
( x  1) 2 ( x  3) x 1 ( x  1) 2 x3
3x  1
( x  1)( x 2  1)
mgvavb:
3x  1 A Bx  C
ai“b, 2
=  2
( x  1)( x  1) x  1 x  1
Dfq c¶‡K ( x  1)( x 2  1) w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j

3 x  1  A( x 2  1)  ( Bx  C )( x  1)
†h‡nZz GwU GKwU A‡f`, x Gi †h †Kvb gv‡bi Rb¨ GwU mZ¨

G‡Z, x  1 ewm‡q
3(1)1=A{(1)2 + 1} + B×0 A_ev 2A =4  A  2
Avevi Dfq c¶ n‡Z x 2 Gi mnM mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,

A + B = 0 A_ev B  2 = 0  B  2
206
Avevi Dfq c¶ n‡Z x Gi mnM mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,

B +C = 3 ev 2+C = 3  C  1
3x  1  2 2x  1
AZGe, wb‡Y©q AvswkK fMœvsk  
( x  1)( x  1) x  1 x 2  1
2
x3  x2  1
( x 2  2)( x 2  3)
mgvavb:
x3  x2  1 Ax  B Cx  D
ai“b, 2 2
= 2  2
( x  2)( x  3) x  2 x 3
Dfq c¶‡K ( x 2  2)( x 2  3) Øviv ¸Y K‡i

x 3  x 2  1  ( Ax  B )( x 2  3)  (Cx  D)( x 2 2).....................(i)
 (i ) G x 2  2 ewm‡q cvB
 2 x  2  1  ( Ax  B)(2  3)
ev,  2 x  1  Ax  B ..........................(ii)
(ii ) bs A‡f` n‡Z h_vµ‡g x Gi mnM Ges aª“eK c` mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
A =2, B= 1
Avevi (i) G x 2  3 ewm‡q cvB,
 3x  3  1  (Cx  D)(3  2)
ev,  3x  2  Cx  D...........................(iii )
(iii ) bs A‡f` n‡Z h_vµ‡g x Gi mnM Ges aª“eK c` mgxK…Z K‡i cvB,
C = 3, D = 2
x3  x2 1 3x  2 2 x  1
  2 
( x  2)( x  3) x  3 x 2  2
2 2
207
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j¨vqb:

1. cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKv‡ki c×wZ eY©bv Ki“b|
2. AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki“b:
3x 2  14 x  8
K)
x3  2x 2  8x
x 1
L)
x ( x  1) 2
2
5 x  12
M)
( x  2)( x 2  1)
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
g~j¨vqb- 2:
1 2 4
K)  
x x2 x4
3 1 3 2
L)  2  
x x ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
 22 17 7
M)  
3( x  2) 2( x  1) 6( x  1)
208
AvswkK fMœvsk (AcÖK…Z)
fMœvsk g~jZ `yB cÖKvi: cÖK…Z fMœvsk I AcÖK…Z fMœvsk| ‡h fMœvs‡ki je †QvU
f~wgKv
wKš‘ ni eo Zv‡K e‡j cÖK…Z fMœvsk| Ab¨w`‡K †h fMœvs‡ki je eo wKš‘ ni †QvU
Zv‡K e‡j AcÖK…Z fMœvsk| c~e©eZx© Aa¨v‡q Avgiv cÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k
cwieZ©‡bi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| cÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki gZ AcÖK…Z fMœvk‡KI
AvswkK fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—i Kiv m¤¢e Ges eënvwiK I ZvwË¡K MwY‡Zi bvbv cÖwµqvq
G ai‡bi iƒcvš—i cÖvqkB cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡q `vovq| eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b AcÖK…Z
fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k i“cvš—i cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
D‡Ïk¨
 cÖK…Z I AcÖK…Z fMœvsk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AcÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k i“cvš—i Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: cÖK…Z I AcÖK…Z fMœvsk
hw` †Kvb g~j` exRMwYZxq fMœvs‡ki je ni A‡c¶v wbgœgvÎvi bv nq Z‡e

fMœvskwU‡K AcÖK…Z fMœvsk e‡j| GKwU AcÖK…Z fMœvsk fv‡Mi cÖwµqvq GKwU c~Y©
Ask I GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki mgwóiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb, AcÖK…Z fMœvsk
(x)/ (x) = (x2 + 1)/ (x - 1 ) = x + 1 +
209
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: AcÖK…Z fMœvsk‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—i

 hw` †Kvb fMœvsk‡K GKvwaK fMœvs‡ki †hvMdj iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv nq, Z‡e †k‡lv³
fMœvsk¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K cÖ_‡gv³ fMœvs‡ki AvswkK fMœvsk (Partial fraction)
ejv nq|
Avgiv GLb AvKv‡ii KwZcq mnR fMœvsk‡K wKfv‡e AvswkK fMœvs‡k
wef³ Kiv nq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie, †hLv‡b I DfqB Pj‡Ki

eûc`x| AvKv‡ii g~j`xq fMœvsk‡K cÖK…Z fMœvsk ejv nq hw` je
Gi gvÎv ni Gi gvÎv A‡c¶v †QvU nq| je Gi gvÎv ni Gi

gvÎvi mgvb A_ev Zv A‡c¶v eo n‡j fMœvskwU‡K AcÖK…Z fMœvsk ( Improper
fraction) ejv nq|
†hgb, GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk Ges I DfqB
AcÖK…Z fMœvsk|
D‡j- L¨ †h, AcÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki je‡K ni Øviv mvaviY wbq‡g fvM K‡i A_ev j‡ei
c`¸‡jv‡K myweavRbKfv‡e cybwe©b¨vm K‡i fMœvskwU‡K GKwU eûc`x (fvMdj)
Ges GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki †hvMdj iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb,
Gevi Avgiv wb‡gœi AcÖK…Z fMœvskwU‡K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Kwi:

(2x2+5x-11)/ (x2+2x-3)
2 x 2  5 x  11
aiv hvK, (2x2+5x-11)/ (x2+2x-3) = =
( x  3)( x  1)
A + B/ (x+3) + C/ (x-1)
Dfq c¶‡K x2+2x-3 Øviv ¸Y K‡i cvB,
210
(2x2+5x-11) = A(x+3) (x-1) + B (x-1) + C (x+3)

x = -3 n‡j,
18- 15 – 11 = -4B ev, -4B = -8 ev, B = 2

x = 1 n‡j,
2+ 5 – 11 = 4C ev, 4C= -4 ev, C = -1

Dfq c¶ n‡Z x2 Gi mnM mgvb wj‡L, A = 2
AZGe, (2x2+5x-11)/ (x2+2x-3) = 2 + 2/ (x+3) - 1/ (x-1)
5x  7
Dc‡iv³ wbqgvbymv‡i †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKv‡ki †Póv Kwi:
( x  1)( x  2)
211
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
AvswkK fMœvsk (AcÖK…Z)
cÖK…Z I AcÖK…Z fMœvsk


f x
 je f(x) Gi NvZ ni (x) Gi NvZ A‡c¶v †ekx n‡j fMœvsk‡K AcÖK…Z
 (x)
fMœvsk e‡j| †hgb: 8/5
f x
 je f(x) Gi NvZ ni (x) Gi NvZ A‡c¶v Kg n‡j fMœvsk‡K cÖK…Z fMœvsk
 (x)
5
e‡j| †hgb:
8
AcÖK…Z
fMœvsk‡K
AvswkK f x
je f(x) Gi NvZ ni (x) Gi NvZ A‡c¶ †ekx n‡j fMœvsk‡K AcÖK…Z fMœvsk
fMœvs‡k  (x)
iƒcvš—i e‡j|
1. AcÖK…Z fMœvsk fv‡Mi cÖwµqvq GKwU c~Y© Ask I GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki mgwóiƒ‡c
AcÖK…Z
fMœvsk‡K cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb:
AvswkK
fMœvs‡k AcÖK…Z fMœvsk, f(x) /  (x) =( x2 +1)/(x - 1) = x + 1 +
wefw³Ki‡Yi
c×wZ 2. hLb AcÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki je I n‡ii NvZ mgvb:
AcÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki je I n‡ii NvZ mgvb n‡j fvM cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ Bnv‡K
f(x)/(x)Ξ A+Ψ(x)/φ(x) AvKv‡i †jLv hvq, †hLv‡b A GKwU aª“eK Ges Ψ (x)
Gi NvZ φ(x) Gi NvZ A‡c¶v Kg A_©vr Ψ(x)/ (x) GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk|
†hgb: (2x2 +5x-11)/(x 2 + 2x - 3) Ξ A + B/( x + 3) + C/(x - 1)
212
3. hLb AcÖK…Z fMœvs‡ki j‡ei NvZ n‡ii gvÎv A‡c¶v GK †ekx:

GBiƒc †¶‡Î fMœvskwU‡K fvM cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ f(x) / (x) Ξ Ax + B +
Ψ(x)/φ(x) AvKv‡i ‡jLv hvq †hLv‡b Ψ(x)/φ(x) GKwU cÖK…Z fMœvsk Ges A I B
`yBwU aªeK|
†hgb: x4/(x3 +1) Ξ A x + B + C/(x+1)+(Dx+E)/(x2–x+1)
x3
mgm¨v- 1: 2 †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk|
x 9
AcÖK…Z
fMœvsk‡K mgvav‡bi c×wZ:
AvswkK x3
†K †f‡½ †c‡Z cvwi,
fMœvs‡k x2  9
cÖKvk 9x
x 2
x 9
GLb x 2  9 Gi Drcv`K †ei Kwi|
x 2  9  ( x  3) ( x  3)
x3 9x 9x
  x 2  x ........................ (1)
2
x 9 x 9 x  3x  3
g‡b Kwi,
9x A B
  ...................... (2)
x  3x  3 x  3 x  3
A B
 9x   .................................... (3)
x3 x3
†h‡nZz Bnv GKwU A‡f`, myZivs Bnv x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨B mZ¨| x-Gi †h mKj
gv‡bi Rb¨ n‡ii cÖ‡Z¨KwU Drcv`K k~Y¨ µgvMZfv‡e x-Gi H gvb¸‡jv eënvi Kiv
nj|
9
(3) G x = 3 emv‡j 27 = 6A  A =
2
9
(4) G x =3 emv‡j B =
2
213
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 (2) bs n‡Z
9x 9 1 1 
  
x  3x  3 2  x  3 x  3
GLb (1) bs n‡Z cvB,
x3 9 1 1 
x   
2
x 9 2   x  3 ( x  3) 
mgm¨v- 2| †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k cÖKvk Ki“b|
mgvavb: awi, .........................(1)
(1) Gi Dfqc¶‡K (x-1)(x-2) Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvB,

5x-7≡ A(x-2) + B (x-1) (2)
hv x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| GLb (2) Gi Dfq c‡¶ x=1 ewm‡q cvB,
5-7=A(1-2)+B(1-1) ev, -2=-A A=2
Avevi (2) Gi Dfqc‡¶ x=2 ewm‡q cvB,

10-7=A(2-2)+B(2-1) ev, 3=B B=3
GLb A Ges B Gi gvb (1) G ewm‡q cvB,
G‡ZB cÖ`Ë fMœvskwU AvswkK fMœvs‡k wef³ nj|
mgvavb: awi, ..................(1)

(1) Gi Dfqc¶‡K (-2)(x+3) Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvB,
x+8≡ A(x+3) + B (x-2) (2)
214
hv x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| GLb (2) Gi Dfq c‡¶ x = 2 ewm‡q cvB,
10=5A+0 ev, A = 2
Avevi (2) Gi Dfqc‡¶ x =-3 ewm‡q cvB,

5 = 0 +B(-5) ev, B =-1

mgvavb:
awi, ..........(1)
(1) Gi Dfqc¶‡K (x-2)(x+3) Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvB,
12x+11≡ A(x+3) + B (x-2) .................. (2)
hv x Gi mKj gv‡bi Rb¨ mZ¨| GLb (2) Gi Dfq c‡¶ x = 2 ewm‡q cvB,
24+11=5A+0 ev, 35=5A A=7
Avevi (2) Gi Dfqc‡¶ x =-3 ewm‡q cvB,

-36+11=0 +B(-5) ev, B = 5

ev,
g~j¨vqb

1| †K AvswkK fMœvs‡k iƒcvš—wiZ Ki“b|
215
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (1)
AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB bvbviKg MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ e„Ë m¤úwK©Z
f~wgKv
aviYv I Dccv`¨ eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| MwY‡Zi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK aviYv wn‡m‡e
MwY‡Zi wewfbœ †¶‡Î e„Ë m¤úwK©Z aviYv eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| e„‡Ëi cwiwa, †¶Îdj,
e¨vm, e¨vmva©, R¨v, e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv BZ¨vw` bvbv welq gvby‡li MvwYwZK aviYv‡K
mg„× Ki‡Q| ZvB wk¶v_x©‡ì e„‡Ëi †gŠwjK welqmg~n Rvbv GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb| Avi
G j‡¶¨B eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vmg~n mgvav‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
 e„Ë I mge„Ë e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi †K›`ª, e¨vm, e¨vmva© I R¨v wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv welqK `yBwU m~‡Îi eY©bv I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni Dci DcKiY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: e„Ë, mge„Ë, †K›`ª, e¨vm, e¨vmva© I R¨v wPÎmn e¨vL¨vKiY
e„Ë:
msÁv (†mU): †Kvb wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZ©x †Kvb we›`yi †mU‡K e„Ë e‡j|
msÁv (R¨vwgwZK): GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZ©x we›`ymg~‡ni ms‡hvM †iLv
Øviv Ave× †¶Î‡K e„Ë e‡j|
216
mge„Ë: mgZj¯’ KwZcq we›`y‡K mge„Ë ejv nq hw` we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU e„Ë hvq|
A_©vr Ggb GKwU e„Ë _v‡K hv‡Z we›`y¸‡jv Aew¯’Z nq|
cÖ`Ë wPÎ Abyhvqx e„‡Ëi †K›`ª, e¨vm, e¨vmva© I R¨v e¨vL¨v Ki“b:
D B
E
R¨v
†K›`ª O
C e¨vm e¨vmva© P
A e„Ë
217
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv welqK `yBwU m~‡Îi eY©bv

 e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZvi m~Î `yBwU nj:
(K) †Kvb e„‡Ëi Af¨š—i¯’ GKwU we›`y I ewnt¯’ GKwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk e„ËwU‡K
GKwU I †Kej GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
(L) hw` †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y Aci GKwU e„‡Ëi Af¨š—‡i _v‡K Ges cÖ_‡gv³ e„‡Ëi
Aci GKwU we›`y †k‡lv³ e„‡Ëi ewnf©v‡M _v‡K, Z‡e e„ËØ‡qi `yBwU I †Kej `yBwU †Q`
we›`y _v‡K|
ce©- M: e„Ë m¤úKx©q Dccv`¨ Gi Abykxjbxi mgm¨vmg~‡ni DcKiY

 ˆZix I †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vb|
Ò`yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y w`‡q hvq Ggb me e„‡Ëi †K›`ª¸‡jv GK mij‡iLvq Aew¯’ZÓ
mgm¨vwU †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †cv÷vi, KKkxU Ges
mi“KvwV|
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avmyb GLb Avgiv Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vwUi †kªYxK‡¶ cvV Dc¯’vcb I
g~j¨vqb (DcKiY eënvi K‡i) wb‡æi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi|
218
g~j wkLbxq welq
e„Ë
msÁv (†mU): †Kvb wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZ©x †Kvb we›`yi †mU‡K e„Ë e‡j|
 msÁv (R¨vwgwZK): GKwU wbw`©ó we›`y †_‡K mg`~ieZ©x we›`ymg~‡ni ms‡hvM †iLv Øviv Ave×
†¶Î‡K e„Ë e‡j|
R¨v: †Kvb mij †iLv hw` GKwU e„Ë‡K `yBwU As‡k wef³ K‡i Z‡e H mij †iLvi e„Ëw¯’Z
Ask‡K R¨v e‡j|
†K›`ª: ‡h we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ëi cwiwa¯’ mKj we›`yi `~iZ¡ mgvb Zv‡K H e„‡Ëi †K›`ª e‡j|
e¨vm: ‡Kvb e„‡Ëi me©e„nr R¨v‡K e¨vm e‡j| D B
E
e¨vmva©: cwiwa †_‡K †K‡›`ªi `~iZ¡‡K e¨vmva© e‡j| R¨v
†K›`ª O
cwiwa: e„‡Ëi cwimxgvi ˆ`N©¨‡K cwiwa e‡j|
C e¨vm e¨vmva©
e„ËPvc: ‡Kvb e„‡Ëi LwÛZ cwiwa‡K e„ËPvc e‡j| P
e„‡Ëi †¶Îdj: r 2 eM© GKK| A e„Ë

gvÎv: e„Ë wØgvwÎK
mge„Ë: mgZj¯’ KwZcq we›`y‡K mge„Ë ejv nq hw` we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q GKwU e„Ë hvq|
A_©vr Ggb GKwU e„Ë _v‡K hv‡Z we›`y¸‡jv Aew¯’Z nq|
219
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZvi m~Î `yBwU| G¸‡jv nj:

e„‡Ëi
Awew”QbœZvi (K) †Kvb e„‡Ëi Af¨š—i¯’ GKwU we›`y I ewnt¯’ GKwU we›`yi ms‡hvRK †iLvsk
m~Î
e„ËwU‡K GKwU I †Kej GKwU we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
(L) hw` †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y Aci GKwU e„‡Ëi Af¨š—‡i _v‡K Ges cÖ_‡gv³
e„‡Ëi Aci GKwU we›`y †k‡lv³ e„‡Ëi ewnf©v‡M _v‡K, Z‡e e„ËØ‡qi `yBwU I
†Kej `yBwU †Q` we›`y _v‡K|
g~j¨vqb:
 1. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª Kv‡K e‡j?
2. msÁv w`b- R¨v, e¨vm, e¨vmva©, mge„Ë BZ¨vw`|
3. e„‡Ëi Awew”QbœZv welqK m~Î `yBwU Kx Kx?
220
e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v- 2
MwY‡Zi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK aviYv n‡”Q e„Ë m¤úKx©q aviYv| †KejgvÎ e„‡Ëi wewfbœ
f~wgKv
Ask m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó aviYv _vKvB h‡_ó bq| eis e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ Dccv`¨ Ges
Zvi gva¨‡g cÖvß m~Îmg~n cÖ‡qvM K‡i MwY‡Zi bvbviKg mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e|
†m Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e„Ë m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨ Gi wewfbœ mgm¨v I Zvi †hŠw³K cÖ‡qvM
m¤ú‡K© mvwe©K Ávb I `¶Zv| MwY‡Zi cÖvq mKj kvLvqB e„Ë m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨
Gi aviYvmg~n cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶K‡ì MvwYwZK aviYv‡K AviI
¯^”Q Ki‡Z eZ©gvb Awa‡ek‡b ZvB e„Ë m¤úwK©Z Dccv`¨-Gi wewfbœ mgm¨v I
†hŠw³K cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
D‡Ïk¨
 e„ËPvc, Aa©e„Ë, DcPvc I AwaPvc-Gi wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë¯’ †KvY I †K›`ª¯’ †KvY m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Z_¨vejx cyb:ch©v‡jvPbv I e¨vL¨v
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni mgvavb ˆZix Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni Dci cvV`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
221
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: e„ËPvc, Aa©e„Ë, DcPvc I AwaPvc
e„ËPvc, Aa©Pvc, DcPvc I AwaPvc Gi A¼b cÖwµqv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
e„ËPvc
1. GKwU KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Ki“b|
2. O-†K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU e„Ë AvuKzb|
3. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª eivei cwiwa¯’ `ywU we›`y A, B wPwýZ Ki“b|

4. A, B †hvM Ki“b|
5. AB †iLvsk e„‡Ëi e¨vm|
6. e„‡Ëi cwiwa‡Z GKwU we›`y C wPwýZ Ki“b|

7. AB e¨vm eivei †K‡U †djyb|
8. Zvn‡j ACB e„ËwUi GKwU Pvc|

9. evKx AskwU e„‡Ëi Av‡iKwU Pvc|
Aa©e„Ë
D
1. GKwU KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Ki“b| E DcPvc
2. O-†K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU e„Ë AvuKzb| AwaPvc

C
3. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª eivei cwiwa¯’ `ywU . B
A
we›`y A, B wPwýZ Ki“b|
4. A, B †hvM Ki“b|

F
6. e„‡Ëi cwiwa‡Z GKwU we›`y C wPwýZ Ki“b|
7. AB e¨vm eivei †K‡U †djyb|
8. Zvn‡j ACB e„ËwUi GKwU Pvc|

9. GB ACB †K Aa©e„Ë ejv nq|
222
DcPvc
1. GKwU KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª eivei cwiwa¯’ `ywU we›`y A, B wPwýZ Kiæb|

4. A, B †hvM Kiæb|
6. e„‡Ëi cwiwa¯’ `yBwU we›`y C, D wPwýZ Kiæb|

7. C, D †hvM Kiæb|
8. e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi wecixZ cv‡k¦© E we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|

9. CD †iLvsk eivei e„ËwU‡K †K‡U †djyb|
10. Zvn‡j CDE GKwU DcPvc|
AwaPvc
1. GKwU KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª eivei cwiwa¯’ `ywU e›`y A, B wPwýZ Kiæb|

4. A, B †hvM Kiæb|
6. e„‡Ëi cwiwa¯’ `yBwU we›`y C, D wPwýZ Kiæb|

7. C, D †hvM Kiæb|
8. e„‡Ëi †K›`ª AB Gi GKB cv‡k¦© F wPwýZ Kiæb|

9. CD †iLvsk eivei e„ËwU‡K †K‡U †djyb|
10. CDF GKwU AwaPvc|
223
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K e„ËPvc, Aa©e„Ë, DcPvc I AwaPvc

msÁvwqZ Kivi †Póv Kwi|
224
ce©- L : e„Ë¯’ †KvY I †K›`ª¯’ †KvY


1. KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|
3. e„‡Ëi cwiwa¯’ A, B we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|

4. O, A Ges O, B †hvM Kiæb|
5.  OAB eivei KKkxUwU †K‡U wbb|
6.  OAB-B e„‡Ëi †K›`ª¯’ †KvY|
e„Ë¯’ †KvY
1. KKkx‡U O we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|

3. e„‡Ëi cwiwa eivei †K‡›`ªi GKcv‡k A we›`y wPwýZ Kiæb|

4. †K‡›`ªi Aci cv‡k B, C `ywU we›`y wPwýZ Kwi|
5. A, B Ges A, C †hvM Kiæb|
6.  BAC eivei †K‡U wbb|
7.  BAC-B e„‡Ëi e„Ë¯’ †KvY|
.O
A B
P C
B
e„Ë¯’ †KvY
225
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K e„Ë¯’ †KvY I †K›`ª¯’ †KvY‡K msÁvwqZ
Kivi †Póv Kwi|
226
ce©- M: e„Ë m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni cvV`vb


Òe„‡Ëi GKB Pv‡ci Dci `Êvqgvb e„Ë¯’ †KvY †K›`ª¯’ †Kv‡Yi A‡a©KÓ Dccv`¨wUi
wPÎ wbævbymv‡i A¼b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
A A
A
O O
B O
D
C B C
B
C D
wPÎ-1 wPÎ-2 wPÎ-3
GLb Avgiv Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vwUi cvV`vb †KŠkj I mgvavb wb‡gœi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv
Kwi| c‡i gyj wkLbxq welq †_‡K †R‡b †bB|
227
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
e„ËPvc, DcPvc, Aa©e„Ë I AwaPvc:

R
†Kvb e„‡Ë P I Q `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y n‡j P, Q Ges PQ Gi
 GKB cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z e„‡Ëi we›`ymg~‡ni †mU‡K e„ËwUi GKwU
P

Q
Q Q
Pvc ejv nq| P I Q GB Pv‡ci cÖvš—we›`y Ges Pv‡ci Ab¨
mKj we›`y Zvi Aš—t¯’ we›`y| PvcwUi Aš—t¯’ we›`y R n‡j wPÎ- 1

PvcwU‡K PRQ Pvc ejv nq Ges PRQ cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk
R
Kiv nq| GUv‡K PQ PvcI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs †Kvb e„‡Ëi `yBwU wbw`©ó we›`y Ges H we›`yØ‡qi GK P 

cv‡k Aew¯’Z e„‡Ëi we›`ymg~‡ni †mU‡K e„ËwUi GKwU Pvc ejv Q
nq| wPÎ- 2 Q

wPÎ- 1 G PRQ Pv‡ci Aš—t¯’ we›`ymg~n PQ Gi †h
cv‡k †K›`ª Av‡Q Zvi wecixZ cv‡k Aew¯’Z| myZivs

PRQ Pvc‡K DcPvc ejv nq|

wPÎ- 2 G PQ †iLvsk †K›`ª w`‡q hvq| myZivs PRQ Pvc‡K Aa©e„Ë ejv nq| R

wPÎ- 3 G PRQ Pv‡ci mKj we›`y Ges †K›`ª PQ Gi GKB cv‡k 
 P Q
Aew¯’Z| myZivs PRQ Pvc‡K AwaPvc ejv nq|
wPÎ- 3
228
GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y n‡j

e„Ë¯’ †KvY C
Ges †KvYwUi cÖ‡Z¨K evû‡Z kxl©we›`y QvovI
e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y _vK‡j †KvYwU‡K GKwU e„Ë¯’ †KvY

ev e„‡Ë Aš—wj©wLZ †KvY ejv nq|
A B
P
e„Ë¯’ †KvY
GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z n‡j †KvYwU‡K H e„‡Ëi GKwU †K›`ª¯’
†K›`ª¯’ †KvY †KvY ejv nq Ges †KvYwU e„‡Ë †h Pvc LwÛZ K‡i †mB Pv‡ci Dci Zv Aew¯’Z ev
`Ûvqgvb ejv nq|
O

A B
P
†Kvb eûfy‡Ri kxl©we›`y¸‡jv GKwU e„‡Ë Aew¯’Z n‡j eûfyRwU H e„‡Ë Aš—wj©wLZ n‡q‡Q
e„Ë¯’ eûfyR ejv nq| †m †¶‡Î e„ËwU‡K eûfyRwUi cwie„Ë ejv nq Ges eûfyRwU‡K H e„‡Ë e„Ë¯’
eûfyR e‡j|
C
B
B
D
A C A
e„Ë¯’ PZy©fyR
e„Ë¯’ wÎfyR
229
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„‡Ëi GKB Pv‡ci Dci `Êvqgvb e„Ë¯’ †KvY †K›`ª¯’ †Kv‡Yi A‡a©K|
Dccv`¨
A A
A
O O
B
O
D
C B C
B
C D
wPÎ- 1 wPÎ- 2 wPÎ- 3
g‡b Kwi, O †K›`ªwewkó ABC GKwU e„Ë Ges Zvi GKB Pvc BC Gi Dci `Êvqgvb
e„Ë¯’ BAC Ges †K›`ª¯’ BOC|
1
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, BAC  BOC
2
cÖgvY: (1) cÖ_‡g g‡b Kwi, AC †iLvsk †K›`ª w`‡q hvq (wPÎÑ 1)
G †¶‡Î, OAB G
OA  OB (GKB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©)
OAB  OBA
wKš‘ AOB Gi
ewnt¯’ BOC=OAB+OBA=OAB+OAB=2OAB
1
OAB = BOC
2
1
A_©vr BAC = BOC
2
(2) GLb g‡b Kwi, AC †iLvsk †K›`ªMvgx bq (wPÎÑ 2 I wPÎÑ 3)| G †¶‡Î A we›`y
w`‡q e¨vm AD AvuwK|
230
GLb, CD Pv‡ci Dci `Ûvqgvb e„Ë¯’ CAD Gi AD evû †K›`ªMvgx|
1
myZivs (1) Abyhvqx, CAD = †K›`ª¯’ COD
2
Avevi, BD Pv‡ci Dci `Ûvqgvb e„Ë¯’ BAD Gi AD evû †K›`ªMvgx|

myZivs (1) Abyhvqx
1
BAD = †K›`ª¯’ BOD
2
GLb, wPÎÑ 2 G (†hLv‡b B I C we›`y AD †iLvs‡ki wecixZ cv‡k¦©

Aew¯’Z)
1
CAD+BAD = (COD+BOD)
2
1
ev, BAC = BOC
2
Avevi, wPÎ- 3 G (†hLv‡b B I C we›`y AD ‡iLvs‡ki GKB cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z)
1
CAD BAD = (COD BOD)
2
1
ev, BAC =  BOC
2
1
 mKj †¶‡ÎB, BAC = BOC (cÖgvwYZ)
2
g~j¨vqb:
 1. e„ËPvc Kv‡K e‡j?
2. DcPvc I AwaPvc Gi wPÎmn msÁv w`b|
3. e„Ë¯’ I †K›`ª¯’ †KvY Kv‡K e‡j?
231
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K:
e„ËPvc: †Kvb e„‡Ë A I B `yBwU wfbœ we›`y n‡j A, B Ges AB Gi GK cv‡k¦©
Aew¯’Z e„‡Ëi we›`ymg~‡ni †mU‡K e„ËwUi GKwU Pvc ejv nq|
C
GKwU Pvc
A B
Aci GKwU Pvc
A I B GB Pv‡ci cÖvš— we›`y Ges Pv‡ci Ab¨ mKj we›`y Zvi AšÍt¯’ we›`y| Pv‡ci
AšÍt¯’ GKwU we›`y C wbw`©ó K‡i PvcwU‡K ACB Pvc e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq Ges
ACB cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
Aa©e„Ë: †Kvb e„‡Ë ACB †K GKwU Aa©e„Ë ejv nq hw` AB †K›`ª w`‡q hvq|
DcPvc: DcPvc ejv nq hw` PvcwUi Aš—t¯’ we›`ymg~n AB Gi †h cv‡k¦© e„‡Ëi
†K›`ª Aew¯’Z Zvi wecixZ cv‡k¦© _v‡K|

AwaPvc: AwaPvc ejv nq hw` PvcwUi Aš—t¯’ we›`ymg~n I e„‡Ëi †K›`ª AB Gi
GKB cv‡k¦© _v‡K| D

E DcPvc
AwaPvc
C
A . B
232
ce©- L
e„Ë¯’ †KvY: GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y n‡j Ges †KvbwUi
cÖ‡Z¨K evû‡Z kxl©we›`y QvovI e„‡Ëi GKwU we›`y _vK‡j †KvYwU‡K GKwU e„Ë¯’ †KvY
ev e„‡Ë Aš—wj©wLZ †KvY ejv nq|
†K›`ª¯’ †KvY: GKwU †Kv‡Yi kxl©we›`y †Kvb e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z n‡j †KvYwU‡K H
e„‡Ëi GKwU †K›`ª¯’ †KvY ejv nq Ges †KvYwU e„‡Ë †h Pvc LwÛZ K‡i †mB Pv‡ci
Dci Zv Aew¯’Z ev `Ûvqgvb ejv nq|
233
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„‡Ëi †Kvb we›`y‡Z GKwU gvÎ ¯úk©K A¼b Kiv hvq| ¯úk© we›`y‡Z ¯úk©‡Ki Dci AswKZ
f~wgKv
j¤^ †K›`ªMvgx| e„‡Ëi †K›`ª †_‡K Gi †Kvb ¯úk©‡Ki Dci AswKZ j¤^ ¯úk©we›`y w`‡q
hvq| G Awa‡ek‡b e„‡Ëi †Q`K, ¯úk©K, mvaviY ¯úk©K, ¯úk© R¨v, ¯úk© †iLvsk Ges
e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 †Q`K, ¯úk©K, mvaviY ¯úk©K, ¯úk© R¨v Ges ¯úk© †iLvsk wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni mgvavb ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †Q`K, ¯úk©K, mvaviY ¯úk©K, ¯úk© R¨v I ¯úk© †iLvsk
mgZj¯’ GKwU e„Ë I GKwU mij †iLvi hw` `yBwU †Q`we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K e„ËwUi
GKwU †Q`K ejv nq Ges hw` GKwU I †Kej GKwU †Q`we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K e„ËwUi
GKwU ¯úk©K ejv nq| Avevi, GKwU mij †iLv hw` `yBwU e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K nq Z‡e Zv‡K e„Ë
`yBwUi GKwU mvaviY ¯úk©K ejv nq|
234
Avmyb GLb Avgiv wb‡Pi wPÎ †_‡K ¯úk© R¨v Ges ¯úk© †iLvsk wPwýZ K‡i Zvi
msÁv ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kwi|
Q
235
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 ce©- L: e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K m¤úKx©q wewfbœ mgm¨vmg~‡ni mgvavb I †kªYxK‡¶

cvV`vb
ÔÔe„‡Ëi ewn:¯’ †Kvb we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ë `yBwU ¯úk©K Uvb‡j, H we›`y †_‡K ¯úk© we›`yØ‡qi
`~iZ¡ mgvb n‡eÓ Dccv`¨wUi wPÎ wbævbymv‡i A¼b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
A
C O
P
B
GLb Avgiv Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vwUi cvV`vb †KŠkj I mgvavb wb‡æi Q‡K †jLvi †Póv Kwi|
c‡i g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K mgvavb †R‡b †bB|
236
g~j wkLbxq welq

†Q`K:
mgZj¯’ GKwU e„Ë I GKwU mij †iLvi hw` `yBwU †Q`we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K e„ËwUi
 GKwU †Q`K ejv nq Ges hw` GKwU I †Kej GKwU †Q`we›`y _v‡K Z‡e †iLvwU‡K e„ËwUi
GKwU ¯úk©K ejv nq| mvaviY we›`ywU‡K ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk© we›`y ejv nq| wP‡Î
  
MN , MO e„ËwUi †Q`K Ges MQ e„ËwUi GKwU ¯úk©K| M GB ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk©we›`y|
N
O
MQ
†Kvb †iLv †Kvb e„Ë‡K mgvcwZZ we›`y‡Z †Q` Ki‡j mij‡iLv‡K e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K ejv nq|
e„‡Ëi
¯úk©K mgvcwZZ we›`y‡K ¯úk© we›`y ejv nq| †Kvb e„‡Ëi ¯úk© we›`yMvgx ¯úk©‡Ki Dci j¤^
†iLv‡K H we›`y‡Z e„‡Ëi Awfj¤^ ejv nq|
mvaviY
¯úk©K GKwU mij‡iLv hw` `yBwU e„‡Ëi ¯úk©K nq Z‡e Zv‡K e„Ë `yBwUi GKwU mvaviY ¯úk©K
ejv nq| wP‡Î PQ Dfq e„‡Ëi mvaviY ¯úk©K|
237
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Q
P Q
wPÎ-1
wPÎ-2
P P
Q
wPÎ-4 wPÎ-3
`yBwU e„‡Ëi †Kvb mvaviY ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk©we›`y `yBwU wfbœ n‡j ¯úk©KwU‡K-
(1) mij mvaviY ¯úk©K ejv nq hw` e„Ë `yBwUi †K›`ªØq ¯úk©‡Ki GKB cv‡k¦© _v‡K Ges
(2) Zxh©K mvaviY ¯úk©K ejv nq hw` e„Ë `yBwUi †K›`ªØq ¯úk©‡Ki wecixZ cv‡k¦© _v‡K|
wPÎ 1 Ges wPÎ 3 mij mvaviY ¯úk©K| wPÎ 2 Ges wPÎ 4 Zxh©K mvaviY ¯úk©K|
†Kvb e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y n‡Z e„‡Ë Aw¼Z `yBwU ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk© we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK
¯úk© R¨v †iLvsk‡K e„ËwU‡Z H we›`yi ¯úk© R¨v ejv nq| wP‡Î QR, P we›`yi ¯úk© R¨v|
†Kvb e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y Ges H we›`y w`‡q hvq Ggb ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk© we›`yi ms‡hvRK
¯úk© †iLvsk‡K H e„‡Ë AswKZ GKwU ¯úk© †iLvsk ejv nq|
†iLvsk
wP‡Î PQ Ges PR †iLvsk P we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ë Aw¼Z ¯úk© †iLvsk|
P
Q
R
Q
238
e„‡Ëi Dci¯’ †Kvb we›`y‡Z Aw¼Z ¯úk©K Ges H we›`yMvgx †h ‡Kvb R¨v Gi Aš—M©Z †KvY
Dccv`¨
Zvi GKvš—i e„Ëvsk¯’ †h †Kvb †Kv‡Yi mgvb|
D
C
.O B
P A Q
g‡b Kwi, O †K›`ªwewkó e„‡Ëi Dci¯’ A we›`y‡Z PAQ GKwU ¯úk©K Ges H we›`yMvgx
AC GKwU R¨v| g‡b Kwi, AC R¨v e„ËwU‡K ABC Ges AEC Pv‡c wef³ K‡i‡Q †hLv‡b
B we›`y Q Gi w`‡K Ges E we›`y P Gi w`‡K Av‡Q| Zvn‡j AEC, QAC Gi GKvš—
i e„Ëvsk¯’ †KvY Ges ABC, PAC Gi GKvš—i e„Ëvsk¯’ †KvY|
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, QAC= GKvš—i e„Ëvsk¯’ AEC
Ges PAC= GKvš—i e„Ëvsk¯’ ABC|
A¼b: A we›`yMvgx e¨vm AD AvuwK Ges D, C †hvM Kwi|
cÖgvY: †h‡nZz A ¯úk© we›`y‡Z PAQ ¯úk©K Ges AD e¨vm|
AZGe, DAQ = GK mg‡KvY
Ges ACD = GK mg‡KvY [Aa©e„Ë¯’ †KvY]
DAC+ADC = GK mg‡KvY
Ges DAC+QAC = DAQ = GK mg‡KvY
AZGe, DAC+ADC = DAC+QAC
239
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ADC = QAC.
wKš‘ ADC=AEC [†h‡nZz GKB Pvc Gi Dci `Ûvqgvb e„Ë¯’ †KvY]
QAC = AEC.
†h‡nZz ABCE PZzf©~RwU e„‡Ë Aš—w©j©wLZ,
ABC+AEC = `yB mg‡KvY
Avevi, PAC+QAC = `yB mg‡KvY| [îwLK hyMj †KvY]
AZGe, PAC+QAC=ABC+AEC
PAC=ABC [‡h‡nZz QAC=AEC] (cÖgvwYZ)
e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ë `yBwU ¯úk©K Uvb‡j, H we›`y †_‡K ¯úk©we›`yØ‡qi `~iZ¡
Dccv`¨ mgvb n‡e|
A
C O
P
B
g‡b Kwi, O †K›`ªwewkó ABC e„‡Ë P GKwU we›`y| PA I PB †iLvØq e„‡Ëi `yBwU
¯úk©K| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e, PA= PB.
A¼b: O, A; O, B Ges O, P †hvM Ki“b|
cÖgvY: OAP=OBP= GK mg‡KvY
GLb, PAO I PBO mg‡KvYx wÎfyRØ‡q
OA evû = OB evû [GKB e„‡Ëi e¨vmva©]
Ges AwZfyR PO mvaviY evû
240
PAO  PBO
myZivs PA = PB (cÖgvwYZ)
g~j¨vqb:

1.wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki“b: †Q`K, ¯úk©K, mvaviY ¯úk©K, ¯úk© R¨v I ¯úk© †iLvsk|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
†Kvb e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y n‡Z e„‡Ë Aw¼Z `yBwU ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk© we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK
¯úk© R¨v
†iLvsk‡K e„ËwU‡Z H we›`yi ¯úk© R¨v ejv nq| wP‡Î QR, P we›`yi ¯úk© R¨v|
†Kvb e„‡Ëi ewnt¯’ †Kvb we›`y Ges H we›`y w`‡q hvq Ggb ¯úk©‡Ki ¯úk© we›`yi ms‡hvRK
¯úk©
†iLvsk †iLvsk‡K H e„‡Ë AswKZ GKwU ¯úk© †iLvsk ejv nq|
wP‡Î PQ Ges PR †iLvsk P we›`y †_‡K e„‡Ë Aw¼Z ¯úk© †iLvsk|
P
Q
R
Q
241
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†f±i (1)
GZw`b gva¨wgK †kªYx‡Z MwY‡Z exRMwYZ, cvwUMwYZ, R¨vwgwZ, wÎ‡KvYwgwZ BZ¨vw`

f~wgKv
†kLv‡bv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b MwY‡Zi bZzb wm‡jev‡m Ô†f±iÕ kvLvwU hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
weÁv‡bi wewfbœ MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b we‡kl K‡i MwYZ kv‡¯¿i A‡bK mgm¨v mgvav‡b
†f±‡ii cÖ‡qvM LyeB Acwinvh© weavq ¯‹zj n‡ZB †f±i wk¶v`v‡bi GKwU we‡kl c`‡¶c
†bqv n‡q‡Q| G c`‡¶cwU MwYZ wk¶veë¯’vi GKwU gnZx D‡`¨vM ejv P‡j|
D‡Ïk¨
 ivwk wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivwki †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †f±i ivwk, †¯‹jvi ivwk I aviK †iLv wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi †f±‡ii e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †f±‡ii †hvM I we‡qvM wewa ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †f±‡ii †hvM I we‡qvM wewa cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: ivwk I †f±‡ii eY©bv Ges Zv‡ì †kªYxwefvM ivwk `yB cÖKvi| h_v: (1) †¯‹jvi
ivwk I (2) †f±i ivwk
242
wb‡Pi ivwk¸‡jv †¯‹jvi bv †f±i Zv wPwýZ K‡i wbw`©ó N‡i emvb|
†eM, Z¡iY, AvqZb, fi, IRb, `ª“wZ, ej, ZvcgvÎv, KvR, mgq|
†¯‹jvi ivwk †f±i ivwk

ˆ`N© miY
243
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: †f±‡ii †hvM I we‡qvM wewa


C
u
v
A B
u
Dc‡ii wÎfyR †_‡K †f±‡ii †hvM I we‡qvMwewa wK n‡Z cv‡i? wPš—v Ki“b Ges Zv
wjL‡Z †Póv Ki“b|
244
g~j wkLbxq welq
†f±i (1)
ivwk: †fŠZ RM‡Zi hv wKQy cwigvc Kiv hvq, Zv msL¨vi ga¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡j ivwk cvIqv
 hvq| †hgb: `~iZ¡ cwigvc, †eM, cwigvc BZ¨vw`|
ivwk 2 cÖKvi| h_v- 1| †¯‹jvi ivwk, 2| †f±i ivwk
†¯‹jvi ivwk: †h mKj ivwki ïay gvb Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡K †¯‹jvi ivwk e‡j| †hgb: `~iZ¡, fi
BZ¨vw`|
†f±i ivwk: †h mKj ivwki gvb I w`K DfqB we`¨gvb Zv‡ì‡K †f±i ivwk e‡j| †hgb:
ej, IRb BZ¨vw`|
aviK †iLv: †Kvb †f±‡ii w`K wb‡`©kK †iLvsk †h Amxg mij‡iLvi Ask we‡kl, Zv‡K
H †f±‡ii aviK †iLv ev aviK ejv nq|
A B
u
†f±‡ii ˆ`N¨©: †Kvb †f±‡ii hZUzKz ˆ`N¨© Øviv m~wPZ nq ZZUzKz ˆ`‡N©ï cwigvc‡K
†f±‡ii ˆ`N¨© e‡j| †hgb: AB †f±‡ii ˆ`N¨© │AB │Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D`vniY:
A
B
mgvb †f±i: hw` `yBwU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb, aviK †iLv GKB ev mgvš—ivj Ges †f±i
`yBwUi w`K GKB AwfgyLx nq Z‡e †f±iØq‡K mgvb †f±i ejv nq| †hgb: `yBwU †f±i
│A│=│B│
245
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wecixZ †f±i: hw` `yBwU †f±‡ii gvb mgvb, aviK‡iLv Awfbœ ev mgvš—ivj Ges †f±i
`yBwUi w`K wecixZ gyLx nq Z‡e †f±i `yBwUi GKwU‡K AciwUi wecixZ †f±i ejv nq|
†hgb: U =  U
D`vniY:
−u
k~b¨ †f±i: †h †f±‡ii ciggvb k~b¨ Ges hvi w`K ˆ`N¨© wbY©q Kiv hvq bv Zv‡K k~b¨
†f±i ejv nq Zv 0 cÖZxK Øviv m~wPZ nq|
m`„k †f±i: `yBwU †f±‡ii aviK †iLv Awfbœ ev mgvš—ivj n‡j Ges w`K GKB n‡j
Zv‡ì‡K m`„k †f±i ejv nq|
D`vniY:
GKK †f±i: †h †f±‡ii ˆ`N¨© GK GKK Zv‡K GKK †f±i e‡j|
†Kvb wÎfy‡Ri mwbœwnZ `ywU evû GKB µ‡g `ywU GKB RvZxq †f±i‡K wb‡`©k K‡i, Zvn‡j
†f±‡ii
†hv‡Mi wÎfy‡Ri Z…Zxq evûwU wecixZµ‡g †f±‡ii jwäi gvb I w`K wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kvb u
wÎfyR wewa †f±‡ii cÖvš— we›`y †_‡K Aci GKwU †f±i v AuvKv n‡j u + v Øviv Giƒc †f±i †evSvq
hvi Avw`we›`y u Gi Avw`we›`y Ges hvi cÖvš—we›`y v Gi cÖvš—we›`y|
C
A
u B
246
u Gi cÖvš—we›`y A n‡Z Aci GKwU †f±i v m~wPZ n‡j u Gi Avw` we›`y Ges v Gi
cÖvš— we›`y ms‡hvM mij†iLv OC, (u + v) †K D³ †f±iØ‡qi jwä †f±i e‡j| u , v

Ges u + v †f±iÎq Øviv wÎfyR Drcbœ nq e‡j Dc‡iv³ †hvRb c×wZ‡K wÎfyR wewa ejv
nq|
C
†f±‡ii B
mvgvš— v
wiK wewa
O A
u
g‡b Kwi OA = u Ges OB = v, OACB mvgvš—wiK I Zvi OC KY© AsKb Kwi| wÎfyR
wewa Abymv‡i OA + AC = OC
ev, OA + OB = OC [ AC  OB  v ]
 u + v = OC
hw` ‡Kvb mvgvš—wi‡Ki GKB we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z `ywU mwbœwnZ evû Øviv †Kvb †Kv‡Yi
Dci GKKvwjb wµqvkxj GKB RvZxq `ywU †f±‡ii gvb I w`K wb‡`©k Kiv nq, Zvn‡j
H we›`y †_‡K Aw¼Z mvgvš—wi‡Ki KY©wU †f±i `ywUi wgwjZ d‡ji ev jwäi gvb I w`K
wb‡`©k K‡i|
†f±i we‡qv‡Mi ‡¶‡Î †h †f±i‡K we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi FYvZ¡K †f±i‡K Aci
†f±‡ii
we‡qvM wewa †f±‡ii mv‡_ †hvM Ki‡jB we‡qvM dj cIqv hvq|
A B
u
247
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
u Ges v †f±i Ø‡qi we‡hvMdj u – v ej‡Z u Ges (- v) ( v Gi wecixZ †f±i)
†f±iØ‡qi †hvMdj u + (- v) †evSvq|

u = AB , v = AC n‡j u – v = CB
A_©vr AB – AC = CB
†f±i ivwk I †¯‹jvi ivwki cv_©K¨:
†f±i ivwk †¯‹jvi ivwk

1. †h mKj ivwk‡K cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ gvb I 1. †h mKj ivwk‡K ïay gvb Øviv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
w`K Dfq cÖ‡qvRb nq ZvnvB †f±i cÖKvk Kiv hvq ZvB †¯‹jvi ivwk|
ivwk| 2. ïay gvb cwieZ©b n‡j †¯‹jvi ivwk
2. ïay gvb ev ïay w`K ev Df‡qi cwieZ©b nq|
cwieZ©b n‡j †f±i ivwki cwieZ©b
nq| 3. †¯‹jvi ivwki †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y BZ¨vw`
3. †f±i ivwki †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y mvaviY MwY‡Zi wbq‡g nq|
BZ¨vw` mvaviY MwY‡Zi wbq‡g nqbv,
†f±‡ii wbqgvbymv‡i nq| 4. `ywU †¯‹jvi ivwki ¸Ydj me©`v GKwU
4. `ywU ‡f±i ivwvki ¸Ydj ‡¯‹jvi ivwk †¯‹jvi ivwk|
A_ev †f±i ivwk n‡Z cv‡i|
248
g~j¨vqb:
 1| wb‡gœi ivwk¸‡jv †_‡K †f±i ivwk I †¯‹jvi ivwk Avjv`v Ki“b|
(K) ˆ`N¨©, (L) Z¡iY, (M) AvqZb, (N) fi, (O) `ª“wZ, (P) ZvcgvÎv, (Q) miY,
(R) KvR, (S) †eM, (T) mgq , (U) IRb, (V) ej|
2| wb‡gœi †f±i¸‡jv wPÎmn e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
(K) mgvb †f±i, (L) wecixZ †f±i, (M) k~b¨ †f±i, (N) GKK †f±i, (O) m`„k
†f±i|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K I ce©- L
249
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†f±i (2)
eZ©gvb hy‡M Ô†f±iÕ-Gi Ávb AR©b I Gi cÖ‡qvM MwYZkv‡¯¿ GKwU AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kvLv
f~wgKv
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| MwYZwe`, c`v_©we`, cÖ‡KŠkjx I wewfbœ kvLvi weÁvbxMY Zv‡ì
MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Ô†f±iÕ eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i dwjZ weÁv‡bi
†¶‡Î, R¨vwgwZK a¨vb aviYv e¨vL¨vq, ejwe`¨vi †¶‡Î †f±‡ii cÖ‡qvM Acwimxg|
msw¶ßfv‡e ejv hvq, wdwRK¨vj mv‡qÝ-Gi A‡bK MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Ô†f±iÕ
GKwU mnR fvlv I c×wZ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
D‡Ïk¨
 †f±‡ii wewa I ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †f±‡ii wewa I ag© cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ R¨vwgwZi cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: †f±‡ii wewa I ag© e¨vL¨vKiY I Zvi cÖ‡qvM
Av‡Mi Awa‡ek‡b †f±i m¤ú‡K© †R‡b‡Qb| GLb †f±i m¤úwK©Z wKQz wewa wjL‡Z †Póv
Ki“b|
B C
V
A
O
u
250
Dc‡ii wPÎ †_‡K †f±‡ii †hv‡Mi wewawU wjLyb Ges Zvi cÖgvY w`‡Z †Póv Ki“b|
251
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ R¨vwgwZi cªgvY


c~‡e© R¨vwgwZK ivwki mvnv‡h¨ R¨vwgwZi cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb| GLb †f±i ivwki mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY
Ki‡Z n‡e| wPš—v Ki“b g~j cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq Ges †f±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ R¨vwgwZi cÖgvY Ki‡Z
†M‡j wK ai‡bi DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cª¯‘Z Ki“b|
252
g~j wkLbxq welq

†f±i (2)
†hv‡Mi wewbgq m~Î:


B C
V
A
O
u
†h †Kvb u , V †f±‡ii Rb¨ u + v = v + u|
cÖgvY:
g‡b Kwi OA = u Ges OB = V, OACB mvgvš—wiK I Zvi OC KY© A¼b Kwi|

OA I BC mgvb I mgvš—ivj Ges OB I AC mgvb I mgvš—ivj|
AZGe OC = OA +AC = u + v
Avevi OC = OB + BC = v + u
u+v=v+u
cÖgvwYZ|
253
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†hv‡Mi ms‡hvM m~Î:

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
P
A
B
O Q
D C
R
cÖgvY:
g‡b Kwi OP = A , PQ = B Ges QR = C
GLb OQ, PR Ges OR ‡hvM K‡i wÎfyR m~Îvbymv‡i cvB|
OP + PQ = OQ =( A + B )
Ges PQ + QR = ( B + C)
GLb OQ + QR = OR
(A + B) + C = D .................. (1)
Avevi, OP + PR = OR
A + ( B + C) = D .................. (2)
(1) I (2) bs n‡Z cvB

(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
cÖgvwYZ|
e›Ubm~Î:
m, n `ywU †¯‹jvi Ges U, V `ywU †f±i n‡j,
(1) (m+n)u = mu + nu
(2) m(u +v)= mu + mv
254
cÖgvY:
(1) m ev n k~b¨ n‡j m~ÎwU Aek¨B Lv‡U|

g‡b Kwi, m, n Df‡q abvZ¥K Ges AB  mu

 AB  m u
C
u
B
u
A

AB †K C ch©š— ewa©Z Kwi †hb BC  n u nq|

BC  nu Ges
  
AC  AB  BC  m u  n u  (m  n) u

AC  (m  n)u
  
wKš‘ AC  AB BC
 mu  nu  (m  n)u
m, n Df‡q FYvZ¥K n‡j (m+n)u Gi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e
(m  n) u Ges w`K n‡e u Gi w`‡Ki wecixZ w`K, ZLb
mu + nu †f±iwUi ˆ`N©¨ n‡e m u  n u   m  n  u Ges w`K n‡e u Gi wecixZ
w`K| †h‡nZz m<0 Ges n<0 n‡j

m  n  m  n nq, †m‡nZz G ‡¶‡ÎI
(m+n)u =mu+nu
255
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(2)
D B
u+v
B v
mu
v C
A
O u
O mv
u A C
mu
wPÎ- 1 D wPÎ- 2
 
g‡b Kwi, OA  u , AB  v
Zvn‡j OB  OA  AB  u  v
OA †K C ch©š— ewa©Z Kwi †hb OC = m.OA nq| C we›`y w`‡q Aw¼Z AB Gi mgvš—
ivj CD †iLv OB Gi ewa©Zvsk‡K D we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

†h‡nZz OAB Ges OCD wÎfyRØq m`„k,
OC CD OD
†h‡nZz   m
OA AB OB
 CD  m AB  mv
wPÎ- 1 G m abvZ¥K, wPÎ- 2 G m FYvZ¥K|
 OC = m. OA, CD = m. AB, OD=m. OB
G¶‡Y OC  CD  OD
     
ev, m OA  m AB  m OB
 mu + mv = m (u + v) (cÖgvwYZ)
256
eR©b wewa:
†h †Kvb u , v , w †f±‡ii Rb¨ u + v =u + w n‡j, v = w n‡e|
cÖgvY:
 u + v =u + w
 u + v + (u )= u + w +(u ) (Dfqc‡¶ u †hvM K‡i)
ev, u u + v =u u + w
ev, v = w
†f±i wewai mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b, wÎfy‡Ri †h †Kvb `yB evûi ga¨we›`yØ‡qi ms‡hvRK
†iLvsk H wÎfy‡Ri Z…Zxq evûi mgvš—ivj I Zvi A‡a©K
g‡b Kwi, ABC wÎfy‡Ri AB I AC evûØ‡qi ga¨we›`y h_vµ‡g D I E. D, E †hvM

Kwi| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, DE ║ BC Ges DE = ½ BC
A
D E
B C
cÖgvY: †f±i we‡qv‡Mi wÎfyRwewa Abymv‡i,

  
AE  AD  DE ...................(1)
  
Ges AC  AB  BC
   
wKš‘ AC  2 AE, AB  2 AD [ D, E we›`y h_vµ‡g AB I AC Gi ga¨we›`y]
  
 AC  AB  BC †_‡K cvB
     
2 AE  2 AD  BC A_©vr 2( AE  AD)  BC
 
 2 DE  BC [ (1) n‡Z]
257
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
 1  
1  
myZivs DE  BC ev DE  BC Ges DE I BC †f±iØ‡qi aviK †iLv GKB ev
2 2
 
mgvš—ivj| wKš‘ GLv‡b aviK †iLv GK bq| myZivs DE I BC †f±iØ‡qi aviK †iLvØq
A_©vr DE Ges BC mgvš—ivj| (cÖgvwYZ)
†f±i wewai mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b, mvgvš—wi‡Ki KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ

K‡i:
g‡b Kwi, ABCD mvgvš—wi‡Ki AC I BD KY©Øq ci¯úi O we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i‡Q|

   
g‡b Kwi, AO  a, BO  b, OC  c, OD  d
cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, a  c , b  d
d c
C
O
a b
A B
     
cÖgvY: AO  OD  AD Ges BO  OC  BC
 
†h‡nZz mvgvš—wi‡Ki evûØq mgvb I mgvš—ivj,  AD  BC
   
A_©vr AO  OD  BO  OC
A_©vr a + d = b + c
A_©vr a  c = b  d [Dfqc‡¶  c  d †hvM K‡i]
258
a I c Gi aviK AC.  a  c Gi aviK AC.
b I d Gi aviK BD.  b  d Gi aviK BD.
a  c I b  d `yBwU mgvb mgvb Ak~b¨ †f±i n‡j Zv‡ì aviK †iLv GKB A_ev mgvš—
ivj n‡e wKš‘ AC I BD `yBwU c„_K Amgvš—ivj mij‡iLv| myZivs a  c I b  d

†f±iØq Ak~b¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 a  c = 0 ev a = c Ges b  d = 0 ev b = d
 a  c Ges b  d
mvgvš—wi‡Ki KY©Øq ci¯úi‡K mgwØLwÊZ K‡i| (cÖgvwYZ)
259
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†f±i wewai mvnv‡h¨ cÖgvY Ki“b, †Kvb PZzfy©‡Ri mwbœwnZ evû¸‡jvi ga¨we›`yi
ms‡hvRK †iLvmg~n GKwU mvgvš—wiK Drcbœ K‡i
D R
C
S
Q
A P B
g‡b Kwi, ABCD PZzfy©‡Ri evû¸‡jvi ga¨we›`y P, Q, R, S| P I Q, Q I R, R I S

Ges S I P †hvM Kwi| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h, PQRS GKwU mvgš—wiK|
   
cÖgvYt g‡b Kwi, AB  a, BC  b, CD  c, DA  d
   1  1  1
Zvn‡j, PQ  PB  BQ  AB  BC  (a  b )
2 2 2
 1  1  1
Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR  b  c , RS  c  d  Ges SP  d  a 
2 2 2
   
wKš‘ a  b   c  d   AC  CA  AC  AC  0
A_©vr a + b = ( c + d)
 1  
PQ  a  b    1 c  d    RS  SR
2 2
 PQ Ges SR mgvb I mgvš—ivj|

Abyiƒcfv‡e, QR Ges PS mgvb I mgvš—ivj|
 PQRS GKwU mvgš—wiK| (cÖgvwYZ)
260
A , B `ywU †f±i n‡j

│A + B│≤ │A│ + │B│:
O P
cªgvY:
g‡b Kwi OPQ wÎfy‡Ri OP = A, PQ = B Z‡e OQ = A + B ,

│A + B│= │OQ│
Avgiv Rvwb, wÎfy‡Ri †h‡Kvb `yB evûi †hvMdj Aci evû A‡c¶v e„nËi|
AZGe, OQ < OP + PQ
=>│A + B│ < │A│ + │B│............ (1)
hLb O,P Ges Q we›`y GKB mij †iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb
│A + B│ = │A│+│B│ ................... (2)
1 I 2 bs n‡Z cvB
│A + B│ ≤ │A│+│B│(cÖgvwYZ)
 g~j¨vqb:
1| m, n `ywU †¯‹jvi Ges u, v `ywU †f±i n‡j cÖgvY Ki“b:
(i) (m+n)v = mv + nv
(ii) m(u + v) = mu + mv
261
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
2| eR©b wewa cÖgvY Ki“b|
3| †f±i c×wZ‡Z cÖgvY Ki“b †h, †Kvb PZzfy©‡Ri mwbœwnZ evû¸‡jvi ga¨we›`yi
ms‡hvRK †iLvmg~n GKwU mvgvš—wiK Drcbœ K‡i|
4| A + B `yÕwU †f±i n‡j †`Lvb †h, A + B│≤ │A│ + │B│
5|
K a L
N 3a M

(a) MK  ?

(b) NK  ?

(c) NL  ?

(d) KN  ?
262
6|
B C
a
A 2b
3b
b
F D
E

(a) FE  ?

(b) BC  ?

(c) FC  ?

(d) DA  ?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K I ce©- L:
263
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (1)
MwY‡Zi GKwU aviv ev wefvM nj wÎ‡KvYwgwZ| A‡bK †¶‡ÎB `~iZ¡ ev D”PZv †mvRvmywR
f~wgKv
cwigvc Kivi Dcvq wQj bv| wÎfy‡Ri wewfbœ Ask wbY©‡qi gva¨‡gB ïi“ nq Giƒc `~iZ¡
ev D”PZv‡K m~² I mwVKfv‡e cwigv‡ci| Gfv‡eB D™¢e nq wÎ‡KvYwgwZ ev
Trigonometry| MwY‡Zi BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq wÎ‡KvYwgwZi D™¢eKvj
L„óc~e© wØZxq kZvãxi gvSvgvwS| MÖxK kã Tri (wÎ) Gonia (†KvY) Metron (cwigvc)
A_©vr eyrcwËMZfv‡e wÎ‡KvYwgwZ nj wZb †KvY ev wÎfy‡Ri cwigvc|
D‡Ïk¨
 300, 450, 600 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 00 I 900 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wÎ‡KvYwgwZK Abycv‡Zi gvb QK AvKv‡i mvRv‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: 300, 450 Ges 600 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q
AbycvZ k‡ãi A_© wbðqB Rv‡bb| wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wK n‡Z cv‡i wPš—v Ki“b|
P Y
2a
0 2a
45
O M X
2a
264
Dc‡ii wP‡Îi †¶‡Î GKwU wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| evKx AbycvZ¸wj
wb‡R wb‡R Ki‡Z †Póv Ki“b|
PM 2a 1
Sin 45    
OP 2a 2
wVK GKBfv‡e 0, 300, 600 Ges 900 †Kv‡Yi †¶‡Î wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki‡eb|
cÖ_‡g wb‡R wb‡R †Póv Ki‡eb| c‡i g~j wkLbxq welq †_‡K †R‡b wbb|
265
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq

wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (1)
 450 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZi AbycvZ:
Y
P
2a
2a
0
45
O M X
2a
O
g‡bKwi, XOY= 450 Ges P, OY Gi Dci¯’ GKwU we›`y| PM  OX AvuwK| OPM
mg‡KvYx wÎfyR POM= 450| myZivs OPM=450| AZGe PM = OM
GLb, OPM G, OM2+ PM2=OP2
2. OM2= OP2 [†h‡nZz PM = OM]

1
ev, OM 2= . OP2
2
1
ev, OM = OP
2
1
hw` OP = 2a nq, Z‡e PM = OM = . 2a= 2 a
2
OM 2a 1
Sin 450= == =
OP 2a 2
266
OM 2a 1
Cos 450= == =
OP 2a 2
PM 2a
tan 450=  1
OP 2a
OM 2a
cot 450= = =1
PM 2a
OP 2a
See 450= = = 2
OM 2a
OP 2a
Cosec 450= = = 2
PM 2a
300 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZi AbycvZ:
Z
P
0
60
0
30 M X
O 0
30
0
60
g‡b Kwi, XOZ=300 Ges OZ evû‡Z P GKwU we›`y| PM  OX AuvwK Ges PM †K

Q ch©š— ewa©Z Kwi †hb MQ = PM nq| O, Q †hvM Kwi| GLb POM I QOM
Gi g‡a¨ PM = MQ, OM mvaviY evû Ges Aš—fy©³ PMO = Aš—fy©³ QMO
 POM  QOM
AZGe, QOM = POM = 300 Ges OQM = OPM = 600
 OPQ GKwU mgevû wÎfyR
267
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
hw` OP = 2a nq, Z‡e OQ = 2a
PM = a Ges OM = OP 2

 PM 2  4a 2  a 2  3 a
PM a 1
Sin 300 =  
OP 2a 2
OM 3a 3
Cos 300 =  
OP 2a 2
PM a 1
tan 300=  
OM 3a 3
OM 3a
cot 300=   3
PM a
OP 2a 2
sec 300=  
OM 3a 3
OP 2a
cosec 300=  2
PM a
3
Sin 600 =
2
1
Cos 600 =
2
tan 600= 3
1
Cot 600=
3
Sec 600=2
2
cosec 300=
3
268
00 I 900 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZi AbycvZ:

O A X
X P(x, o)
Y
00 †Kv‡Yi Avw` evû OX I cÖvwš—K †iLv OA Awfbœ| G‡¶‡Î P we›`y XOX A‡¶
g~jwe›`yi Wvb cv‡k¦© Aew¯’Z| d‡j OA evûi †h †Kvb P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (x, 0) Ges r =
OP = x|
myZivs
0
Sin 00 = =0
r
x r
Cos 00 =  1
r r
0
tan 00 = =0
r
x
cot 00 = , hv msÁvwqZ bq
0
r r
sec 00 =  1
x r
r
cosec 00 = , hv msÁvwqZ bq
0
269
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Y
A
 P(o, y)
r
X O X
Y
900 †Kv‡Yi cÖvwš—K †iLv OA Gi Ae¯’vb abvZ¥K y A¶ OY Gi Dci Aew¯’Z n‡e|
d‡j OA evûi †h †Kvb P we›`yi ¯’vbvsK (o, y) Ges r = OP = y|
myZivs
y r
Sin 900 =  1
r r
0
Cos 900 = 0
r
y
tan 900 = , hv msÁvwqZ bq
0
0
cot 900 = =0
y
r
sec 900 = , hv msÁvwqZ bq
0
r y
cosec 900 =  1
y y
270
g~j¨vqb:

1. 300, 450 I 600 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b|
2. 00 I 900 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ Abycv‡Zi gvb QK AvKv‡i wbgœiƒc:
†KvY AbycvZ 00 300 450 600 900
Sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
Cosin 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tangent 0 1 1 3 AmsÁvwqZ
3
Cotangent AmsÁvwqZ 3 1 1 0
3
Secant 1 2 2 2 AmsÁvwqZ
3
Cosecant AmsÁvwqZ 2 2 2 1
3
271
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (2)
gvby‡li Áv‡bi Pvwn`v I ARvbv‡K Rvbvi A`g¨ †KŠZznj †_‡K R¨vwgwZK Áv‡bi
f~wgKv
weKv‡ki d‡j m„wó nq wÎ‡KvYwgwZ| cvwUMwY‡Zi aviYv‡K me©vqb K‡i †hgb
exRMwY†Zi m„wó n‡q‡Q| †Zgwb R¨vwgwZi aviYv‡K me©vqb K‡i wÎ‡KvYwgwZ m„wó Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wÎ‡KvYwgwZ ej‡Z Avgiv †mB weÁvb‡KB eywS hvi mvnv‡h¨ wÎfy‡Ri wewfbœ
As‡ki cwigvc wbY©q Kiv hvq| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q wÎ‡KvYwgwZ Avwe®‹v‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨ Gi
g‡a¨B mxgve× wQj| wKš‘ mg‡qi †cÖw¶‡Z bZzb bZzb AbycvZ I ZË¡ Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j G
weÁv‡bi cwiwa e¨vcKZi n‡q‡Q| GB Awa‡ek‡b wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY, †KvY cwigv‡ci
GKK, m~²‡Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ I Gi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q m¤ú‡K©
D‡Ïk¨
 wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY I R¨vwgwZK †KvY Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 m~²‡Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ¸‡jvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †iwWqvb †KvY GKwU aª“e †KvY Zv cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
272
ce©mg~n

ce©- K: wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY Ges †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK
Y
Q p
X O X
Y
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ‡Z †Kv‡Yi msÁv R¨vwgwZK †Kv‡Yi msÁv †_‡K wfbœZi| R¨vwgwZi

msÁvbymv‡i-GKwU †Kv‡Yi DrcwË nq `ywU ci¯úi †Q`x mij‡iLv Øviv| R¨vwgwZ‡Z
†Kv‡Yi cwigvc k~b¨ wWMÖx †_‡K 360 wWMÖxi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K| wKš‘ wÎ‡KvYwgwZ‡Z
†Kv‡Yi aviYv nj †h, Gi DrcwË nq GKwU mij‡iLvi N~Y©‡bi d‡j| G †¶‡Î †Kv‡Yi
cwigvc 0 0 †_‡K 360 0 Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K bv|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, Avmyb Gevi g‡b g‡b wPš—v K‡i wb‡Ri fvlvq wb‡Pi Q‡K R¨vwgwZK
†KvY I wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY Gi msÁv ˆZwi Kwi-
273
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
R¨vwgwZK †KvY:
wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY:
274
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ‡Z †KvY cwigv‡ci Rb¨ mvaviYZ wZb cÖKv‡ii c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq|
G¸‡jv nj-
 lvUg~jK c×wZ (Sexagesimal System)
 kZg~jK c×wZ (Centestimal System)
 e„Ëxq c×wZ (Circular System)
lvUg~jK c×wZ:
lvUg~jK c×wZ‡Z mg‡KvY‡K †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK aiv nq| GK mg‡KvY‡K 90 fv‡M
wef³ Ki‡j cÖwZ As‡ki cwigvc GK wWMÖx nq| GK wWMÖx‡K mgvb 60 fvM Ki‡j
cÖwZfvM‡K GK wgwbU Ges GK wgwbU‡K mgvb 60 fvM K‡i cÖwZ fvM‡K GK †m‡KÛ ejv
hvq|
60 © © (‡m‡KÛ) = 1 © (wgwbU)
60 © (wgwbU) = 10 (wWMÖx)
900 (wWMÖx) = 1 mg‡KvY
kZg~jK c×wZ:
G c×wZ‡Z GK mg‡KvY‡K mgvb 100 fv‡M fvM Ki‡j cÖwZ Ask‡K ejv nq GK †MÖW
(1 g )| GK †MÖW‡K mgvb 100 fv‡M fvM Ki‡j cÖwZ Ask‡K ejv nq GK kZg~jK wgwbU
Ges cÖwZ wgwbU‡K 100 fv‡M fvM Ki‡j cÖwZ Ask‡K ejv nq GK kZg~jK †m‡KÛ|
A_©vr, 1 mg‡KvY = 100 †MÖW ( 100 g )
1 †MÖW = 100 kZg~jK wgwbU ( 100 )
1 kZg~jK wgwbU = 100 kZg~jK †m‡KÛ ( 100 )
G c×wZ‡K divwm c×wZ ejv nq|
275
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
e„Ëxq c×wZ:
e„Ëxq c×wZ‡Z GK ‡iwWqvb‡K †KvY cwigv‡ci GKK aiv hvq|

†Kvb e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb Pvc H e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †h m¤§~L †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡KB GK
†iwWqvb (1c) ejv nq|
wk¶v_©xe„›` Gevi Avmyb wb‡Pi Q‡K †Kv‡Yi wewfbœ GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kwi-
lvUg~jK I kZg~jK GK‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©:
276
ce©- L: m~²‡Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ


wÎ‡KvYwgwZ‡Z GKwU mij‡iLvi N~Y©‡bi d‡j †Kv‡Yi DrcwË nq| GB N~Y©vqgvb
mij‡iLvi Avw` Ae¯’vb I †kl Ae¯’vb‡K `ywU wfbœ †iLv ai‡Z nq| wbw`©ó †KvY Drcbœ
K‡i N~Y©vqgvb †iLv †h Ae¯’v‡b ùvovq Zvi Dc‡ii †h †Kvb we›`y n‡Z Avw` Ae¯’v‡bi
Dci j¤^ A¼b Ki‡j GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfyR cvIqv hvq| GB wÎfy‡Ri evû wZbwUi
cwigvb‡K ci¯úi fvM Ki‡j QqwU AbycvZ cvIqv hvq| GB AbycvZ¸‡jv‡K
wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ e‡j|
Kv‡RB wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ ej‡Z mvaviYZ GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfy‡Ri wZbwU evûi
g‡a¨ †_‡K †h †Kvb `ywU evû wb‡q MwVZ AbycvZ‡K eySvq| GB AbycvZ mg‡KvYx
wÎfy‡Ri mg‡KvY e¨ZxZ Aci †h †Kvb GKwU †Kv‡Yi †cÖw¶‡Z MwVZ nq|
Y
Q A
P P
tt 
X O M X
Y
g‡b Kwi, XOA GKwU m~²‡KvY| OA evû‡Z †h †Kvb GKwU we›`y P †bB| P †_‡K
OX evû ch©š— PM j¤^ Uvwb| Zv‡Z GKwU mg‡KvYx wÎfyR POM MwVZ nj| GB
POM Gi PM, OM I OP evû¸‡jvi †h QqwU AbycvZ cvIqv hvq Zv‡ì
XOA Gi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ ejv nq Ges Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K GK GKwU mywbw`©ó
bv‡g bvgKiY Kiv nq|
277
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Gevi Avmyb wk¶v_©xe„›`, wb‡Pi QKwU evg cv‡ki mv‡_ Wvb cv‡ki wgj Kwi-
1| mg‡KvY A) 1
2| wÎ‡KvYwgwZK GKK¸‡jv B) fywg
3| 1 mg‡KvY AwZfyR
4| 10 (wWMªx) C) 60 (†m‡KÛ)
5| 1 © (wgwbU) D) j¤^
6| tan ø AwZfyR
7| Sin ø E) lvU g~jK Ges e„Ëxq GKK
8| Cos ø F) j¤^
9| Cot2 ø f~wg
0
10| Sin2 ø +Cos2 ø G) 60 (wgwbU)
0
11| Sec2 ø H) 90 (wWMÖx)
I) Cosec2- 1
J) GKwU mij‡iLv Avi GKwU mij‡iLvi Dci
`Êvqgvb n‡j Drcbœ mwbœwnZ †KvY `yBwU hw`

mgvb nq Z‡e Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨KwU
K) 1+tan2
278
 ce©- M: †iwWqvb †KvY GKwU aª“e †KvY
A
P
C B
O
g‡b Kwi, O †K›`ª wewkó ABC e„‡Ë POB GKwU †iwWqvb †KvY| cÖgvY Ki‡Z n‡e †h,
POB GKwU aª“e †KvY| OB †iLvs‡ki Dci O we›`y‡Z OA j¤^ AvwuK| OA cwiwa‡K
A we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
GLb, Pvc AB = cwiwai GK-PZz_©vsk

1
= × 2 πr (cwiwa = 2 πr )
4
πr
=
2
Ges Pvc PB = r (e¨vmva©)
Avgiv Rvwb,
e„‡Ëi †Kvb Pvc Øviv Drcbœ †K›`ª¯’ †KvY H e„‡Ëi e„ËPvcwUi mgvbycvwZK nq|
POB AOB
myZivs 
Pvc PB Pvc AB
279
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
Pvc PB
AZGe, POB =  AOB
Pvc AB
r
= πr × 1 mg‡KvY
2
2
= mg‡KvY

†h‡nZz π Ges mg‡KvY DfqB aª“eK †m‡nZz †iwWqvb †KvY POB GKwU aª“eK
†KvY|
wk¶v_©xeÜziv, wb‡Pi QKwU‡Z wWMÖx I †iwWqv‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wbY©q Kwi-
280
g~j wkLbxq welq
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (2)
R¨vwgwZK
†KvY I
C
wÎ‡KvYwgwZK
†KvY
A B
R¨vwgwZ‡Z `yBwU mij †iLv GK Aci‡K †Q` Ki‡j †KvY Drcbœ nq| R¨vwgwZK †Kv‡Yi
 cwigvc 0 †_‡K 360 Gi g‡a¨ mxwgZ| †Kv‡Yi gvb Abyhvqx †KvY¸‡jv‡K m~²‡KvY,
¯’~j†KvY, mij I cªe„× †KvY ejv nq| G †KvY¸‡jv meB abvZ¥K| R¨vwgwZ‡Z FYvZ¥K
†KvY A_©nxb|
Y
Q P
X O X
Y
281
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ‡Z GKwU mij‡iLvi GKwU w¯’i cÖvš—-we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z n‡j †KvY
Drcbœ nq| AveZ©‡bi cwigvbB †Kv‡Yi cwigvb| N~Y©vqgvb †iLvwU Avw`‡Z †Kv‡Yi GKwU
evûi mv‡_ Ges Gi w¯’i cÖvš—we›`ywU †Kv‡Yi kx‡l©i Dci _v‡K| N~Y©b †k‡l †iLvwU
‡Kv‡Yi Aci evûi mv‡_ wgwjZ nq|
wP‡Î XOP †KvY GKwU mij‡iLvi N~Y©‡bi d‡j Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| Avw` Ae¯’vb OX †_‡K O
we›`y‡K †K›`ª K‡i Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ w`‡K Ny‡i †iLvwU OP Ae¯’v‡b G‡m XOP †KvY
Drcbœ K‡i|
Avevi, OX †_‡K Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ w`‡K GKevi m¤ú~Y© Ny‡i G‡m †iLvwU OQ
Ae¯’v‡b †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| Giƒcfv‡e Drcbœ XOQ †KvYwU GK mg‡KvY A‡c¶v eo|
A_©vr, ÒGKwU mij‡iLv Aci GKwU w¯’i mij‡iLvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Ny‡i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b
Avm‡Z †h cwigv‡Y AvewZ©Z nq, Zv‡K wÎ‡KvYwgwZK †KvY e‡j|Ó
mij‡iLv hw` Nwoi KuvUv †hw`‡K Ny‡i Zvi wecixZ w`‡K Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z wbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b G‡m
†cŠQvq ZLb †h †KvY cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cÖPwjZ ixwZ Abyhvqx abvZ¥K †KvY e‡j Ges
Nwoi KuvUvi gZ GKB w`‡K Ny‡i †h †KvY Drcbœ nq Zv‡K FYvZ¥K †KvY e‡j|
g~j¨vqb:
 1. 45 0 †Kv‡Yi wÎ‡KvYwgwZK AbycvZ wbY©q Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi
ce©- L
1| J; 2| E; 3| H; 4| G; 5| C; 6| F; 7| D; 8| B;
9| I; 10| A; 11| K.
282
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (3)
AwZ cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB `~ieZ©x †Kvb e¯‘i `~iZ¡ I D”PZv wbY©q Ki‡Z wÎ‡KvYwgwZK
f~wgKv
Abycv‡Zi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| eZ©gvb hy‡MI Gi ¸i“Z¡ Acwimxg| †h me cvnvo I
ce©‡Zi D”PZv ev b`-b`xi cÖ¯’ mn‡R gvcv hvq bv, †m me †¶‡Î D”PZv ev cÖ¯’
wÎ‡KvYwgwZi mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq| GRb¨ †Kv‡Yi cwigvç‡jv †R‡b ivLv LyeB
cÖ‡qvRb| Ô†m·U¨v›UÕ bvgK hš¿ eënvi K‡i †KvY gvcv hvq| GB Awa‡ek‡b DbœwZ
†KvY I AebwZ †Kv‡Yi aviYv, Ges `~iZ¡ I D”PZv wbY©q msµvš— mgm¨vi mgvavb
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 DbœwZ I AebwZ †KvY Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `~iZ¡ I D”PZv wbY©q msµvš— mnR mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: DbœwZ I AebwZ †Kv‡Yi aviYv Ges Gi eënvi
P P
X O X
wPÎ- 1
283
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g‡b Kwi, fy-‡iLvi mgvš—ivj †iLv XOX (wPÎ-1) G O, P, X we›`y¸wj GKB Dj¤^ Z‡j
Aew¯’Z Ges P we›`y XOX †iLvi Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z| Zvn‡j O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi
DbœwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX.
Abyiƒcfv‡e, O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi DbœwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX.
X X
P P
wPÎ- 2
wPÎ- 2 G O, P, X we›`y¸‡jv GKB Dj¤^ Z‡j Aew¯’Z Ges P we›`y fy-‡iLvi mgvš—ivj
†iLv XOX © †iLvi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z| Zvn‡j O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi AebwZ †KvY n‡”Q
POX.
Abyiƒcfv‡e, O we›`y‡Z P © we›`yi AebwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX|
wk¶v_©xeÜziv Gevi wb‡Pi Q‡K cÖ`Ë wPÎ Gi Av‡jv‡K h Gi gvb wbY©q Kwi-
1| h wbY©q Ki“b|
600 h
O P
30 wgUvi
284
 ce©- L: DbœwZ I AebwZ †Kv‡Yi aviYv eënvi K‡i `~iZ¡ I D”PZv wbY©q
msµvš— mnR mgm¨vi mgvavb
f~Zj¯’ †Kvb ¯’v‡b GKwU `vjv‡bi Qv‡ì †Kvb we›`yi DbœwZ †KvY 45, H ¯’vb †_‡K
`vjv‡bi w`‡K 60 wgUvi GwM‡q †M‡j H we›`yi DbœwZ †KvY 60 nq| Z‡e `vjvbwUi
D”PZv wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb:
B
45 60
O P A
285
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
wP‡Î `vjvbwUi D”PZv AB.
AOB=45 Ges OP=60 wg.
OA AP
GLb, Cot 45  Ges Cot 60 
AB AB
OA AP
   Cot 45  Cot 60
AB AB
OA  AP 1
ev,  1
AB 3
OP 3 1
ev, 
AB 3
60 3 1
ev, 
AB 3
60 3
ev, AB 
3 1
ev, AB 

60 3 3  1 
 
3 1 3 1 
=

60 3  3 
3 1
=

60 3  3 
2
= 30(3  3 )
= 30(3+1.732)
= 141.96 (cÖvq)
 `vjvbwUi D”PZv 141.96 wgUvi (cÖvq)
286
Gevi Avmyb wk¶v_©xe„›` wb‡Pi Q‡Ki mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kwi-
mgm¨v: `yBwU wK‡jvwgUvi †cv‡÷i gaëZx© †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Dc‡i GKwU †nwjKÞvi †_‡K H
wK‡jvwgUvi †cv÷ `yBwUi AebwZ †KvY h_vµ‡g 60 I 30 n‡j †nwjKÞviwUi D”PZv
KZ?
mgvavb:
287
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (3)
DbœwZ †KvY fy-‡iLv n‡”Q f~wg Z‡j Aew¯’Z †h †Kvb mij†iLv| fy-‡iLv‡K kqb‡iLvI ejv nq|
I Avevi, Ea¶©‡iLv n‡”Q f~wg Z‡ji Dci j¤^ †h †Kvb mij‡iLv| G‡K Dj¤^ †iLvI
AebwZ
ejv nq| f~wg Z‡ji Dci j¤^fv‡e Aew¯’Z ci¯úi‡”Q`x f~-‡iLv I DaŸ© †iLv GKwU
†KvY
Zj wbw`©ó K‡i| G Zj‡K Dj¤^ Zj ejv nq|
 P P
X O X
wPÎ- 1
g‡b Kwi, fy-‡iLvi mgvš—ivj †iLv XOX (wPÎ- 1) G O, P, X we›`y¸wj GKB Dj¤^
Z‡j Aew¯’Z Ges P we›`y XOX †iLvi Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z| Zvn‡j O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi
DbœwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX.
Abyiƒcfv‡e, O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi DbœwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX.

O
X X
P P
wPÎ- 2
288
wPÎ- 2 G O, P, X we›`y¸‡jv GKB Dj¤^ Z‡j Aew¯’Z Ges P we›`y fy-‡iLvi mgvš—ivj
†iLv XOX © †iLvi wb‡Pi w`‡K Aew¯’Z| Zvn‡j O we›`y‡Z P we›`yi AebwZ †KvY n‡”Q
POX.
Abyiƒcfv‡e, O we›`y‡Z P © we›`yi AebwZ †KvY n‡”Q  POX|
D”PZv I `yBwU wK‡jvwgUvi †cv‡÷i gaëZx© †Kvb ¯’v‡bi Dc‡i GKwU †nwjKÞvi †_‡K H
`~iZ¡ msµvš— wK‡jvwgUvi †cv÷ `yBwUi AebwZ †KvY h_vµ‡g 60 I 30 n‡j †nwjKÞviwUi D”PZv
mgm¨v
KZ?
g‡b Kwi, A I B `yBwU wK‡jvwgUvi †cv÷| awi, O we›`ywU †nwjKÞviwUi Ae¯’vb| O

we›`y‡Z A I B Gi AebwZ †KvY h_vµ‡g 60 I 30| O we›`y n‡Z AB Gi Dci OP
j¤^ A¼b Kwi|
A_ _ _ _ _ _ _ O_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B
600 300
600 300
x 1000x
A P B
 †nwjKÞviwUi D”PZv = OP = h wgUvi
289
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
awi, AP = x wgUvi
cÖkœg‡Z, AB = 1 wK‡jvwgUvi = 1000 wgUvi
BP = ABAP = (1000x) wgUvi
cÖkœg‡Z, AOA = 60 Ges BOB = 30

†h‡nZz A B I AB mgvš—ivj
AOB=60 Ges OBA=30
OP
GLb tan 60 
AP
h
ev, 3 
x
ev, x 3  h.............................. (1)

OP
tan 30 
BP
1 h

3 1000  x
1000  x  h 3
1000  x  x 3. 3
1000  x  3x
4 x  1000
x  250
290
GLb x Gi gvb (1) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,

h  3 x  3  250
= 2501.732 (cÖvq)
= 433 wg. (cÖvq)
 †nwjKÞviwUi D”PZv = 433 wgUvi (cÖvq)
mgm¨v:
GKwU wgbv‡ii cv`‡`k †_‡K 20 wgUvi `~‡i f~Z‡ji †Kvb we›`y‡Z wgbv‡ii P~ovi DbœwZ
†KvY 60 n‡j, wgbviwUi D”PZv wbY©q Ki“b|
mgvavb:
wP‡Î wgbviwUi D”PZv AB, f~wg¯’ wbw`©ó we›`y O Ges wgbviwUi kxl©we›`y B| d‡j
AOB= 60 Ges OA = 20 wgUvi|
B
60
O A
AB
GLb, tan 60 
OA
AB
ev, 3 
20
ev, AB  20 3
ev, AB  20  1.732
ev, AB  34.640
 wgbviwUi D”PZv 34.64 wgUvi|
291
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j¨vqb:

1. GKwU wgbv‡ii cv`‡`k †_‡K 30 wgUvi `~‡i f~Z‡ji †Kvb we›`y‡Z wgbv‡ii P~ovi
DbœwZ †KvY 60 n‡j, wgbviwUi D”PZv wbY©q Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K I L
292
BDwbU- 7
Awa‡ekb- 62: MwYZ wk¶Y/Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb

c×wZ: AvaywbK beZi wk¶Y aviYv m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ _vKv
Awa‡ekb- 63: MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: my-cVb I wkLb Af¨vm
Awa‡ekb- 64: MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^

c×wZi D™¢veb
293
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
294

wk¶v MwZkxj| wk¶vi †Kvb welqe¯‘B mKj mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| Rxeb, mgvR,
f~wgKv
ms¯‹…wZ, cÖhyw³, Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wk¶vi welqe¯‘ I wk¶v`vb
c×wZiI cwieZ©b N‡U| ZvB GKRb wk¶K‡K mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvaywbK
beZi wk¶Y aviYv m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GB Awa‡ek‡b MwYZ wk¶v`v‡bi
wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 MwYZ wk¶v`v‡b wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠkj¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MwYZ wk¶v`v‡b AvaywbK c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: MwYZ wk¶v`v‡bi wewfbœ c×wZ I †KŠkj
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295
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296
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myweavRbK n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨KwU c×wZi wKQz we‡kl êwkó¨ Av‡Q| ZvB we‡kl we‡kl
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297
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8| GKB mg‡q wfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kivi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
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301
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Avwe®‹vi
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302
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wPš—v Kiv GB c×wZi †gŠwjK we‡klZ¡| GB c×wZ‡Z wk¶K mgMÖ †kªYx‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i
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setting. A_©vr †Kvb mgm¨vg~jK KvR‡K ¯^vfvweK cwi‡e‡k m¤úbœ Kivi bvgB cÖKí ev
cÖ‡R±| cieZx©Kv‡j wk¶vwe`MY cÖ‡R± Gi msÁvi cwieZ©b K‡ib| KviY GB msÁvi

Dci wbf©i K‡i GB c×wZ‡K mKj wel‡q cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| weÁvb I MwYZ wel‡q
GB c×wZi cÖ‡qvM mnR Ges Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
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cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq †mUvB wk¶v`vb c×wZi g~j j¶¨| wk¶K GB DÏxcK wewfbœ gva¨‡g w`‡q
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303
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j¨vqb:
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e‡j g‡b K‡ib?
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K
c×wZ †KŠkj
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 cÖ`k©b  mgvR Rwic
 cÖ‡R±  aviYv gvbwPÎ
 wk¶v ågY  Rvb©vj †jLv
 eY©bv  ej‡Z †`qv
 Awfbq  mv¶vrKvi
 weZ©K  wjL‡Z †`qv
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304
ce©- L
wk¶v`vb c×wZ:
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wk¶v`vb c×wZ| mnR fvlvq wk¶v_©x‡ì mvg‡b †Kvb welq Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖwµqv‡K
c×wZ ejv nq|
wk¶v`vb †KŠkj:
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wk¶v`vb c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji †¶‡Î j¶Ÿxq-
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 GKwU cv‡V GK ev GKvwaK c×wZ eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 GKwU c×wZ‡Z GKvwaK †KŠkj eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 GKvwaK c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji eënvi cvV‡K Avb›``vqK K‡i|
305
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
MwY‡Zi cVb `¶Zv:
my-cVb I wkLb Af¨vm
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f~wgKv
n‡”Q wbZ¨ bZzb Ávb, Kjv‡KŠkj, c×wZ I AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi| Avi G Kjv‡KŠkj AvqË
Kivi wbwg‡ËB i‡q‡Q wkLb| wkLb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gvby‡li AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q
AwfÁZv I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g| wkLb gvby‡li Ávb, AwfÁZv AR©b, `¶Zv ev `„wófw½
evov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wkL‡bi g‡a¨ DËg n‡”Q ¯^-wkLb| gvbyl hLb Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
Ae¯’v ey‡S wbR `vwq‡Z¡ ¯^ZtcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q wk‡L ZvB nj ¯^-wkLb| GB Awa‡ek‡b my-cVb
ev h_vh_ Aa¨qb Ges wkLb Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 my-cVb ev h_vh_ Aa¨qb m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 my-cVb ev h_vh_ Aa¨q‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkLb Af¨vm m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkLb Af¨v‡mi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: h_vh_ Aa¨qb ev my-cVb Gi aviYv Ges Zvi †KŠkjmg~n
mvaviYfv‡e g‡b Kiv nq cVb welqwU evsjvi mv‡_ RwoZ- MwY‡Z Gi cÖ‡qvRb wK? wKš‘
Mfxifv‡e welqwUi cÖwZ `„wó w`‡j †`Lv hv‡e MwY‡ZI cVb Kvh©Kwi| ïay Kvh©Kwi bq
MwY‡Z my-cVb AZ¨š— Kvh©Ki| GKwU welq‡K eyS‡Z n‡j welqe¯‘i Mfx‡i †h‡Z n‡e|
welqe¯‘i Mfx‡i hvevi Dcvq fvj gZ cov|
306
wk¶v_©xeÜziv Gevi wb‡Pi Q‡Ki cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ˆZwi Kwi-

h_vh_ Aa¨qb ev my-cVb ej‡Z wK eySvq e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
my-cVb ev h_vh_ Aa¨q‡bi †KŠkjmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|
307
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ce©- L: wkLb Af¨vm Gi aviYv Ges Zvi †KŠkjmg~n


gvbyl Af¨v‡mi `vm| †h cwi‡e‡k gvbyl Af¨vm AvqË K‡i ZvB Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq|
Avevi †Póv K‡i Af¨vm Z¨vM Kiv hvq| Af¨v‡mi cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms‡kvabI Kiv
hvq| Af¨vm MVb GKwU mnRvZ cÖe„wË| Af¨v‡mi d‡j gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, i“wP‡eva,
†mŠRb¨Zv cÖKvk cvq| Af¨v‡mi Øviv mZZv, mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk N‡U|
wkLb Af¨vm ej‡Z wK eySvq e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
wkLb Af¨v‡mi †KŠkjmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|
308
g~j wkLbxq welq
MwY‡Zi cVb `¶Zv:
my-cVb ev h_vh_ Aa¨qb I wkLb Af¨vm
K_vq Av‡Q- “Self help is the best help.” †Zgwb Self learning is the best
 learning. Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K Zvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z nq| mgq
Ges AMÖMwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ e`‡j hv‡”Q cwi‡ek| cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q gvby‡li RxebhvÎv|
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjvi bvg wkLb Ges GKRb e¨w³ wb‡R wKfv‡e
Pj‡eb Zvi bvg ¯^-wkLb|
my-cVb ev †h ‡Kvb MvwYwZK mgm¨vi g‡a¨ g~jZ `ywU Dcv`vb wbwnZ _v‡K| cÖ_gwU nj ÔwK †Ìqv
h_vh_ Av‡QÕ Ges wØZxqwU ÔwK ‡eiÕ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB `ywU welq mg¨Kfv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z
Aa¨qb I
cvi‡jB mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq|
wkLb
Af¨vm †h †Kvb MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki KvR n‡e wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ GB `ywU
†gŠwjK welq m¤ú‡K© wPš—v Kiv I †evSvi Af¨vm Kwi‡q †Ìqv| GB `ywU †gŠwjK
Dcv`vb †hfv‡e m¤§Ühy³ Kiv hv‡e, Zvi Ici A¼wUi Aš—©eZx© avçwj wbf©i Ki‡e| †h
†Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z n‡j, ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e hv †Ìqv Av‡Q †mLvb †_‡K, bZzev hv
evi Ki‡Z n‡e †mLvb †_‡K| GB g~j K_vwU wk¶v_©x‡K fvjfv‡e eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
mgm¨v-mgvav‡bi GB wbqgwU m¤^‡Ü cwi®‹vi aviYv nevi ciB Abykxj‡bi cÖkœ Av‡m|
avçwj bv ey‡S hvwš¿Kfv‡e Abykxjb Kivi †Kvb g~j¨ †bB| Av›`v‡R ev G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e
A_ev wKQz bv ey‡S hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z QvÎ hv‡Z mgm¨v bv K‡l, †m wel‡q wk¶‡Ki mRvM
`„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| MwY‡Z Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q; wKš‘ Abykxjb Kivi Av‡M mgm¨vi
Dcv`vb `ywUi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© mwVK ü`q½g Ki‡Z n‡e|
309
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb `ywUi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© m¤^‡Ü wk¶v_x©i wVKgZ Ávb n‡j wK K'‡i av‡c
av‡c mwVK Abywm×vš— K'‡i Pig wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq, †m wel‡q wk¶v w`‡Z n‡e|
hyw³c~Y© Abywm×vš— I Pig wm×vš— MÖnY Kivi ¶gZvB cieZx© Rxe‡bi cÖwZ Kv‡R
cÖ‡qvRb nq| wewfbœ Z_¨ †_‡K mwVK wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z cviv me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRb|
Avgv‡ì Rxe‡bi hv wKQz wPš—v I Kg© Zv wewfbœ wm×v‡š—i Øviv cÖfvweZ I cwiPvwjZ
nq| wk¶‡Ki KvR wk¶v_x©‡K hyw³c~Y© wPš—v Ki‡Z wk¶v †`qv, Zv‡ì wZbwU êwkó¨ _vKv
ìKvi| h_v-
1| Bnvi wm×vš—¸wj AcwieZ©bxq|
2| welqwU Ggb n‡e †h, Zvi mvnv‡h¨ mij Ges mnR wm×vš— †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i RwUj
wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hv‡e| GB wk¶Y c×wZ g‡bvweÁvb m¤§Z|
3| Dcwiwj- wLZ Dcv‡q †h `¶Zv jvf n‡e, Zv‡K Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
GB wZbwU êwkwó¨‡K ms‡¶‡c ejv nq-
1| wbðqZv; 2| mijZv; 3| cÖ‡hvR¨Zv|
MwY‡Zi g‡a¨ êwkó¨¸wj hZUv cÖKU Ab¨ †Kvb wel‡q †miƒc †`Lv hvq bv| MwY‡Zi GB
êwkó¨ wZbwU m¤^‡Ü GKUz wek` Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK|
wbðqZv MwY‡Z AwfÁ e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ DË‡ii Awgj †`Lv hvq bv| Ab¨ †h †Kvb wel‡q Bnvi
(Certainty) GKvš— Afve| MwY‡Zi †h †Kvb wm×vš— Aci wm×v‡š—i m¤ú~iK KLbI wecixZ nq
bv|
MwY‡Zi DËi ˆbe¨©w³K| e¨w³-‰el‡gï d‡j MwY‡Zi wm×vš— cwieZ©b nq bv| MwYZÁ
wb‡Ri fyj wb‡RB ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib, wKsev Ac‡ii Øviv fyj¸wj m¤^‡Ü `„pcÖZ¨q n‡Z
cv‡ib| MwY‡Z we‡kl‡Ái ¯’vb †bB| ÔH e¨w³ GKRb we‡klÁ, AZGe wZwb hv e‡j‡Qb
310
ZvB wVKÕ Giƒc fv‡e MwYZÁ †Kvb wKQzB †g‡b †bb bv| hyw³i Øviv `„p cÖZ¨q n‡Z Pvb
MwYZÁ| Ab¨ †h †Kvb wel‡qB we‡klÁ‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ hw` MwY‡Zi
mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQz cÖgvY K‡i ‡`Lv‡bv hvq, Zv nÕ‡j G gZ-cv_©K¨ `~i n'‡q hvq| MwY‡Zi
RM‡Z mewKQzB w¯’i, wbðj, ¯^”Q- Ges cÖwZ cÖ‡kœiB wbwðZ DËi Av‡Q| MwY‡Zi QvÎ
wbwðZfv‡e Rvb‡Z cv‡ib †h, Zuvi wm×vš— wVK A_ev fyj| mwVK wm×v‡š— Avmvi GB
wbwðZ ‡ev‡ai gvbwmKZvwU MwYZ-wk¶K wk¶viv¤¢ †_‡K wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡a¨ mÂvwjZ Ki‡Z
m‡Pó _vK‡eb|
mijZv MwY‡Zi hyw³ Lye mij| Aí msL¨K mij msÁv I ¯^xKv‡h©i Ici wfwË K'‡i ax‡i ax‡i
(Simplicity) h_vh_ av‡c RwUj n'‡Z RwUjZi wm×v‡š— MwYZ Avgv‡ì wb‡q hvq| wk¶v_x©i ¶gZv I
cÖ‡qvR‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖwZ av‡c Zvi †evaMg¨ K'‡i MwYZ wk¶K AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡ib|
Aci †Kvb wel‡qB Giƒc m¤¢e nq bv| MwYZ wk¶v_x©‡K ¯§„wZi Ici †Kvb Pvc mn¨ Ki‡Z
nq bv; AímsL¨K Z_¨ g‡b ivL‡jB h‡_ó nq| MwY‡Zi Abykxj‡bi d‡j cÖf~Z kw³
AwR©Z nq|
cÖ‡hvR¨Zv MwY‡Z Avgiv †hfv‡e wm×vš— MÖnY Kwi, Ab¨vb¨ Ges ev¯—e Rxe‡b †miƒc my‡hvM †g‡j
(Applicability) bv| GB Rb¨ A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, MwYZ Avgv‡ì †hfv‡e wm×vš— wb‡Z †kLvq Zv
Avgv‡ì ev¯—e Rxe‡b †Kvb Kv‡R jv‡M bv| MwYZ Aek¨¤¢vex wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z
mvnvh¨ K‡i| cªviw¤¢K m~Î hw` mZ¨ nq, MwY‡Zi wm×vš— wbf©yj n‡Z eva¨| KviY cÖviw¤¢K
m~Î †_‡K wm×vš— Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ| wKš‘ ev¯—e Rxe‡b Avgiv †h mg¯— wm×vš— MÖnY
K‡i _vwK, †m¸wj mKj †¶‡Î Aek¨¤¢vex bq| GLv‡b Kíbv-kw³ h‡_ó KvR K‡i| GB
Kvi‡Y A‡b‡Ki aviYv †h, MwY‡Zi wm×v‡š— Avmvi †h `¶Zv Rb¥vq, MwY‡Zi mxgv †iLvi
evB‡i ev¯—e Rxe‡b Zv‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| g‡b Kiv hvK, Avgv‡ì cÖviw¤¢K m~Î
Ôm~h© G ch©š— cÖwZw`b mKv‡j D‡V‡Q| †Kvbw`b Bnvi e¨wZµg nq wb| mvaviY eyw×‡Z
wm×v‡š— Avmv ‡h‡Z cv‡i †h, Kvj mKv‡j m~h© DV‡e| wKš‘ cÖ`Ë cÖviw¤¢K m~Î †_‡K Giƒc
Aek¨¤¢vex wm×vš— MwY‡Z Kiv hvq bv| MwY‡Zi w`K †_‡K cÖviw¤¢K m~Î I wm×v‡š—i g‡a¨
h‡_ó duvKv Av‡Q| wm×vš—wU MwYZkv¯¿ m¤§Z n‡Z n‡j wbgœwjwLZ kZ©¸wj wm× nIqv
PvB-
311
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
1| m~h© AvMvgxKvj ch©š— eZ©gvb _vK‡e|
2| c„w_ex AvMvgxKvj ch©š— eZ©gvb _vK‡e|
3| c„w_ex Zvi A‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Z _vK‡e|
Rvbv Z‡_ï m‡½ Dwj- wLZ kZ© wZbwU‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡jB MvwbwZK wm×vš—wU‡Z
DcbxZ nIqv m¤¢e|
Avevi g~j m~Î aiv hvK, Ôgvbyl gvÎB giYkxjÕ| wm×vš—- iwng giYkxj| GLv‡b Rvbv
Z_¨: gvbyl giYkxj, iwng GKRb gvbyl| wm×vš—- iwng giYkxj| G‡¶‡Î wm×vš—wU
m¤ú~Y© MwYZkv¯¿ m¤§Z|
GLb cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, g~j m~Î †_‡K wm×vš—wU hw` Aek¨¤¢vex bv nq, Zvn‡j
wm×vš— MÖn‡Y MwYZ wK Avgv‡ì †ewk mvnvh¨ K‡i? DË‡i ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ÔnuvÕ| wKš‘
†Kgb K‡i?
cÖYvjxwUi g‡a¨ `ywU avc Av‡Q-
(1) g~jm~Î †_‡K wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z `yiwZµg¨ ev¯—e Ae¯’v †hLv‡b i‡q‡Q, H ev¯—e
Ae¯’vi cwie‡Z© ÔcÖKwíZ kZ©Õ (Hypothetical Conditions) †mLv‡b MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e;
(2) MvwYwZK wm×vš—|

Dwj- wLZ cÖ_g D`vni‡Y ev¯—e Ae¯’v GB †h, m~h© ev c„w_ex AvMvgx Kvj eZ©gvb bvI
_vK‡Z cv‡i ev c„w_ex Zvi K‡¶i Pvwiw`‡K Nyi‡Z bvI cv‡i| GB ev¯—e Ae¯’v‡K
AcbxZ K‡i †m¯’‡j Avgiv hw` GB Kvh©Ki m~ÎwU ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z cvwi †h, m~h© I
c„w_exi c~‡e©i gZ Av‡cw¶K Ae¯’vb eZ©gvb _vK‡e Ges c„w_ex Av‡Mi gZ Zvi A¶‡i
Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Z _vK‡e, Zvn‡j cÖ`Ë Z_¨ I GB ¯^xK…Z Z‡_ï ms‡hvM Avgiv wb‡Y©q
wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi|
GLv‡b cÖKwíZ m~Î I ev¯—e Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ wgj Av‡Q| myZivs wm×vš—wU wbwðZ Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †hLv‡b ev¯—e Ae¯’vi m‡½ cÖKwíZ m~Î Lvc Lv‡e, †mLv‡b MwY‡Zi wm×vš— wbwðZ
312
djcÖ` Ges wbfy©j| myZivs MwY‡Zi c×wZ ev¯—e Rxe‡b wm×vš— MÖn‡Y Avgv‡ì fvjfv‡e
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
313
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j¨vqb:

1. Af¨vm MV‡b MwYZ wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨mg~n wjLyb|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K I L
314
MwY‡Zi cVb `¶Zv:

MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœqb
ÒMwYZ gvbe g‡bi Ggb GK weKvk hvi cÖKvk nq Kg©ZrciZvq, B”Qvq, wPš—vkxj g‡bi
f~wgKv
hyw³‡Z I c~Y© †mŠ›`h© †ev‡ai Kvgbvq| Gi g~j Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj hyw³ I ¯^Ztù~Z© Ávb|
we‡k- lY Ges msMVb mvgvb¨xKiYI Gi Ab¨ êwkó¨| Gi wewfbœ w`‡Ki Dci wewfbœ
UªvwWkb Av‡ivc Kiv m‡Ë¡I G mKj wei“× g‡Zi cvi¯úwiK Kvh© I Zv‡ì mgš^q
mva‡bi †PóvB Gi Rxebxkw³| G¸‡jvB nj MwY‡Zi Dc‡hvwMZv I MwYZ m¤úKx©q
weÁv‡b Gi gh©v`v me©‡kªô iƒ‡c ¯^xK…Z|Ó -Courtant and Robbins. D‡j- wLZ Dw³wU
MwYZ cvV I Gi c×wZ Dbœq‡b ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| GB Awa‡ek‡b MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZ I
Zvi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡Ïk¨
 MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv e¨³ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MwYZ wkL‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi wbR¯^ c×wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ce©mg~n
 ce©- K: MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi aviYv Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi wbR¯^ c×wZ
†Kvb wel‡q cvV`v‡b mdjZv AR©‡b wk¶‡Ki c×wZ Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| cv‡Vi
welqe¯‘i Dci wbf©i K‡i wZwb wVK Ki‡eb †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wZwb cvV`vb Kiv‡eb| wk¶v
weÁv‡b A‡bK c×wZ i‡q‡Q Ges wbZ¨ bZzb c×wZi D™¢e NU‡Q| wKQz c×wZ i‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv mKj wel‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| Avevi wKQz welq i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv ïay H wel‡qi Rb¨
cÖ‡hvR¨| MwY‡ZiI wKQy welq i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv ïay H wel‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨|
315
MwYZ wkÿY- 2

MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
wewfbœ ai‡bi wbR¯^ c×wZi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki“b|
316
ce©- L: MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi D‡bœq‡bi †KŠkj

 wk¶v`v‡bi welqe¯‘ wVK n‡q †M‡jB cÖkœ Av‡m GB welqe¯‘ wKfv‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì †kLv‡bv
hvq ev Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| GB Dc¯’vcb cÖwµqv wbf©i K‡i wk¶‡Ki Dci| wk¶‡Ki
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡j Dc¯’vcb cÖwµqv mnR, mij, †evaMg¨ I ¯úó nq Ges
wk¶v_©x‡ì Zv ¯§i‡Y _v‡K| †h wk¶K hZ fvjfv‡e MwYZ †kLv‡Z cvi‡eb wk¶v_©xivI
ZZ fvj fv‡e MwYZ wkL‡Z cvi‡e| Avevi me mgq GKB ai‡Yi c×wZi eënvi
wk¶v_©x‡ì †kLvi †¶‡Î wKQzUv weiw³i D‡`ªK NUvq| ZvB MwYZ wel‡qi cvV`v‡bi †¶‡Î
mgq mgq bZzb bZzb †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb c×wZi Dbœqb NUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|
MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj ej‡Z wK eySvq e¨vL¨v Ki“b
MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZ Dbœq‡bi †KŠkjmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b
317
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
g~j wkLbxq welq
MwY‡Zi cVb `¶Zv:
MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœqb
MwYZ †Kvb wel‡q hw` MZvbyMwZKfv‡e eB n‡Z eY©bv K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq,
wkL‡b Zvn‡j Zv‡ì g‡b ‡Kvb cÖKvi AvMÖn ev †KŠZ~nj mn‡R RvMÖZ n‡e bv| Avi GB ai‡bi
wbR¯^ cvV`v‡b wk¶v_x©M‡Yi wPš—v Kivi ev †Kvb wKQz Kivi AeKvk eo †ewk _v‡K bv|
c×wZ I
†KŠkj wk¶v_x©‡ì g‡b hyw³hy³fv‡e wPš—v Kivi Ges mgm¨v mgvavb Kivi †cÖiYv RvMwiZ
Kievi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| 1910 wLªóªv‡ã Rb wWDB cÖYxZ
 ÒAvgiv †Kgb K‡i wPš—v KwiÓ kxl©K GKLvwb MÖš’ cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci GB c×wZ Pvjy
nq| GB c×wZ Abyhvqx wk¶Yxq welqwU wk¶v_x©i m¤§y‡L evavi ev mgm¨vi AvKv‡i
Dc¯’vb Kiv nq| GB evav gvbwmK ev ev¯—e Dfq cÖKviB n‡Z cv‡i| GB evav AcmviY
K‡i mgvav‡b †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ †h mwµq cÖ‡Póv, ZvB mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi g~j K_v| Rb
wWDB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi gvbwmK cÖwµqv‡K we‡k- lY K‡i cuvPwU ¯—‡i fvM K‡ib| h_v:
1| mgm¨v ev evavi Abyf~wZ;
2| mgm¨vi ¯—i wbY©q Kiv I msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv;
3| m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi ÒwPš—v KivÓ
4| hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi wePvi Kiv;
5| ch©‡e¶Y I cÖZ¨¶ cÖgv‡Yi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb MÖnY Kiv ev cwiZ¨vM Kiv|
318
mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ‡K †kªYxK‡¶ cvV`v‡bi wbwg‡Ë eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶K‡K
wbgœwjwLZ wb‡`©k¸‡jv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e:
(1) gy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv: wk¶K I wk¶v_x©i g‡a¨ mnR I eÜzmyjf m¤úK© AZ¨š—
¸i“Z¡c~Y©| G‡K A‡bï gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ kª×vkxj I mnbkxj n‡j Giƒc cwi‡ek
MVb Kiv mnR nq| Giƒc cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨B wk¶v_x©i c‡¶ Zvi cÖkœ¸‡jv I
mgm¨v¸‡jv cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e nq|
(2) mgm¨v MÖnY Kiv: AwaKvsk wk¶v_x©i c‡¶ mgm¨v evQvB K‡i MªnY Kiv †ewk KwVb
nq| G e¨vcv‡i wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Zuv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e mgm¨v †hb wk¶v_x© I
gvbwmK †hvM¨Zv I cwicK¡Zvi Dc‡hvMx nq|
(3) mgm¨vi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv: G e¨vcv‡iI wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb| AwaKvsk
wk¶v_x©B Zvi mgm¨vwU h_vh_fv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv A_ev hv cÖKvk K‡i Zv
mgm¨vi h_vh_ iƒcwU Zz‡j ai‡Z m¶g nq bv|
(4) mgm¨vi we‡k- lY Kiv: mgm¨v we‡k- lY Ki‡Z cviv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c‡_ GKwU
cÖavb mnvq| wk¶v_x©‡K cÖavb mgm¨v we‡k- lY K‡i ¶z`ª ¶z`ª mgm¨vq wef³ Ki‡Z
wkL‡Z n‡e Ges mgm¨vi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i †m¸‡jv wbqg Abyhvqx
mvwR‡q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi cÖqvm †c‡Z n‡e|
(5) mgm¨vi m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb wbY©q Kiv: GKB mgm¨vi bvbv mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i A_ev
GKB mgm¨v bvbvfv‡e mgvav‡bi K_v wPš—v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ wk¶v_x©‡K
wewfbœ c×wZi ga¨ n‡Z wbfy©j I mnR mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY cÖwZwU
m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi Rb¨ AbymÜvb Kivi gZ Adziš— mgq Kv‡iv †bB|
(6) Z‡_ï eënvi: G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i †i‡L w`‡j Zv mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
cwicš’x n‡e| Z_¨‡K mgm¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z PvU©, mvwi I
Kjvg A_ev †jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
(7) m¤¢ve¨ mgvav‡bi cix¶v: msM„nxZ Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb h_v_© wKbv Zv
cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e| msM„nxZ Z_¨ c~‡e© M„nxZ m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb‡K A¯^xKvi
Ki‡j, Zv‡K ev` w`‡q Ab¨ mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖqvm †c‡Z n‡e|
319
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
(8) mgvavb wbY©q Kiv: msM„nxZ Z_¨ I cÖgv‡Yi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z w¯’i mgvavb wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e| mgvavb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡j, †Kb Zv m¤¢e n‡e bv Zv hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wj‡L
ivL‡Z n‡e, wk¶v_x©MY †hb mn‡RB †hb cÖ‡Póv‡K cwiZ¨vM bv K‡i| †Kvb m¤¢ve¨
mgvavb GKevi MªnY Kiv n‡j Zv‡K cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
(9) wk¶v_x©M‡Yi AR©b: mgvavb hLb bZzb mgm¨v mgvav‡b Kvh©Kix n‡e, ZLb Zv
wk¶v_x©M‡Yi Avb›` I Ávb DfqB e„w× Ki‡e|
MwYZ wewfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨ m¤^Ü wbY©q Kiv nq| wKš‘ GB mg¯— m¤^Ü cÖKvk Kivi mgq
fvlvq eûj eënvi Kiv nq bv| MwY‡Zi m¤^Ü cÖZx‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cÖZxK¸wj †Kvb kã, msL¨v, A¶i, wPÎ ev MÖvd RvZxq nq| GB m¤^Ü wbY©q Kivi mgq
QvÎ Avwe®‹v‡ii Avb›` Abyfe K‡i|
MwYZ wk¶‡Yi D‡Ïk¨¸wji K_v Av‡MB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| mPivPi `ywU cÖavb j‡¶ï
w`‡K memgq bRi ivLv nq| †m `ywU nj: (1) welqwUi Dcjwä m¤^‡Ü wbwðš— nIqv Ges
(2) wnmve I MYbv‡Z `¶ nIqv|
MwYZ wk¶‡Y `ywU K_v cÖvqB eëüZ nq| GKwU nj c×wZ (Method) Ges AciwU nj
cÖYvjx (Mode)| c×wZ nj †h fv‡e welqe¯‘wU mvRv‡bv nq Ges †mwU‡K mgvwßi w`‡K
GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv nq| Avi cÖYvjx nj welqe¯‘wU‡K †h fv‡e QvÎ‡ì wbKU Dcw¯’Z Kiv
nq| Aek¨ c×wZ I cÖYvjxi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨wU memgq Lye mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| KLbI
KLbI c×wZ I cÖYvjx‡K c„_K KivB hvq bv| A‡bK mgq cÖYvjx‡K c×wZi g‡a¨B Aš—
fy©³ Kiv nq|
Avevi MwYZ wk¶‡Y †h mg¯— c×wZ eënvi †`Lv hvq, †m¸wjI m¤ú~Y© c„_K ev ¯^qs-
m¤ú~Y© c×wZ bq| A‡bK mgq †Kvb GKwU c×wZi Qvc Aci GKwU c×wZi g‡aÏ †`Lv
hvq| Avevi GKB wRwbm †kLvevi mgqI wewfbœ c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Aek¨
cÖ‡Z¨KwU c×wZiB GKUv wbR¯^ êwkó¨ Av‡Q Ges we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e cÖhy³
nevi gZ ¶gZv Av‡Q|
320
MwYZ wk¶‡YI g‡bvweÁv‡bi cÖfve h‡_ó cwijw¶Z nq| Z‡e g‡bvweÁv‡bi me

kvLv¸wjiB eënvi †`Lv hvq bv| Abyl½ev` (Association Theory) I †M÷vë
(Gestalt) gZev`- GB `yB †kªYxi gZev‡ì cÖfveB †ekx †`Lv hvq| Abyl½ev`xiv wk¶‡Y
DÏxcK I Zvi cÖwZwµqvi Dci †ekx †Rvi w`‡q _v‡Kb|
†M÷vë ev`xiv MwYZ‡K wew”Qbœ fv‡e bv †`‡L mvgwMÖK fv‡e eySevi I Rvbevi Dci †Rvi
w`‡q _v‡Kb| Guiv †h †KejgvÎ PP©vi d‡j wk¶Y nq, G K_v wek¦vm K‡ib bv| Gu‡ì g‡b
wk¶‡Yi Rb¨ †h wRwbmwU GKvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq, Zv nj Aš—©`„wó (Insight)|
MwYZkv¯¿wU w`b w`b †hgb cÖ‡qvRbxq n‡”Q, †Zgwb RbwcÖqI n‡”Q| wesk kZvãxi
weÁv‡bi hy‡M MwYZ GKwU Acwinvh© welq wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q Ges GLbI n‡”Q|
Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU c`‡¶‡c MwYZ eÜzi g‡Zv GwM‡q Avm‡Q| K…wl wkí-evwYR¨- me©ÎB
MwY‡Zi RqRqKvi| B‡jKUªwbK hš¿, Kw¤úDUvi, A‡Uv‡gkb BZ¨vwì d‡j w`b w`b
MwYZ‡Ái Pvwn`v †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Gi GKUv cÖwZdjb †h ¯‹zjcvV¨ MwY‡ZI Avm‡e †m
wel‡q †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
K…wl, wkí I evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î MwY‡Zi eënvi AZ¨š— e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G¸wji h_vh_
DbœwZi Rb¨ MwY‡Zi ¯^v_©K eënvi cÖ‡qvRb e‡j GB mg¯— wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v‡ì MwYZ
m¤^‡Ü DËg Ávb AR©b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb AbyfyZ n‡”Q| MwY‡Zi wPš—vavivB nj myk„•Lj
wPš—vaviv| GLv‡b Aev¯—e I AmsjMœ wPš—vavivi †Kvb ¯’vbB †bB| ev¯—e RM‡Z Ggb
A‡bK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq, †h¸wj m¤^‡Ü wPš—v Ki‡Z, Zv‡ì ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ wbY©q
Ki‡Z Ges †m¸wji mgvav‡bi cš’v Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡j MwY‡Zi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Kv‡RB
mgm¨v¸wji ms‡k- lY I we‡k- l‡Yi e¨vcv‡i MwYZB mvnvh¨ K‡i|
MwY‡Z wK †kLv‡bv n‡”Q †mUv eo K_v bq, eo K_v nj- MwYZ wKfv‡e †kLv‡bv n‡”Q|
QvÎ‡ì †KŠZznj cÖe„wËi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡LB cVb-cvVb I cix¶v MÖn‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv nq|
wKš‘ GB cÖe„wËi Rb¨B Avevi QvÎ A‡bK mgq mgm¨vwU m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ü`q½g bv K‡i mwVK
I wbf©yj DËi †èvi Rb¨ D‡V c‡o jv‡M| GwU eÜ Ki‡ZB n‡e|
QvÎ‡ì g‡b AwZ ˆkke †_‡KB GB aviYv Rwb¥‡q †Ìqv nq †h MwYZ gv‡bB nj Aev¯—e
I Acvw_©e GKUv welq| ev¯—‡ei m‡½ Gi ‡Kvb m¤^ÜB †bB|
321
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
ZvQvov wewfbœ Ask¸wji cwiPqI Zviv mwVKfv‡e MÖnY K‡i bv| d‡j A‡b‡KB
Pithagoras Gi cÖ_g PwU †j‡Lb †QvU nv‡Zi| KviY Pithagoras †h GKRb †jvK ‡m
aviYvB Zv‡ì _v‡K bv| wKsev †Kvb QvÎ‡K hLb wRÁvmv Kiv nq 1.2 BwÂ e¨vmva© wewkó
e„‡Ëi †¶Îdj KZ ? ZLb QvÎ DËi †`q
†¶Îdj = r2, r = 1.2 BwÂ  r2 =1.44 BwÂ, = 3.142.
 †¶Îdj = 3.142  1.44.
GLv‡b QvÎ †f‡e †`‡L bv †h  gvbwU Avmbœ gv‡b †bIqv n‡q‡Q Ges `kwgK `yB ¯’v‡bi
ci †_‡K Avi Zvi DËiwU wbf©yj nqwb| mPivPi ¯‹z‡j Ggb cÖkœ †Ìqv nq hvi mwVK DËi
wbY©q KivB m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ G¸‡jvi Z_¨MZ Ges eënvwiK Dfq cÖKvi g~j¨B AZ¨š—
Kg| Gi d‡j wewfbœ gvÎvwewkó Avmbœ gv‡bi m‡½ QvÎ‡ì cwiPq N‡U bv|
A‡bK mgq K…wÎg Dcv‡q hv cvV¨cy¯—K cÖ`wk©Z Dcv‡q MwYZ †kLv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z
A‡bK mgq cÖZxK wPýI eënvi Kiv nq| wKš‘ G c×wZ hvwš¿K I MZvbyMwZK|
wkí‡¶‡Î ‡h MwY‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡Z ev¯—‡ei m‡½ Nwbô †hvMv‡hvM ivLv DwPZ|
¯‹z‡j †jLwP‡Îi †Kvb cÖKvi cÖ‡qvM †bB ej‡jB P‡j| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk wel‡qB
†jLwP‡Îi eûj cÖPjb †`Lv hvq| A‡bK msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ ZË¡wU cÖKvk Kiv KwVb,
†jLwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †mB ZË¡‡K A‡bK mn‡RB cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e| GB Rb¨B eZ©gv‡b
A_©bxwZ, mgvRwe`¨v, g‡bvweÁvb cÖf„wZ wel‡q †jLwPÎ AwaK cwigv‡Y eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|
g~j¨vqb:

1. MwYZ wkL‡bi wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡j- L Ki“b|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
ce©- K I L
322
mnvqK MÖš’vejx:
1. †gvnv¤§` b~ibœex †Lv›`Kvi I †Ìqvb †gvt Avãyj KzÏym, gva¨wgK R¨vwgwZ, RvZxq
wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv|
2. ¯^cb Kzgvi Xvjx, MwYZ wk¶Y, cÖfvZx jvB‡eªix, XvKv|
3. gynv¤§` AvbIqvi Avjx I ‡gvt iwgR DwÏb Avng`, MwYZ wk¶v`vb, ¯§„wZ cÖKvkbx,
XvKv|
4. wW. Gg. wd‡ivR kvn&, MwYZ wk¶Y, wgZv †UªWvm©, XvKv-PÆMÖvg|
5. wmwcwW D”PZi MwYZ cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj, wUwPs †KvqvwjwU BgcÖ“f‡g›U Bb †m‡KÛvwi

GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v Awa`ßi, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
6. ˆk‡j›`ª Kzgvi †Nvl, MwYZ wk¶Y, KjKvZv
7. myi“RDwÏb Avnv¤§`, D”P gva¨wgK wÎ‡KvYwgwZ, Avjdv cÖKvkbx, 36/6, evsjv

evRvi, XvKv-1100
8. ewbZv †gvnb †`, behyM wÎ‡KvYwgwZ, Igi eyK&m, 34/2, b_©eª~K nj †ivW, XvKv-
1100
9. gynv¤§` GjZvmDwÏb, Wt gvRnvi“j nK I †gvt ZeviK-Dj-Bmjvg, wk¶v

g~j¨vqb, wk¶K cÖwk¶Y g¨vby‡qj, nvqvi †m‡KÛvix GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, wk¶v
gš¿Yvjq, XvKv
10. W. ‡kL AvgRv` †nv‡mb, wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb, cÖfvZx
jvB‡eªix, XvKv
11. †gv: iwgR DwÏb Avng`, †gvt gwdRyi ingvb I †gvt †gvkviid †nv‡mb, wk¶vq
cwigvc I g~j¨vqb, ¯§„wZ cÖKvkbx, XvKv|
12. W. ‡kL AvgRv` †nv‡mb, wkLb, g~j¨hvPvB Ges cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb, cÖfvZx
jvB‡eªix, XvKv|
13. †gvnv¤§` b~ibœex †Lv›`Kvi I †Ìqvb †gvt Avãyj KzÏym, gva¨wgK R¨vwgwZ, RvZxq
wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©, XvKv|
323
MwYZ wkÿY- 2
14. wmwcwW D”PZi MwYZ cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj, wUwPs †KvqvwjwU BgcÖ“f‡g›U Bb

†m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, gva¨wgK I D”P wk¶v Awa`ßi, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq,
evsjv‡`k, XvKv|
324

Soe Edbn 2524 Math 2

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Soe Edbn 2524 Math 2

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MwYZ wk¶Y- 2

†Kvm© †KvW: EDBN 2524

e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (weGW) †cÖvMÖvg

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖKí cwiPvjK Wxb

 Avewk¨K cvV  c‡e©i KvR

 cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœgvjv m¤¢ve¨ DËi

 cvV mnvqK Avi Kx Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q we GW †cÖvMÖv‡g?

BDwbU Awa‡ekb welqe¯‘ c„ôv

35 cªKvkfw½ wnmv‡e dvskb I Zvi cÖ‡qvM 33

3 36 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (1) 42

37 cx_v‡Mviv‡mi Dccv`¨ (2) 47

38 me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (1) 54

39 me©mg I m`„k wÎfyR (2) 67

43 MvwYwZK Dccv‡`¨i †hŠw³K cÖgvY (1) 94

44 MvwYwZK Dccv‡`¨i †hŠw³K cÖgvY (2) 106

48 cÖvwš—K g~j¨hvPvB (2) KvVv‡gve× Afx¶v 156

49 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (1) 165

4 50 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (2) 179

51 MvwYwZK Av‡ivn c×wZ (3) 188

52 AvswkK fMœvsk (cÖK…Z) 200

53 AvswkK fMœvsk (AcÖK…Z) 207

54 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (1) 214

55 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (2) 219

56 e„Ë m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v (3) 232

57 †f±i (1) 240

58 †f±i (2) 248

59 wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (1) 262

60 wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (2) 270

61 wÎ‡KvYwgwZ (3) 281

MwYZ wk¶Y/Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi cÖwZdjb c×wZ:

63 MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: my-cVb I wkLb Af¨vm 304

64 MwY‡Z cVb `¶Zv: MwYZ wkL‡b wbR¯^ c×wZi Dbœqb 312

mnvqK MÖš’vejx 320

Awa‡ekb- 33: mij ˆiwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL

wk¶v_x© eÜziv MwYZ wk¶Y- 1 Gi BDwbU- 3, Awa‡ekb- 25 G ˆiwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL

A(2,5); B(2,7); C(4,0); D(4,5); E(5,6); F(0,8); G(0,0); H(0,6); I(8,0)

 ce©- L: wØPj mij ˆiwLK mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b

Dc‡iv³ mgxKi‡Y x ev y Gi K‡qKwU myweavRbK gvb ewm‡q y ev x Gi mswk ó gvb

ce©-M: †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g mij ˆiwLK mgxKi‡Yi mgvavb

Gi GKwU m¤úK© QK:

wZbwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼: (1,3), (2,0), (3, 3)

Gi GKwU m¤úK© QK:

wZbwU we›`yi ¯’vbv¼: (0,4), (6, 6), (3,1);

QK KvM‡R we›`y cvZb K‡i h_vixwZ †jL AvuKv nj:

†jL A¼‡bi weeiY:

A¶ cwiwPwZ: x A¶ XOX' Ges y A¶ YOY' ci¯úi O we›`y‡Z j¤^|

y A¶ †_‡K (a, b) we›`yi `~iZ¡ =  a 

x A¶ †_‡K (a, b) we›`yi `~iZ¡ = b 

x A‡¶i Dci cÖwZwU we›`yi †KvwU k~b¨|

y A‡¶i Dci cÖwZwU we›`yi fyR k~b¨|

x A¶ I y A¶ Zv‡`i aviK (Kv‡Z©mxq) Zj‡K PviwU mg‡KvYxq PZzf©v‡M wef³ K‡i,

wØZxq fvM cÖ_g fvM

2. †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g ˆiwLK mnmgxKi‡Yi mgvavb Ki“b|

†mU A = ¯¿xi `j = {x1, x2, x3}

†f`wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †mU A I †mU B Gi Aš^q wbgœiƒ‡c †jLv hvq:

ce©- L: B‡gR, wcÖB‡gR, †Wv‡gb, †iÄ I †Kv-‡Wv‡g‡bi aviYv

(K) A †m‡U x, y wK?

ce©- M: dvskb I Zvi cÖKvi‡f`

(i) A R B GK GK dvskb †Kb?

(ii) A R B Dci dvskb †Kb?

(i) A R B Kx ai‡bi dvskb? c‡¶/wec‡¶ hyw³ w`b|

(ii) A R B wfZi dvskb †Kb?

wb:kZ© Aš^q| GB 4 Dcv`v‡bi †m‡Ui 24 ev 16wU Dc‡mU i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ dvuKv